1
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Schrock JM, Nusslock R, McDade TW, Mustanski B. Trauma History Predicts Decoupling of C-Reactive Protein and Somatic Symptoms: Results From a Cohort Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Youth. Psychosom Med 2023; 85:397-407. [PMID: 37097108 PMCID: PMC10730330 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic inflammation can induce somatic symptoms (e.g., pain, nausea, fatigue) through neuroimmune signaling pathways. Previous research suggests that early-life adversity amplifies signaling between peripheral inflammation and the brain. We therefore hypothesized that greater lifetime trauma exposure at baseline would predict stronger associations between systemic inflammation and somatic symptoms at 2.5-year follow-up in a cohort study of sexual and gender minority youth assigned male at birth ( n = 694). METHODS We measured prior trauma exposure (lifetime count of traumatic event types reported at baseline), somatic symptoms (Brief Symptom Inventory somatization score), and systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, interleukin 1β, and tumor necrosis factor α). All models included age, gender, education, recent trauma exposure, substance use, body mass index, and HIV status as covariates. RESULTS Higher C-reactive protein concentrations were associated with greater somatic symptoms in the main effects model ( β = 0.019, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.006 to 0.031). Contrary to our hypothesis, we observed a negative interaction between prior trauma exposure and C-reactive protein levels in predicting somatic symptoms ( β = -0.017, 95% CI = -0.030 to -0.004). Higher C-reactive protein was associated with greater somatic symptoms only in participants without prior trauma exposure at baseline ( β = 0.044, 95% CI = 0.026 to 0.062). Specificity analyses revealed similar patterns when nonsomatic depressive symptoms were used as the outcome variable. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that sexual and gender minority youth assigned male at birth who have a history of prior trauma exposure may experience decoupling of systemic inflammation and somatic symptoms. The absence of inflammation-related symptoms may prevent individuals from seeking necessary medical care by reducing interoceptive awareness of pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Schrock
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, 625 N Michigan Ave, Suite 14, Chicago, IL, USA 60611
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL USA 60208
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 2040 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
| | - Thomas W. McDade
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 2040 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, 625 N Michigan Ave, Suite 14, Chicago, IL, USA 60611
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, 625 N Michigan Ave, 21st Floor, Chicago, IL, USA 60611
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Abstract
Sickness behavior was conceptualized initially as the behavioral counterpart of the fever response to infectious pathogens. It helps to raise body temperature to its higher setpoint and to maintain it at this new level and it has the additional benefit of enabling a weakened organism to protect itself from other dangers. The discovery of the behavioral effects of proinflammatory cytokines produced by activated immune cells provided a cellular and molecular basis to this phenomenon. The administration of cytokines or cytokine inducers like lipopolysaccharide to healthy rodents allowed to reveal the similarities and differences between inflammation-induced sickness behavior and the fever response. It also led to the understanding of how the inflammatory response that is triggered at the periphery can propagate into the brain and induce the behavioral manifestations of sickness. At the behavioral level, the demonstration that sickness behavior is the expression of a motivational state that reorganizes perception and action in face of a microbial pathogen just like fear in face of a predator appeared at first glance to strengthen the adaptive value of this behavior. However, all aspects of sickness behavior are not always favorable for the organism. This is the case for anorexia that is beneficial in the context of bacterial infection but detrimental in the context of viral infection. In addition, studies of sickness behavior in natural conditions revealed that like any other defensive behavior, sickness behavior requires trade-offs between its survival benefits for the sick individual and the costs incurred especially in the context of gregarious groups. Thanks to these studies, evidence is emerging that sickness behavior is much more variable in its expression than initially thought, and that part of this variability depends not only on the pathogen and the social context in which the infection develops but also on individual factors including species, sex, age, nutrition, and physiological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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3
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Morris AM, Innocent GT, Cunningham EJ, Athanasiadou S, Hutchings MR, Smith LA. Early signals of parasitism expressed through behaviour but modulated by social context. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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4
