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Krishtul S, Skitel Moshe M, Kovrigina I, Baruch L, Machluf M. ECM-based bioactive microencapsulation significantly improves islet function and graft performance. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:249-260. [PMID: 37708927 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Microencapsulation is a promising strategy to prolong the survival and function of transplanted pancreatic islets for diabetes therapy, albeit its translation has been impeded by incoherent graft performance. The use of decellularized ECM has lately gained substantial research momentum due to its innate capacity to augment the function of cells originating from the same tissue type. In the present study, the advantages of both these approaches are leveraged in a porcine pancreatic ECM (pECM)-based microencapsulation platform, thus significantly enhancing murine pancreatic islet performance. pECM-encapsulated islets sustain high insulin secretion levels in vitro, surpassing those of islets encapsulated in conventional alginate microcapsules. Moreover, pECM-encapsulated islet cells proliferate and produce an enriched intra-islet ECM framework, displaying a distinctive structural rearrangement. The beneficial effect of pECM encapsulation is further reinforced by the temporary protection against cytokine-induced cytotoxicity. In-vivo, this platform significantly improves glucose tolerance and achieves glycemic correction in 100% of immunocompetent diabetic mice without any immunosuppression, compared to only 50% mice achieved glycemic correction by alginate encapsulation. Altogether, the results presented herein reveal that pECM-based microencapsulation offers a natural pancreatic niche that can restore the function of isolated pancreatic islets and deliver them safely, avoiding the need for immunosuppression. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Aiming to improve pancreatic islet transplantation outcomes in diabetic patients, we developed a microencapsulation platform based on pancreatic extracellular matrix (pECM). In these microcapsules the islets are entrapped within a pECM hydrogel that mimics the natural pancreatic microenvironment. We show that pECM encapsulation supports the islets' viability and function in culture, and provides temporal protection against cytokine-induced stress. In a diabetic mouse model, pECM encapsulation significantly improved glucose tolerance and achieved glycemic correction without any immunosuppression. These results reveal the potential of pECM encapsulation as a viable treatment for diabetes, providing a solid scientific basis for more advanced preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stasia Krishtul
- Faculty of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Michal Skitel Moshe
- Faculty of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Inna Kovrigina
- Faculty of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Limor Baruch
- Faculty of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Marcelle Machluf
- Faculty of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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2
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Decellularization of Human Pancreatic Fragments with Pronounced Signs of Structural Changes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010119. [PMID: 36613557 PMCID: PMC9820198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant lack of donor organs restricts the opportunity to obtain tissue-specific scaffolds for tissue-engineering technologies. One of the acceptable solutions is the development of decellularization protocols for a human donor pancreas unsuitable for transplantation. A protocol of obtaining a biocompatible tissue-specific scaffold from decellularized fragments with pronounced human pancreas lipomatosis signs with preserved basic fibrillary proteins of a pancreatic tissue extracellular matrix was developed. The scaffold supports the adhesion and proliferation of human adipose derived stem cell (hADSCs) and prolongs the viability and insulin-producing function of pancreatic islets. Experiments conducted allow for the reliance on the prospects of using the donor pancreas unsuitable for transplantation in the technologies of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, including the development of a tissue equivalent of a pancreas.
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3
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Hospodiuk-Karwowski M, Chi K, Pritchard J, Catchmark JM. Vascularized pancreas-on-a-chip device produced using a printable simulated extracellular matrix. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 36001993 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac8c74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) influences cellular behavior, function, and fate. The ECM surrounding Langerhans islets has not been investigated in detail to explain its role in the development and maturation of pancreatic β-cells. Herein, a complex combination of the simulated ECM (sECM) has been examined with a comprehensive analysis of cell response and a variety of controls. The most promising results were obtained from group containing fibrin, collagen type I, Matrigel®, hyaluronic acid, methylcellulose, and two compounds of functionalized, ionically crosslinking bacterial cellulose (sECMbc). Even though the cell viability was not significantly impacted, the performance of group of sECMbc showed 2 to 4x higher sprouting number and length, 2 to 4x higher insulin secretion in static conditions, and 2 to 10x higher gene expression of VEGF-A, Endothelin-1, and NOS3 than the control group of fibrin matrix (sECMf). Each material was tested in a hydrogel-based, perfusable, pancreas-on-a-chip device and the best group - sECMbc has been tested with the drug Sunitinib to show the extended possibilities of the device for both diabetes-like screening as well as PDAC chemotherapeutics screening for potential personal medicine approach. It proved its functionality in 7 days dynamic culture and is suitable as a physiological tissue model. Moreover, the device with the pancreatic-like spheroids was 3D bioprintable and perfusable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hospodiuk-Karwowski
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 201 Old Main, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802-1503, UNITED STATES
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 201 Old Main, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802-1503, UNITED STATES
| | - Justin Pritchard
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University, 201 Old Main, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802-1503, UNITED STATES
| | - Jeffrey M Catchmark
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 201 Old Main, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802-1503, UNITED STATES
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Brandhorst D, Brandhorst H, Lee Layland S, Acreman S, Schenke-Layland K, Johnson PR. Basement membrane proteins improve human islet survival in hypoxia: Implications for islet inflammation. Acta Biomater 2022; 137:92-102. [PMID: 34653695 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic digestion of the pancreas during islet isolation is associated with disintegration of the islet basement membrane (IBM) that can cause reduction of functional and morphological islet integrity. Attempts to re-establish IBM by coating the surface of culture vessels with various IBM proteins (IBMP) have resulted in loss of islet phenotype and function. This study investigated the capability of Collagen-IV, Laminin-521 and Nidogen-1, utilised as single or combined media supplements, to protect human islets cultured in hypoxia. When individually supplemented to media, all IBMP significantly improved islet survival and in-vitro function, finally resulting in as much as a two-fold increase of islet overall survival. In contrast, combining IBMP enhanced the production of chemokines and reactive oxygen species diminishing all positive effects of individually added IBMP. This impact was concentration-dependent and concerned nearly all parameters of islet integrity. Predictive extrapolation of these findings to data from 116 processed human pancreases suggests that more than 90% of suboptimal pancreases could be rescued for clinical islet transplantation increasing the number of transplantable preparations from actual 25 to 40 when adding Nidogen-1 to pretransplant culture. This study suggests that media supplementation with essential IBMP protects human islets from hypoxia. Amongst those, certain IBMP may be incompatible when combined or applied at higher concentrations. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Pancreatic islet transplantation is a minimally-invasive treatment that can reverse type 1 diabetes in certain patients. It involves infusing of insulin-producing cell-clusters (islets) from donor pancreases. Unfortunately, islet extraction is associated with damage of the islet basement membrane (IBM) causing reduced islet function and cell death. Attempts to re-establish the IBM by coating the surface of culture vessels with IBM proteins (IBMP) have been unsuccessful. Instead, we dissolved the most relevant IBM components Collagen-IV, Laminin-521 and Nidogen-1 in media routinely used for clinical islet culture and transplantation. We found human islet survival and function was substantially improved by IBMP, particularly Nidogen-1, when exposed to a hypoxic environment as found in vivo. We also investigated IBMP combinations. Our present findings have important clinical implications.
