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Li HB, Xu ML, Xia WJ, Dong YY, Peng B, Su Q, Wang XM, Yu JY, Gao YN, Wu JZ, Xu MY, Yang JB, Dai ZM, Chen L, Li Y, Bai J. Antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy induces long-term changes in gut microbiota and the behaviors of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder offspring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 486:116946. [PMID: 38679241 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not been fully elucidated. Gestational hypertension could double the probability of ADHD in the offspring, while the initial bacterial communication between the mother and offspring has been associated with psychiatric disorders. Thus, we hypothesize that antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy may abate the impairments in neurodevelopment of the offspring. To test this hypothesis, we chose Captopril and Labetalol, to apply to pregnant spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) dams and examined the outcomes in the male offspring. Our data demonstrated that maternal treatment with Captopril and Labetalol had long-lasting changes in gut microbiota and behavioral alterations, including decreased hyperactivity and increased curiosity, spatial learning and memory in the male offspring. Increased diversity and composition were identified, and some ADHD related bacteria were found to have the same change in the gut microbiota of both the dam and offspring after the treatments. LC-MS/MS and immunohistochemistry assays suggested elevated expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and dopamine in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of offspring exposed to Captopril/ Labetalol, which may account for the improvement of the offspring's psychiatric functions. Therefore, our results support the beneficial long-term effects of the intervention of gestational hypertension in the prevention of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bao Li
- Dialysis Department of Nephrology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Meng-Lu Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Dong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jia-Yue Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ya-Nan Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jun-Zhe Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Meng-Yue Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brian Science, The Second Clinical College of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian'yang 712000, China
| | - Jin-Bao Yang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Dialysis Department of Nephrology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Juan Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brian Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Huang X, Choi S, Wu W, Shahi PK, Lee JH, Hong C, Jun JY. 5-Hydroxytryptamine Enhances the Pacemaker Activity of Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Mouse Colon. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3997. [PMID: 38612808 PMCID: PMC11012597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
We examined the localization of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor and its effects on mouse colonic interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) using electrophysiological techniques. Treatment with 5-HT increased the pacemaker activity in colonic ICCs with depolarization of membrane potentials in a dose-dependent manner. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel blockers blocked pacemaker activity and 5-HT-induced effects. Moreover, an adenylate cyclase inhibitor inhibited 5-HT-induced effects, and cell-permeable 8-bromo-cAMP increased the pacemaker activity. Various agonists of the 5-HT receptor subtype were working in colonic ICCs, including the 5-HT4 receptor. In small intestinal ICCs, 5-HT depolarized the membrane potentials transiently. Adenylate cyclase inhibitors or HCN blockers did not show any influence on 5-HT-induced effects. Anoctamin-1 (ANO1) or T-type Ca2+ channel blockers inhibited the pacemaker activity of colonic ICCs and blocked 5-HT-induced effects. A tyrosine protein kinase inhibitor inhibited pacemaker activity in colonic ICCs under controlled conditions but did not show any influence on 5-HT-induced effects. Among mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, a p38 MAPK inhibitor inhibited 5-HT-induced effects on colonic ICCs. Thus, 5-HT's effect on pacemaker activity in small intestinal and colonic ICCs has excitatory but variable patterns. ANO1, T-type Ca2+, and HCN channels are involved in 5-HT-induced effects, and MAPKs are involved in 5-HT effects in colonic ICCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyou Huang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea; (X.H.); (S.C.); (W.W.); (P.K.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Seok Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea; (X.H.); (S.C.); (W.W.); (P.K.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea; (X.H.); (S.C.); (W.W.); (P.K.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Pawan Kumar Shahi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea; (X.H.); (S.C.); (W.W.); (P.K.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Jun Hyung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chansik Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea; (X.H.); (S.C.); (W.W.); (P.K.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Jae Yeoul Jun
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea; (X.H.); (S.C.); (W.W.); (P.K.S.); (C.H.)
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3
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Chen S, Cai X, Lao L, Wang Y, Su H, Sun H. Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Historical Overview and Future Directions. Aging Dis 2024; 15:74-95. [PMID: 37307822 PMCID: PMC10796086 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease which is strongly associated with age. The incidence of ALS increases from the age of 40 and peaks between the ages of 65 and 70. Most patients die of respiratory muscle paralysis or lung infections within three to five years of the appearance of symptoms, dealing a huge blow to patients and their families. With aging populations, improved diagnostic methods and changes in reporting criteria, the incidence of ALS is likely to show an upward trend in the coming decades. Despite extensive researches have been done, the cause and pathogenesis of ALS remains unclear. In recent decades, large quantities of studies focusing on gut microbiota have shown that gut microbiota and its metabolites seem to change the evolvement of ALS through the brain-gut-microbiota axis, and in turn, the progression of ALS will exacerbate the imbalance of gut microbiota, thereby forming a vicious cycle. This suggests that further exploration and identification of the function of gut microbiota in ALS may be crucial to break the bottleneck in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Hence, the current review summarizes and discusses the latest research advancement and future directions of ALS and brain-gut-microbiota axis, so as to help relevant researchers gain correlative information instantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilan Chen
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Xinhong Cai
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Lin Lao
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Huanxing Su
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau.
| | - Haitao Sun
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Gupta SK, Vyavahare S, Duchesne Blanes IL, Berger F, Isales C, Fulzele S. Microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolism: Impacts on health, aging, and disease. Exp Gerontol 2023; 183:112319. [PMID: 37898179 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The intricate interplay between gut microbiota and the host is pivotal in maintaining homeostasis and health. Dietary tryptophan (TRP) metabolism initiates a cascade of essential endogenous metabolites, including kynurenine, kynurenic acid, serotonin, and melatonin, as well as microbiota-derived Trp metabolites like tryptamine, indole propionic acid (IPA), and other indole derivatives. Notably, tryptamine and IPA, among the indole metabolites, exert crucial roles in modulating immune, metabolic, and neuronal responses at both local and distant sites. Additionally, these metabolites demonstrate potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The levels of microbiota-derived TRP metabolites are intricately linked to the gut microbiota's health, which, in turn, can be influenced by age-related changes. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the cellular and molecular impacts of tryptamine and IPA on health and aging-related complications. Furthermore, we explore the levels of tryptamine and IPA and their corresponding bacteria in select diseased conditions, shedding light on their potential significance as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Kumar Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sagar Vyavahare
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ian L Duchesne Blanes
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ford Berger
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos Isales
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Centre for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Centre for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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5
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Liu X, Liu X, Wang X, Shang K, Li J, Lan Y, Wang J, Li J, Yue B, He M, Fan Z. Multi-omics analysis reveals changes in tryptophan and cholesterol metabolism before and after sexual maturation in captive macaques. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:308. [PMID: 37286946 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta, RMs) are widely used in sexual maturation studies due to their high genetic and physiological similarity to humans. However, judging sexual maturity in captive RMs based on blood physiological indicators, female menstruation, and male ejaculation behavior can be inaccurate. Here, we explored changes in RMs before and after sexual maturation based on multi-omics analysis and identified markers for determining sexual maturity. We found that differentially expressed microbiota, metabolites, and genes before and after sexual maturation showed many potential correlations. Specifically, genes involved in spermatogenesis (TSSK2, HSP90AA1, SOX5, SPAG16, and SPATC1) were up-regulated in male macaques, and significant changes in gene (CD36), metabolites (cholesterol, 7-ketolithocholic acid, and 12-ketolithocholic acid), and microbiota (Lactobacillus) related to cholesterol metabolism were also found, suggesting the sexually mature males have stronger sperm fertility and cholesterol metabolism compared to sexually immature males. In female macaques, most differences before and after sexual maturity were related to tryptophan metabolism, including changes in IDO1, IDO2, IFNGR2, IL1Β, IL10, L-tryptophan, kynurenic acid (KA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indoleacetaldehyde, and Bifidobacteria, indicating that sexually mature females exhibit stronger neuromodulation and intestinal immunity than sexually immature females. Cholesterol metabolism-related changes (CD36, 7-ketolithocholic acid, 12-ketolithocholic acid) were also observed in female and male macaques. Exploring differences before and after sexual maturation through multi-omics, we identified potential biomarkers of sexual maturity in RMs, including Lactobacillus (for males) and Bifidobacterium (for females) valuable for RM breeding and sexual maturation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xuyuan Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ke Shang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yue Lan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Miao He
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhenxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Song C, Yin Y, Qin Y, Li T, Zeng D, Ju T, Duan F, Zhang Y, Lu W. Acanthopanax senticosus extract alleviates radiation-induced learning and memory impairment based on neurotransmitter-gut microbiota communication. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29 Suppl 1:129-145. [PMID: 36971202 PMCID: PMC10314102 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) is a medicinal and food plant with many physiological functions, especially nerve protection. Its extract has many functional components, including polysaccharides, flavonoids, saponins, and amino acids. Our previous study indicated that AS extract protected against nerve damage caused by radiation. However, little is known about the gut-brain axis mechanism of AS and its impact on radiation-induced learning and memory impairment. METHOD In 60 Co-γ ray-irradiated mice, we investigated the changes in behavior, neurotransmitters and gut microbiota after different days of administration of AS extract as a dietary supplement. RESULTS The AS extract improved learning and memory ability in mice, and the neurotransmitter levels in the hippocampus and colon started to change from the 7th day, which accompanied changes of the gut microbiota, a decreased abundance of Helicobacter on the 7th day and an increased abundance of Lactobacillus on the 28th day. Among the marker bacteria, Ruminococcus and Clostridiales were associated with 5-HT synthesis, and Streptococcus were associated with 5-HT and ACH synthesis. In addition, the AS extract increased the tight junction protein, inhibited inflammation levels in colon, and even increased the relative protein expression of BDNF and NF-κB and decreased the relative protein expression of IκBα in the hippocampus of irradiated mice. CONCLUSION These results will lay the foundation for further study on the mechanism of the gut-brain axis of AS in preventing radiation-induced learning and memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Song
- School of Medicine and HealthHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental NutrientsHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
| | - Yishu Yin
- School of Medicine and HealthHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental NutrientsHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
| | - Yue Qin
- School of Medicine and HealthHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental NutrientsHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
