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Waxer JF, Wong K, Modiri A, Charpentier AM, Moiseenko V, Ronckers CM, Taddei PJ, Constine LS, Sprow G, Tamrazi B, MacDonald S, Olch AJ. Risk of Cerebrovascular Events Among Childhood and Adolescent Patients Receiving Cranial Radiation Therapy: A PENTEC Normal Tissue Outcomes Comprehensive Review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024; 119:417-430. [PMID: 36057476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced cerebrovascular toxicity is a well-documented sequelae that can be both life-altering and potentially fatal. We performed a meta-analysis of the relevant literature to create practical models for predicting the risk of cerebral vasculopathy after cranial irradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS A literature search was performed for studies reporting pediatric radiation therapy (RT) associated cerebral vasculopathy. When available, we used individual patient RT doses delivered to the Circle of Willis (CW) or optic chiasm (as a surrogate), as reported or digitized from original publications, to formulate a dose-response. A logistic fit and a Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) model was developed to predict future risk of cerebrovascular toxicity and stroke, respectively. This NTCP risk was assessed as a function of prescribed dose. RESULTS The search identified 766 abstracts, 5 of which were used for modeling. We identified 101 of 3989 pediatric patients who experienced at least one cerebrovascular toxicity: transient ischemic attack, stroke, moyamoya, or arteriopathy. For a range of shorter follow-ups, as specified in the original publications (approximate attained ages of 17 years), our logistic fit model predicted the incidence of any cerebrovascular toxicity as a function of dose to the CW, or surrogate structure: 0.2% at 30 Gy, 1.3% at 45 Gy, and 4.4% at 54 Gy. At an attained age of 35 years, our NTCP model predicted a stroke incidence of 0.9% to 1.3%, 1.8% to 2.7%, and 2.8% to 4.1%, respectively at prescribed doses of 30 Gy, 45 Gy, and 54 Gy (compared with a baseline risk of 0.2%-0.3%). At an attained age of 45 years, the predicted incidence of stroke was 2.1% to 4.2%, 4.5% to 8.6%, and 6.7% to 13.0%, respectively at prescribed doses of 30 Gy, 45 Gy, and 54 Gy (compared with a baseline risk of 0.5%-1.0%). CONCLUSIONS Risk of cerebrovascular toxicity continues to increase with longer follow-up. NTCP stroke predictions are very sensitive to model variables (baseline stroke risk and proportional stroke hazard), both of which found in the literature may be systematically erring on minimization of true risk. We hope this information will assist practitioners in counseling, screening, surveilling, and facilitating risk reduction of RT-related cerebrovascular late effects in this highly sensitive population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F Waxer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kenneth Wong
- Radiation Oncology Program, Children's Hospital Los Angeles/Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Arezoo Modiri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anne-Marie Charpentier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vitali Moiseenko
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Cécile M Ronckers
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utretcht, Netherlands
| | - Phillip J Taddei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Louis S Constine
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Grant Sprow
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Benita Tamrazi
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles/Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shannon MacDonald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arthur J Olch
- Radiation Oncology Program, Children's Hospital Los Angeles/Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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2
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Sorokina SS, Malkov AE, Rozanova OM, Smirnova EN, Shemyakov AE. Behavioral performance and microglial status in mice after moderate dose of proton irradiation. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2023; 62:497-509. [PMID: 37794305 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-023-01044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a remote effect of gamma radiation treatment of malignancies. The major part of the studies on the effect of proton irradiation (a promising alternative in the treatment of radio-resistant tumors and tumors located close to critical organs) on the cognitive abilities of laboratory animals and their relation to morphological changes in the brain is rather contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate cognitive functions and the dynamics of changes in morphological parameters of hippocampal microglial cells after 7.5 Gy of proton irradiation. Two months after the cranial irradiation, 8- to 9-week-old male SHK mice were tested for total activity, spatial learning, as well as long- and short-term hippocampus-dependent memory. To estimate the morphological parameters of microglia, brain slices of control and irradiated animals each with different time after proton irradiation (24 h, 7 days, 1 month) were stained for microglial marker Iba-1. No changes in behavior or deficits in short-term and long-term hippocampus-dependent memory were found, but an impairment of episodic memory was observed. A change in the morphology of hippocampal microglial cells, which is characteristic of the transition of cells to an activated state, was detected. One day after proton exposure in the brain tissue, a slight decrease in cell density was observed, which was restored to the control level by the 30th day after treatment. The results obtained may be promising with regard to the future use of using high doses of protons per fraction in the irradiation of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Sorokina
- Laboratory of Isotope Investigations, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - A E Malkov
- Laboratory of Neurons Systematic Organization, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - O M Rozanova
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - E N Smirnova
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - A E Shemyakov
- Theranostics and Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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3
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Ji X, Wang L, Tan Y, Shang Y, Huo R, Fang C, Li C, Zhang L. Radionecrosis mimicking pseudo‑progression in a patient with lung cancer and brain metastasis following the combination of anti‑PD‑1 therapy and stereotactic radiosurgery: A case report. Oncol Lett 2023; 26:361. [PMID: 37545620 PMCID: PMC10398635 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BMs) usually develop in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. In addition to systemic therapy, radiation therapy and surgery, anti-programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapy is another promising clinical anticancer treatment modality. However, the optimal timing and drug-drug interactions of anti-PD-L1 therapy with other combined treatments remain to be elucidated. Treatment with anti-PD-L1 therapy is associated with an increased risk of radionecrosis (RN) regardless of tumor histology. The present study described a case of RN in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma and with BM who received anti-PD-L1 therapy. Before anti-PD-L1 treatment, the patient received whole brain radiotherapy. During durvalumab treatment, the intracranial metastases regressed. The progression of intracranial lesions 9 months later prompted a second-line of therapy with PD-L1 inhibitor durvalumab and stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT). Despite stereotactic irradiation, the lesions progressed further, leading to surgical resection. On examination, RN was detected, but there was no evidence of metastatic lung cancer. The aim of the present study was to present the longitudinal change in magnetic resonance imaging in RN following STR and anti-PD-L1 combined therapy. The atypical image of RN is conditionally important for making an accurate preoperative diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Medicine College, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Luxuan Wang
- Department of Neurological Examination, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Tan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Shang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Ran Huo
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Chuan Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Medicine College, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Chunhui Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Medicine College, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Lijian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Medicine College, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
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4
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Soffietti R, Pellerino A, Bruno F, Mauro A, Rudà R. Neurotoxicity from Old and New Radiation Treatments for Brain Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10669. [PMID: 37445846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Research regarding the mechanisms of brain damage following radiation treatments for brain tumors has increased over the years, thus providing a deeper insight into the pathobiological mechanisms and suggesting new approaches to minimize this damage. This review has discussed the different factors that are known to influence the risk of damage to the brain (mainly cognitive disturbances) from radiation. These include patient and tumor characteristics, the use of whole-brain radiotherapy versus particle therapy (protons, carbon ions), and stereotactic radiotherapy in various modalities. Additionally, biological mechanisms behind neuroprotection have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Soffietti
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University and City of Health and Science University Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Pellerino
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University and City of Health and Science University Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Bruno
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University and City of Health and Science University Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauro
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin and City of Health and Science University Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
- I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Division of Neurology and Neuro-Rehabilitation, San Giuseppe Hospital, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy
| | - Roberta Rudà
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University and City of Health and Science University Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
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5
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Hovhannisyan L, Riether C, Aebersold DM, Medová M, Zimmer Y. CAR T cell-based immunotherapy and radiation therapy: potential, promises and risks. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:82. [PMID: 37173782 PMCID: PMC10176707 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CAR T cell-based therapies have revolutionized the treatment of hematological malignancies such as leukemia and lymphoma within the last years. In contrast to the success in hematological cancers, the treatment of solid tumors with CAR T cells is still a major challenge in the field and attempts to overcome these hurdles have not been successful yet. Radiation therapy is used for management of various malignancies for decades and its therapeutic role ranges from local therapy to a priming agent in cancer immunotherapy. Combinations of radiation with immune checkpoint inhibitors have already proven successful in clinical trials. Therefore, a combination of radiation therapy may have the potential to overcome the current limitations of CAR T cell therapy in solid tumor entities. So far, only limited research was conducted in the area of CAR T cells and radiation. In this review we will discuss the potential and risks of such a combination in the treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Hovhannisyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, Radiation Oncology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Riether
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Daniel M Aebersold
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, Radiation Oncology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Medová
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, Radiation Oncology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
| | - Yitzhak Zimmer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, Bern, 3008, Switzerland.
- Department for Biomedical Research, Radiation Oncology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Switzerland.
