1
|
Tirassa P, Schirinzi T, Raspa M, Ralli M, Greco A, Polimeni A, Possenti R, Mercuri NB, Severini C. What substance P might tell us about the prognosis and mechanism of Parkinson's disease? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:899-911. [PMID: 34653503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide substance P (SP) plays an important role in neurodegenerative disorders, among which Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present work we have reviewed the involvement of SP and its preferred receptor (NK1-R) in motor and non-motor PD symptoms, in both PD animal models and patients. Despite PD is primarily a motor disorder, non-motor abnormalities, including olfactory deficits and gastrointestinal dysfunctions, can represent diagnostic PD predictors, according to the hypothesis that the olfactory and the enteric nervous system represent starting points of neurodegeneration, ascending to the brain via the sympathetic fibers and the vagus nerve. In PD patients, the α-synuclein aggregates in the olfactory bulb and the gastrointestinal tract, as well as in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve often co-localize with SP, indicating SP-positive neurons as highly vulnerable sites of degeneration. Considering the involvement of the SP/NK1-R in both the periphery and specific brain areas, this system might represent a neuronal substrate for the symptom and disease progression, as well as a therapeutic target for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Tirassa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Schirinzi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Raspa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Possenti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Severini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Momper JD, Heinrichs MT, Krudys K, Griebel D, Kumar S, Kim I, Mehrotra N, Mulberg AE, Garimella N, Nelson R, Reaman G, Sinha V, Yao L, Zineh I, Burckart G, Sachs H, Mulugeta Y. Extrapolation of Adult Efficacy to Pediatric Patients With Chemotherapy‐Induced Nausea and Vomiting. J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 60:775-784. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah D. Momper
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego La Jolla California USA
| | | | - Kevin Krudys
- US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Donna Griebel
- US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Shaun Kumar
- US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Insook Kim
- US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Nitin Mehrotra
- US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | | | | | - Robert Nelson
- US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Gregory Reaman
- US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Vikram Sinha
- US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Lynne Yao
- US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Issam Zineh
- US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | | | - Hari Sachs
- US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Yeruk Mulugeta
- US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Substance P receptor in the rat indusium griseum during postnatal development. Neurosci Res 2018; 130:23-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
4
|
Barbaresi P, Mensà E, Bastioli G, Amoroso S. Substance P NK1 receptor in the rat corpus callosum during postnatal development. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00713. [PMID: 28638718 PMCID: PMC5474716 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The expression of substance P (SP) receptor (neurokinin 1, NK1) was studied in the rat corpus callosum (cc) from postnatal day 0 (the first 24 hr from birth, P0) to P30. METHODS We used immunocytochemistry to study the presence of intracallosal NK1-immunopositive neurons (NK1IP-n) during cc development. RESULTS NK1IP-n first appeared on P5. Their number increased significantly between P5 and P10, it remained almost constant between P10 and P15, then declined slightly until P30. The size of intracallosal NK1IP-n increased constantly from P5 (102.3 μm2) to P30 (262.07 μm2). From P5 onward, their distribution pattern was adult-like, that is, they were more numerous in the lateral and intermediate parts of the cc, and declined to few or none approaching the midline. At P5, intracallosal NK1IP-n had a predominantly round cell bodies with primary dendrites of different thickness from which originated thinner secondary branches. Between P10 and P15, dendrites were longer and more thickly branched, and displayed several varicosities as well as short, thin appendages. Between P20 and P30, NK1IP-n were qualitatively indistinguishable from those of adult animals and could be classified as bipolar (fusiform and rectangular), round-polygonal, and pyramidal (triangular-pyriform). CONCLUSIONS Number of NK1IP-n increase between P5 and P10, then declines, but unlike other intracallosal neurons, NK1IP-n make up a significant population in the adult cc. These findings suggest that NK1IP-n may be involved in the myelination of callosal axons, could play an important role in their pathfinding. Since they are also found in adult rat cc, it is likely that their role changes during lifetime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Barbaresi
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine Marche Polytechnic University Ancona Italy
| | - Emanuela Mensà
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine Marche Polytechnic University Ancona Italy