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Lien YC, Lu XM, Won KJ, Wang PZ, Osei-Bonsu W, Simmons RA. The Transcriptome and Epigenome Reveal Novel Changes in Transcription Regulation During Pancreatic Rat Islet Maturation. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6360893. [PMID: 34467975 PMCID: PMC8455347 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Islet function is critical for normal glucose homeostasis. Unlike adult β cells, fetal and neonatal islets are more proliferative and have decreased insulin secretion in response to stimuli. However, the underlying mechanisms governing functional maturity of islets have not been completely elucidated. Pancreatic islets comprise different cell types. The microenvironment of islets and interactions between these cell types are critical for β-cell development and maturation. Thus, the study of intact islets is optimal to identify novel molecular mechanisms controlling islet functional development. Transcriptomes and genome-wide histone landscapes of H3K4me3, H3K27me3, and H3K27Ac from intact islets isolated from 2- and 10-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were integrated to elucidate genes and pathways modulating islet development, as well as the contribution of epigenetic regulation. A total of 4489 differentially expressed genes were identified; 2289 and 2200 of them were up- and down-regulated in 10-week islets, respectively. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed critical pathways regulating functional maturation of islets, including nutrient sensing, neuronal function, immune function, cell replication, and extracellular matrix. Furthermore, we identified significant changes in enrichment of H3K4me3, H3K27me3, and H3K27Ac marks, which correlated with expression changes of genes critical for islet function. These histone marks were enriched at critical transcription factor-binding motifs, such as Hoxa9, C/EBP-β, Gata1, Foxo1, E2f1, E2f3, and Mafb. In addition, our chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data revealed multiple potential bivalent genes whose poised states changed with maturation. Collectively, our current study identified critical novel pathways for mature islet function and suggested a role for histone modifications in regulating islet development and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chin Lien
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xueqing Maggie Lu
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Zhiping Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wendy Osei-Bonsu
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca A Simmons
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence: Rebecca A. Simmons, MD, BRB II/III, 13th Floor, Rm 1308, 421 Curie Blvd, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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6
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Lien YC, Won KJ, Simmons RA. Transcriptomic and Quantitative Proteomic Profiling Reveals Signaling Pathways Critical for Pancreatic Islet Maturation. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5923720. [PMID: 33053583 PMCID: PMC7668240 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and reduced insulin secretion play a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Fetal and neonatal islets are functionally immature and have blunted glucose responsiveness and decreased insulin secretion in response to stimuli and are far more proliferative. However, the mechanisms underlying functional immaturity are not well understood. Pancreatic islets are composed of a mixture of different cell types, and the microenvironment of islets and interactions between these cell types are critical for β-cell development and maturation. RNA sequencing and quantitative proteomic data from intact islets isolated from fetal (embryonic day 19) and 2-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were integrated to compare their gene and protein expression profiles. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was also applied to elucidate pathways and upstream regulators modulating functional maturation of islets. By integrating transcriptome and proteomic data, 917 differentially expressed genes/proteins were identified with a false discovery rate of less than 0.05. A total of 411 and 506 of them were upregulated and downregulated in the 2-week-old islets, respectively. IPA revealed novel critical pathways associated with functional maturation of islets, such as AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, as well as the importance of lipid homeostasis/signaling and neuronal function. Furthermore, we also identified many proteins enriched either in fetal or 2-week-old islets related to extracellular matrix and cell communication, suggesting that these pathways play critical roles in islet maturation. Our present study identified novel pathways for mature islet function in addition to confirming previously reported mechanisms, and provided new mechanistic insights for future research on diabetes prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chin Lien
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca A Simmons
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Correspondence: Rebecca A. Simmons, MD, Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, BRB II/III, 13th Fl, Rm 1308, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. E-mail:
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7
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Yu M, Agarwal D, Korutla L, May CL, Wang W, Griffith NN, Hering BJ, Kaestner KH, Velazquez OC, Markmann JF, Vallabhajosyula P, Liu C, Naji A. Islet transplantation in the subcutaneous space achieves long-term euglycaemia in preclinical models of type 1 diabetes. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1013-1020. [PMID: 32895576 PMCID: PMC7572844 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The intrahepatic milieu is inhospitable to intraportal islet allografts1-3, limiting their applicability for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Although the subcutaneous space represents an alternate, safe and easily accessible site for pancreatic islet transplantation, lack of neovascularization and the resulting hypoxic cell death have largely limited the longevity of graft survival and function and pose a barrier to the widespread adoption of islet transplantation in the clinic. Here we report the successful subcutaneous transplantation of pancreatic islets admixed with a device-free islet viability matrix, resulting in long-term euglycaemia in diverse immune-competent and immuno-incompetent animal models. We validate sustained normoglycaemia afforded by our transplantation methodology using murine, porcine and human pancreatic islets, and also demonstrate its efficacy in a non-human primate model of syngeneic islet transplantation. Transplantation of the islet-islet viability matrix mixture in the subcutaneous space represents a simple, safe and reproducible method, paving the way for a new therapeutic paradigm for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yu
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Divyansh Agarwal
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Genomics and Computational Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Laxminarayana Korutla
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catherine L May
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Bernhard J Hering
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Omaida C Velazquez
- Division of Vascular Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - James F Markmann
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Chengyang Liu
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Ali Naji
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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8
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Medina JD, Alexander M, Hunckler MD, Fernández-Yagüe MA, Coronel MM, Smink AM, Lakey JR, de Vos P, García AJ. Functionalization of Alginate with Extracellular Matrix Peptides Enhances Viability and Function of Encapsulated Porcine Islets. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000102. [PMID: 32255552 PMCID: PMC7598935 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Translation of transplanted alginate-encapsulated pancreatic islets to treat type 1 diabetes has been hindered by inconsistent long-term efficacy. This loss of graft function can be partially attributed to islet dysfunction associated with the destruction of extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions during the islet isolation process as well as immunosuppression-associated side effects. This study aims at recapitulating islet-ECM interactions by the direct functionalization of alginate with the ECM-derived peptides RGD, LRE, YIGSR, PDGEA, and PDSGR. Peptide functionalization is controlled in a concentration-dependent manner and its presentation is found to be homogeneous across the microcapsule environment. Preweaned porcine islets are encapsulated in peptide-functionalized alginate microcapsules, and those encapsulated in RGD-functionalized alginate displays enhanced viability and glucose-stimulated insulin release. Effects are RGD-specific and not observed with its scrambled control RDG nor with LRE, YIGSR, PDGEA, and PDSGR. This study supports the sustained presentation of ECM-derived peptides in helping to maintain health of encapsulated pancreatic islets and may aid in prolonging longevity of encapsulated islet grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Medina
- Biomedical Engineering, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Michael Alexander
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine at UC Irvine, Irvine 333 City Boulevard West, Suite 1600, Orange, CA, 92868, USA
| | - Michael D Hunckler
- Mechanical Engineering, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Marc A Fernández-Yagüe
- Mechanical Engineering, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - María M Coronel
- Mechanical Engineering, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Alexandra M Smink
- Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan R Lakey
- Surgery and Biomedical Engineering at UC Irvine, 333 City Boulevard West, Suite 1600, Orange, CA, 92868, USA
| | - Paul de Vos
- Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Andrés J García
- Mechanical Engineering, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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9
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Alessandra G, Algerta M, Paola M, Carsten S, Cristina L, Paolo M, Elisa M, Gabriella T, Carla P. Shaping Pancreatic β-Cell Differentiation and Functioning: The Influence of Mechanotransduction. Cells 2020; 9:E413. [PMID: 32053947 PMCID: PMC7072458 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic and pluripotent stem cells hold great promise in generating β-cells for both replacing medicine and novel therapeutic discoveries in diabetes mellitus. However, their differentiation in vitro is still inefficient, and functional studies reveal that most of these β-like cells still fail to fully mirror the adult β-cell physiology. For their proper growth and functioning, β-cells require a very specific environment, the islet niche, which provides a myriad of chemical and physical signals. While the nature and effects of chemical stimuli have been widely characterized, less is known about the mechanical signals. We here review the current status of knowledge of biophysical cues provided by the niche where β-cells normally live and differentiate, and we underline the possible machinery designated for mechanotransduction in β-cells. Although the regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood, the analysis reveals that β-cells are equipped with all mechanosensors and signaling proteins actively involved in mechanotransduction in other cell types, and they respond to mechanical cues by changing their behavior. By engineering microenvironments mirroring the biophysical niche properties it is possible to elucidate the β-cell mechanotransductive-regulatory mechanisms and to harness them for the promotion of β-cell differentiation capacity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galli Alessandra
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Marku Algerta
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Marciani Paola
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Schulte Carsten
- CIMAINA, Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lenardi Cristina
- CIMAINA, Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Milani Paolo
- CIMAINA, Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maffioli Elisa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Tedeschi Gabriella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Perego Carla
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
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10
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Hadavi E, Leijten J, Engelse M, de Koning E, Jonkheijm P, Karperien M, van Apeldoorn A. Microwell Scaffolds Using Collagen-IV and Laminin-111 Lead to Improved Insulin Secretion of Human Islets. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 25:71-81. [PMID: 30632461 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This research deals with finding a proper bioengineering strategy to improve the outcome of islets transplantation for treatment of type 1 diabetes. It is focused on the mimicking of islet extracellular matrix niche in microwell islet delivery devices to improve their endocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Hadavi
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Engelse
- 2 Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco de Koning
- 2 Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,3 Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Jonkheijm
- 4 Bioinspired Molecular Engineering Laboratory and Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Aart van Apeldoorn
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,5 Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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11
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Nilsson J, Fardoos R, Hansen L, Lövkvist H, Pietras K, Holmberg D, Schmidt-Christensen A. Recruited fibroblasts reconstitute the peri-islet membrane: a longitudinal imaging study of human islet grafting and revascularisation. Diabetologia 2020; 63:137-148. [PMID: 31701200 PMCID: PMC6890581 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-05018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Rapid and adequate islet revascularisation and restoration of the islet-extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction are significant factors influencing islet survival and function of the transplanted islets in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Because the ECM encapsulating the islets is degraded during islet isolation, understanding the process of revascularisation and engraftment after transplantation is essential and needs further investigation. METHODS Here we apply a longitudinal and high-resolution imaging approach to investigate the dynamics of the pancreatic islet engraftment process up to 11 months after transplantation. Human and mouse islet grafts were inserted into the anterior chamber of the mouse eye, using a NOD.ROSA-tomato.Rag2-/- or B6.ROSA-tomato host allowing the investigation of the expansion of host vs donor cells and the contribution of host cells to aspects such as promoting the encapsulation and vascularisation of the graft. RESULTS A fibroblast-like stromal cell population of host origin rapidly migrates to ensheath the transplanted islet and aid in the formation of a basement membrane-like structure. Moreover, we show that the vessel network, while reconstituted by host endothelial cells, still retains the overall architecture of the donor islets. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In this transplantation situation the fibroblast-like stromal cells appear to take over as main producers of ECM or act as a scaffold for other ECM-producing cells to reconstitute a peri-islet-like basement membrane. This may have implications for our understanding of long-term graft rejection and for the design of novel strategies to interfere with this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nilsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rabiah Fardoos
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisbeth Hansen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Lövkvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Studies Sweden - Forum South, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristian Pietras
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, BioCARE, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dan Holmberg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anja Schmidt-Christensen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.