| | - Tianzhu Li
- ZhenBaoDao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd150040HarbinChina
| | - Deyong Zeng
- School of Medicine and HealthHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental NutrientsHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
| | - Ting Ju
- School of Medicine and HealthHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental NutrientsHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
| | - Fangyuan Duan
- School of Medicine and HealthHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental NutrientsHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
| | - Yingchun Zhang
- School of Medicine and HealthHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental NutrientsHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
| | - Weihong Lu
- School of Medicine and HealthHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental NutrientsHarbin Institute of Technology150001HarbinChina
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7
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Pretorius L, Smith C. Tyramine-induced gastrointestinal dysregulation is attenuated via estradiol associated mechanisms in a zebrafish larval model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 461:116399. [PMID: 36716863 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Development of targeted therapeutics to alleviate gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation and its debilitating consequences are required. In this context, the trace aminergic system may link together sex, diet and inflammation. Utilising a zebrafish larval model of GI inflammation, the current study aimed to investigate mechanisms by which excess amounts of trace amines (TAs) may influence GI health. In addition, we probed the potential role of 17β-estradiol (E2) and its receptors, given the known female-predominance of many GI disorders. To assess GI functionality and integrity, live imaging techniques (neutral red staining) and post-mortem immunofluorescent staining of tight junction proteins (occludin and ZO-1) were analyzed respectively. In addition, behavioural assays, as an indication of overall wellbeing, as well as whole body H2O2 and prostaglandin E2 assays were performed to inform on oxidative and inflammatory status. Excess β-phenethylamine (PEA), tryptamine (TRP) and ρ-tyramine (TYR) resulted in adverse GI and systemic effects. In this regard, clear beneficial effects of E2 to modulate the effects of PEA, TRP and TYR was evident. Moreover, agmatine displayed potential protective effects on GI epithelium and whole body oxidative status, however, potential to induce systemic inflammation suggests the importance of dosage and administration optimisation. Taken together, TYR seems like the most prominent TA to have damaging GI effects, feasibly exacerbating GI inflammation. In this context, the relative lack of E2 may provide mechanistic insights into the reported female-predominance of GI disorders. Moreover, an effective therapeutic in this context may be required to maintain GI TA load despite fluctuating E2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pretorius
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - C Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
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8
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Simpson JB, Redinbo MR. Multi-omic analysis of host-microbial interactions central to the gut-brain axis. Mol Omics 2022; 18:896-907. [PMID: 36169030 DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota impact numerous aspects of human physiology, including the central nervous system (CNS). Emerging work is now focusing on the microbial factors underlying the bi-directional communication network linking host and microbial systems within the gastrointestinal tract to the CNS, the "gut-brain axis". Neurotransmitters are key coordinators of this network, and their dysregulation has been linked to numerous neurological disease states. As the bioavailability of neurotransmitters is modified by gut microbes, it is critical to unravel the influence of the microbiota on neurotransmitters in the context of the gut-brain axis. Here we review foundational studies that defined molecular relationships between the microbiota, neurotransmitters, and the gut-brain axis. We examine links between the gut microbiome, behavior, and neurological diseases, as well as microbial influences on neurotransmitter bioavailability and physiology. Finally, we review multi-omics technologies uniquely applicable to this area, including high-throughput genetics, modern metabolomics, structure-guided metagenomics, targeted proteomics, and chemogenetics. Interdisciplinary studies will continue to drive the discovery of molecular mechanisms linking the gut microbiota to clinical manifestations of neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and the Integrated Program in Biological & Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
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9
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Si Y, Wei W, Chen X, Xie X, Guo T, Sasaki Y, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhang F, Feng S. A comprehensive study on the relieving effect of Lilium brownii on the intestinal flora and metabolic disorder in p-chlorphenylalanine induced insomnia rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:131-143. [PMID: 34978949 PMCID: PMC8725957 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.2019283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The bulb of Lilium brownii F. E. Brown (Liliaceae) (LB) is a common Chinese medicine to relieve insomnia. OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanism of LB relieving insomnia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Insomnia model was induced by intraperitoneally injection p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) in Wistar rats. Rats were divided into three groups: Control, PCPA (400 mg/kg, i.p. 2 days), LB (598.64 mg/kg, oral 7 days). The levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), melatonin (MT), and the expression of GABAA, 5-HT1A and MT receptors, as well as pathological changes in hypothalamus, were evaluated. 16S rDNA sequencing and UPLC-MS/MS were used to reveal the change of the intestinal flora and metabolic profile. RESULTS The adverse changes in the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora and faecal metabolic phenotype altered by PCPA in rats were reversed after LB treatment, accompanied by the up-regulated levels of 5-HT as 8.14 ng/mL, MT as 16.16 pg/mL, 5-HT1A R and GABAA R, down-regulated level of NE as 0.47 ng/mL, and the improvement of pathological phenomena of cells in the hypothalamus. And the arachidonic acid metabolism and tryptophan metabolism pathway most significantly altered by PCPA were markedly regulated by LB. Besides, it was also found that LB reduced the levels of kynurenic acid related to psychiatric disorders and trimethylamine-N-oxide associated with cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSION The mechanism of LB relieving insomnia involves regulating flora and metabolites to resemble the control group. As a medicinal and edible herb, LB could be considered for development as a health-care food to relieve increasing insomniacs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpo Si
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yohei Sasaki
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, Japan
| | - Youbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuying Feng
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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10
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Pretorius L, Van Staden AD, Kellermann TA, Henning N, Smith C. Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) alters secretome trace amine profile of probiotic and commensal microbes in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 297:115548. [PMID: 35850312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren (rooibos) tea is anecdotally renowned for its calming effect in the context of gastrointestinal discomfort, but little scientific support is available to elucidate potential mechanisms of action. Enhancement of dietary polyphenol content to improve gut health via prebiotic-like modulation of the gut microbiota has gained significant research interest. Given the known high polyphenol content of rooibos, rooibos tea may potentially exert a prebiotic effect in the gut to facilitate an improvement in chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal conditions. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to determine the prebiotic or health-modulating potential of rooibos tea in terms of its effect on gut microbial growth and secretome trace amine composition, as well as to determine how differential rooibos processing alters this activity. METHODS Three rooibos preparations (green and fermented leave aqueous extracts, as well as a green leaf ethanol extract) were compared in terms of their phenolic composition (qTOF-LC/MS). Moreover, the effect of rooibos exposure on growth and secretome trace amine levels of probiotic and commensal microbes were assessed (LC/MS). In addition, given the known female bias prevalent for many gastrointestinal disorders, experiments were conducted in the absence and presence of estradiol. RESULTS Polyphenolic composition of rooibos was drastically reduced by fermentation. Aqueous extracts of both green and fermented rooibos improved microbial growth, although fermented rooibos had the most pronounced effect (p < 0.01). In terms of secretome trace amine profile, both aqueous extracts of rooibos seemed to facilitate increased putrescine secretion (p < 0.0001) and decreased tryptamine production (p < 0.0001). Estradiol seemed to suppress trace amine secretion by bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri and Enterococcus mundtii) but increased it in yeast (Saccharomyces boulardii). CONCLUSION Rooibos altered gut probiotic and commensal microbial growth and secretome trace amine profiles in vitro, suggesting it has potential to modulate gut microbial composition and functionality as a prebiotic. Current data suggest that these effects are highly dependent on raw material processing. Finally, rooibos may be able to prevent estradiol-associated alterations in trace amine profile, which may have important implications for patient management in female-predominant gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - A D Van Staden
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - T A Kellermann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - N Henning
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - C Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
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11
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Legan TB, Lavoie B, Mawe GM. Direct and indirect mechanisms by which the gut microbiota influence host serotonin systems. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14346. [PMID: 35246905 PMCID: PMC9441471 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence highlights the pivotal role of enteric microbes as a dynamic interface with the host. Indeed, the gut microbiota, located in the lumen of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, influence many essential physiological processes that are evident in both healthy and pathological states. A key signaling molecule throughout the body is serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), which acts in the GI tract to regulate numerous gut functions including intestinal motility and secretion. The gut microbiota can modulate host 5-HT systems both directly and indirectly. Direct actions of gut microbes, evidenced by studies using germ-free animals or antibiotic administration, alter the expression of key 5-HT-related genes to promote 5-HT biosynthesis. Indirectly, the gut microbiota produce numerous microbial metabolites, whose actions can influence host serotonergic systems in a variety of ways. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding mechanisms by which gut bacteria act to regulate host 5-HT and 5-HT-mediated gut functions, as well as implications for 5-HT in the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa B Legan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Brigitte Lavoie
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Gary M Mawe
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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12
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Paeslack N, Mimmler M, Becker S, Gao Z, Khuu MP, Mann A, Malinarich F, Regen T, Reinhardt C. Microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites in vascular inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1339-1356. [PMID: 35451695 PMCID: PMC9641817 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) is metabolized by gut commensals, yielding in compounds that affect innate immune cell functions directly, but also acting on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), thus regulating the maintenance of group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), promoting T helper 17 (TH17) cell differentiation, and interleukin-22 production. In addition, microbiota-derived Trp metabolites have direct effects on the vascular endothelium, thus influencing the development of vascular inflammatory phenotypes. Indoxyl sulfate was demonstrated to promote vascular inflammation, whereas indole-3-propionic acid and indole-3-aldehyde had protective roles. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence for a contributory role of microbiota-derived indole-derivatives in blood pressure regulation and hypertension. Interestingly, there are indications for a role of the kynurenine pathway in atherosclerotic lesion development. Here, we provide an overview on the emerging role of gut commensals in the modulation of Trp metabolism and its influence in cardiovascular disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Paeslack
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Mimmler
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Becker
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zhenling Gao
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - My Phung Khuu
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Amrit Mann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frano Malinarich
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tommy Regen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.