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6
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Shaghaghi Z, Alvandi M, Farzipour S, Dehbanpour MR, Nosrati S. A review of effects of atorvastatin in cancer therapy. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 40:27. [PMID: 36459301 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most challenging diseases to manage. A sizeable number of researches are done each year to find better diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. At the present time, a package of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy is available to cope with cancer cells. Regarding chemo-radiation therapy, low effectiveness and normal tissue toxicity are like barriers against optimal response. To remedy the situation, some agents have been proposed as adjuvants to improve tumor responses. Statins, the known substances for reducing lipid, have shown a considerable capability for cancer treatment. Among them, atorvastatin as a reductase (HMG-CoA) inhibitor might affect proliferation, migration, and survival of cancer cells. Since finding an appropriate adjutant is of great importance, numerous studies have been conducted to precisely unveil antitumor effects of atorvastatin and its associated pathways. In this review, we aim to comprehensively review the most highlighted studies which focus on the use of atorvastatin in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shaghaghi
- Cancer Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Alvandi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Soghra Farzipour
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Heshmat Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Dehbanpour
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sahar Nosrati
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16 Str, 03-195, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Schaue D, Micewicz ED, Ratikan JA, Iwamoto KS, Vlashi E, McDonald JT, McBride WH. NRF2 Mediates Cellular Resistance to Transformation, Radiation, and Inflammation in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1649. [PMID: 36139722 PMCID: PMC9495793 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is recognized as a master transcription factor that regulates expression of numerous detoxifying and antioxidant cytoprotective genes. In fact, models of NRF2 deficiency indicate roles not only in redox regulation, but also in metabolism, inflammatory/autoimmune disease, cancer, and radioresistancy. Since ionizing radiation (IR) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), it is not surprising it activates NRF2 pathways. However, unexpectedly, activation is often delayed for many days after the initial ROS burst. Here, we demonstrate that, as assayed by γ-H2AX staining, rapid DNA double strand break (DSB) formation by IR in primary mouse Nrf2-/- MEFs was not affected by loss of NRF2, and neither was DSB repair to any great extent. In spite of this, basal and IR-induced transformation was greatly enhanced, suggesting that NRF2 protects against late IR-induced genomic instability, at least in murine MEFs. Another possible IR- and NRF2-related event that could be altered is inflammation and NRF2 deficiency increased IR-induced NF-κB pro-inflammatory responses mostly late after exposure. The proclivity of NRF2 to restrain inflammation is also reflected in the reprogramming of tumor antigen-specific lymphocyte responses in mice where Nrf2 k.o. switches Th2 responses to Th1 polarity. Delayed NRF2 responses to IR may be critical for the immune transition from prooxidant inflammation to antioxidant healing as well as in driving cellular radioresistance and survival. Targeting NRF2 to reprogram immunity could be of considerable therapeutic benefit in radiation and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| | - Ewa D. Micewicz
- Biotts S.A., Ul. Wrocławska 44C, 55-040 Bielany Wrocławskie, Poland
| | - Josephine A. Ratikan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| | - Keisuke S. Iwamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| | - Erina Vlashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| | - J. Tyson McDonald
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
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8
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Liu Q, Huang Y, Duan M, Yang Q, Ren B, Tang F. Microglia as Therapeutic Target for Radiation-Induced Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158286. [PMID: 35955439 PMCID: PMC9368164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) after radiotherapy has become an increasingly important factor affecting the prognosis of patients with head and neck tumor. With the delivery of high doses of radiation to brain tissue, microglia rapidly transit to a pro-inflammatory phenotype, upregulate phagocytic machinery, and reduce the release of neurotrophic factors. Persistently activated microglia mediate the progression of chronic neuroinflammation, which may inhibit brain neurogenesis leading to the occurrence of neurocognitive disorders at the advanced stage of RIBI. Fully understanding the microglial pathophysiology and cellular and molecular mechanisms after irradiation may facilitate the development of novel therapy by targeting microglia to prevent RIBI and subsequent neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yan Huang
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mengyun Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (M.D.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Qun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (M.D.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Boxu Ren
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Q.L.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Fengru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (F.T.)
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9
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Iqubal A, Iqubal MK, Sharma S, Wasim M, Alfaleh MA, Md S, Baboota S, Ali J, Haque SE. Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic promise of phytochemicals and nanocarriers based drug delivery against radiotherapy-induced neurotoxic manifestations. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1492-1511. [PMID: 35543534 PMCID: PMC9103628 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2064562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the extensively used therapeutic modalities in glioblastoma and other types of cancers. Radiotherapy is either used as a first-line approach or combined with pharmacotherapy or surgery to manage and treat cancer. Although the use of radiotherapy significantly increased the survival time of patients, but its use has been reported with marked neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction that eventually reduced the quality of life of patients. Based on the preclinical and clinical investigations, the profound role of increased oxidative stress, nuclear translocation of NF-kB, production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-β, increased level of MMPs, increased apoptosis, reduced angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and histological aberrations in CA1, CA2, CA3 and DG region of the hippocampus have been reported. Various pharmacotherapeutic drugs are being used as an adjuvant to counteract this neurotoxic manifestation. Still, most of these drugs suffer from systemic adverse effect, causes interference to ongoing chemotherapy, and exhibit pharmacokinetic limitations in crossing the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, various phytoconstituents, their nano carrier-based drug delivery systems and miRNAs have been explored to overcome the aforementioned limitations. The present review is focused on the mechanism and evidence of radiotherapy-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction, pathological and molecular changes in the brain homeostasis, available adjuvants, their limitations. Additionally, the potential role and mechanism of neuroprotection of various nanocarrier based natural products and miRNAs have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Product Development Department, Sentiss Research Centre, Sentiss Pharma Pvt Ltd, Gurugram, India
| | - Sumit Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Wasim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadab Md
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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10
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Stepanović A, Nikitović M, Stanojković TP, Grujičić D, Bukumirić Z, Srbljak I, Ilić R, Milošević S, Arsenijević T, Petrović N. Association between microRNAs 10b/21/34a and acute toxicity in glioblastoma patients treated with radiotherapy and temozolomide. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7505. [PMID: 35525840 PMCID: PMC9079078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A personalized approach to chemoradiation is important in reducing its potential side effects and identifying a group of patients prone to toxicity. MicroRNAs have been shown to have a predictive potential for radiotoxicity. The goal of the study was to test if levels of miRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of glioblastoma patients are associated with toxicity and to identify the peak time point for toxicity. MicroRNA-10b/21/34a levels were measured in 43 patients with and without toxicity, at baseline, at the 15th, and at the 30th fraction by Real-Time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction. MicroRNA-10b/21 levels increased with toxicity grade (p = 0.014; p = 0.013); miR-21/34a levels were significantly different between patients with and without toxicity at the 15th fraction (p = 0.030; p = 0.045), while miR-34a levels significantly changed during treatment (p < 0.001). All three miRNAs showed a significantly high positive correlation with one another. MiR-34a might be considered as a predictive factor for toxicity due to its changes during treatment, and differences between the groups with and without toxicity; miR-10b might be used to predict toxicity; miR-10b/21 might be used for predicting the grade of toxicity in GB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Stepanović
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Nikitović
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Tatjana P Stanojković
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danica Grujičić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Neurosurgery, Neuro-Oncology Department, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Bukumirić
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Srbljak
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rosanda Ilić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Neurosurgery, Neuro-Oncology Department, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana Milošević
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, Neuro-Oncology Department, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Arsenijević
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nina Petrović
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,"VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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11
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Nikova AS, Sioutas G, Karanikas M, Birbilis T. “Security Dilemma”: Active Immunotherapy before Versus after Radiation Therapy Alone or Chemo-Radiotherapy for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2022; 64:195-201. [DOI: 10.3897/folmed.64.e62981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of glioblastoma should be aggressive and personalised to increase the quality of life. Many new therapies, such as active immunotherapy, increase the overall survival, yet they result in complications which render the search for the optimal treatment stra-tegy challenging.
In order to answer whether the available treatment options should be administered in a specific row, we performed a literature search and meta-analysis. The results show that overall survival among the different treatment groups was equal, while the rates of complications were unequal. After surgery, when active immunotherapy was administered before radiation, radiation and chemotherapy, complication rates were lower.
For newly diagnosed glioblastoma in adults, applying active immunotherapy after total resection but before the other complementary treatment options is associated with lower complication rates.
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12
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Commonalities in the Features of Cancer and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): Evidence for Stress-Induced Phenotype Instability? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020691. [PMID: 35054876 PMCID: PMC8775947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and Cancer-Related Fatigue (CRF) are syndromes with considerable overlap with respect to symptoms. There have been many studies that have compared the two conditions, and some of this research suggests that the etiologies of the conditions are linked in some cases. In this narrative review, CFS/ME and cancer are introduced, along with their known and putative mechanistic connections to multiple stressors including ionizing radiation. Next, we summarize findings from the literature that suggest the involvement of HPA-axis dysfunction, the serotonergic system, cytokines and inflammation, metabolic insufficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction, and genetic changes in CRF and CFS/ME. We further suspect that the manifestation of fatigue in both diseases and its causes could indicate that CRF and CFS/ME lie on a continuum of potential biological effects which occur in response to stress. The response to this stress likely varies depending on predisposing factors such as genetic background. Finally, future research ideas are suggested with a focus on determining if common biomarkers exist in CFS/ME patients and those afflicted with CRF. Both CFS/ME and CRF are relatively heterogenous syndromes, however, it is our hope that this review assists in future research attempting to elucidate the commonalities between CRF and CFS/ME.
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Luo N, Zhu W, Li X, Fu M, Peng X, Yang F, Zhang Y, Yin H, Yang C, Zhao J, Yuan X, Hu G. Impact of Gut Microbiota on Radiation-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation in Mice. Radiat Res 2022; 197:350-364. [PMID: 34982167 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00006.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced brain injury is a common complication of brain irradiation that eventually leads to irreversible cognitive impairment. Evidence has shown that the gut microbiome may play an important role in radiation-induced cognitive function. However, the effects of gut microbiota on radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) remain poorly understood. Here we studied the link between intestinal microbes and radiation-induced brain injury to further investigate the effects of intestinal bacteria on neuroinflammation and cognitive function. We first verified the differences in gut microbes between male and female mice and administered antibiotics to C57BL/6 male mice to deplete the gut flora and then expose mice to radiation. We found that depletion of intestinal flora after irradiation may act as a protective modulator against radiation-induced brain injury. Moreover, we found that pretreatment with depleted gut microbes in RIBI mice suppressed brain pro-inflammatory factor production, and high-throughput sequencing analysis of mouse feces at 1-month postirradiation revealed microbial differences. Interestingly, a proportion of Verrucomicrobia Akkermansia showed partial recovery. Additionally, short-chain fatty acid treatments increased neuroinflammation in the radiation-induced brain injury model. Although a further increase in cognitive function was not observed, brain injury was aggravated in whole-brain irradiated mice to some extent. The protective effects of depleted intestinal flora and the utilization of the brain-gut axis open new avenues for development of innovative therapeutic strategies for radiation-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Luo
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaohong Peng
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Han Yin
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chunlei Yang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xianglin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Guangyuan Hu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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14
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Antonelli F, Casciati A, Belles M, Serra N, Linares-Vidal MV, Marino C, Mancuso M, Pazzaglia S. Long-Term Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Hippocampus: Linking Effects of the Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Activation with Radiation Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212605. [PMID: 34830484 PMCID: PMC8624704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy represents one of the primary treatment modalities for primary and metastatic brain tumors. Although recent advances in radiation techniques, that allow the delivery of higher radiation doses to the target volume, reduce the toxicity to normal tissues, long-term neurocognitive decline is still a detrimental factor significantly affecting quality of life, particularly in pediatric patients. This imposes the need for the development of prevention strategies. Based on recent evidence, showing that manipulation of the Shh pathway carries therapeutic potential for brain repair and functional recovery after injury, here we evaluate how radiation-induced hippocampal alterations are modulated by the constitutive activation of the Shh signaling pathway in Patched 1 heterozygous mice (Ptch1+/-). Our results show, for the first time, an overall protective effect of constitutive Shh pathway activation on hippocampal radiation injury. This activation, through modulation of the proneural gene network, leads to a long-term reduction of hippocampal deficits in the stem cell and new neuron compartments and to the mitigation of radio-induced astrogliosis, despite some behavioral alterations still being detected in Ptch1+/- mice. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the neural decline following irradiation is essential for identifying prevention measures to contain the harmful consequences of irradiation. Our data have important translational implications as they suggest a role for Shh pathway manipulation to provide the therapeutic possibility of improving brain repair and functional recovery after radio-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Antonelli
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Arianna Casciati
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Montserrat Belles
- Physiology Unit, School of Medicine, Rovira I Virgili University (URV), 43007 Reus, Spain; (M.B.); (N.S.); (M.V.L.-V.)
| | - Noemi Serra
- Physiology Unit, School of Medicine, Rovira I Virgili University (URV), 43007 Reus, Spain; (M.B.); (N.S.); (M.V.L.-V.)
| | - Maria Victoria Linares-Vidal
- Physiology Unit, School of Medicine, Rovira I Virgili University (URV), 43007 Reus, Spain; (M.B.); (N.S.); (M.V.L.-V.)
| | - Carmela Marino
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Simonetta Pazzaglia
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (S.P.)