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12
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Ma F, Tremmel DM, Li Z, Lietz CB, Sackett SD, Odorico JS, Li L. In Depth Quantification of Extracellular Matrix Proteins from Human Pancreas. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3156-3165. [PMID: 31200599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important component of the pancreatic microenvironment which regulates β cell proliferation, differentiation, and insulin secretion. Protocols have recently been developed for the decellularization of the human pancreas to generate functional scaffolds and hydrogels. In this work, we characterized human pancreatic ECM composition before and after decellularization using isobaric dimethylated leucine (DiLeu) labeling for relative quantification of ECM proteins. A novel correction factor was employed in the study to eliminate the bias introduced during sample preparation. In comparison to the commonly employed sample preparation methods (urea and FASP) for proteomic analysis, a recently developed surfactant and chaotropic agent assisted sequential extraction/on pellet digestion (SCAD) protocol has provided an improved strategy for ECM protein extraction of human pancreatic ECM matrix. The quantitative proteomic results revealed the preservation of matrisome proteins while most of the cellular proteins were removed. This method was compared with a well-established label-free quantification (LFQ) approach which rendered similar expressions of different categories of proteins (collagens, ECM glycoproteins, proteoglycans, etc.). The distinct expression of ECM proteins was quantified comparing adult and fetal pancreas ECM, shedding light on the correlation between matrix composition and postnatal β cell maturation. Despite the distinct profiles of different subcategories in the native pancreas, the distribution of matrisome proteins exhibited similar trends after the decellularization process. Our method generated a large data set of matrisome proteins from a single tissue type. These results provide valuable insight into the possibilities of constructing a bioengineered pancreas. It may also facilitate better understanding of the potential roles that matrisome proteins play in postnatal β cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfei Ma
- School of Pharmacy , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Daniel M Tremmel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Zihui Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Christopher B Lietz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Sara Dutton Sackett
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Jon S Odorico
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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13
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Ren G, Rezaee M, Razavi M, Taysir A, Wang J, Thakor AS. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells rescue the function of islets transplanted in sub-therapeutic numbers via their angiogenic properties. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 376:353-364. [PMID: 30707291 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-02997-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A significant proportion of islets are lost following transplantation due to hypoxia and inflammation. We hypothesize that adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) can rescue a sub-therapeutic number of transplanted islets by helping them establish a new blood supply and reducing inflammation. Diabetic mice received syngeneic transplantation with 75 (minimal), 150 (sub-therapeutic), or 225 (therapeutic) islets, with or without 1 × 106 mouse AD-MSCs. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) values were measured over 6 weeks with tissue samples collected for islet structure and morphology (H&E, insulin/glucagon staining). Histological and immunohistochemical analyses of islets were also performed at 2 weeks in animals transplanted with a sub-therapeutic number of islets, with and without AD-MSCs, to determine new blood vessel formation, the presence of pro-angiogenic factors facilitating revascularization, and the degree of inflammation. AD-MSCs had no beneficial effect on FBG values when co-transplanted with a minimal or therapeutic number of islets. However, AD-MSCs significantly reduced FBG values and restored glycemic control in diabetic animals transplanted with a sub-therapeutic number of islets. Islets co-transplanted with AD-MSCs preserved their native morphology and organization and exhibited less aggregation when compared to islets transplanted alone. In the sub-therapeutic group, AD-MSCs significantly increased islet revascularization and the expression of angiogenic factors including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) while also reducing inflammation. AD-MSCs can rescue the function of islets when transplanted in a sub-therapeutic number, for at least 6 weeks, via their ability to maintain islet architecture while concurrently facilitating islet revascularization and reducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ren
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, CA, 94034, USA
| | - Melika Rezaee
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, CA, 94034, USA.,Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Mehdi Razavi
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, CA, 94034, USA
| | - Ahmed Taysir
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, CA, 94034, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, CA, 94034, USA
| | - Avnesh S Thakor
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, CA, 94034, USA.
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14
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Lehmann V, Andersen PL, Damodaran RG, Vermette P. Method for isolation of pancreatic blood vessels, their culture and coculture with islets of langerhans. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2745. [PMID: 30421867 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The only cure available for Type 1 diabetes involves the transplantation of islets of Langerhans isolated from donor organs. However, success rates are relatively low. Disconnection from vasculature upon isolation and insufficient rate of revascularization upon transplantation are thought to be a major cause, as islet survival and function depend on extensive vascularization. Research has thus turned toward the development of pretransplantation culture techniques to enhance revascularization of islets, so far with limited success. With the aim to develop a technique to enhance islet revascularization, this work proposes a method to isolate and culture pancreas-derived blood vessels. Using a mild multistep digestion method, pancreatic blood vessels were retrieved from whole murine pancreata and cultured in collagen Type 1. After 8 days, 50% of tissue explants had formed anastomosed microvessels which extended up to 300 μm from the explant tissue and expressed endothelial cell marker CD31 but not ductal marker CK19. Cocultures with islets of Langerhans revealed survival of both tissues and insulin expression by islets up to 8 days post-embedding. Microvessels were frequently found to encapsulate islets, however no islet penetration could be detected. This study reports for the first time the isolation and culture of pancreatic blood vessels. The methods and results presented in this work provide a novel explant culture model for angiogenesis and tissue engineering research with relevance to islet biology. It opens the door for in vivo validation of the potential of these pancreatic blood vessel explants to improve islet transplantation therapies. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2745, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Lehmann
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Dept. of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.,Pharmacology Inst. of Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Research Centre on Aging, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Parker L Andersen
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Dept. of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.,Pharmacology Inst. of Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Research Centre on Aging, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Rajesh G Damodaran
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Dept. of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.,Pharmacology Inst. of Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Research Centre on Aging, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Patrick Vermette
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Dept. of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.,Pharmacology Inst. of Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Research Centre on Aging, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 4C4, Canada
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15
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Hadavi E, Leijten J, Brinkmann J, Jonkheijm P, Karperien M, van Apeldoorn A. Fibronectin and Collagen IV Microcontact Printing Improves Insulin Secretion by INS1E Cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 24:628-636. [PMID: 30306836 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This research deals with finding a proper bioengineering strategy for the creation of improved β-cell replacement therapy in type 1 diabetes. It specifically deals with the microenvironment of β-cells and its relationship to their endocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Hadavi
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny Brinkmann
- 2 MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Molecular Nanofabrication Group, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Jonkheijm
- 2 MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Molecular Nanofabrication Group, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Aart van Apeldoorn
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands .,3 Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands
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16
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Huang Y, Mei J, Yu Y, Ding Y, Xia W, Yue T, Chen W, Zhou M, Yang Y. Comparative Decellularization and Recellularization of Normal Versus Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetes Mellitus Rat Pancreas. Artif Organs 2018; 43:399-412. [PMID: 30182423 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Bao Huang
- Department of Radiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Jin Mei
- Anatomy Department Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
- Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
- Institute of Neuroscience Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Yaling Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital Shanghai China
| | - Yuqiang Ding
- Institute of Neuroscience Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Weizhi Xia
- Department of Radiology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Ting Yue
- Department of Radiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Weijian Chen