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Hjell G, Szabo A, Mørch-Johnsen L, Holst R, Tesli N, Bell C, Fischer-Vieler T, Werner MCF, Lunding SH, Ormerod MBEG, Johansen IT, Dieset I, Djurovic S, Melle I, Ueland T, Andreassen OA, Steen NE, Haukvik UK. Interleukin-18 signaling system links to agitation in severe mental disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 140:105721. [PMID: 35301151 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Agitation is a challenging clinical feature in severe mental disorders, but its biological correlates are largely unknown. Inflammasome-related abnormalities have been linked to severe mental disorders and implicated in animal models of agitation. We investigated if levels of circulating inflammasome-related immune markers were associated with agitation in severe mental disorders. METHODS Individuals with a psychotic or affective disorder (N = 660) underwent blood sampling and clinical characterization. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-18, IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP), IL-18 receptor 1 (IL-18R1), IL-18 receptor accessory protein (IL-18RAP), and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) were measured. Agitation levels were estimated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Excited Component. Multiple linear- and logistic regression were used to investigate the associations between agitation and the immune markers, while controlling for confounders. The influence of psychotic and affective symptoms was assessed in follow-up analyses. RESULTS Agitation was positively associated with IL-18BP (β = 0.13, t = 3.41, p = 0.0007) after controlling for multiple confounders, including BMI, smoking, medication, and substance use. Adjustment for psychotic, manic, and depressive symptoms did not affect the results. There were no significant associations between agitation and the other investigated immune markers (IL-1RA (β = 0.06, t = 1.27, p = 0.20), IL-18 (β = 0.05, t = 1.25, p = 0.21), IL-18R1 (β = 0.04, t = 1.01, p = 0.31), IL-18RAP (odds ratio = 0.96, p = 0.30)). In a subsample (N = 463), we also adjusted for cortisol levels, which yielded unaltered results. CONCLUSION Our findings add to the accumulating evidence of immune system disturbances in severe mental disorders and suggest the IL-18 system as a part of the biological correlate of agitation independent of affective and psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hjell
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatry & Department of Clinical Research, Østfold Hospital, Grålum, Norway.
| | - Attila Szabo
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lynn Mørch-Johnsen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatry & Department of Clinical Research, Østfold Hospital, Grålum, Norway
| | - René Holst
- Department of Psychiatry & Department of Clinical Research, Østfold Hospital, Grålum, Norway; Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Natalia Tesli
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christina Bell
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Fischer-Vieler
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maren Caroline Frogner Werner
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Synve Hoffart Lunding
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ingrid Torp Johansen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Dieset
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Acute Psychiatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ole Andreas Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Unn Kristin Haukvik
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Adult Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Schrock JM, McDade TW, Carrico AW, D'Aquila RT, Mustanski B. Traumatic events and mental health: The amplifying effects of pre-trauma systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 98:173-184. [PMID: 34391815 PMCID: PMC8588867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic experiences are strongly predictive of adverse mental health outcomes. Experimental studies have demonstrated that systemic inflammation can increase reactivity to threatening stimuli. It is not known whether naturally occurring inflammation amplifies the impact of traumatic experiences on mental health. Here we test whether incident traumatic events are more predictive of adverse mental health outcomes for individuals with greater pre-trauma systemic inflammation in a racially and ethnically diverse cohort study of youth assigned male at birth who identify as sexual or gender minorities (ages 16-29, n = 518), a group at high risk for trauma exposure. METHODS Measures of inflammation, depression symptom severity, and perceived stress were measured at baseline. One year later, depression symptom severity and perceived stress were measured again, and participants reported the traumatic events they had experienced in the intervening year. RESULTS In a model adjusted for baseline depression symptom severity and other key covariates, we found that higher baseline levels of interleukin-1β amplified the effect of incident trauma exposure on depression symptom severity at follow-up (β = 0.234, SE = 0.080, P = 0.004). In a model adjusted for baseline perceived stress and other key covariates, we found that higher baseline scores on a multi-marker inflammatory index amplified the effect of incident trauma exposure on perceived stress at follow-up (β = 0.243, SE = 0.083, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that greater pre-trauma inflammation may predict poorer mental health following trauma exposure. Understanding how inflammation interacts with trauma to shape mental health may generate novel insights for preventing and treating the debilitating psychological consequences of trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Schrock
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas W McDade
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Adam W Carrico
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Richard T D'Aquila
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Why we don't move: The importance of somatic maintenance and resting. Behav Brain Sci 2021; 44:e132. [PMID: 34588084 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x21000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A compelling ecological theory of movement and vigor must explain why humans and other animals spend so much time not moving. When we rest, our somatic maintenance systems continue to work. When our somatic maintenance requirements increase, we place greater subjective value on resting. To explain variation in movement and vigor, we must account for the subjective value of resting.