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13
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Does the Gut Microbial Metabolome Really Matter? The Connection between GUT Metabolome and Neurological Disorders. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193967. [PMID: 36235622 PMCID: PMC9571089 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we gathered updated knowledge regarding the alterations of gut microbiota (dysbiosis) and its correlation with human neurodegenerative and brain-related diseases, e.g., Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. This review underlines the importance of gut-derived metabolites and gut metabolic status as the main players in gut-brain crosstalk and their implications on the severity of neural conditions. Scientific evidence indicates that the administration of probiotic bacteria exerts beneficial and protective effects as reduced systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation, and inhibited neurodegeneration. The experimental results performed on animals, but also human clinical trials, show the importance of designing a novel microbiota-based probiotic dietary supplementation with the aim to prevent or ease the symptoms of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases or other forms of dementia or neurodegeneration.
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14
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Microbial Tryptophan Metabolism Tunes Host Immunity, Metabolism, and Extraintestinal Disorders. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090834. [PMID: 36144238 PMCID: PMC9505266 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The trillions of commensal microorganisms comprising the gut microbiota have received growing attention owing to their impact on host physiology. Recent advances in our understandings of the host–microbiota crosstalk support a pivotal role of microbiota-derived metabolites in various physiological processes, as they serve as messengers in the complex dialogue between commensals and host immune and endocrine cells. In this review, we highlight the importance of tryptophan-derived metabolites in host physiology, and summarize the recent findings on the role of tryptophan catabolites in preserving intestinal homeostasis and fine-tuning immune and metabolic responses. Furthermore, we discuss the latest evidence on the effects of microbial tryptophan catabolites, describe their mechanisms of action, and discuss how perturbations of microbial tryptophan metabolism may affect the course of intestinal and extraintestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases, metabolic disorders, chronic kidney diseases, and cardiovascular diseases.
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15
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Cox TO, Lundgren P, Nath K, Thaiss CA. Metabolic control by the microbiome. Genome Med 2022; 14:80. [PMID: 35906678 PMCID: PMC9338551 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the metabolic activities of the intestinal microbiome and its host forms an important part of health. The basis of this interaction is in part mediated by the release of microbially-derived metabolites that enter the circulation. These products of microbial metabolism thereby interface with the immune, metabolic, or nervous systems of the host to influence physiology. Here, we review the interactions between the metabolic activities of the microbiome and the systemic metabolism of the host. The concept that the endocrine system includes more than just the eukaryotic host component enables the rational design of exogenous interventions that shape human metabolism. An improved mechanistic understanding of the metabolic microbiome-host interaction may therefore pioneer actionable microbiota-based diagnostics or therapeutics that allow the control of host systemic metabolism via the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy O Cox
- Microbiology Department, Institute for Immunology, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick Lundgren
- Microbiology Department, Institute for Immunology, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kirti Nath
- Microbiology Department, Institute for Immunology, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph A Thaiss
- Microbiology Department, Institute for Immunology, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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16
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Hesabi Nameghi A, Nasari Nejad A, Afkhami M, Khaligh F, Behrouzi Nasab O. The effect of different early feeding regimens involving a hydrated nutritious gel on productive performance, immune variables, and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2088410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hesabi Nameghi
- Department of Animal Science Research, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Nasari Nejad
- Research and Development Department of Tehran Toyur Sabz Andishan Bartar Company, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marzieh Afkhami
- Research and Development Department of Tehran Toyur Sabz Andishan Bartar Company, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farhad Khaligh
- Research and Development Department of Tehran Toyur Sabz Andishan Bartar Company, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Omid Behrouzi Nasab
- Research and Development Department of Tehran Toyur Sabz Andishan Bartar Company, Mashhad, Iran
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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17
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Ye X, Li H, Anjum K, Zhong X, Miao S, Zheng G, Liu W, Li L. Dual Role of Indoles Derived From Intestinal Microbiota on Human Health. Front Immunol 2022; 13:903526. [PMID: 35784338 PMCID: PMC9248744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.903526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous indole and its derivatives (indoles), considered as promising N-substituted heterocyclic compounds, are tryptophan metabolites derived from intestinal microbiota and exhibit a range of biological activities. Recent studies indicate that indoles contribute to maintaining the biological barrier of the human intestine, which exert the anti-inflammatory activities mainly through activating AhR and PXR receptors to affect the immune system’s function, significantly improving intestinal health (inflammatory bowel disease, hemorrhagic colitis, colorectal cancer) and further promote human health (diabetes mellitus, central system inflammation, and vascular regulation). However, the revealed toxic influences cannot be ignored. Indoxyl sulfate, an indole derivative, performs nephrotoxicity and cardiovascular toxicity. We addressed the interaction between indoles and intestinal microbiota and the indoles’ effects on human health as double-edged swords. This review provides scientific bases for the correlation of indoles with diseases moreover highlights several directions for subsequent indoles-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyi Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Komal Anjum
- Department of Medicine and pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinye Zhong
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuping Miao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guowan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lanjuan Li, ; Wei Liu,
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lanjuan Li, ; Wei Liu,
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18
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Ganesan R, Jeong JJ, Kim DJ, Suk KT. Recent Trends of Microbiota-Based Microbial Metabolites Metabolism in Liver Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:841281. [PMID: 35615096 PMCID: PMC9125096 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.841281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome and microbial metabolomic influences on liver diseases and their diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment are still controversial. Research studies have provocatively claimed that the gut microbiome, metabolomics understanding, and microbial metabolite screening are key approaches to understanding liver cancer and liver diseases. An advance of logical innovations in metabolomics profiling, the metabolome inclusion, challenges, and the reproducibility of the investigations at every stage are devoted to this domain to link the common molecules across multiple liver diseases, such as fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. These molecules are not immediately recognizable because of the huge underlying and synthetic variety present inside the liver cellular metabolome. This review focuses on microenvironmental metabolic stimuli in the gut-liver axis. Microbial small-molecule profiling (i.e., semiquantitative monitoring, metabolic discrimination, target profiling, and untargeted profiling) in biological fluids has been incompletely addressed. Here, we have reviewed the differential expression of the metabolome of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan, one-carbon metabolism and bile acid, and the gut microbiota effects are summarized and discussed. We further present proof-of-evidence for gut microbiota-based metabolomics that manipulates the host's gut or liver microbes, mechanosensitive metabolite reactions and potential metabolic pathways. We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future attention to the “dark matter” of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolomics.