- Department of Radiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Meng‐Tao Zhou
- Department of Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Yun‐Jun Yang
- Department of Radiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Engineering endocrine pancreatic tissue is an emerging topic in type 1 diabetes with the intent to overcome the current limitation of β cell transplantation. During islet isolation, the vascularized structure and surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) are completely disrupted. Once implanted, islets slowly engraft and mostly are lost for the initial avascular phase. This review discusses the main building blocks required to engineer the endocrine pancreas: (i) islet niche ECM, (ii) islet niche vascular network, and (iii) new available sources of endocrine cells. RECENT FINDINGS Current approaches include the following: tissue engineering of endocrine grafts by seeding of native or synthetic ECM scaffolds with human islets, vascularization of native or synthetic ECM prior to implantation, vascular functionalization of ECM structures to enhance angiogenesis after implantation, generation of engineered animals as human organ donors, and embryonic and pluripotent stem cell-derived endocrine cells that may be encapsulated or genetically engineered to be immunotolerated. Substantial technological improvements have been made to regenerate or engineer endocrine pancreatic tissue; however, significant hurdles remain, and more research is needed to develop a technology to integrate all components of viable endocrine tissue for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Citro
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Harald C Ott
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 4700, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Stephens CH, Orr KS, Acton AJ, Tersey SA, Mirmira RG, Considine RV, Voytik-Harbin SL. In situ type I oligomeric collagen macroencapsulation promotes islet longevity and function in vitro and in vivo. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E650-E661. [PMID: 29894201 PMCID: PMC6230705 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00073.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use of pancreatic islet transplantation for treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is currently limited by requirements for long-term immunosuppression, limited donor supply, and poor long-term engraftment and function. Upon isolation from their native microenvironment, islets undergo rapid apoptosis, which is further exacerbated by poor oxygen and nutrient supply following infusion into the portal vein. Identifying alternative strategies to restore critical microenvironmental cues, while maximizing islet health and function, is needed to advance this cellular therapy. We hypothesized that biophysical properties provided through type I oligomeric collagen macroencapsulation are important considerations when designing strategies to improve islet survival, phenotype, and function. Mouse islets were encapsulated at various Oligomer concentrations (0.5 -3.0 mg/ml) or suspended in media and cultured for 14 days, after which viability, protein expression, and function were assessed. Oligomer-encapsulated islets showed a density-dependent improvement in in vitro viability, cytoarchitecture, and insulin secretion, with 3 mg/ml yielding values comparable to freshly isolated islets. For transplantation into streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, 500 islets were mixed in Oligomer and injected subcutaneously, where rapid in situ macroencapsulation occurred, or injected with saline. Mice treated with Oligomer-encapsulated islets exhibited rapid (within 24 h) diabetes reversal and maintenance of normoglycemia for 14 (immunocompromised), 90 (syngeneic), and 40 days (allogeneic). Histological analysis showed Oligomer-islet engraftment with maintenance of islet cytoarchitecture, revascularization, and no foreign body response. Oligomer-islet macroencapsulation may provide a useful strategy for prolonging the health and function of cultured islets and has potential as a subcutaneous injectable islet transplantation strategy for treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kara S Orr
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Anthony J Acton
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Robert V Considine
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sherry L Voytik-Harbin
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
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19
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Medina CO, Nagy N, Bollyky PL. Extracellular matrix and the maintenance and loss of peripheral immune tolerance in autoimmune insulitis. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 55:22-30. [PMID: 30248522 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation that the extracellular matrix (ECM) contributes to both the maintenance of immune tolerance in healthy tissues and to its loss at sites of autoimmunity. Here, we review recent literature on the role of ECM and particularly the glycosaminoglycans hyaluronan and heparan sulfate in the development of autoimmune, type 1 diabetes (T1D). Data from transplant models suggest that healthy islets are embedded within an intact ECM that supports beta-cell homeostasis and provides physical and immunoregulatory barriers against immune infiltration. However, studies of human insulitis as well as the non-obese diabetic (NOD) and DORmO mouse models of T1D indicate that autoimmune insulitis is associated with the degradation of basement membrane structures, the catabolism of the islet interstitium, and the accumulation of a hyaluronan-rich, pro-inflammatory ECM. Moreover, in these models of autoimmune diabetes, either the pharmacologic inhibition of heparan sulfate catabolism, the reduction of hyaluronan synthesis, or the targeting of the pathways that sense these ECM changes can all prevent beta-cell destruction. Together these data support an emerging paradigm that in healthy islets the local ECM contributes to both immune tolerance and beta-cell homeostasis while in chronic inflammation the islet ECM is permissive to immune infiltration and beta-cell destruction. Therapies that support ECM-mediated 'barrier tolerance' may have potential as adjunctive agents in combination regimens designed to prevent or treat autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos O Medina
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
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20
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Llacua LA, Faas MM, de Vos P. Extracellular matrix molecules and their potential contribution to the function of transplanted pancreatic islets. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1261-1272. [PMID: 29306997 PMCID: PMC6449002 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules are responsible for structural and biochemical support, as well as for regulation of molecular signalling and tissue repair in many organ structures, including the pancreas. In pancreatic islets, collagen type IV and VI, and laminins are the most abundant molecules, but other ECM molecules are also present. The ECM interacts with specific combinations of integrin α/β heterodimers on islet cells and guides many cellular processes. More specifically, some ECM molecules are involved in beta cell survival, function and insulin production, while others can fine tune the susceptibility of islet cells to cytokines. Further, some ECM induce release of growth factors to facilitate tissue repair. During enzymatic isolation of islets for transplantation, the ECM is damaged, impacting islet function. However, restoration of the ECM in human islets (for example by adding ECM to the interior of immunoprotective capsules) has been shown to enhance islet function. Here, we provide current insight into the role of ECM molecules in islet function and discuss the clinical potential of ECM manipulation to enhance pancreatic islet function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Alberto Llacua
- Section of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 EA11, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands.
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Section of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 EA11, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Section of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 EA11, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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21
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Peng SY, Chou CW, Kuo YH, Shen PC, Shaw SWS. Potential differentiation of islet-like cells from pregnant cow-derived placental stem cells. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 56:306-311. [PMID: 28600038 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that destroys islet cells and results in insufficient insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells. Islet transplantation from donors is an approach used for treating patients with diabetes; however, this therapy is difficult to implement because of the lack of donors. Nevertheless, several stem cells have the potential to differentiate from islet-like cells and enable insulin secretion for treating diabetes in animal models. For example, placenta is considered a waste material and can be harvested noninvasively during delivery without ethical or moral concerns. To date, the differentiation of islet-like cells from cow-derived placental stem cells (CPSCs) has yet to be demonstrated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The investigation of potential differentiation of islet-like cells from CPSCs was conducted by supplementation with nicotinamide, exendin-4, glucose, and poly-d-lysine and was detected through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, dithizone staining, and immunocytochemical methods. RESULTS Our results indicated that CPSCs are established and express mesenchymal stem cell surface antigen markers, such as CD73, CD166, β-integrin, and Oct-4, but not hematopoietic stem cell surface antigen markers, such as CD45. After induction, the CPSCs successfully differentiated into islet-like cells. The CPSC-derived islet-like cells expressed islet cell development-related genes, such as insulin, glucagon, pax-4, Nkx6.1, pax-6, and Fox. Moreover, CPSC-derived islet-like cells can be stained with zinc ions, which are widely distributed in the islet cells and enable insulin secretion. CONCLUSION Altogether, islet-like cells have the potential to be differentiated from CPSCs without gene manipulation, and can be used in diabetic animal models in the future for preclinical and drug testing trial investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yu Peng
- Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Chou
- Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Kuo
- Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Perng-Chih Shen
- Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - S W Steven Shaw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Prenatal Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.