| | - Guendalina Bastioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health Marche Polytechnic University Ancona Italy
| | - Salvatore Amoroso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health Marche Polytechnic University Ancona Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Caioli S, Curcio L, Pieri M, Antonini A, Marolda R, Severini C, Zona C. Substance P receptor activation induces downregulation of the AMPA receptor functionality in cortical neurons from a genetic model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 44:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
6
|
Amadoro G, Pieri M, Ciotti MT, Carunchio I, Canu N, Calissano P, Zona C, Severini C. Substance P provides neuroprotection in cerebellar granule cells through Akt and MAPK/Erk activation: Evidence for the involvement of the delayed rectifier potassium current. Neuropharmacology 2007; 52:1366-77. [PMID: 17397881 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we have evaluated the ability of substance P (SP) and other neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1) agonists to protect, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) from serum and potassium deprivation-induced cell death (S-K5). We also established the presence of SP high affinity NK1 transcripts and the NK1 protein localization in the membrane of a sub-population of CGCs. Moreover, SP significantly and dose-dependently reduced the Akt 1/2 and Erk1/2 dephosphorylation induced by S-K5 conditions, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis. Surprisingly, in SP-treated CGCs caspase-3 activity was not inhibited, while the calpain-1 activity was moderately reduced. Corroborating this result, SP blocked calpain-mediated cleavage of tau protein, as demonstrated by the reduced appearance of a diagnostic fragment of 17 kDa by Western blot analysis. In addition, SP induced a significant reduction of the delayed rectifier K+ currents (Ik) in about 42% of the patched neurons, when these were evoked with depolarizing potential steps. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that the activation of NK1 receptors expressed in CGCs promote the neuronal survival via pathways involving Akt and Erk activation and by inhibition of Ik which can contribute to the neuroprotective effect of the peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Amadoro
- Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, CNR, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nagano M, Saitow F, Haneda E, Konishi S, Hayashi M, Suzuki H. Distribution and pharmacological characterization of primate NK-1 and NK-3 tachykinin receptors in the central nervous system of the rhesus monkey. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 147:316-23. [PMID: 16331282 PMCID: PMC1751306 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Much attention has focused on tachykinin receptors as therapeutic targets for neuropsychiatric disorders, although their expressional distributions in the primate central nervous system (CNS) remain unclear. We cloned the genes encoding the NK-1 and NK-3 tachykinin receptors (referred to as rmNK-1 and rmNK-3) from the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) brain and examined their pharmacological profiles and regional distributions in the CNS. The deduced rmNK-1 amino-acid sequence differed by only two amino acids from the human NK-1 (hNK-1). The deduced rmNK-3 amino-acid sequence was two amino acids shorter than human NK-3 (hNK-3), with a seven-amino-acid difference in sequence. Ligand binding studies revealed that the affinity of rmNK-1 to substance P (SP) was comparable to that of hNK-1 in cell lines that expressed individual receptors stably. Nonpeptide antagonists had similar effects on the binding of rmNK-1 and hNK-1. Affinity of rmNK-3 for NKB was stronger than for SP and the IC50 value was comparable with that of hNK-3. Ca2+ imaging showed that activations of both rmNK-1 and rmNK-3 by specific ligands, SP and senktide, induced increased intracellular Ca2+ in cell lines that stably expressed individual primate tachykinin receptors. The amounts of rmNK-1 and rmNK-3 mRNAs were quantitatively determined in the monkey CNS. The expression of rmNK-1 was observed in all of the cortical and subcortical regions, including the hippocampus and the amygdala. The putamen contained the most NK-1 mRNA in the brain, with less rmNK-3 mRNA found in the cortex compared to rmNK-1 mRNA. In the monkey hippocampus and amygdala, rmNK-1 mRNA was present at markedly higher concentrations than rmNK-3 mRNA. The present results provide an insight into the distinct physiological nature and significance of the NK-1 and NK-3 tachykinin systems in the primate CNS. These findings are indispensable for establishing model systems in the search for a subtype-specific tachykinin receptor agonist and antagonist for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nagano
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Fumihito Saitow
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Eisuke Haneda
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Shiro Konishi