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19
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Rottinghaus AG, Xi C, Amrofell MB, Yi H, Moon TS. Engineering ligand-specific biosensors for aromatic amino acids and neurochemicals. Cell Syst 2022; 13:204-214.e4. [PMID: 34767760 PMCID: PMC8930536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biosensors have diverse applications in metabolic engineering and medicine. Specific and accurate quantification of chemical concentrations allows for adaptive regulation of enzymatic pathways and temporally precise expression of diagnostic reporters. Although biosensors should differentiate structurally similar ligands with distinct biological functions, such specific sensors are rarely found in nature and challenging to create. Using E. coli Nissle 1917, a generally regarded as safe microbe, we characterized two biosensor systems that promiscuously recognize aromatic amino acids or neurochemicals. To improve the sensors' selectivity and sensitivity, we applied rational protein engineering by identifying and mutagenizing amino acid residues and successfully demonstrated the ligand-specific biosensors for phenylalanine, tyrosine, phenylethylamine, and tyramine. Additionally, our approach revealed insights into the uncharacterized structure of the FeaR regulator, including critical residues in ligand binding. These results lay the groundwork for developing kinetically adaptive microbes for diverse applications. A record of this paper's transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin G Rottinghaus
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chenggang Xi
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew B Amrofell
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hyojeong Yi
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tae Seok Moon
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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20
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The Shaggy Dog Story of Enteric Signaling: Serotonin, a Molecular Megillah. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:307-318. [PMID: 36587168 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Historically and quantitatively, the enteric site of serotonin (5-HT) storage has primacy over those of any other organ. 5-HT, by the name of "enteramine", was first discovered in the bowel, and the gut produces most of the body's 5-HT. Not only does the bowel secrete 5-HT prodigiously but it also expresses a kaleidoscopic abundance of 5-HT receptors. The larger of two enteric 5-HT stores is mucosal, biosynthetically dependent upon tryptophan hydroxylase1 (TPH1), and located in EC cells. Mechanical stimuli, nutrients, luminal bacteria, and neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine are all able to stimulate EC cells. Paracrine actions of 5-HT allow the mucosa to signal to neurons to initiate peristaltic and secretory reflexes as well as to inflammatory cells to promote intestinal inflammation. Endocrine effects of 5-HT allow EC cells to influence distant organs, including bone, liver, and endocrine pancreas. The smaller enteric 5-HT store is biosynthetically dependent upon TPH2 and is located within a small subset of myenteric neurons. 5-HT is responsible for slow excitatory neurotransmission manifested primarily in type II/AH neurons. Importantly, neuronal 5-HT also promotes enteric nervous system (ENS) neurogenesis, both pre- and postnatally, through 5-HT2B and especially 5-HT4 receptors. The early birth of serotonergic neurons allows these cells to function as sculptors of the mature ENS. The inactivation of secreted 5-HT depends on transmembrane transport mediated by a serotonin transporter (SERT; SLC6A4). The importance of SERT in control of 5-HT's function means that pharmacological inhibition of SERT, as well as gain- or loss-of-function mutations in SLC6A4, can exert profound effects on development and function of the ENS. Extra-enteric, TPH1-derived 5-HT from yolk sac and placenta promotes neurogenesis before enteric neurons synthesize 5-HT and contribute to ENS patterning. The impressive multi-functional nature of enteric 5-HT has made the precise identification of individual physiological roles difficult and sometimes controversial.
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21
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Li X, Zhang B, Hu Y, Zhao Y. New Insights Into Gut-Bacteria-Derived Indole and Its Derivatives in Intestinal and Liver Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:769501. [PMID: 34966278 PMCID: PMC8710772 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.769501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between host and microorganism widely affects the immune and metabolic status. Indole and its derivatives are metabolites produced by the metabolism of tryptophan catalyzed by intestinal microorganisms. By activating nuclear receptors, regulating intestinal hormones, and affecting the biological effects of bacteria as signaling molecules, indole and its derivatives maintain intestinal homeostasis and impact liver metabolism and the immune response, which shows good therapeutic prospects. We reviewed recent studies on indole and its derivatives, including related metabolism, the influence of diets and intestinal commensal bacteria, and the targets and mechanisms in pathological conditions, especially progress in therapeutic strategies. New research insights into indoles will facilitate a better understanding of their druggability and application in intestinal and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Li
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Binbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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22
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"The quantitative determination of indolic microbial tryptophan metabolites in human and rodent samples: A systematic review". J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1186:123008. [PMID: 34735972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations reported for indolic microbial metabolites of tryptophan in human and rodent brain, cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, saliva and feces were compiled and discussed. A systematic review of the literature was accomplished by key word searches of Pubmed, Google Scholar and the Human Metabolome Data Base (HMDB), and by searching bibliographies of identified publications including prior reviews. The review was prompted by the increasing appreciation of the physiological importance of the indolic compounds in human health and disease. The compounds included were indoleacetic acid (IAA), indole propionic acid (IPA), indoleacrylic acid (IACR), indolelactic acid (ILA) indolepyruvic acid (IPY), indoleacetaldehyde (IAALD), indolealdehyde (IALD), tryptamine (TAM), indole (IND) and skatole (SKT). The undertaking aimed to vet and compare existing reports, to resolve apparent discrepancies, to draw biological inferences from the consideration of multiple analytes across sample types, to survey the analytical methodologies used, and to point out areas in need of greater attention.
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23
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Debnath N, Kumar R, Kumar A, Mehta PK, Yadav AK. Gut-microbiota derived bioactive metabolites and their functions in host physiology. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2021; 37:105-153. [PMID: 34678130 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2021.1989847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Every individual harbours a complex, diverse and mutualistic microbial flora in their intestine and over the time it became an integral part of the body, affecting a plethora of activities of the host. Interaction between host and gut-microbiota affects several aspects of host physiology. Gut-microbiota affects host metabolism by fermenting unabsorbed/undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine. Not only the metabolic functions, any disturbances in the composition of the gut-microbiota during first 2-3 years of life may impact on the brain development and later affects cognition and behaviour. Thus, gut-dysbiosis causes certain serious pathological conditions in the host including metabolic disorders, inflammatory bowel disease and mood alterations, etc. Microbial-metabolites in recent times have emerged as key mediators and are responsible for microbiota induced beneficial effects on host. This review provides an overview of the mechanism of microbial-metabolite production, their respective physiological functions and the impact of gut-microbiome in health and diseases. Metabolites from dietary fibres, aromatic amino acids such as tryptophan, primary bile acids and others are the potential substances and link microbiota to host physiology. Many of these metabolites act as signalling molecules to a number of cells types and also help in the secretion of hormones. Moreover, interaction of microbiota derived metabolites with their host, immunity boosting mechanisms, protection against pathogens and modulation of metabolism is also highlighted here. Understanding all these functional attributes of metabolites produced from gut-microbiota may lead to the opening of a new avenue for preventing and developing potent therapies against several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabendu Debnath
- Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, Samba, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | | | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Jant-Pali, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Mehta
- Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, Samba, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Yadav
- Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, Samba, Jammu & Kashmir, India
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Abstract
Advances in bioinformatics have facilitated investigation of the role of gut microbiota in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This article describes the evidence from epidemiologic and clinical observational studies highlighting the link between IBS and gut microbiome by investigating postinfection IBS, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and microbial dysbiosis. It highlights the effects of gut microbiota on mechanisms implicated in the pathophysiology of IBS, including gut-brain axis, visceral hypersensitivity, motility, epithelial barrier, and immune activation. In addition, it summarizes the current evidence on microbiome-guided therapies in IBS, including probiotics, antibiotics, diet, and fecal microbiota transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, MSBR1, Room 6520 B, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Anthony Lembo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Rabb/Rose 1, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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25
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Koopman N, Katsavelis D, Hove AST, Brul S, de Jonge WJ, Seppen J. The Multifaceted Role of Serotonin in Intestinal Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9487. [PMID: 34502396 PMCID: PMC8431144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoamine serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a remarkable molecule with conserved production in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and a wide range of functions. In the gastrointestinal tract, enterochromaffin cells are the most important source for 5-HT production. Some intestinal bacterial species are also able to produce 5-HT. Besides its role as a neurotransmitter, 5-HT acts on immune cells to regulate their activation. Several lines of evidence indicate that intestinal 5-HT signaling is altered in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the production, secretion, and signaling of 5-HT in the intestine. We present an inventory of intestinal immune and epithelial cells that respond to 5-HT and describe the effects of these signaling processes on intestinal homeostasis. Further, we detail the mechanisms by which 5-HT could affect inflammatory bowel disease course and describe the effects of interventions that target intestinal 5-HT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Koopman
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (D.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Drosos Katsavelis
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (D.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Anne S. ten Hove
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.S.t.H.); (W.J.d.J.)
| | - Stanley Brul
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (D.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Wouter J. de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.S.t.H.); (W.J.d.J.)
| | - Jurgen Seppen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.S.t.H.); (W.J.d.J.)
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26
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Paley EL. Towards Understanding COVID-19: Molecular Insights, Co-infections, Associated Disorders, and Aging. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:571-600. [PMID: 34514341 PMCID: PMC8385430 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 can be related to any diseases caused by microbial infection(s) because 1) co-infection with COVID-19-related virus and other microorganism(s) and 2) because metabolites produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoan can be involved in necrotizing pneumonia and other necrotizing medical conditions observed in COVID-19. OBJECTIVE By way of illustration, the microbial metabolite of aromatic amino acid tryptophan, a biogenic amine tryptamine inducing neurodegeneration in cell and animal models, also induces necrosis. METHODS This report includes analysis of COVID-19 positivity by zip codes in Florida and relation of the positivity to population density, possible effect of ecological and social factors on spread of COVID-19, autopsy analysis of COVID-19 cases from around the world, serum metabolomics analysis, and evaluation of autoantigenome related to COVID-19. RESULTS In the present estimations, COVID-19 positivity percent per zip code population varied in Florida from 4.65% to 44.3% (February 2021 data). COVID-19 analysis is partially included in my book Microbial Metabolism and Disease (2021). The autoantigenome related to COVID-19 is characterized by alterations in protein biosynthesis proteins including aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Protein biosynthesis alteration is a feature of Alzheimer's disease. Serum metabolomics of COVID-19 positive patients show alteration in shikimate pathway metabolism, which is associated with the presence of Alzheimer's disease-associated human gut bacteria. CONCLUSION Such alterations in microbial metabolism and protein biosynthesis can lead to toxicity and neurodegeneration as described earlier in my book Protein Biosynthesis Interference in Disease (2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L. Paley
- Expert BioMed, Inc. and Nonprofit Public Charity Stop Alzheimers Corp., Miami-Dade, FL, USA
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27
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Interactions between the microbiota and enteric nervous system during gut-brain disorders. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108721. [PMID: 34274348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For the last 20 years, researchers have focused their intention on the impact of gut microbiota in healthy and pathological conditions. This year (2021), more than 25,000 articles can be retrieved from PubMed with the keywords "gut microbiota and physiology", showing the constant progress and impact of gut microbes in scientific life. As a result, numerous therapeutic perspectives have been proposed to modulate the gut microbiota composition and/or bioactive factors released from microbes to restore our body functions. Currently, the gut is considered a primary site for the development of pathologies that modify brain functions such as neurodegenerative (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, etc.) and metabolic (type 2 diabetes, obesity, etc.) disorders. Deciphering the mode of interaction between microbiota and the brain is a real original option to prevent (and maybe treat in the future) the establishment of gut-brain pathologies. The objective of this review is to describe recent scientific elements that explore the communication between gut microbiota and the brain by focusing our interest on the enteric nervous system (ENS) as an intermediate partner. The ENS, which is known as the "second brain", could be under the direct or indirect influence of the gut microbiota and its released factors (short-chain fatty acids, neurotransmitters, gaseous factors, etc.). Thus, in addition to their actions on tissue (adipose tissue, liver, brain, etc.), microbes can have an impact on local ENS activity. This potential modification of ENS function has global repercussions in the whole body via the gut-brain axis and represents a new therapeutic strategy.
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Chen Y, Xu J, Chen Y. Regulation of Neurotransmitters by the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Cognition in Neurological Disorders. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062099. [PMID: 34205336 PMCID: PMC8234057 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that gut microbiota is important in the regulation of brain activity and cognitive functions. Microbes mediate communication among the metabolic, peripheral immune, and central nervous systems via the microbiota–gut–brain axis. However, it is not well understood how the gut microbiome and neurons in the brain mutually interact or how these interactions affect normal brain functioning and cognition. We summarize the mechanisms whereby the gut microbiota regulate the production, transportation, and functioning of neurotransmitters. We also discuss how microbiome dysbiosis affects cognitive function, especially in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Jinying Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.C.); (J.X.)
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.C.); (J.X.)
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-755-26925498
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29
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Xia J, Gu L, Guo Y, Feng H, Chen S, Jurat J, Fu W, Zhang D. Gut Microbiota Mediates the Preventive Effects of Dietary Capsaicin Against Depression-Like Behavior Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:627608. [PMID: 33987106 PMCID: PMC8110911 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.627608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin (CAP) is an active ingredient in chili pepper that is frequently consumed. It exerts various pharmacological activities, and also has potential effects on mental illness. However, its mechanism of antidepressant effects is still unclear. Based on the emerging perspective of the gut-brain axis, we investigated the effects of dietary CAP on gut microbes in mice with depression-like behaviors induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). C57BL/6J male mice (four weeks old) were given specific feed (standard laboratory chow or laboratory chow plus 0.005% CAP) for 4 months. During the last five days, LPS (0.052/0.104/0.208/0.415/0.83 mg/kg, 5-day) was injected intraperitoneally to induce depression. Behavioral indicators and serum parameters were measured, and gut microbiota were identified by sequencing analysis of the 16S gene. This study showed that dietary CAP improved depressive-like behavior (sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, tail suspension test) and levels of 5-HT and TNF-α in serum of LPS-induced mice with depression-like behaviors. In addition, CAP could recover abnormal changes in depression-related microbiota. Especially at the genus level, CAP enhanced the variations in relative abundance of certain pivotal microorganisms like Ruminococcus, Prevotella, Allobaculum, Sutterella, and Oscillospira. Correlation analysis revealed changes in microbiota composition that was closely related to depressive behavior, 5-HT and TNF-α levels. These results suggested that dietary CAP can regulate the structure and number of gut microbiota and play a major role in the prevention of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Gu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yitong Guo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyan Feng
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuhan Chen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jessore Jurat
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenjing Fu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongfang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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30
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Sokol H, Contreras V, Maisonnasse P, Desmons A, Delache B, Sencio V, Machelart A, Brisebarre A, Humbert L, Deryuter L, Gauliard E, Heumel S, Rainteau D, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Menu E, Ho Tsong Fang R, Lamaziere A, Brot L, Wahl C, Oeuvray C, Rolhion N, Van Der Werf S, Ferreira S, Le Grand R, Trottein F. SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhuman primates alters the composition and functional activity of the gut microbiota. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-19. [PMID: 33685349 PMCID: PMC7951961 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1893113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID) 2019 constitutes a global public health issue. Regarding the emerging importance of the gut-lung axis in viral respiratory infections, analysis of the gut microbiota's composition and functional activity during a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection might be instrumental in understanding and controling COVID 19. We used a nonhuman primate model (the macaque), that recapitulates mild COVID-19 symptoms, to analyze the effects of a SARS-CoV-2 infection on dynamic changes of the gut microbiota. 16S rRNA gene profiling and analysis of β diversity indicated significant changes in the composition of the gut microbiota with a peak at 10-13 days post-infection (dpi). Analysis of bacterial abundance correlation networks confirmed disruption of the bacterial community at 10-13 dpi. Some alterations in microbiota persisted after the resolution of the infection until day 26. Some changes in the relative bacterial taxon abundance associated with infectious parameters. Interestingly, the relative abundance of Acinetobacter (Proteobacteria) and some genera of the Ruminococcaceae family (Firmicutes) was positively correlated with the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract. Targeted quantitative metabolomics indicated a drop in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and changes in several bile acids and tryptophan metabolites in infected animals. The relative abundance of several taxa known to be SCFA producers (mostly from the Ruminococcaceae family) was negatively correlated with systemic inflammatory markers while the opposite correlation was seen with several members of the genus Streptococcus. Collectively, SARS-CoV-2 infection in a nonhuman primate is associated with changes in the gut microbiota's composition and functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Sokol
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre De Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Paris, France,INRAE, UMR1319 Micalis & AgroParisTech, Jouy En Josas, France,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France,CONTACT Harry Sokol Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre De Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative therapies/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Pauline Maisonnasse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative therapies/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Aurore Desmons
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre De Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Paris, France,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Delache
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative therapies/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Valentin Sencio
- Univ. Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Centre d’Infection Et d’Immunité De Lille, Lille, France,Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique, Lille, France,Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire De Lille, Lille, France,Institut Pasteur De Lille, Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Machelart
- Univ. Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Centre d’Infection Et d’Immunité De Lille, Lille, France,Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique, Lille, France,Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire De Lille, Lille, France,Institut Pasteur De Lille, Lille, France
| | - Angela Brisebarre
- Centre National De Référence Virus Des Infections Respiratoires, Unité De Génétique Moléculaire Des Virus À ARN, GMVR, F75015, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3569, Université De Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre De Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Paris, France,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Deryuter
- Univ. Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Centre d’Infection Et d’Immunité De Lille, Lille, France,Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique, Lille, France,Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire De Lille, Lille, France,Institut Pasteur De Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emilie Gauliard
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre De Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Paris, France,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Severine Heumel
- Univ. Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Centre d’Infection Et d’Immunité De Lille, Lille, France,Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique, Lille, France,Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire De Lille, Lille, France,Institut Pasteur De Lille, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Rainteau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre De Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Paris, France,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative therapies/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Menu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative therapies/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Raphael Ho Tsong Fang
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative therapies/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Antonin Lamaziere
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre De Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Paris, France,INRAE, UMR1319 Micalis & AgroParisTech, Jouy En Josas, France,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Loic Brot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre De Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Paris, France,INRAE, UMR1319 Micalis & AgroParisTech, Jouy En Josas, France,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | | | - Cyriane Oeuvray
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre De Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Paris, France,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Rolhion
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre De Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Paris, France,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Van Der Werf
- Centre National De Référence Virus Des Infections Respiratoires, Unité De Génétique Moléculaire Des Virus À ARN, GMVR, F75015, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3569, Université De Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative therapies/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - François Trottein
- Univ. Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Centre d’Infection Et d’Immunité De Lille, Lille, France,Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique, Lille, France,Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire De Lille, Lille, France,Institut Pasteur De Lille, Lille, France,François trottein Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, F-59000 Lille, France
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31
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Bannerman CA, Douchant K, Sheth PM, Ghasemlou N. The gut-brain axis and beyond: Microbiome control of spinal cord injury pain in humans and rodents. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2021; 9:100059. [PMID: 33426367 PMCID: PMC7779861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2020.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating injury to the central nervous system in which 60 to 80% of patients experience chronic pain. Unfortunately, this pain is notoriously difficult to treat, with few effective options currently available. Patients are also commonly faced with various compounding injuries and medical challenges, often requiring frequent hospitalization and antibiotic treatment. Change in the gut microbiome from the "normal" state to one of imbalance, referred to as gut dysbiosis, has been found in both patients and rodent models following SCI. Similarities exist in the bacterial changes observed after SCI and other diseases with chronic pain as an outcome. These changes cause a shift in the regulation of inflammation, causing immune cell activation and secretion of inflammatory mediators that likely contribute to the generation/maintenance of SCI pain. Therefore, correcting gut dysbiosis may be used as a tool towards providing patients with effective pain management and improved quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A. Bannerman