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22
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Llacua LA, Hoek A, de Haan BJ, de Vos P. Collagen type VI interaction improves human islet survival in immunoisolating microcapsules for treatment of diabetes. Islets 2018; 10:60-68. [PMID: 29521546 PMCID: PMC5895175 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2017.1420449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagens are the most abundant fibrous protein in the human body and constitute the main structural element of the extracellular matrix. It provides mechanical and physiological support for cells. In the pancreas, collagen VI content is more than double that of collagen I or IV. It is a major component of the islet-exocrine interface and could be involved in islet-cell survival. To test the impact of collagen VI on human encapsulated pancreatic islets-cells, we tested the effects of exogenous collagen type VI on in vitro functional survival of alginate encapsulated human islet-cells. Concentrations tested ranged from 0.1 to 50 µg/ml. Islets in capsules without collagen type VI served as control. Islet-cell interaction with collagen type VI at concentrations of 0.1 and 10 µg/ml, promoted islet-cell viability (p<0.05). Although no improvement in glucose induced insulin secretion (GSIS) was observed, islets in capsules without incorporation of collagen type VI showed more dysfunction and oxygen consumption rates was improved by inclusion of collagen type VI. Our results demonstrate that incorporation of collagen type VI in immunoisolated human islets supports in vitro viability and survival of human pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Alberto Llacua
- Section of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Hoek
- Section of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J. de Haan
- Section of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Section of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Aloy-Reverté C, Moreno-Amador JL, Nacher M, Montanya E, Semino CE. Use of RGD-Functionalized Sandwich Cultures to Promote Redifferentiation of Human Pancreatic Beta Cells AfterIn VitroExpansion. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:394-406. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Aloy-Reverté
- Department of Bioengineering, Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IQS School of Engineering, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José L. Moreno-Amador
- Hospital Universitari Bellvitge-Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Nacher
- Hospital Universitari Bellvitge-Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Montanya
- Hospital Universitari Bellvitge-Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos E. Semino
- Department of Bioengineering, Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IQS School of Engineering, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Rashid CS, Lien YC, Bansal A, Jaeckle-Santos LJ, Li C, Won KJ, Simmons RA. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Novel Mechanisms Mediating Islet Dysfunction in the Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Rat. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1035-1049. [PMID: 29309562 PMCID: PMC5793792 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) increases the risk of type 2 diabetes developing in adulthood. In previous studies that used bilateral uterine artery ligation in a rat model of IUGR, age-associated decline in glucose homeostasis and islet function was revealed. To elucidate mechanisms contributing to IUGR pathogenesis, the islet transcriptome was sequenced from 2-week-old rats, when in vivo glucose tolerance is mildly impaired, and at 10 weeks of age, when rats are hyperglycemic and have reduced β-cell mass. RNA sequencing and functional annotation with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed temporal changes in IUGR islets. For instance, gene expression involving amino acid metabolism was significantly reduced primarily at 2 weeks of age, but ion channel expression, specifically that involved in cell-volume regulation, was more disrupted in adult IUGR islets. Additionally, we observed alterations in the microenvironment of IUGR islets with extracellular matrix genes being significantly increased at 2 weeks of age and significantly decreased at 10 weeks. Specifically, hyaluronan synthase 2 expression and hyaluronan staining were increased in IUGR islets at 2 weeks of age (P < 0.05). Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived factors that have been shown to preserve islet allograft function, such as Anxa1, Cxcl12, and others, also were increased at 2 weeks and decreased in adult islets. Finally, comparisons of differentially expressed genes with those of type 2 diabetic human islets support a role for these pathways in human patients with diabetes. Together, these data point to new mechanisms in the pathogenesis of IUGR-mediated islet dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cetewayo S. Rashid
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Yu-Chin Lien
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Amita Bansal
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Lane J. Jaeckle-Santos
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Changhong Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Genetics, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Rebecca A. Simmons
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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25
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Cui W, Kim DH, Imamura M, Hyon SH, Inoue K. Tissue-Engineered Pancreatic Islets: Culturing Rat Islets in the Chitosan Sponge. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000001783986684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous islet transplantation has become an attractive modality. With development of tissue-engineering techniques, it is possible to rectify the disadvantage of poor blood supply in the subcutaneous site by reconstruction of the capillary network. According to reports, the Chitosan sponge (CS) could be used for reconstruction of in vitro capillary-like network and could be used in artificial skin equivalent. In this study, we cultured the islets in CS for future application. CSs, having 200–500 μm pore size, were prepared by freeze-drying method. Rat islets were isolated from the pancreas of Lewis rats (10 weeks old, 280–300 g, male) by collagenase digestion followed by discontinuous dextran gradient centrifugation method. Each 20 islets were seeded equally into the CSs and were cultured for 62 days with various culture media such as RPMI-1640, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), and Eagle's MEM. They contained 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 5 ml/L antibiotic-antimycotic mixed stock solution in the culture dishes. Insulin concentration both inside and outside of the islet-seeded CS was measured during culture. Changes in the morphology of islets were also observed in this study. Freshly isolated islets had a loose appearance with an irregular border, and most were seen as a single islet. Occasionally a cluster, consisting of 2–4 islets ranging mainly from 150 to 250 μm in diameter, was observed. Islets cultured in the CSs in different culture media retained initial morphology, which had well-delineated smooth borders for at least 53 days. The insulin release behavior of islets cultured in the CS showed constant secretory capacities for 49 days. After that they exhibited a rapid and definitive decline from the initial insulin release. Until this stage, insulin concentration in the CS was well maintained. The properties were dependent on culture medium used and insulin diffusion released from islets. This experiment is a new study model for establishment of islet culture in a three-dimensional matrix. Also extension of this observation will provide new insights for islet transplantation at the subcutaneous site by a tissue-engineering approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxing Cui
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Basic Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Do-Hoon Kim
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Imamura
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Basic Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suong-Hyu Hyon
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Inoue
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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26
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Nagata N, Gu Y, Hori H, Balamurugan AN, Touma M, Kawakami Y, Wang W, Baba TT, Satake A, Nozawa M, Tabata Y, Inoue K. Evaluation of Insulin Secretion of Isolated Rat Islets Cultured in Extracellular Matrix. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000001783986549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet isolation involves enzymatic digestion of the interstitial matrix and mechanical disruption of the tissue. It is possible that a fundamental change of islet biology resulting from the loss of critical factors required for islet function or survival will occur. Extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the most important components of the islet microenvironment. Reconstruction of the cell–matrix relationship seems to be effective for improving the loss of differentiated islet structure and function. The purpose of this study was to characterize and compare the effects of collagen gel mixture or Matrigel on β-cell function and islet cell survival. After isolation by the collagenase digestion technique, rat islets were divided and cultured with various types of collagen gel mixture. They were assessed for their glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and cell viability. Glucose-induced insulin secretion of islets cultured with collagen type I gel or a mixture of collagen type I and IV was improved after 11 days in culture. In conclusion, a type of gel composed of collagen type I and/ or type IV as an islet microenvironment is sufficient to maintain glucose responsiveness and may be useful for islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Nagata
- Department of Organ Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuanjun Gu
- Department of Organ Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hori
- Department of Organ Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A. N. Balamurugan
- Department of Organ Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maki Touma
- Department of Organ Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kawakami
- Department of Organ Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Organ Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomomi T. Baba
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Nagasaki University School of Dentistry, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Satake
- Department of Organ Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masumi Nozawa
- Department of Organ Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Inoue
- Department of Organ Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Abstract
Cell and tissue culture techniques have improved considerably since the first attempts to maintain explants of animal tissue in vitro. The two major developments that have allowed these improvements are the ability to produce continuous cell lines, thus allowing reproducible results to be obtained, and the definition of media for different cell types, thereby reducing the need for supplements of serum and other extraneous extracts. The requirements of islets in culture have been more difficult to define, largely because islets do not proliferate in culture and proliferation rate cannot therefore be used to measure the suitability of the medium. Further difficulties arise because islets are highly metabolically active “mini-organelles.” Although many studies have been undertaken to try and optimize media for the culture islets of Langerhans, the media most commonly used are commercially available media developed for other cell types. There remains ample scope for further refinement of the composition of islet culture media, with the possibility of different media for islets from different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Clayton
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK
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28
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Cross SE, Vaughan RH, Willcox AJ, McBride AJ, Abraham AA, Han B, Johnson JD, Maillard E, Bateman PA, Ramracheya RD, Rorsman P, Kadler KE, Dunne MJ, Hughes SJ, Johnson PRV. Key Matrix Proteins Within the Pancreatic Islet Basement Membrane Are Differentially Digested During Human Islet Isolation. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:451-461. [PMID: 27456745 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical islet transplantation achieves insulin independence in selected patients, yet current methods for extracting islets from their surrounding pancreatic matrix are suboptimal. The islet basement membrane (BM) influences islet function and survival and is a critical marker of islet integrity following rodent islet isolation. No studies have investigated the impact of islet isolation on BM integrity in human islets, which have a unique duplex structure. To address this, samples were taken from 27 clinical human islet isolations (donor age 41-59, BMI 26-38, cold ischemic time < 10 h). Collagen IV, pan-laminin, perlecan and laminin-α5 in the islet BM were significantly digested by enzyme treatment. In isolated islets, laminin-α5 (found in both layers of the duplex BM) and perlecan were lost entirely, with no restoration evident during culture. Collagen IV and pan-laminin were present in the disorganized BM of isolated islets, yet a significant reduction in pan-laminin was seen during the initial 24 h culture period. Islet cytotoxicity increased during culture. Therefore, the human islet BM is substantially disrupted during the islet isolation procedure. Islet function and survival may be compromised as a consequence of an incomplete islet BM, which has implications for islet survival and transplanted graft longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Cross
- Islet Transplant Research Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R H Vaughan
- Islet Transplant Research Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A J Willcox
- Islet Transplant Research Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A J McBride
- Islet Transplant Research Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A A Abraham
- Islet Transplant Research Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - B Han