- Waseda-Olympus Bioscience Research Institute, Waseda University, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Motoharu Hayashi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nagano M, Suzuki H. Quantitative analyses of expression of GDNF and neurotrophins during postnatal development in rat skeletal muscles. Neurosci Res 2003; 45:391-9. [PMID: 12657452 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(03)00010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are thought to be critically involved in formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular system. To know precise expression levels of these factors in the muscles during the postnatal period, we developed competitive RT-PCR and two-site enzyme immunoassay and quantitatively measured neurotrophic factors in the rat gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during the postnatal development. mRNAs of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the gastrocnemius and the soleus muscles were expressed in the highest amount among the neurotrophic factors at birth and dramatically decreased in the first 3 months, while GDNF proteins substantially existed at 3 months of age. Neurotrophin-3 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the gastrocnemius muscle kept constant expression in mRNA and protein during the postnatal period. In contrast, mRNA of neurotrophin-4 increased in the first 2 weeks. In the soleus muscles all the neurotrophic factor proteins increased with age for the first month, contrasting with their expressions in the gastrocnemius. The present results showed that GDNF is constitutively supplied to the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) during postnatal development and into adulthood, suggesting its importance in maintenance of the NMJ. Expression of other neurotrophins was also regulated independently during development possibly according to their own roles in the neuromuscular circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nagano
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hilaire G, Burnet H, Ptak K, Sieweke M, Blanchi B, De Felipe C, Hunt S, Monteau R. Deletion of Tachykinin NK1 Receptor Gene in Mice does not Alter Respiratory Network Maturation but Alters Respiratory Responses to Hypoxia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 536:497-504. [PMID: 14635705 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9280-2_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Hilaire
- GERM-CNRS, 280 Bd St. Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ptak K, Burnet H, Blanchi B, Sieweke M, De Felipe C, Hunt SP, Monteau R, Hilaire G. The murine neurokinin NK1 receptor gene contributes to the adult hypoxic facilitation of ventilation. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 16:2245-52. [PMID: 12492418 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Substance P and neurokinin-1 receptors (NK1) modulate the respiratory activity and are expressed early during development. We tested the hypothesis that NK1 receptors are involved in prenatal development of the respiratory network by comparing the resting respiratory activity and the respiratory response to hypoxia of control mice and mutant mice lacking the NK1 receptor (NK1-/-). In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted on neonatal, young and adult mice from wild-type and NK1-/- strains. In the wild strain, immunohistological, pharmacological and electrophysiological studies showed that NK1 receptors were expressed within medullary respiratory areas prior to birth and that their activation at birth modulated central respiratory activity and the membrane properties of phrenic motoneurons. Both the membrane properties of phrenic motoneurons and the respiratory activity generated in vitro by brainstem-spinal cord preparation from NK1-/- neonate mice were similar to that from the wild strain. In addition, in vivo ventilation recordings by plethysmography did not reveal interstrain differences in resting breathing parameters. The facilitation of ventilation by short-lasting hypoxia was similar in wild and NK1-/- neonates but was significantly weaker in adult NK1-/- mice. Results demonstrate that NK1 receptors do appear to be necessary for a normal respiratory response to short-lasting hypoxia in the adult. However, NK1 receptors are not obligatory for the prenatal development of the respiratory network, for the production of the rhythm, or for the regulation of breathing by short-lasting hypoxia in neonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Ptak
- Physiologie Neurovégétative, UMR 6153 CNRS-INRA, Faculté des Sciences de St Jérôme, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Telgkamp P, Cao YQ, Basbaum AI, Ramirez JM. Long-term deprivation of substance P in PPT-A mutant mice alters the anoxic response of the isolated respiratory network. J Neurophysiol 2002; 88:206-13. [PMID: 12091546 DOI: 10.1152/jn.2002.88.1.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the neuromodulator substance P and its related tachykinin neurokinin A (NKA) in the homeostasis of respiratory activity. Respiratory activities, in form of fictive eupneic and sigh activities, were recorded extracellularly from the preBötzinger complex (PBC) in normoxic and anoxic conditions using medullary slice preparations. The effect of a blockade of endogenous substance P was assessed by an acute pharmacological blockade of the receptors with spantide in wild-type animals and by the use of preprotachykinin-A (PPT-A) mutants. These mutants lack from birth the PPT-A gene, which codes for the precursor of substance P and NKA. Spantide treatment reduced frequency (-37%, n = 9) and regularity (twofold) of eupneic-like respiratory activity under normoxic conditions, whereas in PPT-A mutants, eupneic-like activity was under normoxic conditions not significantly different from the wild-type mice (WT). The response to short anoxic episodes (5 min) was characterized in the WT by an increase in respiratory frequencies at the onset of anoxia (ratio anoxic/control frequency = 1.9 +/- 0.2, n = 18). This anoxic ratio was unaltered in the presence of spantide (ratio = 2.3 +/- 0.4, n = 8) but increased in the mutant (ratio = 4.1, n = 15). We conclude that endogenously released substance P is important for the maintenance of regular respiratory activity. Short-term blockade of substance P receptors decreases the frequency and regularity of rhythmic activity. Long-term deficiency in substance P leads to compensatory mechanisms that result in an apparently normal respiratory activity under normoxic conditions but a significantly altered response of the respiratory network during anoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Telgkamp