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katya Douchant
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Disease Research Unit, Kingston Health Sciences Center, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prameet M. Sheth
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Disease Research Unit, Kingston Health Sciences Center, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nader Ghasemlou
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Yan X, Yan J, Xiang Q, Wang F, Dai H, Huang K, Fang L, Yao H, Wang L, Zhang W. Fructooligosaccharides protect against OVA-induced food allergy in mice by regulating the Th17/Treg cell balance using tryptophan metabolites. Food Funct 2021; 12:3191-3205. [PMID: 33735338 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03371e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) can change gut microbiota composition and play a protective role in food allergy (FA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Yan
- Department of Pediatrics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Jingbin Yan
- Department of Ultrasonography
- Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Qiangwei Xiang
- Department of Pediatrics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Fanyan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Huan Dai
- Department of Pediatrics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Kaiyu Huang
- Department of Pediatrics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Lingjuan Fang
- Department of Pediatrics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Hao Yao
- Department of Pediatrics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Lingya Wang
- Department of Pediatrics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Weixi Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
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Bosi A, Banfi D, Bistoletti M, Giaroni C, Baj A. Tryptophan Metabolites Along the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: An Interkingdom Communication System Influencing the Gut in Health and Disease. Int J Tryptophan Res 2020; 13:1178646920928984. [PMID: 32577079 PMCID: PMC7290275 DOI: 10.1177/1178646920928984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ‘microbiota-gut-brain axis’ plays a fundamental role in maintaining host homeostasis, and different immune, hormonal, and neuronal signals participate to this interkingdom communication system between eukaryota and prokaryota. The essential aminoacid tryptophan, as a precursor of several molecules acting at the interface between the host and the microbiota, is fundamental in the modulation of this bidirectional communication axis. In the gut, tryptophan undergoes 3 major metabolic pathways, the 5-HT, kynurenine, and AhR ligand pathways, which may be directly or indirectly controlled by the saprophytic flora. The importance of tryptophan metabolites in the modulation of the gastrointestinal tract is suggested by several preclinical and clinical studies; however, a thorough revision of the available literature has not been accomplished yet. Thus, this review attempts to cover the major aspects on the role of tryptophan metabolites in host-microbiota cross-talk underlaying regulation of gut functions in health conditions and during disease states, with particular attention to 2 major gastrointestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), both characterized by psychiatric disorders. Research in this area opens the possibility to target tryptophan metabolism to ameliorate the knowledge on the pathogenesis of both diseases, as well as to discover new therapeutic strategies based either on conventional pharmacological approaches or on the use of pre- and probiotics to manipulate the microbial flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bosi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Banfi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Michela Bistoletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Hirakawa H, Uchida M, Kurabayashi K, Nishijima F, Takita A, Tomita H. In vitro activity of AST-120 that suppresses indole signaling in Escherichia coli, which attenuates drug tolerance and virulence. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232461. [PMID: 32348373 PMCID: PMC7190153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AST-120 (Kremezin) is used to treat progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) by adsorbing uremic toxin precursors produced by gut microbiota, such as indole and phenols. In this study, we propose that AST-120 reduces indole level, consequently suppresses indole effects on induction of drug tolerance and virulence in Escherichia coli including enterohaemorrhagic strains. In experiments, AST-120 adsorbed both indole and tryptophan, a precursor of indole production, and led to decreased expression of acrD and mdtEF which encode drug efflux pumps, and elevated glpT, which encodes a transporter for fosfomycin uptake and increases susceptibility to aztreonam, rhodamine 6G, and fosfomycin. AST-120 also decreased the production of EspB, which contributes to pathogenicity of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, minocycline, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole were also adsorbed by AST-120. However, fosfomycin, in addition to rifampicin, colistin and amikacin were not adsorbed, thus AST-120 can be used together with these drugs for therapy to treat infections. These results suggest another benefit of AST-120, i.e., that it assists antibacterial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetada Hirakawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Motoyuki Uchida
- Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemicals Division, Kureha Corporation, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kurabayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Nishijima
- Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemicals Division, Kureha Corporation, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Takita
- Department of Bacteriology, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Tomita
- Department of Bacteriology, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Laboratory of Bacterial Drug Resistance, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Del Colle A, Israelyan N, Gross Margolis K. Novel aspects of enteric serotonergic signaling in health and brain-gut disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G130-G143. [PMID: 31682158 PMCID: PMC6985840 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00173.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) comorbidities are common in individuals with mood and behavioral dysfunction. Similarly, patients with GI problems more commonly suffer from co-morbid psychiatric diagnoses. Although the central and enteric nervous systems (CNS and ENS, respectively) have largely been studied separately, there is emerging interest in factors that may contribute to disease states involving both systems. There is strong evidence to suggest that serotonin may be an important contributor to these brain-gut conditions. Serotonin has long been recognized for its critical functions in CNS development and function. The majority of the body's serotonin, however, is produced in the GI tract, where it plays key roles in ENS development and function. Further understanding of the specific impact that enteric serotonin has on brain-gut disease may lay the foundation for the creation of novel therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the current data focusing on the important roles that serotonin plays in ENS development and motility, with a focus on novel aspects of serotonergic signaling in medical conditions in which CNS and ENS co-morbidities are common, including autism spectrum disorders and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Del Colle
- Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Narek Israelyan
- Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Kara Gross Margolis
- Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Yu Y, Yang W, Li Y, Cong Y. Enteroendocrine Cells: Sensing Gut Microbiota and Regulating Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:11-20. [PMID: 31560044 PMCID: PMC7539793 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host sensing in the gut microbiota has been crucial in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. Although inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), multifactorial chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, have been associated with intestinal dysbiosis, the detailed interactions between host and gut microbiota are still not completely understood. Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) represent 1% of the intestinal epithelium. Accumulating evidence indicates that EECs are key sensors of gut microbiota and/or microbial metabolites. They can secrete cytokines and peptide hormones in response to microbiota, either in traditional endocrine regulation or by paracrine impact on proximal tissues and/or cells or via afferent nerve fibers. Enteroendocrine cells also play crucial roles in mucosal immunity, gut barrier function, visceral hyperalgesia, and gastrointestinal (GI) motility, thereby regulating several GI diseases, including IBD. In this review, we will focus on EECs in sensing microbiota, correlating enteroendocrine perturbations with IBD, and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yanqing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA,Address correspondence to: Yingzi Cong, PhD, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 4.142C Medical Research Building, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-1019 ()
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Israelyan N, Colle AD, Li Z, Park Y, Xing A, Jacobsen JP, Luna RA, Jensen DD, Madra M, Saurman V, Rahim R, Latorre R, Law K, Carson W, Bunnett NW, Caron MG, Margolis KG. Effects of Serotonin and Slow-Release 5-Hydroxytryptophan on Gastrointestinal Motility in a Mouse Model of Depression. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:507-521.e4. [PMID: 31071306 PMCID: PMC6650329 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mood disorders and constipation are often comorbid, yet their shared etiologies have rarely been explored. The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) regulates central nervous system and enteric nervous system (ENS) development and long-term functions, including gastrointestinal (GI) motility and mood. Therefore, defects in neuron production of 5-HT might result in brain and intestinal dysfunction. Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in 5-HT biosynthesis. A variant of TPH2 that encodes the R441H substitution (TPH2-R441H) was identified in individuals with severe depression. We studied mice with an analogous mutation (TPH2-R439H), which results in a 60%-80% decrease in levels of 5-HT in the central nervous system and behaviors associated with depression in humans. Feeding chow that contains 5-HTP slow release (5-HTP SR) to TPH2-R439H mice restores levels of 5-HT in the central nervous system and reduces depressive-like behaviors. METHODS We compared the effects of feeding chow, with or without 5-HTP SR, to mice with the TPH2-R439H mutation and without this mutation (control mice). Myenteric and submucosal plexuses were isolated from all 4 groups of mice, and immunocytochemistry was used to quantify total enteric neurons, serotonergic neurons, and 5-HT-dependent subsets of neurons. We performed calcium imaging experiments to evaluate responses of enteric neurons to tryptamine-evoked release of endogenous 5-HT. In live mice, we measured total GI transit, gastric emptying, small intestinal transit, and propulsive colorectal motility. To measure colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs), we isolated colons and constructed spatiotemporal maps along the proximodistal length to quantify the frequency, velocity, and length of CMMCs. We measured villus height, crypt perimeter, and relative densities of enterochromaffin and enteroendocrine cells in small intestinal tissue. RESULTS Levels of 5-HT were significantly lower in enteric neurons from TPH2-R439H mice than from control mice. TPH2-R439H mice had abnormalities in ENS development and ENS-mediated GI functions, including reduced motility and intestinal epithelial growth. Total GI transit and propulsive colorectal motility were slower in TPH2-R439H mice than controls, and CMMCs were slower and less frequent. Villus height and crypt perimeter were significantly decreased in colon tissues from TPH2-R439H mice compared with controls. Administration of 5-HTP SR to adult TPH2-R439H mice restored 5-HT to enteric neurons and reversed these abnormalities. Adult TPH2-R439H mice given oral 5-HTP SR had normalized numbers of enteric neurons, total GI transit, and colonic motility. Intestinal tissue from these mice had normal measures of CMMCs and enteric epithelial growth CONCLUSIONS: In studies of TPH2-R439H mice, we found evidence for reduced release of 5-HT from enteric neurons that results in defects in ENS development and GI motility. Our findings indicate that neuron production of 5-HT links constipation with mood dysfunction. Administration of 5-HTP SR to mice restored 5-HT to the ENS and normalized GI motility and growth of the enteric epithelium. 5-HTP SR might be used to treat patients with intestinal dysfunction associated with low levels of 5-HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narek Israelyan
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Andrew Del Colle
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Zhishan Li
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Yeji Park
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Albert Xing
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | | | - Ruth Ann Luna
- Texas Children’s Hospital Microbiome Center, Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX
| | - Dane D. Jensen
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Moneek Madra
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Virginia Saurman
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Ray Rahim
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Rocco Latorre
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Kimberly Law
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - William Carson
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC
| | - Nigel W. Bunnett
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Marc G. Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC
| | - Kara G. Margolis
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
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38
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Kastl AJ, Terry NA, Wu GD, Albenberg LG. The Structure and Function of the Human Small Intestinal Microbiota: Current Understanding and Future Directions. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:33-45. [PMID: 31344510 PMCID: PMC6881639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing literature characterizing the fecal microbiome and its association with health and disease, few studies have analyzed the microbiome of the small intestine. Here, we examine what is known about the human small intestinal microbiota in terms of community structure and functional properties. We examine temporal dynamics of select bacterial populations in the small intestine, and the effects of dietary carbohydrates and fats on shaping these populations. We then evaluate dysbiosis in the small intestine in several human disease models, including small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, short-bowel syndrome, pouchitis, environmental enteric dysfunction, and irritable bowel syndrome. What is clear is that the bacterial biology, and mechanisms of bacteria-induced pathophysiology, are enormously broad and elegant in the small intestine. Studying the small intestinal microbiota is challenged by rapidly fluctuating environmental conditions in these intestinal segments, as well as the complexity of sample collection and bioinformatic analysis. Because the functionality of the digestive tract is determined primarily by the small intestine, efforts must be made to better characterize this unique and important microbial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J. Kastl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Arthur J. Kastl Jr, MD, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, 7NW, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104. fax: (215) 590-3606.