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J D Johnson
- Islet Transplant Research Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Maillard
- Islet Transplant Research Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P A Bateman
- Islet Transplant Research Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R D Ramracheya
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K E Kadler
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M J Dunne
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S J Hughes
- Islet Transplant Research Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P R V Johnson
- Islet Transplant Research Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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29
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Sionov RV, Finesilver G, Sapozhnikov L, Soroker A, Zlotkin-Rivkin E, Saad Y, Kahana M, Bodaker M, Alpert E, Mitrani E. Beta Cells Secrete Significant and Regulated Levels of Insulin for Long Periods when Seeded onto Acellular Micro-Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 21:2691-702. [PMID: 26416226 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to obtain significant and regulated insulin secretion from human beta cells ex vivo. Long-term culture of human pancreatic islets and attempts at expanding human islet cells normally result in loss of beta-cell phenotype. We propose that to obtain proper ex vivo beta cell function, there is a need to develop three-dimensional structures that mimic the natural islet tissue microenvironment. We here describe the preparation of endocrine micro-pancreata (EMPs) that are made up of acellular organ-derived micro-scaffolds seeded with human intact or enzymatically dissociated islets. We show that EMPs constructed by seeding whole islets, freshly enzymatically-dissociated islets or even dissociated islets grown first in standard monolayer cultures express high levels of key beta-cell specific genes and secrete quantities of insulin per cell similar to freshly isolated human islets in a glucose-regulated manner for more than 3 months in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gershon Finesilver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lena Sapozhnikov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avigail Soroker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Efrat Zlotkin-Rivkin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yocheved Saad
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Meygal Kahana
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Matan Bodaker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Evgenia Alpert
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eduardo Mitrani
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
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30
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Llacua A, de Haan BJ, Smink SA, de Vos P. Extracellular matrix components supporting human islet function in alginate-based immunoprotective microcapsules for treatment of diabetes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1788-96. [PMID: 26990360 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the pancreas, extracellular matrix (ECM) components play an import role in providing mechanical and physiological support, and also contribute to the function of islets. These ECM-connections are damaged during islet-isolation from the pancreas and are not fully recovered after encapsulation and transplantation. To promote the functional survival of human pancreatic islets, we tested different ECMs molecules in alginate-encapsulated human islets. These were laminin derived recognition sequences, IKVAV, RGD, LRE, PDSGR, collagen I sequence DGEA (0.01 - 1.0 mM), and collagen IV (50 - 200 µg/mL). Interaction with RGD and PDSGR promoted islet viability and glucose induced insulin secretion (GIIS) when it was applied at concentrations ranging from 0.01 - 1.0 mM (p < 0.05). Also the laminin sequence LRE contributed to enhanced GIIS but only at higher concentrations of 1 mM (p < 0.05). Collagen IV also had beneficial effects but only at 50 µg/ml and no further improvement was observed at higher concentrations. IKVAV and DGEA had no effects on human islets. Synergistic effects were observed by adding Collagen(IV)-RGD, Collagen(IV)-LRE, and Collagen(IV)-PDSGR to encapsulated human islets. Our results demonstrate the potential of specific ECM components in support of functional survival of human encapsulated and free islet grafts. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1788-1796, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Llacua
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, RB, 9700, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J de Haan
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, RB, 9700, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra A Smink
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, RB, 9700, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, RB, 9700, The Netherlands
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31
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Ma CT, Wu YJ, Huang HH, Kang PL, Hsiao KY, Lo DY, Kuo SM. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the effect of nano-sized collagen molecules and nicotinamide on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:3892-3902. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00731g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances and improvements in mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and cell replacement therapies have been promising approaches to treat diabetes mellitus (DM) since their potent capacities for differentiation into various functional cells match the demands of tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Tsu Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- I-Shou University
- Kaohsiung City 82445
- Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jhen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- I-Shou University
- Kaohsiung City 82445
- Taiwan
| | - Han Hsiang Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi City
- Taiwan
| | - Pei-Leun Kang
- Cardiac Surgery
- Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital
- Kaohsiung City
- Taiwan
| | - Kuan Yin Hsiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- I-Shou University
- Kaohsiung City 82445
- Taiwan
| | - Dan Yuan Lo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi City
- Taiwan
| | - Shyh Ming Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- I-Shou University
- Kaohsiung City 82445
- Taiwan
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32
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Abualhassan N, Sapozhnikov L, Pawlick RL, Kahana M, Pepper AR, Bruni A, Gala-Lopez B, Kin T, Mitrani E, Shapiro AMJ. Lung-Derived Microscaffolds Facilitate Diabetes Reversal after Mouse and Human Intraperitoneal Islet Transplantation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156053. [PMID: 27227978 PMCID: PMC4881949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need to develop three-dimensional structures that mimic the natural islet tissue microenvironment. Endocrine micro-pancreata (EMPs) made up of acellular organ-derived micro-scaffolds seeded with human islets have been shown to express high levels of key beta-cell specific genes and secrete quantities of insulin per cell similar to freshly isolated human islets in a glucose-regulated manner for more than three months in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of EMPs to restore euglycemia in vivo after transplantation of mouse or human islets in chemically diabetic mice. We proposed that the organ-derived EMPs would restore the extracellular components of the islet microenvironment, generating favorable conditions for islet function and survival. EMPs seeded with 500 mouse islets were implanted intraperitoneally into streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and reverted diabetes in 67% of mice compared to 13% of controls (p = 0.018, n = 9 per group). Histological analysis of the explanted grafts 60 days post-transplantation stained positive for insulin and exhibited increased vascular density in a collagen-rich background. EMPs were also seeded with human islets and transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of immune-deficient diabetic mice at 250 islet equivalents (IEQ), 500 IEQ and 1000 IEQ. Escalating islet dose increased rates of normoglycemia (50% of the 500 IEQ group and 75% of the 1000 IEQ group, n = 3 per group). Human c-peptide levels were detected 90 days post-transplantation in a dose-response relationship. Herein, we report reversal of diabetes in mice by intraperitoneal transplantation of human islet seeded on EMPs with a human islet dose as low as 500 IEQ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Sapozhnikov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rena L. Pawlick
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Meygal Kahana
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andrew R. Pepper
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Antonio Bruni
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Boris Gala-Lopez
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tatsuya Kin
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eduardo Mitrani
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - A. M. James Shapiro
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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33
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Ko JH, Kim YH, Jeong SH, Lee S, Park SN, Shim IK, Kim SC. Collagen esterification enhances the function and survival of pancreatic β cells in 2D and 3D culture systems. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:1084-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Uzunalli G, Tumtas Y, Delibasi T, Yasa O, Mercan S, Guler MO, Tekinay AB. Improving pancreatic islet in vitro functionality and transplantation efficiency by using heparin mimetic peptide nanofiber gels. Acta Biomater 2015; 22:8-18. [PMID: 25931015 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic islet transplantation is a promising treatment for type 1 diabetes. However, viability and functionality of the islets after transplantation are limited due to loss of integrity and destruction of blood vessel networks. Thus, it is important to provide a proper mechanically and biologically supportive environment for enhancing both in vitro islet culture and transplantation efficiency. Here, we demonstrate that heparin mimetic peptide amphiphile (HM-PA) nanofibrous network is a promising platform for these purposes. The islets cultured with peptide nanofiber gel containing growth factors exhibited a similar glucose stimulation index as that of the freshly isolated islets even after 7 days. After transplantation of islets to STZ-induced diabetic rats, 28 day-long monitoring displayed that islets that were transplanted in HM-PA nanofiber gels maintained better blood glucose levels at normal levels compared to the only islet transplantation group. In addition, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test revealed that animals that were transplanted with islets within peptide gels showed a similar pattern with the healthy control group. Histological assessment showed that islets transplanted within peptide nanofiber gels demonstrated better islet integrity due to increased blood vessel density. This work demonstrates that using the HM-PA nanofiber gel platform enhances the islets function and islet transplantation efficiency both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Uzunalli
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Yasin Tumtas
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Delibasi
- Pancreas Islet Cell Research Center, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital Etlik Polyclinic, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Hacettepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
| | - Oncay Yasa
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Sercan Mercan
- Pancreas Islet Cell Research Center, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital Etlik Polyclinic, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Mustafa O Guler
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| | - Ayse B Tekinay
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
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Pancreatic Islet Survival and Engraftment Is Promoted by Culture on Functionalized Spider Silk Matrices. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130169. [PMID: 26090859 PMCID: PMC4474965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of pancreatic islets is one approach for treatment of diabetes, however, hampered by the low availability of viable islets. Islet isolation leads to disruption of the environment surrounding the endocrine cells, which contributes to eventual cell death. The reestablishment of this environment is vital, why we herein investigated the possibility of using recombinant spider silk to support islets in vitro after isolation. The spider silk protein 4RepCT was formulated into three different formats; 2D-film, fiber mesh and 3D-foam, in order to provide a matrix that can give the islets physical support in vitro. Moreover, cell-binding motifs from laminin were incorporated into the silk protein in order to create matrices that mimic the natural cell environment. Pancreatic mouse islets were thoroughly analyzed for adherence, necrosis and function after in vitro maintenance on the silk matrices. To investigate their suitability for transplantation, we utilized an eye model which allows in vivo imaging of engraftment. Interestingly, islets that had been maintained on silk foam during in vitro culture showed improved revascularization. This coincided with the observation of preserved islet architecture with endothelial cells present after in vitro culture on silk foam. Selected matrices were further evaluated for long-term preservation of human islets. Matrices with the cell-binding motif RGD improved human islet maintenance (from 36% to 79%) with preserved islets architecture and function for over 3 months in vitro. The islets established cell-matrix contacts and formed vessel-like structures along the silk. Moreover, RGD matrices promoted formation of new, insulin-positive islet-like clusters that were connected to the original islets via endothelial cells. On silk matrices with islets from younger donors (<35 year), the amount of newly formed islet-like clusters found after 1 month in culture were almost double compared to the initial number of islets added.