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15
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Dynamic changes in c-Fos and NF-κB gene expression and Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mg content due to brain injury in irradiated rats. Neuroreport 2021; 32:1241-1247. [PMID: 34406994 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate the dynamic changes of c-Fos and NF-κB expression, and to evaluate the Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mg content of hippocampal tissues in rat brains injured by 20 Gy of electron beam irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single dose of 5 MeV is administered to the whole brains of rats to establish animal model of radiation-induced brain injury (RBI). Hematoxylin and eosin staining is performed to observe the pathological changes in brain microvascular endothelial cells. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and western blotting assays are utilized to test c-Fos and NF-κB gene expression levels in brain tissue. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry is leveraged to detect the Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mg contents of the hippocampi. RESULTS The c-Fos and NF-κB gene expression levels in protective group are lower than those in the irradiated group after MgSO4 treatment. In the irradiated group, Ca content at several time points and Fe content on days 1, 3 and 7 are higher than those in the blank group. Additionally, in the irradiated group, Cu and Zn contents on days 1, 7, 14 and 60 are less than those in the blank group. CONCLUSION In RBI model, adding Mg2+ may relieve RBI. The protective mechanisms of Mg2+ in the hippocampi from a variety of brain activity indicators including the c-Fos and NF-κB genes.
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16
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Establishment and Validation of CyberKnife Irradiation in a Syngeneic Glioblastoma Mouse Model. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143416. [PMID: 34298631 PMCID: PMC8303959 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) provides precise high-dose irradiation of intracranial tumors. However, its radiobiological mechanisms are not fully understood. This study aims to establish CyberKnife SRS on an intracranial glioblastoma tumor mouse model and assesses the early radiobiological effects of radiosurgery. Following exposure to a single dose of 20 Gy, the tumor volume was evaluated using MRI scans, whereas cellular proliferation and apoptosis, tumor vasculature, and immune response were evaluated using immunofluorescence staining. The mean tumor volume was significantly reduced by approximately 75% after SRS. The precision of irradiation was verified by the detection of DNA damage consistent with the planned dose distribution. Our study provides a suitable mouse model for reproducible and effective irradiation and further investigation of radiobiological effects and combination therapies of intracranial tumors using CyberKnife. Abstract CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery (CK-SRS) precisely delivers radiation to intracranial tumors. However, the underlying radiobiological mechanisms at high single doses are not yet fully understood. Here, we established and evaluated the early radiobiological effects of CK-SRS treatment at a single dose of 20 Gy after 15 days of tumor growth in a syngeneic glioblastoma-mouse model. Exact positioning was ensured using a custom-made, non-invasive, and trackable frame. One superimposed target volume for the CK-SRS planning was created from the fused tumor volumes obtained from MRIs prior to irradiation. Dose calculation and delivery were planned using a single-reference CT scan. Six days after irradiation, tumor volumes were measured using MRI scans, and radiobiological effects were assessed using immunofluorescence staining. We found that CK-SRS treatment reduced tumor volume by approximately 75%, impaired cell proliferation, diminished tumor vasculature, and increased immune response. The accuracy of the delivered dose was demonstrated by staining of DNA double-strand breaks in accordance with the planned dose distribution. Overall, we confirmed that our proposed setup enables the precise irradiation of intracranial tumors in mice using only one reference CT and superimposed MRI volumes. Thus, our proposed mouse model for reproducible CK-SRS can be used to investigate radiobiological effects and develop novel therapeutic approaches.
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17
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Boerma M, Davis CM, Jackson IL, Schaue D, Williams JP. All for one, though not one for all: team players in normal tissue radiobiology. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:346-366. [PMID: 34129427 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1941383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As part of the special issue on 'Women in Science', this review offers a perspective on past and ongoing work in the field of normal (non-cancer) tissue radiation biology, highlighting the work of many of the leading contributors to this field of research. We discuss some of the hypotheses that have guided investigations, with a focus on some of the critical organs considered dose-limiting with respect to radiation therapy, and speculate on where the field needs to go in the future. CONCLUSIONS The scope of work that makes up normal tissue radiation biology has and continues to play a pivotal role in the radiation sciences, ensuring the most effective application of radiation in imaging and therapy, as well as contributing to radiation protection efforts. However, despite the proven historical value of preclinical findings, recent decades have seen clinical practice move ahead with altered fractionation scheduling based on empirical observations, with little to no (or even negative) supporting scientific data. Given our current appreciation of the complexity of normal tissue radiation responses and their temporal variability, with tissue- and/or organ-specific mechanisms that include intra-, inter- and extracellular messaging, as well as contributions from systemic compartments, such as the immune system, the need to maintain a positive therapeutic ratio has never been more urgent. Importantly, mitigation and treatment strategies, whether for the clinic, emergency use following accidental or deliberate releases, or reducing occupational risk, will likely require multi-targeted approaches that involve both local and systemic intervention. From our personal perspective as five 'Women in Science', we would like to acknowledge and applaud the role that many female scientists have played in this field. We stand on the shoulders of those who have gone before, some of whom are fellow contributors to this special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Boerma
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Catherine M Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isabel L Jackson
- Division of Translational Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline P Williams
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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18
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Can Dexmedetomidine Be Effective in the Protection of Radiotherapy-Induced Brain Damage in the Rat? Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1338-1351. [PMID: 34057703 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 7 million people are reported to be undergoing radiotherapy (RT) at any one time in the world. However, it is still not possible to prevent damage to secondary organs that are off-target. This study, therefore, investigated the potential adverse effects of RT on the brain, using cognitive, histopathological, and biochemical methods, and the counteractive effect of the α2-adrenergic receptor agonist dexmedetomidine. Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats aged 5-6 months were randomly allocated into four groups: untreated control, and RT, RT + dexmedetomidine-100, and RT + dexmedetomidine-200-treated groups. The passive avoidance test was applied to all groups. The RT groups received total body X-ray irradiation as a single dose of 8 Gy. The rats were sacrificed 24 h after X-ray irradiation, and following the application of the passive avoidance test. The brain tissues were subjected to histological and biochemical evaluation. No statistically significant difference was found between the control and RT groups in terms of passive avoidance outcomes and 8-hydroxy-2'- deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) positivity. In contrast, a significant increase in tissue MDA and GSH levels and positivity for TUNEL, TNF-α, and nNOS was observed between the control and the irradiation groups (p < 0.05). A significant decrease in these values was observed in the groups receiving dexmedetomidine. Compared with the control group, gradual elevation was determined in GSH levels in the RT group, followed by the RT + dexmedetomidine-100 and RT + dexmedetomidine-200 groups. Dexmedetomidine may be beneficial in countering the adverse effects of RT in the cerebral and hippocampal regions.
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19
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Montay-Gruel P, Markarian M, Allen BD, Baddour JD, Giedzinski E, Jorge PG, Petit B, Bailat C, Vozenin MC, Limoli C, Acharya MM. Ultra-High-Dose-Rate FLASH Irradiation Limits Reactive Gliosis in the Brain. Radiat Res 2021; 194:636-645. [PMID: 32853387 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00067.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Encephalic radiation therapy delivered at a conventional dose rate (CONV, 0.1-2.0 Gy/min) elicits a variety of temporally distinct damage signatures that invariably involve persistent indications of neuroinflammation. Past work has shown an involvement of both the innate and adaptive immune systems in modulating the central nervous system (CNS) radiation injury response, where elevations in astrogliosis, microgliosis and cytokine signaling define a complex pattern of normal tissue toxicities that never completely resolve. These side effects constitute a major limitation in the management of CNS malignancies in both adult and pediatric patients. The advent of a novel ultra-high dose-rate irradiation modality termed FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT, instantaneous dose rates ≥106 Gy/s; 10 Gy delivered in 1-10 pulses of 1.8 µs) has been reported to minimize a range of normal tissue toxicities typically concurrent with CONV exposures, an effect that has been coined the "FLASH effect." Since the FLASH effect has now been found to significantly limit persistent inflammatory signatures in the brain, we sought to further elucidate whether changes in astrogliosis might account for the differential dose-rate response of the irradiated brain. Here we report that markers selected for activated astrogliosis and immune signaling in the brain (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP; toll-like receptor 4, TLR4) are expressed at reduced levels after FLASH irradiation compared to CONV-irradiated animals. Interestingly, while FLASH-RT did not induce astrogliosis and TLR4, the expression level of complement C1q and C3 were found to be elevated in both FLASH and CONV irradiation modalities compared to the control. Although functional outcomes in the CNS remain to be cross-validated in response to the specific changes in protein expression reported, the data provide compelling evidence that distinguishes the dose-rate response of normal tissue injury in the irradiated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Montay-Gruel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Mineh Markarian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Jabra D Baddour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Patrik Goncalves Jorge
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology. Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Petit
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology. Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claude Bailat
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology. Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology. Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
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20
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Daou BJ, Palmateer G, Wilkinson DA, Thompson BG, Maher CO, Chaudhary N, Gemmete JJ, Hayman JA, Lam K, Wahl DR, Kim M, Pandey AS. Radiation-Induced Imaging Changes and Cerebral Edema following Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain AVMs. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 42:82-87. [PMID: 33214183 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE T2 signal and FLAIR changes in patients undergoing stereotactic radiosurgery for brain AVMs may occur posttreatment and could result in adverse radiation effects. We aimed to evaluate outcomes in patients with these imaging changes, the frequency and degree of this response, and factors associated with it. MATERIALS AND METHODS Through this retrospective cohort study, consecutive patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery for brain AVMs who had at least 1 year of follow-up MR imaging were identified. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate predictors of outcomes. RESULTS One-hundred-sixty AVMs were treated in 148 patients (mean, 35.6 years of age), including 42 (26.2%) pediatric AVMs. The mean MR imaging follow-up was 56.5 months. The median Spetzler-Martin grade was III. The mean maximal AVM diameter was 2.8 cm, and the mean AVM target volume was 7.4 mL. The median radiation dose was 16.5 Gy. New T2 signal and FLAIR hyperintensity were noted in 40% of AVMs. T2 FLAIR volumes at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months were, respectively, 4.04, 55.47, 56.42, 48.06, and 29.38 mL Radiation-induced neurologic symptoms were encountered in 34.4%. In patients with radiation-induced imaging changes, 69.2% had new neurologic symptoms versus 9.5% of patients with no imaging changes (P = .0001). Imaging changes were significantly associated with new neurologic findings (P < .001). Larger AVM maximal diameter (P = .04) and the presence of multiple feeding arteries (P = .01) were associated with radiation-induced imaging changes. CONCLUSIONS Radiation-induced imaging changes are common following linear particle accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery for brain AVMs, appear to peak at 12 months, and are significantly associated with new neurologic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Daou
- Neurosurgery (B.J.D., G.P., D.A.W., B.G.T., C.O.M., N.C., J.J.G., A.S.P.)