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Lépée-Lorgeoux I, Betancur C, Souazé F, Rostène W, Bérod A, Pélaprat D. Regulation of the neurotensin NT(1) receptor in the developing rat brain following chronic treatment with the antagonist SR 48692. J Neurosci Res 2000; 60:362-9. [PMID: 10797539 PMCID: PMC2556440 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(20000501)60:3<362::aid-jnr11>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of neurotensin in the regulation of NT(1) receptors during postnatal development in the rat brain. Characterization of the ontogeny of neurotensin concentration and [(125)I]neurotensin binding to NT(1) receptors in the brain at different embryonic and postnatal stages showed that neurotensin was highly expressed at birth, reaching peak levels at postnatal day 5 (P5) and decreasing thereafter. The transient rise in neurotensin levels preceded the maximal expression of NT(1) receptors, observed at P10, suggesting that neurotensin may influence the developmental profile of NT(1) receptors. Using primary cultures of cerebral cortex neurons from fetal rats, we showed that exposure to the neurotensin agonist JMV 449 (1 nM) decreased (-43%) the amount of NT(1) receptor mRNA measured by reverse transcription-PCR, an effect that was abolished by the nonpeptide NT(1) receptor antagonist SR 48692 (1 microM). However, daily injection of SR 48692 to rat pups from birth for 5, 9, or 15 days did not modify [(125)I]neurotensin binding in brain membrane homogenates. Moreover, postnatal blockade of neurotensin transmission did not alter the density and distribution of NT(1) receptors assessed by quantitative autoradiography nor NT(1) receptor mRNA expression measured by in situ hybridization in the cerebral cortex, caudate-putamen, and midbrain. These results suggest that although NT(1) receptor expression can be regulated in vitro by the agonist at an early developmental stage, neurotensin is not a major factor in the establishment of the ontogenetic pattern of NT receptors in the rat brain.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ptak K, Di Pasquale E, Monteau R. Substance P and central respiratory activity: a comparative in vitro study on foetal and newborn rat. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 114:217-27. [PMID: 10320761 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(99)00044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were performed in vitro on foetal (embryonic days 18 to 21, E18-21) and newborn rat (postnatal days 0 to 3, P0-3) brainstem spinal cord preparations to analyse the perinatal developmental changes in the effects induced by substance P. Superfusion of the preparations with SP-containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) induced significant increase in the respiratory frequency of newborn rats (10-9 M), whereas concentration up to 10-7 M induced no change in foetal preparations. A whole cell patch clamp approach was used to record intracellularly from phrenic motoneurones. In newborn or E20-21 foetal rats SP-containing aCSF depolarised the phrenic motoneurones, increased their input resistance, reduced the rheobase current and shifted the frequency-intensity curves upward. In E18 foetal rats, no change was evoked by SP. A peptidase inhibitor mixture was used to block the enzymatic degradation of endogenous SP. This mixture was ineffective in changing the respiratory frequency in newborn and foetal preparations. In newborn rat phrenic motoneurones, the peptidase inhibitor mixture induced changes similar to those caused by SP but no change was induced in foetal rats. These results indicate that SP may modulate (i) the activity of the respiratory rhythm generator in newborn but not in foetal rats, and (ii) the activity of phrenic motoneurones at E20, E21 and in newborn rats but not at E18. Results obtained using the peptidase inhibitor mixture suggest that endogenous SP is probably not involved in the control of the respiratory rhythm in the prenatal period, but may influence the activity of the phrenic motoneurones after birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ptak
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Fonctions Végétatives, ESA CNRS 6034, Faculté des Sciences de St. Jérôme, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nuyt AM, Lenkei Z, Palkovits M, Corvol P, Llorens-Cort�s C. Ontogeny of angiotensin II type 2 receptor mRNA expression in fetal and neonatal rat brain. J Comp Neurol 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990503)407:2<193::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
16
|