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Peloso A, Dhal A, Zambon JP, Li P, Orlando G, Atala A, Soker S. Current achievements and future perspectives in whole-organ bioengineering. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:107. [PMID: 26028404 PMCID: PMC4450459 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible end-stage organ failure represents one of the leading causes of death, and organ transplantation is currently the only curative solution. Donor organ shortage and adverse effects of immunosuppressive regimens are the major limiting factors for this definitive practice. Recent developments in bioengineering and regenerative medicine could provide a solid base for the future creation of implantable, bioengineered organs. Whole-organ detergent-perfusion protocols permit clinicians to gently remove all the cells and at the same time preserve the natural three-dimensional framework of the native organ. Several decellularized organs, including liver, kidney, and pancreas, have been created as a platform for further successful seeding. These scaffolds are composed of organ-specific extracellular matrix that contains growth factors important for cellular growth and function. Macro- and microvascular tree is entirely maintained and can be incorporated in the recipient's vascular system after the implant. This review will emphasize recent achievements in the whole-organ scaffolds and at the same time underline complications that the scientific community has to resolve before reaching a functional bioengineered organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Peloso
- IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Department of General Surgery, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy. .,Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Abritee Dhal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Joao P Zambon
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Peng Li
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Department of General Surgery Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
| | - Giuseppe Orlando
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27517, USA.
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27517, USA.
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Johannesson B, Sui L, Freytes DO, Creusot RJ, Egli D. Toward beta cell replacement for diabetes. EMBO J 2015; 34:841-55. [PMID: 25733347 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of insulin more than 90 years ago introduced a life-saving treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes, and since then, significant progress has been made in clinical care for all forms of diabetes. However, no method of insulin delivery matches the ability of the human pancreas to reliably and automatically maintain glucose levels within a tight range. Transplantation of human islets or of an intact pancreas can in principle cure diabetes, but this approach is generally reserved for cases with simultaneous transplantation of a kidney, where immunosuppression is already a requirement. Recent advances in cell reprogramming and beta cell differentiation now allow the generation of personalized stem cells, providing an unlimited source of beta cells for research and for developing autologous cell therapies. In this review, we will discuss the utility of stem cell-derived beta cells to investigate the mechanisms of beta cell failure in diabetes, and the challenges to develop beta cell replacement therapies. These challenges include appropriate quality controls of the cells being used, the ability to generate beta cell grafts of stable cellular composition, and in the case of type 1 diabetes, protecting implanted cells from autoimmune destruction without compromising other aspects of the immune system or the functionality of the graft. Such novel treatments will need to match or exceed the relative safety and efficacy of available care for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lina Sui
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center & Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald O Freytes
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Remi J Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, USA Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center & Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Kim MJ, Lee DY. Pancreas-like extracellular matrix scaffold for successful pancreatic islet transplantation. Macromol Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-014-2097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Orlando G, Gianello P, Salvatori M, Stratta RJ, Soker S, Ricordi C, Domínguez-Bendala J. Cell replacement strategies aimed at reconstitution of the β-cell compartment in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2014; 63:1433-44. [PMID: 24757193 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging technologies in regenerative medicine have the potential to restore the β-cell compartment in diabetic patients, thereby overcoming the inadequacies of current treatment strategies and organ supply. Novel approaches include: 1) Encapsulation technology that protects islet transplants from host immune surveillance; 2) stem cell therapies and cellular reprogramming, which seek to regenerate the depleted β-cell compartment; and 3) whole-organ bioengineering, which capitalizes on the innate properties of the pancreas extracellular matrix to drive cellular repopulation. Collaborative efforts across these subfields of regenerative medicine seek to ultimately produce a bioengineered pancreas capable of restoring endocrine function in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes.
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Amer LD, Mahoney MJ, Bryant SJ. Tissue engineering approaches to cell-based type 1 diabetes therapy. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:455-67. [PMID: 24417705 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease resulting from the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. Cell-based therapies, involving the transplantation of functional β-cells into diabetic patients, have been explored as a potential long-term treatment for this condition; however, success is limited. A tissue engineering approach of culturing insulin-producing cells with extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in three-dimensional (3D) constructs has the potential to enhance the efficacy of cell-based therapies for diabetes. When cultured in 3D environments, insulin-producing cells are often more viable and secrete more insulin than those in two dimensions. The addition of ECM molecules to the culture environments, depending on the specific type of molecule, can further enhance the viability and insulin secretion. This review addresses the different cell sources that can be utilized as β-cell replacements, the essential ECM molecules for the survival of these cells, and the 3D culture techniques that have been used to benefit cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Amer
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado
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41
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Therapeutic cell encapsulation techniques and applications in diabetes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 67-68:74-83. [PMID: 24103903 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The encapsulation of therapeutic cells permits the implantation of allogeneic and xenogeneic cells for the regulation of certain physiological processes damaged by the death or senescence of host tissues. The encapsulation of pancreatic cells for the treatment of diabetes is emphasized; however, many of the techniques are applicable to a wide array of mammalian cell applications. The summary of both established and novel encapsulation techniques, clinical trials, and commercial product developments highlights the metered but steady pace of therapeutic cell encapsulation towards implementation.
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42
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Blackstone BN, Palmer AF, Rilo HR, Powell HM. Scaffold architecture controls insulinoma clustering, viability, and insulin production. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:1784-93. [PMID: 24410263 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, in vitro diagnostic tools have shifted focus toward personalized medicine by incorporating patient cells into traditional test beds. These cell-based platforms commonly utilize two-dimensional substrates that lack the ability to support three-dimensional cell structures seen in vivo. As monolayer cell cultures have previously been shown to function differently than cells in vivo, the results of such in vitro tests may not accurately reflect cell response in vivo. It is therefore of interest to determine the relationships between substrate architecture, cell structure, and cell function in 3D cell-based platforms. To investigate the effect of substrate architecture on insulinoma organization and function, insulinomas were seeded onto 2D gelatin substrates and 3D fibrous gelatin scaffolds with three distinct fiber diameters and fiber densities. Cell viability and clustering was assessed at culture days 3, 5, and 7 with baseline insulin secretion and glucose-stimulated insulin production measured at day 7. Small, closely spaced gelatin fibers promoted the formation of large, rounded insulinoma clusters, whereas monolayer organization and large fibers prevented cell clustering and reduced glucose-stimulated insulin production. Taken together, these data show that scaffold properties can be used to control the organization and function of insulin-producing cells and may be useful as a 3D test bed for diabetes drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britani N Blackstone
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
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Salvatori M, Katari R, Patel T, Peloso A, Mugweru J, Owusu K, Orlando G. Extracellular Matrix Scaffold Technology for Bioartificial Pancreas Engineering: State of the Art and Future Challenges. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2014; 8:159-169. [PMID: 24876552 PMCID: PMC4454093 DOI: 10.1177/1932296813519558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Emergent technologies in regenerative medicine may soon overcome the limitations of conventional diabetes therapies. Collaborative efforts across the subfields of stem cell technology, islet encapsulation, and biomaterial carriers seek to produce a bioengineered pancreas capable of restoring endocrine function in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. These technologies rely on a robust understanding of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the supportive 3-dimensional network of proteins necessary for cellular attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Although these functions can be partially approximated by biosynthetic carriers, novel decellularization protocols have allowed researchers to discover the advantages afforded by the native pancreatic ECM. The native ECM has proven to be an optimal platform for recellularization and whole-organ pancreas bioengineering, an exciting new field with the potential to resolve the dire shortage of transplantable organs. This review seeks to contextualize recent findings, discuss current research goals, and identify future challenges of regenerative medicine as it applies to diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravi Katari
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Timil Patel
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Andrea Peloso
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jon Mugweru
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kofi Owusu
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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44
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Anti-caspase-3 preconditioning increases proinsulin secretion and deteriorates posttransplant function of isolated human islets. Apoptosis 2013; 18:681-8. [PMID: 23536200 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human islet isolation is associated with adverse conditions inducing apoptosis and necrosis. The aim of the present study was to assess whether antiapoptotic preconditioning can improve in vitro and posttransplant function of isolated human islets. A dose-finding study demonstrated that 200 μmol/L of the caspase-3 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CMK was most efficient to reduce the expression of activated caspase-3 in isolated human islets exposed to severe heat shock. Ac-DEVD-CMK-pretreated or sham-treated islets were transplanted into immunocompetent or immunodeficient diabetic mice and subjected to static glucose incubation to measure insulin and proinsulin secretion. Antiapoptotic pretreatment significantly deteriorated graft function resulting in elevated nonfasting serum glucose when compared to sham-treated islets transplanted into diabetic nude mice (p < 0.01) and into immunocompetent mice (p < 0.05). Ac-DEVD-CMK pretreatment did not significantly change basal and glucose-stimulated insulin release compared to sham-treated human islets but increased the proinsulin release at high glucose concentrations (20 mM) thus reducing the insulin-to-proinsulin ratio in preconditioned islets (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that the caspase-3 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CMK interferes with proinsulin conversion in preconditioned islets reducing their potency to cure diabetic mice. The mechanism behind this phenomenon is unclear so far but may be related to the ketone CMK linked to the Ac-DEVD molecule. Further studies are required to identify biocompatible caspase inhibitors suitable for islet preconditioning.