| | - G Palmateer
- Neurosurgery (B.J.D., G.P., D.A.W., B.G.T., C.O.M., N.C., J.J.G., A.S.P.)
| | - D A Wilkinson
- Neurosurgery (B.J.D., G.P., D.A.W., B.G.T., C.O.M., N.C., J.J.G., A.S.P.)
| | - B G Thompson
- Neurosurgery (B.J.D., G.P., D.A.W., B.G.T., C.O.M., N.C., J.J.G., A.S.P.)
| | - C O Maher
- Neurosurgery (B.J.D., G.P., D.A.W., B.G.T., C.O.M., N.C., J.J.G., A.S.P.)
| | - N Chaudhary
- Neurosurgery (B.J.D., G.P., D.A.W., B.G.T., C.O.M., N.C., J.J.G., A.S.P.).,Radiology (N.C., J.J.G.)
| | - J J Gemmete
- Neurosurgery (B.J.D., G.P., D.A.W., B.G.T., C.O.M., N.C., J.J.G., A.S.P.).,Radiology (N.C., J.J.G.)
| | - J A Hayman
- From the Departments of Radiation Oncology (J.A.H., K.L., D.R.W., M.K.).,Radiation Oncology (J.A.H., K.L., D.R.W., M.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - K Lam
- From the Departments of Radiation Oncology (J.A.H., K.L., D.R.W., M.K.).,Radiation Oncology (J.A.H., K.L., D.R.W., M.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - D R Wahl
- From the Departments of Radiation Oncology (J.A.H., K.L., D.R.W., M.K.).,Radiation Oncology (J.A.H., K.L., D.R.W., M.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - M Kim
- From the Departments of Radiation Oncology (J.A.H., K.L., D.R.W., M.K.).,Radiation Oncology (J.A.H., K.L., D.R.W., M.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - A S Pandey
- Neurosurgery (B.J.D., G.P., D.A.W., B.G.T., C.O.M., N.C., J.J.G., A.S.P.)
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21
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Limoli C. Can a comparison of clinical and deep space irradiation scenarios shed light on the radiation response of the brain? Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20200245. [PMID: 32970457 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20200245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Not surprisingly, our knowledge of the impact of radiation on the brain has evolved considerably. Decades of work have struggled with identifying the critical cellular targets in the brain, the latency of functional change and understanding how irradiation alters the balance between excitatory and inhibitory circuits. Radiation-induced cell kill following clinical fractionation paradigms pointed to both stromal and parenchymal targets but also defined an exquisite sensitivity of neurogenic populations of newly born cells in the brain. It became more and more apparent too, that acute (days) events transpiring after exposure were poorly prognostic of the late (months-years) waves of radiation injury believed to underlie neurocognitive deficits. Much of these gaps in knowledge persisted as NASA became interested in how exposure to much different radiation types, doses and dose rates that characterize the space radiation environment might impair central nervous system functionality, with possibly negative implications for deep space travel. Now emerging evidence from researchers engaged in clinical, translational and environmental radiation sciences have begun to fill these gaps and have uncovered some surprising similarities in the response of the brain to seemingly disparate exposure scenarios. This article highlights many of the commonalities between the vastly different irradiation paradigms that distinguish clinical treatments from occupational exposures in deep space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
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22
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Yang X, Lu Y, Hang J, Zhang J, Zhang T, Huo Y, Liu J, Lai S, Luo D, Wang L, Hua R, Lin Y. Lactate-Modulated Immunosuppression of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Contributes to the Radioresistance of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:1440-1451. [PMID: 32917658 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for radioresistance in pancreatic cancer have yet to be elucidated, and the suppressive tumor immune microenvironment must be considered. We investigated whether the radiotherapy-augmented Warburg effect helped myeloid cells acquire an immunosuppressive phenotype, resulting in limited treatment efficacy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Radiotherapy enhanced the tumor-promoting activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in pancreatic cancer. Sustained increase in lactate secretion, resulting from the radiation-augmented Warburg effect, was responsible for the enhanced immunosuppressive phenotype of MDSCs after radiotherapy. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was essential for tumor cell metabolism and lactate-regulated activation of MDSCs via the G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81)/mTOR/HIF-1α/STAT3 pathway. Blocking lactate production in tumor cells or deleting Hif-1α in MDSCs reverted antitumor T-cell responses and effectively inhibited tumor progression after radiotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Our investigation highlighted the importance of radiation-induced lactate in regulating the inhibitory immune microenvironment of PDAC. Targeting lactate derived from tumor cells and the HIF-1α signaling in MDSCs may hold distinct promise for clinical therapies to alleviate radioresistance in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Yang
- Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Hang
- Department of Oncology, Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiening Zhang
- Oncology Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanmiao Huo
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Oncology Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songtao Lai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Luo
- Oncology Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Rong Hua
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuli Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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An Iatrogenic Model of Brain Small-Vessel Disease: Post-Radiation Encephalopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186506. [PMID: 32899565 PMCID: PMC7555594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied 114 primitive cerebral neoplasia, that were surgically treated, and underwent radiotherapy (RT), and compared their results to those obtained by 190 patients diagnosed with subcortical vascular dementia (sVAD). Patients with any form of primitive cerebral neoplasia underwent whole-brain radiotherapy. All the tumor patients had regional field partial brain RT, which encompassed each tumor, with an average margin of 2.6 cm from the initial target tumor volume. We observed in our patients who have been exposed to a higher dose of RT (30–65 Gy) a cognitive and behavior decline similar to that observed in sVAD, with the frontal dysexecutive syndrome, apathy, and gait alterations, but with a more rapid onset and with an overwhelming effect. Multiple mechanisms are likely to be involved in radiation-induced cognitive impairment. The active site of RT brain damage is the white matter areas, particularly the internal capsule, basal ganglia, caudate, hippocampus, and subventricular zone. In all cases, radiation damage inside the brain mainly focuses on the cortical–subcortical frontal loops, which integrate and process the flow of information from the cortical areas, where executive functions are “elaborated” and prepared, towards the thalamus, subthalamus, and cerebellum, where they are continuously refined and executed. The active mechanisms that RT drives are similar to those observed in cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), leading to sVAD. The RT’s primary targets, outside the tumor mass, are the blood–brain barrier (BBB), the small vessels, and putative mechanisms that can be taken into account are oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation, strongly associated with the alteration of NMDA receptor subunit composition.