| | - Natalie A. Terry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary D Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lindsey G. Albenberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Oliphant K, Allen-Vercoe E. Macronutrient metabolism by the human gut microbiome: major fermentation by-products and their impact on host health. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:91. [PMID: 31196177 PMCID: PMC6567490 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome is a critical component of digestion, breaking down complex carbohydrates, proteins, and to a lesser extent fats that reach the lower gastrointestinal tract. This process results in a multitude of microbial metabolites that can act both locally and systemically (after being absorbed into the bloodstream). The impact of these biochemicals on human health is complex, as both potentially beneficial and potentially toxic metabolites can be yielded from such microbial pathways, and in some cases, these effects are dependent upon the metabolite concentration or organ locality. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of how macronutrient metabolism by the gut microbiome influences human health. Metabolites to be discussed include short-chain fatty acids and alcohols (mainly yielded from monosaccharides); ammonia, branched-chain fatty acids, amines, sulfur compounds, phenols, and indoles (derived from amino acids); glycerol and choline derivatives (obtained from the breakdown of lipids); and tertiary cycling of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Key microbial taxa and related disease states will be referred to in each case, and knowledge gaps that could contribute to our understanding of overall human wellness will be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Oliphant
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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40
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Shin A, Preidis GA, Shulman R, Kashyap PC. The Gut Microbiome in Adult and Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:256-274. [PMID: 30153517 PMCID: PMC6314902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of gut microbiota in gastrointestinal (GI) physiology was well described, but our ability to study gut microbial ecosystems in their entirety was limited by culture-based methods prior to the sequencing revolution. The advent of high-throughput sequencing opened new avenues, allowing us to study gut microbial communities as an aggregate, independent of our ability to culture individual microbes. Early studies focused on association of changes in gut microbiota with different disease states, which was necessary to identify a potential role for microbes and generate novel hypotheses. Over the past few years the field has moved beyond associations to better understand the mechanistic implications of the microbiome in the pathophysiology of complex diseases. This movement also has resulted in a shift in our focus toward therapeutic strategies, which rely on better understanding the mediators of gut microbiota-host cross-talk. It is not surprising the gut microbiome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of functional gastrointestinal disorders given its role in modulating physiological processes such as immune development, GI motility and secretion, epithelial barrier integrity, and brain-gut communication. In this review, we focus on the current state of knowledge and future directions in microbiome research as it pertains to functional gastrointestinal disorders. We summarize the factors that help shape the gut microbiome in human beings. We discuss data from animal models and human studies to highlight existing paradigms regarding the mechanisms underlying microbiota-mediated alterations in physiological processes and their relevance in human interventions. While translation of microbiome science is still in its infancy, the outlook is optimistic and we are advancing in the right direction toward precise mechanism-based microbiota therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Shin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Geoffrey A Preidis
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert Shulman
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Purna C Kashyap
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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41
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Roager HM, Licht TR. Microbial tryptophan catabolites in health and disease. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3294. [PMID: 30120222 PMCID: PMC6098093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 983] [Impact Index Per Article: 163.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implicates metabolites produced by gut microbes as crucial mediators of diet-induced host-microbial cross-talk. Here, we review emerging data suggesting that microbial tryptophan catabolites resulting from proteolysis are influencing host health. These metabolites are suggested to activate the immune system through binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), enhance the intestinal epithelial barrier, stimulate gastrointestinal motility, as well as secretion of gut hormones, exert anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative or toxic effects in systemic circulation, and putatively modulate gut microbial composition. Tryptophan catabolites thus affect various physiological processes and may contribute to intestinal and systemic homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik M Roager
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Tine R Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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42
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Chittim CL, Irwin SM, Balskus EP. Deciphering Human Gut Microbiota-Nutrient Interactions: A Role for Biochemistry. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2567-2577. [PMID: 29669199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human gut contains trillions of microorganisms that play a central role in many aspects of host biology, including the provision of key nutrients from the diet. However, our appreciation of how gut microbes and their extensive metabolic capabilities affect the nutritional status of the human host is in its infancy. In this Perspective, we highlight how recent efforts to elucidate the biochemical basis for gut microbial metabolism of dietary components are reshaping our view of these organisms' roles in host nutrition. Gaining a molecular understanding of gut microbe-nutrient interactions will enhance our knowledge of how diet affects host health and disease, ultimately enabling personalized nutrition and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina L Chittim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Stephania M Irwin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Emily P Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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43
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Gao J, Xu K, Liu H, Liu G, Bai M, Peng C, Li T, Yin Y. Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Intestinal Immunity Mediated by Tryptophan Metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:13. [PMID: 29468141 PMCID: PMC5808205 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 692] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota influences the health of the host, especially with regard to gut immune homeostasis and the intestinal immune response. In addition to serving as a nutrient enhancer, L-tryptophan (Trp) plays crucial roles in the balance between intestinal immune tolerance and gut microbiota maintenance. Recent discoveries have underscored that changes in the microbiota modulate the host immune system by modulating Trp metabolism. Moreover, Trp, endogenous Trp metabolites (kynurenines, serotonin, and melatonin), and bacterial Trp metabolites (indole, indolic acid, skatole, and tryptamine) have profound effects on gut microbial composition, microbial metabolism, the host's immune system, the host-microbiome interface, and host immune system-intestinal microbiota interactions. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates the regulation of intestinal immunity by Trp metabolites (as ligands of AhR), which is beneficial for immune homeostasis. Among Trp metabolites, AhR ligands consist of endogenous metabolites, including kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, and cinnabarinic acid, and bacterial metabolites, including indole, indole propionic acid, indole acetic acid, skatole, and tryptamine. Additional factors, such as aging, stress, probiotics, and diseases (spondyloarthritis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer), which are associated with variability in Trp metabolism, can influence Trp-microbiome-immune system interactions in the gut and also play roles in regulating gut immunity. This review clarifies how the gut microbiota regulates Trp metabolism and identifies the underlying molecular mechanisms of these interactions. Increased mechanistic insight into how the microbiota modulates the intestinal immune system through Trp metabolism may allow for the identification of innovative microbiota-based diagnostics, as well as appropriate nutritional supplementation of Trp to prevent or alleviate intestinal inflammation. Moreover, this review provides new insight regarding the influence of the gut microbiota on Trp metabolism. Additional comprehensive analyses of targeted Trp metabolites (including endogenous and bacterial metabolites) are essential for experimental preciseness, as the influence of the gut microbiota cannot be neglected, and may explain contradictory results in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Hongnan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Miaomiao Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Can Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Jennis M, Cavanaugh CR, Leo GC, Mabus JR, Lenhard J, Hornby PJ. Microbiota-derived tryptophan indoles increase after gastric bypass surgery and reduce intestinal permeability in vitro and in vivo. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30. [PMID: 28782205 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diet and microbiome contribute to metabolic disease in part due to increased intestinal inflammation and permeability. Dietary tryptophan is metabolized by both mammalian and bacterial enzymes. Using in vitro, in vivo models, and clinical data, we tested whether bacterial tryptophan indole derivatives underlie the positive benefits of microbiota on inflammation that is associated with metabolic disease. METHODS In high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice intestinal permeability and plasma endotoxin levels were measured after indole-3-propionic acid (IPA; 20 mg kg-1 p.o. for 4 days). Tryptophan derivatives effect on permeability and gene expression were assessed in T84 intestinal cell monolayers, in the presence or absence of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Plasma tryptophan metabolites were analyzed from lean, or obese T2D subjects undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB). KEY RESULTS IPA reduced the increased intestinal permeability observed in HFD-fed mice. Of 16 metabolites tested in vitro, only IPA, and tryptamine reduced T84 cell monolayer permeability compromised by pro-inflammatory cytokines. In T84 cells, IPA reversed the IFN-γ induced increase of fructose transporter SLC2A5 (GLUT5) mRNA, but not induction of inflammatory or metabolic genes. In obese subjects, IPA levels were reduced relative to lean counterparts, and these levels were increased by 3 months after RYGB. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES The novel findings are that obese subjects have lower levels of IPA, a solely bacterially derived tryptophan derivative, and IPA improved intestinal barrier function in vitro and DIO mice. Reduced plasma IPA levels and reversal by surgery may be a consequence of intestinal indole-producing microbiota but underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jennis