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Lopes PC, French SS, Woodhams DC, Binning SA. Sickness behaviors across vertebrate taxa: proximate and ultimate mechanisms. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:260576. [PMID: 33942101 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.225847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is nothing like a pandemic to get the world thinking about how infectious diseases affect individual behavior. In this respect, sick animals can behave in ways that are dramatically different from healthy animals: altered social interactions and changes to patterns of eating and drinking are all hallmarks of sickness. As a result, behavioral changes associated with inflammatory responses (i.e. sickness behaviors) have important implications for disease spread by affecting contacts with others and with common resources, including water and/or sleeping sites. In this Review, we summarize the behavioral modifications, including changes to thermoregulatory behaviors, known to occur in vertebrates during infection, with an emphasis on non-mammalian taxa, which have historically received less attention. We then outline and discuss our current understanding of the changes in physiology associated with the production of these behaviors and highlight areas where more research is needed, including an exploration of individual and sex differences in the acute phase response and a greater understanding of the ecophysiological implications of sickness behaviors for disease at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Lopes
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Susannah S French
- Department of Biology and The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Douglas C Woodhams
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Sandra A Binning
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7
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Braga TT, Davanso MR, Mendes D, de Souza TA, de Brito AF, Cruz MC, Hiyane MI, de Lima DS, Nunes V, de Fátima Giarola J, Souto DEP, Próchnicki T, Lauterbach M, Biscaia SMP, de Freitas RA, Curi R, Pontillo A, Latz E, Camara NOS. Sensing soluble uric acid by Naip1-Nlrp3 platform. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:158. [PMID: 33547278 PMCID: PMC7864962 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03445-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Uric acid (UA), a product of purine nucleotide degradation able to initiate an immune response, represents a breakpoint in the evolutionary history of humans, when uricase, the enzyme required for UA cleavage, was lost. Despite being inert in human cells, UA in its soluble form (sUA) can increase the level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in murine macrophages. We, therefore, hypothesized that the recognition of sUA is achieved by the Naip1-Nlrp3 inflammasome platform. Through structural modelling predictions and transcriptome and functional analyses, we found that murine Naip1 expression in human macrophages induces IL-1β expression, fatty acid production and an inflammation-related response upon sUA stimulation, a process reversed by the pharmacological and genetic inhibition of Nlrp3. Moreover, molecular interaction experiments showed that Naip1 directly recognizes sUA. Accordingly, Naip may be the sUA receptor lost through the human evolutionary process, and a better understanding of its recognition may lead to novel anti-hyperuricaemia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarcio Teodoro Braga
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Mariana Rodrigues Davanso
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences I, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Davi Mendes
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences II, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Antonio de Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences II, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mario Costa Cruz
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Meire Ioshie Hiyane
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dhemerson Souza de Lima
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Nunes
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Denio Emanuel Pires Souto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tomasz Próchnicki
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mario Lauterbach
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences I, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Pontillo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
- Centre for Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Renal Physiopathology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Shattuck EC, Perrotte JK, Daniels CL, Xu X, Sunil TS. The Contribution of Sociocultural Factors in Shaping Self-Reported Sickness Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:4. [PMID: 32038193 PMCID: PMC6992553 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickness behavior is an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon found across a diverse range of animals involving a change in motivational priorities to theoretically maximize energetic investment in immune function and recovery. Typical components of sickness behavior include reduced sociability and activity, changes in diet, and depressed affect. Importantly, however, sickness behavior appears to be subject to other demands of life history in animal models, including reproduction and offspring survival. Thus, "feeling sick" is often context dependent with possible effects on morbidity and mortality. While humans may not always face the same life history trade-offs, sociocultural norms and values may similarly shape sickness behavior by establishing internalized parameters for "socially appropriate sickness." We explore the role of these factors in shaping sickness behavior by surveying a national U.S. sample (n = 1,259). Self-reported and recalled sickness behavior was measured using the SicknessQ instrument, which has previously been validated against experimentally induced sickness behavior. After post-stratification weighting and correction for Type I error, generalized linear models showed that sickness behavior is significantly affected by various factors across sex and racial/ethnic groupings. Income below the national mean (b = 1.85, adj. p = 0.025), stoic endurance of pain and discomfort (b = 1.61, adj. p < 0.001), and depressive symptomology (b = 0.53, adj. p < 0.001) were each associated with greater sickness behavior scores. Familism (b = 1.59, adj. p = 0.008) was positively associated with sickness behavior in men, but not women. Endurance of pain and discomfort was associated with greater sickness behavior in Whites only (b = 1.94, adj. p = 0.002), while familism approached significance in African Americans only (b = 1.86, adj. p = 0.057). These findings may reflect different social contexts of sickness across demographic groups, which may in turn have important implications for pathogen transmission and recovery times, potentially contributing to health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Shattuck
- Institute for Health Disparities Research, College of Liberal and Fine Arts, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jessica K. Perrotte
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States
| | - Colton L. Daniels
- Department of Sociology, College of Liberal and Fine Arts, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Xiaohe Xu
- Department of Sociology, College of Liberal and Fine Arts, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Thankam S. Sunil
- Institute for Health Disparities Research, College of Liberal and Fine Arts, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Sociology, College of Liberal and Fine Arts, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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11
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Larsen JB, Stunes AK, Vaaler A, Reitan SK. Cytokines in agitated and non-agitated patients admitted to an acute psychiatric department: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222242. [PMID: 31509578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different psychiatric diagnostic groups have been reported to have cytokine levels deviating from healthy controls. In acute clinical settings however, the specific challenging symptoms and signs are more important than a diagnostic group. Thus, exploration of cytokines and immune activity and their role in specific symptoms is important. Reports in this field so far are sparse. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we aimed to examine the association between immune activity measured as levels of cytokines and agitation (independent of diagnostic group) in patients admitted to an acute psychiatric inpatient department. METHODS A total of 316 patients admitted to an acute psychiatric inpatient department were included. Thirty-nine patients with psychosis were subject to subgroup analyses. Agitation was assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Excitement Component (PANSS-EC). Based on PANNS-EC patients were stratified into two groups: 67 agitated patients and 249 non-agitated patients. Serum concentrations of the following immune markers were measured: interleukin (IL) -1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, interferon (IFN) -γ and transforming growth factor (TGF) -β. RESULTS Serum levels of TNF-α were significantly higher in patients with agitation compared to those without, both when all patients were included in the analyses (p = 0.004) and in the psychosis group (p = 0.027). After correcting for multiple testing, only the findings in the total population remained significant. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest an association between TNF-α and agitation in an acute psychiatric population. A similar trend was reproduced to the psychosis subgroup. This suggests that agitation might be an independent entity associated with cytokines across different diagnostic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Brun Larsen
- St. Olav's University Hospital, Department of Mental Health, Trondheim, Norway
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Department of Mental Health, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Astrid Kamilla Stunes
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Trondheim, Norway
- St. Olav's University Hospital, Medical Clinic, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne Vaaler
- St. Olav's University Hospital, Department of Mental Health, Trondheim, Norway
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Department of Mental Health, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Solveig Klæbo Reitan
- St. Olav's University Hospital, Department of Mental Health, Trondheim, Norway
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Department of Mental Health, Trondheim, Norway
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12
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Aggression as an independent entity even in psychosis- the role of inflammatory cytokines. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 292:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Disease is a ubiquitous and powerful evolutionary force. Hosts have evolved behavioural and physiological responses to disease that are associated with increased survival. Behavioural modifications, known as 'sickness behaviours', frequently involve symptoms such as lethargy, somnolence and anorexia. Current research has demonstrated that the social environment is a potent modulator of these behaviours: when conflicting social opportunities arise, animals can decrease or entirely forgo experiencing sickness symptoms. Here, I review how different social contexts, such as the presence of mates, caring for offspring, competing for territories or maintaining social status, affect the expression of sickness behaviours. Exploiting the circumstances that promote this behavioural plasticity will provide new insights into the evolutionary ecology of social behaviours. A deeper understanding of when and how this modulation takes place may lead to better tools to treat symptoms of infection and be relevant for the development of more efficient disease control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Lopes