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Tian B, Fu H, Liu B, Zhu J, Zheng X, Ge C. Effects of Amifostine Pre-treatment on MIRNA, LNCRNA, and MRNA Profiles in the Hypothalamus of Mice Exposed to 60Co Gamma Radiation. HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 119:297-305. [PMID: 32384371 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the expression of non-coding RNA and mRNA (messenger RNA) is significantly altered following high-dose ionizing radiation (IR), and their expression may play a critical role in cellular responses to IR. However, the role of non-coding RNA and mRNA in radiation protection, especially in the nervous system, remains unknown. In this study, microarray profiles were used to determine microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of mice that were pretreated with amifostine and subsequently exposed to high-dose IR. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed. We found that fewer miRNAs, lncRNAs, and mRNAs were induced by amifostine pre-treatment in exposed mice, which exhibited antagonistic effects compared to IR, indicating that amifostine attenuated the IR-induced effects on RNA profiles. GO and KEGG pathway analyses showed changes in a variety of signaling pathways involved in inflammatory responses during radioprotection following amifostine pre-treatment in exposed mice. Taken together, our study revealed that amifostine treatment altered or attenuated miRNA, lncRNA, and mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of exposed mice. These data provide a resource to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying amifostine-mediated radioprotection in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Tian
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
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25
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Neurologic Complications of Cranial Radiation Therapy and Strategies to Prevent or Reduce Radiation Toxicity. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2020; 20:34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-020-01051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Green M, Van Nest SJ, Soisson E, Huber K, Liao Y, McBride W, Dominello MM, Burmeister J, Joiner MC. Three discipline collaborative radiation therapy (3DCRT) special debate: We should treat all cancer patients with hypofractionation. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2020; 21:7-14. [PMID: 32602186 PMCID: PMC7324689 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Green
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | | | - Emilie Soisson
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Kathryn Huber
- Department of Radiation OncologyTufts Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
| | - Yixiang Liao
- Department of Radiation OncologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - William McBride
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of California at Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Jay Burmeister
- Department of OncologyWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitMIUSA
- Gershenson Radiation Oncology CenterBarbara Ann Karmanos Cancer InstituteDetroitMIUSA
| | - Michael C. Joiner
- Department of OncologyWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitMIUSA
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27
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McBride WH, Schaue D. Radiation-induced tissue damage and response. J Pathol 2020; 250:647-655. [PMID: 31990369 PMCID: PMC7216989 DOI: 10.1002/path.5389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Normal tissue responses to ionizing radiation have been a major subject for study since the discovery of X-rays at the end of the 19th century. Shortly thereafter, time-dose relationships were established for some normal tissue endpoints that led to investigations into how the size of dose per fraction and the quality of radiation affected outcome. The assessment of the radiosensitivity of bone marrow stem cells using colony-forming assays by Till and McCulloch prompted the establishment of in situ clonogenic assays for other tissues that added to the radiobiology toolbox. These clonogenic and functional endpoints enabled mathematical modeling to be performed that elucidated how tissue structure, and in particular turnover time, impacted clinically relevant fractionated radiation schedules. More recently, lineage tracing technology, advanced imaging and single cell sequencing have shed further light on the behavior of cells within stem, and other, cellular compartments, both in homeostasis and after radiation damage. The discovery of heterogeneity within the stem cell compartment and plasticity in response to injury have added new dimensions to the consideration of radiation-induced tissue damage. Clinically, radiobiology of the 20th century garnered wisdom relevant to photon treatments delivered to a fairly wide field at around 2 Gy per fraction, 5 days per week, for 5-7 weeks. Recently, the scope of radiobiology has been extended by advances in technology, imaging and computing, as well as by the use of charged particles. These allow radiation to be delivered more precisely to tumors while minimizing the amount of normal tissue receiving high doses. One result has been an increase in the use of schedules with higher doses per fraction given in a shorter time frame (hypofractionation). We are unable to cover these new technologies in detail in this review, just as we must omit low-dose stochastic effects, and many aspects of dose, dose rate and radiation quality. We argue that structural diversity and plasticity within tissue compartments provides a general context for discussion of most radiation responses, while acknowledging many omissions. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H McBride
- Departent of Radiation OncologyUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCAUSA
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Departent of Radiation OncologyUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCAUSA
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28
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Dey D, Parihar VK, Szabo GG, Klein PM, Tran J, Moayyad J, Ahmed F, Nguyen QA, Murry A, Merriott D, Nguyen B, Goldman J, Angulo MC, Piomelli D, Soltesz I, Baulch JE, Limoli CL. Neurological Impairments in Mice Subjected to Irradiation and Chemotherapy. Radiat Res 2020; 193:407-424. [PMID: 32134362 DOI: 10.1667/rr15540.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy, surgery and the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ) are frontline treatments for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). However beneficial, GBM treatments nevertheless cause anxiety or depression in nearly 50% of patients. To further understand the basis of these neurological complications, we investigated the effects of combined radiotherapy and TMZ chemotherapy (combined treatment) on neurological impairments using a mouse model. Five weeks after combined treatment, mice displayed anxiety-like behaviors, and at 15 weeks both anxiety- and depression-like behaviors were observed. Relevant to the known roles of the serotonin axis in mood disorders, we found that 5HT1A serotonin receptor levels were decreased by ∼50% in the hippocampus at both early and late time points, and a 37% decrease in serotonin levels was observed at 15 weeks postirradiation. Furthermore, chronic treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine was sufficient for reversing combined treatment-induced depression-like behaviors. Combined treatment also elicited a transient early increase in activated microglia in the hippocampus, suggesting therapy-induced neuroinflammation that subsided by 15 weeks. Together, the results of this study suggest that interventions targeting the serotonin axis may help ameliorate certain neurological side effects associated with the clinical management of GBM to improve the overall quality of life for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Faizy Ahmed
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniele Piomelli
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
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29
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Averbeck D, Candéias S, Chandna S, Foray N, Friedl AA, Haghdoost S, Jeggo PA, Lumniczky K, Paris F, Quintens R, Sabatier L. Establishing mechanisms affecting the individual response to ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:297-323. [PMID: 31852363 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1704908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Humans are increasingly exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). Both low (<100 mGy) and high doses can cause stochastic effects, including cancer; whereas doses above 100 mGy are needed to promote tissue or cell damage. 10-15% of radiotherapy (RT) patients suffer adverse reactions, described as displaying radiosensitivity (RS). Sensitivity to IR's stochastic effects is termed radiosusceptibility (RSu). To optimize radiation protection we need to understand the range of individual variability and underlying mechanisms. We review the potential mechanisms contributing to RS/RSu focusing on RS following RT, the most tractable RS group.Conclusions: The IR-induced DNA damage response (DDR) has been well characterized. Patients with mutations in the DDR have been identified and display marked RS but they represent only a small percentage of the RT patients with adverse reactions. We review the impacting mechanisms and additional factors influencing RS/RSu. We discuss whether RS/RSu might be genetically determined. As a recommendation, we propose that a prospective study be established to assess RS following RT. The study should detail tumor site and encompass a well-defined grading system. Predictive assays should be independently validated. Detailed analysis of the inflammatory, stress and immune responses, mitochondrial function and life style factors should be included. Existing cohorts should also be optimally exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serge Candéias
- CEA, CNRS, LCMB, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sudhir Chandna
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Nicolas Foray
- Inserm UA8 Unit Radiations: Defense, Health and Environment, Lyon, France
| | - Anna A Friedl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Siamak Haghdoost
- Cimap-Laria, Advanced Resource Center for HADrontherapy in Europe (ARCHADE,), University of Caen Normandy, France.,Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Bioscience, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Penelope A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Katalin Lumniczky
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
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30
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Allen BD, Apodaca LA, Syage AR, Markarian M, Baddour AAD, Minasyan H, Alikhani L, Lu C, West BL, Giedzinski E, Baulch JE, Acharya MM. Attenuation of neuroinflammation reverses Adriamycin-induced cognitive impairments. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:186. [PMID: 31753024 PMCID: PMC6868786 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous clinical studies have established the debilitating neurocognitive side effects of chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer, often referred as chemobrain. We hypothesize that cognitive impairments are associated with elevated microglial inflammation in the brain. Thus, either elimination of microglia or restoration of microglial function could ameliorate cognitive dysfunction. Using a rodent model of chronic Adriamycin (ADR) treatment, a commonly used breast cancer chemotherapy, we evaluated two strategies to ameliorate chemobrain: 1) microglia depletion using the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor PLX5622 and 2) human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (iMG)-derived extracellular vesicle (EV) treatment. In strategy 1 mice received ADR once weekly for 4 weeks and were then administered CSF1R inhibitor (PLX5622) starting 72 h post-ADR treatment. ADR-treated animals given a normal diet exhibited significant behavioral deficits and increased microglial activation 4–6 weeks later. PLX5622-treated mice exhibited no ADR-related cognitive deficits and near complete depletion of IBA-1 and CD68+ microglia in the brain. Cytokine and RNA sequencing analysis for inflammation pathways validated these findings. In strategy 2, 1 week after the last ADR treatment, mice received retro-orbital vein injections of iMG-EV (once weekly for 4 weeks) and 1 week later, mice underwent behavior testing. ADR-treated mice receiving EV showed nearly complete restoration of cognitive function and significant reductions in microglial activation as compared to untreated ADR mice. Our data demonstrate that ADR treatment elevates CNS inflammation that is linked to cognitive dysfunction and that attenuation of neuroinflammation reverses the adverse neurocognitive effects of chemotherapy.
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31
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Extracranial Abscopal Effects Induced by Brain Radiation in Advanced Lung Cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2019; 42:951-957. [DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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32
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C/EBPδ protects from radiation-induced intestinal injury and sepsis by suppression of inflammatory and nitrosative stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13953. [PMID: 31562350 PMCID: PMC6764943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR)-induced intestinal damage is characterized by a loss of intestinal crypt cells, intestinal barrier disruption and translocation of intestinal microflora resulting in sepsis-mediated lethality. We have shown that mice lacking C/EBPδ display IR-induced intestinal and hematopoietic injury and lethality. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether increased IR-induced inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress promote intestinal injury and sepsis-mediated lethality in Cebpd−/− mice. We found that irradiated Cebpd−/− mice show decreased villous height, crypt depth, crypt to villi ratio and expression of the proliferation marker, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, indicative of intestinal injury. Cebpd−/− mice show increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il-6, Tnf-α) and chemokines (Cxcl1, Mcp-1, Mif-1α) and Nos2 in the intestinal tissues compared to Cebpd+/+ mice after exposure to TBI. Cebpd−/− mice show decreased GSH/GSSG ratio, increased S-nitrosoglutathione and 3-nitrotyrosine in the intestine indicative of basal oxidative and nitrosative stress, which was exacerbated by IR. Irradiated Cebpd-deficient mice showed upregulation of Claudin-2 that correlated with increased intestinal permeability, presence of plasma endotoxin and bacterial translocation to the liver. Overall these results uncover a novel role for C/EBPδ in protection against IR-induced intestinal injury by suppressing inflammation and nitrosative stress and underlying sepsis-induced lethality.