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45
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Vernon RB, Preisinger A, Gooden MD, D'Amico LA, Yue BB, Bollyky PL, Kuhr CS, Hefty TR, Nepom GT, Gebe JA. Reversal of diabetes in mice with a bioengineered islet implant incorporating a type I collagen hydrogel and sustained release of vascular endothelial growth factor. Cell Transplant 2013; 21:2099-110. [PMID: 23231959 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x636786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a bioengineered implant (BI) to evaluate strategies to promote graft survival and function in models of islet transplantation in mice. The BI, sized for implantation within a fold of intestinal mesentery, consists of a disk-shaped, polyvinyl alcohol sponge infused with a type I collagen hydrogel that contains dispersed donor islets. To promote islet vascularization, the BI incorporates a spherical alginate hydrogel for sustained release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). BIs that contained 450-500 islets from syngeneic (C57Bl/6) donors and 20 ng of VEGF reversed streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in 100% of mice (8/8), whereas BIs that contained an equivalent number of islets, but which lacked VEGF, reversed STZ-induced diabetes in only 62.5% of mice (5/8). Between these "+VEGF" and "-VEGF" groups, the time to achieve normoglycemia (8-18 days after implantation) did not differ statistically; however, transitory, postoperative hypoglycemia was markedly reduced in the +VEGF group relative to the -VEGF group. Notably, none of the mice that achieved normoglycemia in these two groups required exogenous insulin therapy once the BIs began to fully regulate levels of blood glucose. Moreover, the transplanted mice responded to glucose challenge in a near-normal manner, as compared to the responses of healthy, nondiabetic (control) mice that had not received STZ. In future studies, the BIs described here will serve as platforms to evaluate the capability of immunomodulatory compounds, delivered locally within the BI, to prevent or reverse diabetes in the setting of autoimmune (type 1) diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Vernon
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Smink
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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47
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Holdcraft RW, Gazda LS, Circle L, Adkins H, Harbeck SG, Meyer ED, Bautista MA, Martis PC, Laramore MA, Vinerean HV, Hall RD, Smith BH. Enhancement of in vitro and in vivo function of agarose-encapsulated porcine islets by changes in the islet microenvironment. Cell Transplant 2013; 23:929-44. [PMID: 23635430 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x667033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of porcine islets of Langerhans to treat type 1 diabetes may provide a solution to the demand for insulin-producing cells. Porcine islets encapsulated in agarose-agarose macrobeads have been shown to function in nonimmunosuppressed xenogeneic models of both streptozotocin-induced and autoimmune type 1 diabetes. One advantage of agarose encapsulation is the ability to culture macrobeads for extended periods, permitting microbiological and functional assessment. Herein we describe optimization of the agarose matrix that results in improved islet function. Porcine islets (500 IEQs) from retired breeding sows were encapsulated in 1.5% SeaKem Gold (SG), 0.8% SG, or 0.8% Litex (Li) agarose, followed by an outer capsule of 5% SG agarose. Insulin production by the encapsulated islets exhibited an agarose-specific effect with 20% (0.8% SG) to 50% (0.8% Li) higher initial insulin production relative to 1.5% SG macrobeads. Insulin production was further increased by 40-50% from week 2 to week 12 in both agarose types at the 0.8% concentration, whereas islets encapsulated in 1.5% SG agarose increased insulin production by approximately 20%. Correspondingly, fewer macrobeads were required to restore normoglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic female CD(SD) rats that received 0.8% Li (15 macrobeads) or 0.8% SG (17 macrobeads) as compared to 1.5% SG (19 macrobeads). Islet cell proliferation was also observed during the first 2 months postencapsulation, peaking at 4 weeks, where approximately 50% of islets contained proliferative cells, including β-cells, regardless of agarose type. These results illustrate the importance of optimizing the microenvironment of encapsulated islets to improve islet performance and advance the potential of islet xenotransplantation for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
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48
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Mirmalek-Sani SH, Orlando G, McQuilling JP, Pareta R, Mack DL, Salvatori M, Farney AC, Stratta RJ, Atala A, Opara EC, Soker S. Porcine pancreas extracellular matrix as a platform for endocrine pancreas bioengineering. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5488-95. [PMID: 23583038 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Emergent technologies of regenerative medicine have the potential to overcome the limitations of organ transplantation by supplying tissues and organs bioengineered in the laboratory. Pancreas bioengineering requires a scaffold that approximates the biochemical, spatial and vascular relationships of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). We describe the generation of a whole organ, three-dimensional pancreas scaffold using acellular porcine pancreas. Imaging studies confirm that our protocol effectively removes cellular material while preserving ECM proteins and the native vascular tree. The scaffold was seeded with human stem cells and porcine pancreatic islets, demonstrating that the decellularized pancreas can support cellular adhesion and maintenance of cell functions. These findings advance the field of regenerative medicine towards the development of a fully functional, bioengineered pancreas capable of establishing and sustaining euglycemia and may be used for transplantation to cure diabetes mellitus.
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49
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Zhang Y, Jalili RB, Warnock GL, Ao Z, Marzban L, Ghahary A. Three-dimensional scaffolds reduce islet amyloid formation and enhance survival and function of cultured human islets. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1296-305. [PMID: 22902430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Islet transplantation provides a promising approach for treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Amyloid formation and loss of extracellular matrix are two nonimmune factors contributing to death of isolated human islets. We tested the effects of two types of three-dimensional scaffolds, collagen matrix (CM) and fibroblast-populated collagen matrix (FPCM), on amyloid formation, viability, and function of isolated islets. Islets from cadaveric donors were cultured in FPCM, CM, or two-dimensional plate (2D) for 7 days. After 7 days, compared with the 2D culture condition, CM and FPCM markedly reduced amyloid formation of cultured islets and decreased apoptotic β-cell rate by ∼75%. IL-1β and Fas levels were also reduced in scaffold-embedded islets. Furthermore, β/α cell ratios were increased by ∼18% and ∼36% in CM- and FPCM-embedded islets, respectively. Insulin content and insulin response to elevated glucose were also enhanced by both three-dimensional scaffolds. Moreover, culture in CM and FPCM (but not 2D) preserved insulin, GLUT-2, and PDX-1 mRNA expression. FPCM-embedded islets had significantly higher insulin response and lower amyloid formation than CM-embedded islets. These findings suggest that three-dimensional scaffolds reduce amyloid formation and improve viability and function of human islets in vitro, and that CM and fibroblasts have additive effects in enhancing islet function and reducing amyloid formation. Using this strategy is likely to improve outcome in human islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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50
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Steele JAM, Barron AE, Carmona E, Hallé JP, Neufeld RJ. Encapsulation of protein microfiber networks supporting pancreatic islets. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:3384-91. [PMID: 22767501 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Networks of discrete, genipin-crosslinked gelatin microfibers enveloping pancreatic islets were incorporated within barium alginate microcapsules. This novel technique enabled encapsulation of cellular aggregates in a spherical fibrous matrix <300 μm in diameter. Microfibers were produced by vortex-drawn extrusion within an alginate support matrix. Optimization culminated in a hydrated fiber diameter of 22.3 ± 0.4 μm, a significant reduction relative to that available through current gelatin microfiber spinning techniques, while making the process more reliable and less labor intensive. Microfibers were encapsulated at 40 vol % within 294 ± 4 μm 1.6% barium alginate microparticles by electrostatic-mediated dropwise extrusion. Pancreatic islets extracted from Sprague Dawley rats were encapsulated within the microparticles and analyzed over 21 days. Acridine orange and propidium iodide fluorescent viability staining and light microscopy indicated a significant increase in viability for islets within the fiber-embedded particles relative to fiber-free controls at days 7, 14, and 21. The fiber-embedded system also promoted cellular aggregate cohesion, reducing the incidence of dispersed islet morphologies within the capsules from 31 to 8% at day 21. Further enquiry into benefits of islet encapsulation within a protein fiber network will be the subject of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A M Steele
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6
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