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease, Janssen R&D, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - C R Cavanaugh
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease, Janssen R&D, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - G C Leo
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutical R&D of J&J, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - J R Mabus
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease, Janssen R&D, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - J Lenhard
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease, Janssen R&D, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - P J Hornby
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease, Janssen R&D, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
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45
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Guarino MPL, Cicala M, Putignani L, Severi C. Gastrointestinal neuromuscular apparatus: An underestimated target of gut microbiota. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:9871-9879. [PMID: 28018095 PMCID: PMC5143755 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i45.9871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, the importance of the resident intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of several gastro-intestinal diseases has been largely investigated. Growing evidence suggest that microbiota can influence gastro-intestinal motility. The current working hypothesis is that dysbiosis-driven mucosal alterations induce the production of several inflammatory/immune mediators which affect gut neuro-muscular functions. Besides these indirect mucosal-mediated effects, the present review highlights that recent evidence suggests that microbiota can directly affect enteric nerves and smooth muscle cells functions through its metabolic products or bacterial molecular components translocated from the intestinal lumen. Toll-like receptors, the bacterial recognition receptors, are expressed both on enteric nerves and smooth muscle and are emerging as potential mediators between microbiota and the enteric neuromuscular apparatus. Furthermore, the ongoing studies on probiotics support the hypothesis that the neuromuscular apparatus may represent a target of intervention, thus opening new physiopathological and therapeutic scenarios.
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46
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Mazzoli R, Pessione E. The Neuro-endocrinological Role of Microbial Glutamate and GABA Signaling. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1934. [PMID: 27965654 PMCID: PMC5127831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota provides the host with multiple functions (e.g., by contributing to food digestion, vitamin supplementation, and defense against pathogenic strains) and interacts with the host organism through both direct contact (e.g., through surface antigens) and soluble molecules, which are produced by the microbial metabolism. The existence of the so-called gut–brain axis of bi-directional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system (CNS) also supports a communication pathway between the gut microbiota and neural circuits of the host, including the CNS. An increasing body of evidence has shown that gut microbiota is able to modulate gut and brain functions, including the mood, cognitive functions, and behavior of humans. Nonetheless, given the extreme complexity of this communication network, its comprehension is still at its early stage. The present contribution will attempt to provide a state-of-the art description of the mechanisms by which gut microbiota can affect the gut–brain axis and the multiple cellular and molecular communication circuits (i.e., neural, immune, and humoral). In this context, special attention will be paid to the microbial strains that produce bioactive compounds and display ascertained or potential probiotic activity. Several neuroactive molecules (e.g., catecholamines, histamine, serotonin, and trace amines) will be considered, with special focus on Glu and GABA circuits, receptors, and signaling. From the basic science viewpoint, “microbial endocrinology” deals with those theories in which neurochemicals, produced by both multicellular organisms and prokaryotes (e.g., serotonin, GABA, glutamate), are considered as a common shared language that enables interkingdom communication. With regards to its application, research in this area opens the way toward the possibility of the future use of neuroactive molecule-producing probiotics as therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurogastroenteric and/or psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mazzoli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Proteomics and Metabolic Engineering of Prokaryotes, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino Torino, Italy
| | - Enrica Pessione
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Proteomics and Metabolic Engineering of Prokaryotes, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino Torino, Italy
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47
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Smith TK, Gershon MD. CrossTalk proposal: 5-HT is necessary for peristalsis. J Physiol 2016; 593:3225-7. [PMID: 26228547 DOI: 10.1113/jp270182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Terence K Smith
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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48
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Cani PD, Knauf C. How gut microbes talk to organs: The role of endocrine and nervous routes. Mol Metab 2016; 5:743-52. [PMID: 27617197 PMCID: PMC5004142 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in gut microbiota composition and activity have been associated with different metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiometabolic disorders. Recent evidence suggests that different organs are directly under the influence of bacterial metabolites that may directly or indirectly regulate physiological and pathological processes. Scope of review We reviewed seminal as well as recent papers showing that gut microbes influence energy, glucose and lipid homeostasis by controlling different metabolic routes such as endocrine, enteric and central nervous system. These dialogues are discussed in the context of obesity and diabetes but also for brain pathologies and neurodegenerative disorders. Major conclusions The recent advances in gut microbiota investigation as well as the discovery of specific metabolites interacting with host cells has led to the identification of novel inter-organ communication during metabolic disturbances. This suggests that gut microbes may be viewed as “novel” future therapeutic partners. This article is part of a special issue on microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D. Cani
- Université catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (INSERM/UCL), Toulouse, France
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (INSERM/UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- Corresponding author. Université catholique de Louvain, LDRI, Metabolism and Nutrition research group, European Associated Laboratory NeuroMicrobiota (INSERM / UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 73 box B1.73.11, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium. Tel.: +32 2 764 73 97.Université catholique de LouvainLDRIMetabolism and Nutrition research groupEuropean Associated Laboratory NeuroMicrobiota (INSERM / UCL)Av. E. Mounier73 box B1.73.11BrusselsB-1200Belgium
| | - Claude Knauf
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (INSERM/UCL), Toulouse, France
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (INSERM/UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- Corresponding author. Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, European Associated Laboratory NeuroMicrobiota (INSERM/UCL), Team 3, “Intestinal Neuroimmune Interactions”, IRSD Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), INSERM U1220 Bat B, CHU Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, CS 60039, 31024 Toulouse Cedex 3, France. Tel.: +33 562 74 45 21.Université Paul SabatierToulouse IIIEuropean Associated Laboratory NeuroMicrobiota (INSERM/UCL)Team 3“Intestinal Neuroimmune Interactions”IRSD Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD)INSERM U1220 Bat BCHU PurpanPlace du Docteur BaylacCS 60039Toulouse Cedex 331024France
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49
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Mu C, Yang Y, Zhu W. Gut Microbiota: The Brain Peacekeeper. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:345. [PMID: 27014255 PMCID: PMC4794499 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota regulates intestinal and extraintestinal homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may also regulate brain function and behavior. Results from animal models indicate that disturbances in the composition and functionality of some microbiota members are associated with neurophysiological disorders, strengthening the idea of a microbiota–gut–brain axis and the role of microbiota as a “peacekeeper” in the brain health. Here, we review recent discoveries on the role of the gut microbiota in central nervous system-related diseases. We also discuss the emerging concept of the bidirectional regulation by the circadian rhythm and gut microbiota, and the potential role of the epigenetic regulation in neuronal cell function. Microbiome studies are also highlighted as crucial in the development of targeted therapies for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Mu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
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50
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El Aidy S, Stilling R, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbiome to Brain: Unravelling the Multidirectional Axes of Communication. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 874:301-36. [PMID: 26589226 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20215-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in host physiology. Disruption of its community structure and function can have wide-ranging effects making it critical to understand exactly how the interactive dialogue between the host and its microbiota is regulated to maintain homeostasis. An array of multidirectional signalling molecules is clearly involved in the host-microbiome communication. This interactive signalling not only impacts the gastrointestinal tract, where the majority of microbiota resides, but also extends to affect other host systems including the brain and liver as well as the microbiome itself. Understanding the mechanistic principles of this inter-kingdom signalling is fundamental to unravelling how our supraorganism function to maintain wellbeing, subsequently opening up new avenues for microbiome manipulation to favour desirable mental health outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar El Aidy
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Stilling
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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