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33
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Sprowls SA, Arsiwala TA, Bumgarner JR, Shah N, Lateef SS, Kielkowski BN, Lockman PR. Improving CNS Delivery to Brain Metastases by Blood-Tumor Barrier Disruption. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:495-505. [PMID: 31421906 PMCID: PMC6703178 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Brain metastases encompass nearly 80% of all intracranial tumors. A late stage diagnosis confers a poor prognosis, with patients typically surviving less than 2 years. Poor survival can be equated to limited effective treatment modalities. One reason for the failure rates is the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-tumor barrier (BTB) that limit the access of potentially effective chemotherapeutics to metastatic lesions. Strategies to overcome these barriers include new small molecule entities capable of crossing into the brain parenchyma, novel formulations of existing chemotherapies, and disruptive techniques. Here, we review BBB physiology and BTB pathophysiology. Additionally, we review the limitations of routinely practiced therapies and three current methods being explored for BBB/BTB disruption for improved delivery of chemotherapy to brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Sprowls
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Tasneem A. Arsiwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Jacob R. Bumgarner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Neal Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Sundus S. Lateef
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Brooke N. Kielkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Paul R. Lockman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
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34
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Metzdorf J, Hobloss Z, Schlevogt S, Ayzenberg I, Stahlke S, Pedreiturria X, Haupeltshofer S, Gold R, Tönges L, Kleiter I. Fingolimod for Irradiation-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:699. [PMID: 31354410 PMCID: PMC6633210 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cranial irradiation is a common therapy for the treatment of brain tumors, but unfortunately patients suffer from side effects, particularly cognitive impairment, caused by neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory mechanisms. Finding a therapeutic agent protecting hippocampal neurons would be beneficial. Fingolimod (FTY720), a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator approved for multiple sclerosis, is an immunosuppressant and known to enhance proliferation and differentiation of neuronal precursor cells (NPCs). Objectives To investigate whether pre-treatment with FTY720 protects NPCs in vitro and in vivo from irradiation-induced damage. Methods Neuronal precursor cells were isolated from E13 C57BL/6 wildtype mice, treated at day 0 of differentiation with FTY720 and irradiated on day 6 with 1 Gy. NPCs were analyzed for markers of cell death (PI, caspase-3), proliferation (Ki67), and differentiation (DCX, βIII-tubulin). Adult C57BL/6 wildtype mice were treated with FTY720 (1 mg/kg) and received a single dose of 6 Gy cranial irradiation at day 7. Using immunohistochemistry, we analyzed DCX and BrdU as markers of neurogenesis and Iba1, GFAP, and CD3 to visualize inflammation in the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). B6(Cg)-Tyrc-2J/J DCX-luc reporter mice were used for bioluminescence imaging to evaluate the effect of FTY720 on neurogenesis in the DG and the spinal cord of naïve mice. Results FTY720 protected NPCs against irradiation induced cell death in vitro. Treatment with FTY720 dose-dependently reduced the number of PI+ cells 24 and 96 h after irradiation without effecting proliferation or neuronal differentiation. In vivo treatment resulted in a significant survival of DCX+ neurons in the DG and the SVZ 4 weeks after irradiation as well as a slight increase of proliferating cells. FTY720 inhibited microglia activation 24 h after X-ray exposure in the DG, while astrocyte activation was unaffected and no lymphocyte infiltrations were found. In naïve mice, FTY720 treatment for 4 weeks had no effect on neurogenesis. Conclusion FTY720 treatment of NPCs prior to X-ray exposure and of mice prior to cranial irradiation is neuroprotective. No effects on neurogenesis were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Metzdorf
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Zaynab Hobloss
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sibylle Schlevogt
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Neurology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sarah Stahlke
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Tönges
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.,Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
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35
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Tang TT, Zawaski JA, Kesler SR, Beamish CA, Reddick WE, Glass JO, Carney DH, Sabek OM, Grosshans DR, Gaber MW. A comprehensive preclinical assessment of late-term imaging markers of radiation-induced brain injury. Neurooncol Adv 2019; 1:vdz012. [PMID: 31608330 PMCID: PMC6777502 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cranial radiotherapy (CRT) is an important part of brain tumor treatment, and although highly effective, survivors suffer from long-term cognitive side effects. In this study we aim to establish late-term imaging markers of CRT-induced brain injury and identify functional markers indicative of cognitive performance. Specifically, we aim to identify changes in executive function, brain metabolism, and neuronal organization. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were fractionally irradiated at 28 days of age to a total dose of 30 Gy to establish a radiation-induced brain injury model. Animals were trained at 3 months after CRT using the 5-choice serial reaction time task. At 12 months after CRT, animals were evaluated for cognitive and imaging changes, which included positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results Cognitive deficit with signs of neuroinflammation were found at 12 months after CRT in irradiated animals. CRT resulted in significant volumetric changes in 38% of brain regions as well as overall decrease in brain volume and reduced gray matter volume. PET imaging showed higher brain glucose uptake in CRT animals. Using MRI, irradiated brains had an overall decrease in fractional anisotropy, lower global efficiency, increased transitivity, and altered regional connectivity. Cognitive measurements were found to be significantly correlated with six image features that included myelin integrity and local organization of the neural network. Conclusions These results demonstrate that CRT leads to late-term morphological changes, reorganization of neural connections, and metabolic dysfunction. The correlation between imaging markers and cognitive deficits can be used to assess late-term side effects of brain tumor treatment and evaluate efficacy of new interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien T Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology-Oncology Section, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Janice A Zawaski
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology-Oncology Section, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shelli R Kesler
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Wilburn E Reddick
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John O Glass
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Darrell H Carney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas and Chrysalis BioTherapeutics, Inc., Galveston, Texas
| | - Omaima M Sabek
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - David R Grosshans
- Departments of Radiation and Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - M Waleed Gaber
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology-Oncology Section, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
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Gui C, Kleinberg LR, Lim M, Redmond KJ. Extracranial Abscopal Responses after Radiation Therapy for Intracranial Metastases: A Review of the Clinical Literature and Commentary on Mechanism. Cureus 2019; 11:e4207. [PMID: 31114726 PMCID: PMC6505720 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The current literature contains a small number of case series and individual case reports that describe radiographic regression of extracranial tumors after treatment of one or more brain metastases with radiation therapy. These observations suggest an abscopal effect that traverses the blood-brain barrier. The purpose of this review is to describe the clinical evidence for this phenomenon and potential mechanistic relationships between radiation, the blood-brain barrier, and the abscopal effect. Among reported cases, the majority of patients received systemic immunotherapy, which is consistent with an immunologic mechanism underlying abscopal responses. Preclinical data suggest that radiation may play multiple roles in this process, including the release of tumor-associated antigens and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Future studies investigating the abscopal effect would benefit from more rigorous methods to control for patient and treatment factors that may affect distant tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Gui
- Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Lawrence R Kleinberg
- Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Kristin J Redmond
- Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Kitamura N, Wani K, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto M, Ishihara T. Region-specific reduction of parvalbumin neurons and behavioral changes in adult mice following single exposure to cranial irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:611-625. [PMID: 30601685 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1564081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing irradiation has several long-term effects including progressive cognitive impairment. Cognitive deterioration generally appears to be caused by abnormalities in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, with abnormal function of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV neurons) in the cerebral cortex. PV neurons are vulnerable to oxidative stress, which can be caused by ionizing irradiation. We speculated that selective impairment of specific brain regions due to ionizing irradiation may alter the degree of cognitive impairment. METHODS We irradiated mature mouse brains with 20 Gy-ionizing irradiation. Subsequently, we analyzed behavioral abnormalities and changes in the number of PV neurons. RESULTS PV neuron density was significantly lower in some cortical regions of irradiated mice than in control mice. Within 1 week of irradiation, both body weight and temperature of irradiated mice decreased. In the forced swim test, irradiated mice spent significantly less time immobile than did control mice. However, irradiated mice did not display any abnormalities in the elevated plus maze test, Y-maze test, tail suspension test, and social interaction test between 3 to 6 days after irradiation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that high-dose irradiation is less likely to cause brain dysfunction in the subacute phase. Moreover, the vulnerability of PV neurons appears to be brain-region specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- a Department of Medical Technology , Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare , Okayama , Japan.,b Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences , Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- c Department of Psychiatry , Kawasaki Medical School , Kurashiki , Japan
| | - Shinji Murakami
- c Department of Psychiatry , Kawasaki Medical School , Kurashiki , Japan
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- c Department of Psychiatry , Kawasaki Medical School , Kurashiki , Japan
| | - Kenta Wani
- c Department of Psychiatry , Kawasaki Medical School , Kurashiki , Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- d Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- b Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences , Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- c Department of Psychiatry , Kawasaki Medical School , Kurashiki , Japan
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Wilke C, Grosshans D, Duman J, Brown P, Li J. Radiation-induced cognitive toxicity: pathophysiology and interventions to reduce toxicity in adults. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:597-607. [PMID: 29045710 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is ubiquitous in the treatment of patients with both primary brain tumors as well as disease which is metastatic to the brain. This therapy is not without cost, however, as cognitive decline is frequently associated with cranial radiation, particularly with whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT). The precise mechanisms responsible for radiation-induced morbidity remain incompletely understood and continue to be an active area of ongoing research. In this article, we review the hypothetical means by which cranial radiation induces cognitive decline as well as potential therapeutic approaches to prevent, minimize, or reverse treatment-induced cognitive deterioration. We additionally review advances in imaging modalities that can potentially be used to identify site-specific radiation-induced anatomic or functional changes in the brain and their correlation with clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wilke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.W., D.G., J.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (J.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (P.B.)
| | - David Grosshans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.W., D.G., J.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (J.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (P.B.)
| | - Joseph Duman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.W., D.G., J.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (J.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (P.B.)
| | - Paul Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.W., D.G., J.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (J.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (P.B.)
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.W., D.G., J.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (J.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (P.B.)