Mileusnic D, Magnuson DJ, Hejna MJ, Lorens JB, Lorens SA, Lee JM. Age and species-dependent differences in the neurokinin B system in rat and human brain. Neurobiol Aging 1999; 20:19-35. [PMID: 10466890 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(99)00019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurokinin B and its cognate neurokinin-3 receptor are expressed more in the forebrain than in brain stem structures but little is known about the primary function of this peptide system in the central processing of information. In general, few studies have specifically addressed age-related changes of tachykinins, notably the changes in number and/or distribution of the neurokinin B-expressing and neurokinin-3 receptor-bearing neurons. Data on functions and changes of neurokinins in physiological aging are limited and apply mainly to the substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor system. In the present study, we analyzed neurokinin B/neurokinin-3 receptor system in young (5 months) versus middle aged (15 months) and old rats (23-25 months) and also in aging human brains. For the majority of the immunohistochemically examined regions of the rat brain, there was no statistically significant change in neuronal number and size of the neurokinin B and neurokinin-3 receptor staining. In the adult human brain, there was no age-associated change of the number or size of neurokinin-B-positive neurons. However, we found a major decline in number of neurokinin-3 receptor-expressing neurons between young/middle aged (30 years to 69 years) versus old (70 years and older) adults. Interestingly, numbers of neurokinin-3 receptor-positive microglia increased whereas the neurokinin-3 receptor-positive astrocytes remained unchanged in both aging rat and human brains. Finally, in addition to assessing the morphological and quantitative changes of the neurokinin B/neurokinin-3 receptor system in the rat and human brain, we discuss functional implications of the observed interspecies differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Mileusnic
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The tachykinin NK1 receptor is widely distributed in both the central and peripheral nervous system. In the CNS, NK1 receptors have been implicated in various behavioural responses and in regulating neuronal survival and degeneration. Moreover, central NK1 receptors regulate cardiovascular and respiratory function and are involved in activating the emetic reflex. At the spinal cord level, NK1 receptors are activated during the synaptic transmission, especially in response to noxious stimuli applied at the receptive field of primary afferent neurons. Both neurophysiological and behavioural evidences support a role of spinal NK1 receptors in pain transmission. Spinal NK1 receptors also modulate autonomic reflexes, including the micturition reflex. In the peripheral nervous system, tachykinin NK1 receptors are widely expressed in the respiratory, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts and are also expressed by several types of inflammatory and immune cells. In the cardiovascular system, NK1 receptors mediate endothelium-dependent vasodilation and plasma protein extravasation. At respiratory level, NK1 receptors mediate neurogenic inflammation which is especially evident upon exposure of the airways to irritants. In the carotid body, NK1 receptors mediate the ventilatory response to hypoxia. In the gastrointestinal system, NK1 receptors mediate smooth muscle contraction, regulate water and ion secretion and mediate neuro-neuronal communication. In the genitourinary tract, NK1 receptors are widely distributed in the renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra and mediate smooth muscle contraction and inflammation in response to noxious stimuli. Based on the knowledge of distribution and pathophysiological roles of NK1 receptors, it has been anticipated that NK1 receptor antagonists may have several therapeutic applications at central and peripheral level. At central level, it is speculated that NK1 receptor antagonists could be used to produce analgesia, as antiemetics and for treatment of certain forms of urinary incontinence due to detrusor hyperreflexia. In the peripheral nervous system, tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonists could be used in several inflammatory diseases including arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases and cystitis. Several potent tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonists are now under evaluation in the clinical setting, and more information on their usefulness in treatment of human diseases will be available in the next few years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Quartara
- Chemistry and Pharmacology Department, Menarini Ricerche, Florence, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wiley RG, Lappi DA. Destruction of neurokinin-1 receptor expressing cells in vitro and in vivo using substance P-saporin in rats. Neurosci Lett 1997; 230:97-100. [PMID: 9259473 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) acts on neurons through the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor. Conjugation of SP to the ribosome inactivating protein, saporin (SAP), produces a cytotoxin selective for cells that express the NK-1 receptor. SP-SAP cytotoxicity was inhibited by pre-treating the toxin to reduce the disulfide bond connecting SP to SAP or by pre-incubation with anti-SP antiserum or by SP analog showing that SP-SAP acts through binding of the SP moiety to NK-1 receptors. Injection of SP-SAP into the striatum selectively destroyed NK-1 receptor expressing interneurons. These results show that SP-SAP will be useful for studying the function of NK-1 receptor expressing neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R G Wiley
- Neurology Service, VAMC, Nashville, TN 37212-2637, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|