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Shattuck EC, Muehlenbein MP. Human sickness behavior: Ultimate and proximate explanations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:1-18. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Shattuck
- Evolutionary Physiology and Ecology Laboratory; Department of Anthropology; Indiana University; Bloomington IN
| | - Michael P. Muehlenbein
- Evolutionary Physiology and Ecology Laboratory; Department of Anthropology; Indiana University; Bloomington IN
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Gottlieb DH, Capitanio JP. Latent variables affecting behavioral response to the human intruder test in infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am J Primatol 2012; 75:314-23. [PMID: 23229557 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The human intruder test is a testing paradigm designed to measure rhesus macaques' behavioral responses to a stressful and threatening situation. In the test, an unfamiliar human positions him/herself in various threatening positions relative to a caged macaque. This paradigm has been utilized for over 20 years to measure a variety of behavioral constructs, including fear and anxiety, behavioral inhibition, emotionality, and aggression. To date, there have been no attempts to evaluate comprehensively the structure of the behavioral responses to the test. Our first goal was to identify the underlying latent factors affecting the different responses among subjects, and our second goal was to determine if rhesus reared in different environments respond differently in this testing paradigm. To accomplish this, we first performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses on the behavioral responses of 3- to 4-month-old rhesus macaques, utilizing data from over 2,000 separate tests conducted between 2001-2007. Using the resulting model, we then tested to see whether early rearing experience affected responses in the test. Our first analyses suggested that most of the variation in infant behavioral responses to the human intruder test could be explained by four latent factors: "activity," "emotionality," "aggression," and "displacement." Our second analyses revealed a significant effect of rearing condition for each factor score (P < 0.001); most notable socially reared animals had the lowest activity score (P < 0.001), indoor mother-reared animals had the highest displacement score (P < 0.001), and nursery-reared animals had the highest emotionality (P < 0.001) and lowest aggression scores (P < 0.001). These results demonstrate that this standardized testing paradigm reveals multiple patterns of response, which are influenced by an animal's rearing history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Gottlieb
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, CA, USA.
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Willette AA, Coe CL, Colman RJ, Bendlin BB, Kastman EK, Field AS, Alexander AL, Allison DB, Weindruch RH, Johnson SC. Calorie restriction reduces psychological stress reactivity and its association with brain volume and microstructure in aged rhesus monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:903-16. [PMID: 22119476 PMCID: PMC3311744 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heightened stress reactivity is associated with hippocampal atrophy, age-related cognitive deficits, and increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. This temperament predisposition may aggravate age-associated brain pathology or be reflective of it. This association may be mediated through repeated activation of the stress hormone axis over time. Dietary interventions, such as calorie restriction (CR), affect stress biology and may moderate the pathogenic relationship between stress reactivity and brain in limbic and prefrontal regions. METHODS Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) aged 19-31 years consumed either a standard diet (N=18) or were maintained on 30% CR relative to baseline intake (N=26) for 13-19 years. Behavior was rated in both normative and aversive contexts. Urinary cortisol was collected. Animals underwent magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to acquire volumetric and tissue microstructure data respectively. Voxel-wise statistics regressed a global stress reactivity factor, cortisol, and their interaction on brain indices across and between dietary groups. RESULTS CR significantly reduced stress reactivity during aversive contexts without affecting activity, orientation, or attention behavior. Stress reactivity was associated with less volume and tissue density in areas important for emotional regulation and the endocrine axis including prefrontal cortices, hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. CR reduced these relationships. A Cortisol by Stress Reactivity voxel-wise interaction indicated that only monkeys with high stress reactivity and high basal cortisol demonstrated lower brain volume and tissue density in prefrontal cortices, hippocampus, and amygdala. CONCLUSIONS High stress reactivity predicted lower volume and microstructural tissue density in regions involved in emotional processing and modulation. A CR diet reduced stress reactivity and regional associations with neural modalities. High levels of cortisol appear to mediate some of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriel A. Willette
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA,Wisconsin Alheimer s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705 USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705 USA
| | - Christopher L. Coe
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705 USA,Harlow Primate Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Ricki J. Colman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715 USA