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Leavitt RJ, Limoli CL, Baulch JE. miRNA-based therapeutic potential of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: a safe cell-free treatment to ameliorate radiation-induced brain injury. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 95:427-435. [PMID: 30252569 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1522012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review compiles what is known about extracellular vesicles (EVs), their bioactive cargo, and how they might be used to treat radiation-induced brain injury. Radiotherapy (RT) is effective in cancer treatment, but can cause substantial damage to normal central nervous system tissue. Stem cell therapy has been shown to be effective in treating cognitive dysfunction arising from RT, but there remain safety concerns when grafting foreign stem cells into the brain (i.e. immunogenicity, teratoma). These limitations prompted the search for cell-free alternatives, and pointed to EVs that have been shown to have similar ameliorating effects in other tissues and injury models. CONCLUSIONS EVs are nano-scale and lipid-bound vesicles that readily pass the blood-brain barrier. Arguably the most important bioactive cargo within EVs are RNAs, in particular microRNAs (miRNA). A single miRNA can modulate entire gene networks and signalling within the recipient cell. Determining functionally relevant miRNA could lead to therapeutic treatments where synthetically-derived EVs are used as delivery vectors for miRNA. Stem cell-derived EVs can be effective in treating brain injury including radiation-induced cognitive deficits. Of particular interest are systemic modes of administration which obviate the need for invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron J Leavitt
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , University of California Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , University of California Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Janet E Baulch
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , University of California Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA
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40
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Grosshans DR, Duman JG, Gaber MW, Sawakuchi G. Particle Radiation Induced Neurotoxicity in the Central Nervous System. Int J Part Ther 2018; 5:74-83. [PMID: 31773021 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-18-00026.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For patients with primary or metastatic brain tumors, radiation therapy plays a central role in treatment. However, despite its efficacy, cranial radiation is associated with a range of side effects ranging from mild cognitive impairment to overt brain necrosis. Given the negative effects on patient quality of life, radiation-induced neurotoxicities have been the subject of intense study for decades. Photon-based therapy has been and largely remains the standard of care for the treatment of brain tumors. This is particularly true for patients with metastatic tumors who may need treatment to the whole brain or those with very aggressive tumors and a limited life expectancy. Particle therapy is now becoming more widely available for clinical use with the two most common particles used being protons and carbon ions. For patients with favorable prognoses, particularly childhood brain tumors, proton therapy is increasingly used for treatment. This is, in part, driven by the desire to reduce the potential for radiation-induced side effects, including lasting cognitive impairment, which may potentially be achieved by reducing dose to normal tissues using the unique physical properties of particle therapy. There is also interest in using carbon ion therapy for the treatment of aggressive brain tumors, as this form of particle therapy not only spares normal tissues but may also improve tumor control. The biological effects of particle therapy, both proton and carbon, may differ substantially from those of photon radiation. In this review, we briefly describe the unique physical properties of particle therapy that produce differential biological effects. Focusing on the effects of various radiation types on brain parenchyma, we then describe biological effects and potential mechanisms underlying these, comparing to photon studies and highlighting potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Grosshans
- Departments of Radiation and Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph G Duman
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Waleed Gaber
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel Sawakuchi
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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McKelvey KJ, Hudson AL, Back M, Eade T, Diakos CI. Radiation, inflammation and the immune response in cancer. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:843-865. [PMID: 30178305 PMCID: PMC6267675 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Radiation is an important component of cancer treatment with more than half of all patients receive radiotherapy during their cancer experience. While the impact of radiation on tumour morphology is routinely examined in the pre-clinical and clinical setting, the impact of radiation on the tumour microenvironment and more specifically the inflammatory/immune response is less well characterised. Inflammation is a key contributor to short- and long-term cancer eradication, with significant tumour and normal tissue consequences. Therefore, the role of radiation in modulating the inflammatory response is highly topical given the current wave of targeted and immuno-therapeutic treatments for cancer. This review provides a general overview of how radiation modulates the inflammatory and immune response—(i) how radiation induces the inflammatory/immune system, (ii) the cellular changes that take place, (iii) how radiation dose delivery affects the immune response, and (iv) a discussion on research directions to improve patient survival, reduce side effects, improve quality of life, and reduce financial costs in the immediate future. Harnessing the benefits of radiation on the immune response will enhance its maximal therapeutic benefit and reduce radiation-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J McKelvey
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Northern Sydney Local Health District Research and the Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia. .,Sydney Neuro-Oncology Group, North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia. .,Sydney Vital Translational Research Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
| | - Amanda L Hudson
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Northern Sydney Local Health District Research and the Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Neuro-Oncology Group, North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Vital Translational Research Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Michael Back
- Sydney Neuro-Oncology Group, North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Tom Eade
- Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Connie I Diakos
- Sydney Vital Translational Research Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
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Buchbinder D, Kelly DL, Duarte RF, Auletta JJ, Bhatt N, Byrne M, DeFilipp Z, Gabriel M, Mahindra A, Norkin M, Schoemans H, Shah AJ, Ahmed I, Atsuta Y, Basak GW, Beattie S, Bhella S, Bredeson C, Bunin N, Dalal J, Daly A, Gajewski J, Gale RP, Galvin J, Hamadani M, Hayashi RJ, Adekola K, Law J, Lee CJ, Liesveld J, Malone AK, Nagler A, Naik S, Nishihori T, Parsons SK, Scherwath A, Schofield HL, Soiffer R, Szer J, Twist I, Warwick AB, Wirk BM, Yi J, Battiwalla M, Flowers MDE, Savani B, Shaw BE. Neurocognitive dysfunction in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: expert review from the late effects and Quality of Life Working Committee of the CIBMTR and complications and Quality of Life Working Party of the EBMT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2018; 53:535-555. [PMID: 29343837 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-017-0055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a potentially curative treatment for children and adults with malignant and non-malignant diseases. Despite increasing survival rates, long-term morbidity following HCT is substantial. Neurocognitive dysfunction is a serious cause of morbidity, yet little is known about neurocognitive dysfunction following HCT. To address this gap, collaborative efforts of the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research and the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation undertook an expert review of neurocognitive dysfunction following HCT. In this review, we define what constitutes neurocognitive dysfunction, characterize its risk factors and sequelae, describe tools and methods to assess neurocognitive function in HCT recipients, and discuss possible interventions for HCT patients with this condition. This review aims to help clinicians understand the scope of this health-related problem, highlight its impact on well-being of survivors, and to help determine factors that may improve identification of patients at risk for declines in cognitive functioning after HCT. In particular, we review strategies for preventing and treating neurocognitive dysfunction in HCT patients. Lastly, we highlight the need for well-designed studies to develop and test interventions aimed at preventing and improving neurocognitive dysfunction and its sequelae following HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Buchbinder
- Division of Pediatrics Hematology, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Jeffery J Auletta
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program and Host Defense Program, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant and Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Neel Bhatt
- CIBMTR (Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research), Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michael Byrne
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Zachariah DeFilipp
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa Gabriel
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Anuj Mahindra
- Scripps Blood & Marrow Transplant Program, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maxim Norkin
- Division of Pediatrics Hematology, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
| | | | - Ami J Shah
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed
- Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Yoshiko Atsuta
- Japanese Data Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Nagoya, Japan.,Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Sara Beattie
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Rehabilitation, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sita Bhella
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Christopher Bredeson
- The Ottawa Hospital Blood and Marrow Transplant Program and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nancy Bunin
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jignesh Dalal
- Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Daly
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Robert Peter Gale
- Hematology Research Centre, Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John Galvin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mehdi Hamadani
- CIBMTR (Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research), Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert J Hayashi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kehinde Adekola
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason Law
- Tufts University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine J Lee
- Utah Blood and Marrow Transplant Program Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jane Liesveld
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Adriana K Malone
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Hematology Division and BMT, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Seema Naik
- Texas Transplant Institute, San Antonino, TX, USA
| | - Taiga Nishihori
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Angela Scherwath
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jeff Szer
- Department Clinical Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ida Twist
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne B Warwick
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, USA
| | - Baldeep M Wirk
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplant, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean Yi
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplant, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Minoo Battiwalla
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary D E Flowers
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bipin Savani
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bronwen E Shaw
- CIBMTR (Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research), Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Age-related effects of X-ray irradiation on mouse hippocampus. Oncotarget 2018; 7:28040-58. [PMID: 27057631 PMCID: PMC5053708 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic irradiation of pediatric and adult patients can profoundly affect adult neurogenesis, and cognitive impairment manifests as a deficit in hippocampal-dependent functions. Age plays a major role in susceptibility to radiation, and younger children are at higher risk of cognitive decay when compared to adults. Cranial irradiation affects hippocampal neurogenesis by induction of DNA damage in neural progenitors, through the disruption of the neurogenic microenvironment, and defective integration of newborn neurons into the neuronal network. Our goal here was to assess cellular and molecular alterations induced by cranial X-ray exposure to low/moderate doses (0.1 and 2 Gy) in the hippocampus of mice irradiated at the postnatal ages of day 10 or week 10, as well as the dependency of these phenomena on age at irradiation. To this aim, changes in the cellular composition of the dentate gyrus, mitochondrial functionality, proteomic profile in the hippocampus, as well as cognitive performance were evaluated by a multidisciplinary approach. Our results suggest the induction of specific alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis, microvascular density and mitochondrial functions, depending on age at irradiation. A better understanding of how irradiation impairs hippocampal neurogenesis at low and moderate doses is crucial to minimize adverse effects of therapeutic irradiation, contributing also to radiation safety regulations.
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Cho HJ, Lee WH, Hwang OMH, Sonntag WE, Lee YW. Role of NADPH oxidase in radiation-induced pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory pathways in mouse brain. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:1257-1266. [PMID: 28880721 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1377360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was designed to investigate our hypothesis that NADPH oxidase plays a role in radiation-induced pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory environments in the brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice received either fractionated whole brain irradiation or sham-irradiation. The mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α and MCP-1, were determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The protein expression levels of TNF-α, MCP-1, NOX-2 and Iba1 were detected by immunofluorescence staining. The levels of ROS were visualized by in situ DHE fluorescence staining. RESULTS A significant up-regulation of mRNA and protein expression levels of TNF-α and MCP-1 was observed in irradiated mouse brains. Additionally, immunofluorescence staining of Iba1 showed a marked increase of microglial activation in mouse brain after irradiation. Moreover, in situ DHE fluorescence staining revealed that fractionated whole brain irradiation significantly increased production of ROS. Furthermore, a significant increase in immunoreactivity of NOX-2 was detected in mouse brain after irradiation. On the contrary, an enhanced ROS generation in mouse brain after irradiation was markedly attenuated in the presence of NOX inhibitors or NOX-2 neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that NOX-2 may play a role in fractionated whole brain irradiation-induced pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory pathways in mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joon Cho
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Won Hee Lee
- b Stanford Cardiovascular Institute , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Olivia Min Ha Hwang
- c Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA
| | - William E Sonntag
- d Department of Geriatric Medicine , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Yong Woo Lee
- c Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA
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Kelly DL, Buchbinder D, Duarte RF, Auletta JJ, Bhatt N, Byrne M, DeFilipp Z, Gabriel M, Mahindra A, Norkin M, Schoemans H, Shah AJ, Ahmed I, Atsuta Y, Basak GW, Beattie S, Bhella S, Bredeson C, Bunin N, Dalal J, Daly A, Gajewski J, Gale RP, Galvin J, Hamadani M, Hayashi RJ, Adekola K, Law J, Lee CJ, Liesveld J, Malone AK, Nagler A, Naik S, Nishihori T, Parsons SK, Scherwath A, Schofield HL, Soiffer R, Szer J, Twist I, Warwick A, Wirk BM, Yi J, Battiwalla M, Flowers ME, Savani B, Shaw BE. Neurocognitive Dysfunction in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients: Expert Review from the Late Effects and Quality of Life Working Committee of the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research and Complications and Quality of Life Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 24:228-241. [PMID: 28939455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a potentially curative treatment for children and adults with malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Despite increasing survival rates, long-term morbidity after HCT is substantial. Neurocognitive dysfunction is a serious cause of morbidity, yet little is known about neurocognitive dysfunction after HCT. To address this gap, collaborative efforts of the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research and the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation undertook an expert review of neurocognitive dysfunction after HCT. In this review we define what constitutes neurocognitive dysfunction, characterize its risk factors and sequelae, describe tools and methods to assess neurocognitive function in HCT recipients, and discuss possible interventions for HCT patients with this condition. This review aims to help clinicians understand the scope of this health-related problem, highlight its impact on well-being of survivors, and help determine factors that may improve identification of patients at risk for declines in cognitive functioning after HCT. In particular, we review strategies for preventing and treating neurocognitive dysfunction in HCT patients. Finally, we highlight the need for well-designed studies to develop and test interventions aimed at preventing and improving neurocognitive dysfunction and its sequelae after HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Buchbinder
- Divsison of Pediatrics Hematology, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California
| | | | - Jeffrey J Auletta
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program and Host Defense Program, Division of Hematology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Blood and Marrow Transplant Program and Host Defense Program, Division of Oncology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Blood and Marrow Transplant Program and Host Defense Program, Division of Bone Marrow Transplant and Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Neel Bhatt
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael Byrne
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Zachariah DeFilipp
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melissa Gabriel
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anuj Mahindra
- Scripps Blood & Marrow Transplant Program, La Jolla, California
| | - Maxim Norkin
- Shands HealthCare and University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Ami J Shah
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed
- Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Yoshiko Atsuta
- Japanese Data Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Nagoya, Japan; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Sara Beattie
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Rehabilitation, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sita Bhella
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Rehabilitation, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Bredeson
- Ottawa Hospital Blood and Marrow Transplant Program and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancy Bunin
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jignesh Dalal
- Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Andrew Daly
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Robert Peter Gale
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hematology Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Galvin
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mehdi Hamadani
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Robert J Hayashi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kehinde Adekola
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jason Law
- Tufts University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine J Lee
- Utah Blood and Marrow Transplant Program Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jane Liesveld
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Adriana K Malone
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Hematology Division and BMT, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Seema Naik
- Texas Transplant Institute, San Antonino, Texas
| | - Taiga Nishihori
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Angela Scherwath
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jeff Szer
- Department Clinical Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ida Twist
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anne Warwick
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Baldeep M Wirk
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplant, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jean Yi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Minoo Battiwalla
- Hematopoietic Transplantation Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary E Flowers
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bipin Savani
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bronwen E Shaw
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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46
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Bravatà V, Minafra L, Forte GI, Cammarata FP, Russo G, Di Maggio FM, Augello G, Lio D, Gilardi MC. Cytokine profile of breast cell lines after different radiation doses. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:1217-1226. [PMID: 28763256 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1362504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing radiation (IR) treatment activates inflammatory processes causing the release of a great amount of molecules able to affect the cell survival. The aim of this study was to analyze the cytokine signature of conditioned medium produced by non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A, as well as MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines, after single high doses of IR in order to understand their role in high radiation response. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a cytokine profile of irradiated conditioned media of MCF10A, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines treated with 9 or 23 Gy, by Luminex and ELISA analyses. RESULTS Overall, our results show that both 9 Gy and 23 Gy of IR induce the release within the first 72 h of cytokines and growth factors potentially able to influence the tumor outcome, with a dose-independent and cell-line dependent signature. Moreover, our results show that the cell-senescence phenomenon does not correlate with the amount of 'senescence-associated secretory phenotype' (SASP) molecules released in media. Thus, additional mechanisms are probably involved in this process. CONCLUSIONS These data open the possibility to evaluate cytokine profile as useful marker in modulating the personalized radiotherapy in breast cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bravatà
- a Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM)-CNR , Cefalù ( PA ), Italy.,b Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Luigi Minafra
- a Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM)-CNR , Cefalù ( PA ), Italy
| | - Giusi Irma Forte
- a Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM)-CNR , Cefalù ( PA ), Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Russo
- a Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM)-CNR , Cefalù ( PA ), Italy
| | - Federica Maria Di Maggio
- b Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Giuseppa Augello
- c Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology 'A. Monroy' (IBIM)-CNR , Palermo , Italy
| | - Domenico Lio
- b Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Maria Carla Gilardi
- a Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM)-CNR , Cefalù ( PA ), Italy.,d Department of Health Sciences , Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan , Italy.,e Nuclear Medicine , San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
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Slezak J, Kura B, Babal P, Barancik M, Ferko M, Frimmel K, Kalocayova B, Kukreja RC, Lazou A, Mezesova L, Okruhlicova L, Ravingerova T, Singal PK, Szeiffova Bacova B, Viczenczova C, Vrbjar N, Tribulova N. Potential markers and metabolic processes involved in the mechanism of radiation-induced heart injury. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1190-1203. [PMID: 28750189 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of normal tissues leads to acute increase in reactive oxygen/nitrogen species that serve as intra- and inter-cellular signaling to alter cell and tissue function. In the case of chest irradiation, it can affect the heart, blood vessels, and lungs, with consequent tissue remodelation and adverse side effects and symptoms. This complex process is orchestrated by a large number of interacting molecular signals, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Inflammation, endothelial cell dysfunction, thrombogenesis, organ dysfunction, and ultimate failing of the heart occur as a pathological entity - "radiation-induced heart disease" (RIHD) that is major source of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this review is to bring insights into the basic mechanisms of RIHD that may lead to the identification of targets for intervention in the radiotherapy side effect. Studies of authors also provide knowledge about how to select targeted drugs or biological molecules to modify the progression of radiation damage in the heart. New prospective studies are needed to validate that assessed factors and changes are useful as early markers of cardiac damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Slezak
- a Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Kura
- a Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Babal
- b Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty of Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Barancik
- a Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Ferko
- a Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karel Frimmel
- a Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Kalocayova
- a Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rakesh C Kukreja
- c Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Antigone Lazou
- d School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lucia Mezesova
- a Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ludmila Okruhlicova
- a Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tanya Ravingerova
- a Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pawan K Singal
- e University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | | | - Csilla Viczenczova
- a Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Norbert Vrbjar
- a Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Narcis Tribulova
- a Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Herskind C, Wenz F, Giordano FA. Immunotherapy Combined with Large Fractions of Radiotherapy: Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases-Implications for Intraoperative Radiotherapy after Resection. Front Oncol 2017; 7:147. [PMID: 28791250 PMCID: PMC5522878 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) affect approximately a third of all cancer patients with systemic disease. Treatment options include surgery, whole-brain radiotherapy, or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) while chemotherapy has only limited activity. In cases where patients undergo resection before irradiation, intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) to the tumor bed may be an alternative modality, which would eliminate the repopulation of residual tumor cells between surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. Accumulating evidence has shown that high single doses of ionizing radiation can be highly efficient in eliciting a broad spectrum of local, regional, and systemic tumor-directed immune reactions. Furthermore, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has proven effective in treating antigenic BM and, thus, combining IORT with ICB might be a promising approach. However, it is not known if a low number of residual tumor cells in the tumor bed after resection is sufficient to act as an immunizing event opening the gate for ICB therapies in the brain. Because immunological data on tumor bed irradiation after resection are lacking, a rationale for combining IORT with ICB must be based on mechanistic insight from experimental models and clinical studies on unresected tumors. The purpose of the present review is to examine the mechanisms by which large radiation doses as applied in SRS and IORT enhance antitumor immune activity. Clinical studies on IORT for brain tumors, and on combined treatment of SRS and ICB for unresected BM, are used to assess the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of IORT plus ICB and to suggest an optimal treatment sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Herskind
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Cellular and Molecular Radiation Oncology Laboratory, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frederik Wenz
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frank A Giordano
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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49
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McBride WH, Ganapathy E, Lee MH, Nesseler JP, Nguyen C, Schaue D. A perspective on the impact of radiation therapy on the immune rheostat. Br J Radiol 2017; 90:20170272. [PMID: 28707537 PMCID: PMC5853348 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent and success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer treatment has broadened the spectrum of tumours that might be considered "immunogenic" and susceptible to immunotherapeutic (IT) intervention. Not all cancer types are sensitive, and not all patients with any given type respond. Combination treatment of ICIs with an established cytotoxic modality such as radiation therapy (RT) is a logical step towards improvement. For one, RT alone has been shown to be genuinely immunomodulatory and secondly pre-clinical data generally support combined ICI-RT approaches. This new integrated therapy for cancer treatment holds much promise, although there is still a lot to be learned about how best to schedule the treatments, manage the toxicities and determine what biomarkers might predict response, as well as many other issues. This review examines how RT alters the immune rheostat and how it might best be positioned to fully exploit IT.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ekambaram Ganapathy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mi-Heon Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean P Nesseler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christine Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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50
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Baker RJ, Dickins B, Wickliffe JK, Khan FAA, Gaschak S, Makova KD, Phillips CD. Elevated mitochondrial genome variation after 50 generations of radiation exposure in a wild rodent. Evol Appl 2017; 10:784-791. [PMID: 29151870 PMCID: PMC5680428 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the effects of chronic, continuous low dose environmental irradiation on the mitochondrial genome of resident small mammals are unknown. Using the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) as a model system, we tested the hypothesis that approximately 50 generations of exposure to the Chernobyl environment has significantly altered genetic diversity of the mitochondrial genome. Using deep sequencing, we compared mitochondrial genomes from 131 individuals from reference sites with radioactive contamination comparable to that present in northern Ukraine before the 26 April 1986 meltdown, to populations where substantial fallout was deposited following the nuclear accident. Population genetic variables revealed significant differences among populations from contaminated and uncontaminated localities. Therefore, we rejected the null hypothesis of no significant genetic effect from 50 generations of exposure to the environment created by the Chernobyl meltdown. Samples from contaminated localities exhibited significantly higher numbers of haplotypes and polymorphic loci, elevated genetic diversity, and a significantly higher average number of substitutions per site across mitochondrial gene regions. Observed genetic variation was dominated by synonymous mutations, which may indicate a history of purify selection against nonsynonymous or insertion/deletion mutations. These significant differences were not attributable to sample size artifacts. The observed increase in mitochondrial genomic diversity in voles from radioactive sites is consistent with the possibility that chronic, continuous irradiation resulting from the Chernobyl disaster has produced an accelerated mutation rate in this species over the last 25 years. Our results, being the first to demonstrate this phenomenon in a wild mammalian species, are important for understanding genetic consequences of exposure to low‐dose radiation sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA
| | - Benjamin Dickins
- Department of Biology Penn State University University Park PA USA.,School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Nottingham UK
| | - Jeffrey K Wickliffe
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences Tulane University New Orleans LA USA
| | - Faisal A A Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA.,Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Sergey Gaschak
- International Radioecology Laboratory Slavutych Kiev Region Ukraine
| | | | - Caleb D Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA
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