| | - Barbara B Bendlin
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA,Wisconsin Alheimer s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705 USA
| | - Erik K Kastman
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA,Wisconsin Alheimer s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705 USA
| | - Aaron S. Field
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792 USA
| | - Andrew L. Alexander
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705 USA
| | - David B. Allison
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Richard H. Weindruch
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715 USA
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715 USA,Wisconsin Alheimer s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705 USA,Send Correspondence to: Sterling C. Johnson, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, D-4225 Veterans Administration Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, USA, Telephone Number: (608) 256-1901, Facsimile Number: (608) 265-3091
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Hennessy MB, Jacobs S, Schiml PA, Hawk K, Stafford N, Deak T. Maternal inhibition of infant behavioral response following isolation in novel surroundings and inflammatory challenge. Dev Psychobiol 2012; 55:395-403. [PMID: 22573346 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
During isolation in a novel environment, guinea pig pups gradually begin to display passive behavior that appears to be mediated by proinflammatory activity, that is, "sickness behavior.". Administration of substances that increase proinflammatory activity [corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] prior to isolation induces passive behavior from the beginning of the isolation episode. Here, we show that reunion with the mother in the novel environment rapidly and potently suppresses the passive behavior of isolated pups (Experiment 1); inhibits the passive behavior of pups administered CRF (10 µg, subcutaneous; Experiment 2); and inhibits the passive behavior of male, though not female, pups administered LPS (250 µg/kg, intraperitoneal; Experiment 3). Together these findings suggest that the presence of the mother either recruits other processes that moderate the impact of proinflammatory processes on brain mechanisms mediating the passive response or initiates compensatory mechanisms that counter the effect of proinflammatory activity. Further, the results suggest that for physically ill animals of social species, the adaptive advantage that accrues from maintaining normal social interactions may sometimes outweigh the advantage gained by engaging in sickness behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Hennessy
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, 335 Fawcett Hall, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
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Corcoran CA, Pierre PJ, Haddad T, Bice C, Suomi SJ, Grant KA, Friedman DP, Bennett AJ. Long-term effects of differential early rearing in rhesus macaques: behavioral reactivity in adulthood. Dev Psychobiol 2011; 54:546-55. [PMID: 22072233 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adverse early experiences are associated with a range of deleterious health outcomes in humans, including higher risk for affective disorders. Studies using a long-standing model of nonhuman primate model of early adversity have demonstrated that nursery-reared (NR) monkeys exhibit alterations in multiple aspects of biobehavioral development; however, few studies have evaluated the persistence of socioaffective behavioral changes through adulthood. We evaluated the effects of early rearing experience on adult animals' response to a well-validated assessment of anxiety-like behavior, the human intruder paradigm (HIP). We tested 22 rhesus monkeys who were either nursery-reared (NR) or reared with their mothers (mother-reared; MR). NR monkeys were inhibited in their behavior compared to MR monkeys, with reduced locomotion and exploratory behaviors. NR animals showed a marginal increase in freezing. Together these findings demonstrate that the consequences of differential infant rearing experience on socioaffective behavior persist into adulthood, with evidence of greater inhibition in NR monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Corcoran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Willette AA, Lubach GR, Coe CL. Environmental context differentially affects behavioral, leukocyte, cortisol, and interleukin-6 responses to low doses of endotoxin in the rhesus monkey. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:807-15. [PMID: 17336039 PMCID: PMC2277322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections and proinflammatory cytokines induce behavioral and physiological responses associated with withdrawal and sickness behavior. These effects in rodents are often exacerbated by stressful environmental contexts. To model this synergistic effect of arousal and stress, low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 4 or 40ng/kg, were administered to rhesus monkeys in different environmental contexts. Activity, emotional and social behaviors, cortisol, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and peripheral leukocyte trafficking were assessed in 4 experiments: an initial 3h time-course in a novel cage (Experiment 1); an extended 24h time-course (Experiment 2); a highly arousing context in which an animal was engaged in the Human Intruder Paradigm (HIP, Experiment 3); and finally in an undisturbed context in their Home Cage (Experiment 4). The moderately arousing novel cage potentiated leukocyte, neutrophilic, IL-6, and cortisol changes as compared to the Home Cage. Unlike the social withdrawal seen in rodents, monkeys engaged in a marked increase in social behavior. IL-6 levels were positively correlated with Proximal Contact, which was induced to a greater degree by the higher dose of LPS. In contrast, the high arousal HIP condition appeared to obviate the effects of LPS. Thus, the rhesus monkey provides an excellent animal model for investigating the behavioral and physiological actions of endotoxemia, which are profoundly influenced by the situational context in which the individual is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriel A Willette
- Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
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Hassanain M, Bhatt S, Zalcman S, Siegel A. Potentiating role of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-1beta type 1 receptors in the medial hypothalamus in defensive rage behavior in the cat. Brain Res 2005; 1048:1-11. [PMID: 15919060 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, this laboratory provided evidence that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), an immune and brain-derived cytokine, microinjected into the medial hypothalamus, potentiates defensive rage behavior in the cat elicited from the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), and that such effects are blocked by a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Since this finding represents the first time that a brain cytokine has been shown to affect defensive rage behavior, the present study replicated and extended these findings by documenting the specific potentiating role played by IL-1beta Type 1 receptor (IL-1RI), and the anatomical relationship between IL-1beta and 5-HT2 receptors in the medial hypothalamus. IL-1beta (10 ng) microinjected into the medial hypothalamus induced two separate phases of facilitation, one at 60 min and another at 180 min, post-injection. In turn, these effects were blocked with pretreatment of the selective IL-1 Type I receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) (10 ng), demonstrating the selectivity of the effects of IL-1beta on medial hypothalamic neurons upon PAG-elicited defensive rage behavior. The next stage of the study utilized immunohistochemical methods to demonstrate that IL-1beta and 5-HT2 receptors were present on the same neurons within regions of the medial hypothalamus where IL-1beta and the IL-1beta receptor antagonists were administered. This provided anatomical evidence suggesting a relationship between IL-1RI and 5-HT2 receptors in the medial hypothalamus that is consistent with the previous pharmacological observations in our laboratory. The overall findings show that activation of IL-1RI in the medial hypothalamus potentiates defensive rage behavior in the cat and that these effects may also be linked to the presence of 5-HT2 receptors on the same groups of neurons in this region of hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hassanain
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, MSB Room H-512, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Gahtan E, Overmier JB. Inflammatory pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease: biological mechanisms and cognitive sequeli. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1999; 23:615-33. [PMID: 10392655 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(98)00058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence from molecular biology, biochemistry, epidemiology and behavioral research support the conclusion that brain inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and other types of human dementias. Aspects of neuroimmunology relating to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease are briefly reviewed. The effects of brain inflammation, mediated through cytokines and other secretory products of activated glial cells, on neurotransmission (specifically, nitric oxide, glutamate, and acetylcholine), amyloidogenesis, proteolysis, and oxidative stress are discussed within the context of the pathogenesis of learning and memory dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease is proposed to be an etiologically heterogeneous syndrome with the common elements of amyloid deposition and inflammatory neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gahtan
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
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Barnard CJ, Behnke JM, Gage AR, Brown H, Smithurst PR. The role of parasite-induced immunodepression, rank and social environment in the modulation of behaviour and hormone concentration in male laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Proc Biol Sci 1998; 265:693-701. [PMID: 9608729 PMCID: PMC1689026 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1998.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral immune responsiveness in male laboratory mice was reduced by infection with the trichostrongyloid nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Responsiveness was also lower among high-ranking (aggressive) males regardless of infection status. Reduced responsiveness in both infected animals and high rankers was associated with elevated serum corticosterone concentration (a potential immunodepressant) and was compounded among high-ranking males by subsequent high aggressiveness. As in previous experiments, only low rankers modulated testosterone secretion in relation to current immunocompetence and corticosterone concentration. The lack of any downregulation of aggression in response to parasite-induced immunodepression contrasted with previous results using antithymocyte serum and may be due to the more localized nature of immunodepression during H. polygyrus infection. However, the additional increase in corticosterone concentration resulting from exposure to female odour and destabilized aggressive social relationships did result in downregulation of aggression among high rankers and of testosterone among mice generally, suggesting that modulation rules of thumb are at least partly dependent on the proximate cues associated with immunodepression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Barnard
- Behaviour and Ecology Research Group, University of Nottingham, UK
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