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Göbel G, Talke A, Lisdat F. FTO - an Electrode Material for the Stable Electrochemical Determination of Dopamine. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gero Göbel
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences; Technical University of Applied Sciences; 15745 Wildau Germany
| | - Anja Talke
- BioTeZ Berlin Buch GmbH; 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Fred Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences; Technical University of Applied Sciences; 15745 Wildau Germany
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2
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Rudolphi A, Boos KS, Seidel D. Coupled-column HPLC analysis of free urinary catecholamines using restricted access affinity precolumn and micro-particulate nonporous silica analytical column. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02688101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Gong CL, Leung YM, Wang MR, Lin NN, Lee TJF, Kuo JS. Neurochemicals involved in medullary control of common carotid blood flow. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 11:513-20. [PMID: 24403875 PMCID: PMC3763759 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x113119990044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The common carotid artery (CCA) supplies intra- and extra-cranial vascular beds. An area in the medulla controlling CCA blood flow is defined as the dorsal facial area (DFA) by Kuo et al. in 1987. In the DFA, presynaptic nitrergic and/or glutamatergic fibers innervate preganglionic nitrergic and/or cholinergic neurons which give rise to the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic 7th and 9th cranial nerves. Released glutamate from presynaptic nitrergic and/or glutamatergic fibers can activate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors on preganglionic nitrergic and/or cholinergic neurons. By modulating this glutamate release, several neurochemicals including serotonin, arginine, nitric oxide, nicotine, choline and ATP in the DFA regulate CCA blood flow. Understanding the neurochemical regulatory mechanisms can provide important insights of the physiological roles of the DFA, and may help develop therapeutic strategies for diseases involving CCA blood flow, such as migraine, hypertensive disease, Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Li Gong
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taiwan; ; Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ren Wang
- Yuhing Junior College of Health Care and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Nu Lin
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tony Jer-Fu Lee
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center and Center for Vascular Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; ; Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jon-Son Kuo
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center and Center for Vascular Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; ; Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; ; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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4
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Wei F, Wu Y, Xu G, Gao Y, Yang J, Liu L, Zhou P, Hu Q. Molecularly imprinted polymer based on CdTe@SiO2 quantum dots as a fluorescent sensor for the recognition of norepinephrine. Analyst 2014; 139:5785-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00951g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent sensor with recognition ability for norepinephrine was simply prepared and actually used to determine norepinephrine in rat plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangdi Wei
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yanzi Wu
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Guanhong Xu
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yankun Gao
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Liping Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qin Hu
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 211166, China
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5
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Determination of neurotransmitters and their metabolites using one- and two-dimensional liquid chromatography with acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:5669-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Reinhoud NJ, Brouwer HJ, van Heerwaarden LM, Korte-Bouws GAH. Analysis of glutamate, GABA, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, and metabolites using microbore UHPLC with electrochemical detection. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:888-94. [PMID: 23642417 DOI: 10.1021/cn400044s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The applicability of microbore ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with electrochemical detection for offline analysis of a number of well-known neurotransmitters in less than 10 μL microdialysis fractions is described. Two methods are presented for the analysis of monoamine or amino acid neurotransmitters, using the same UHPLC instrument. Speed of analysis of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and the metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindole aceticacid (5-HIAA), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) was predominated by the retention behavior of NA, the nonideal behavior of matrix components, and the loss in signal of 5-HT. This method was optimized to meet the requirements for detection sensitivity and minimizing the size of collected fractions, which determines temporal resolution in microdialysis. The amino acid neurotransmitters glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were analyzed after an automated derivatization procedure. Under optimized conditions, Glu was resolved from a number of early eluting system peaks, while the total runtime was decreased to 15 min by a 4-fold increase of the flow rate under UHPLC conditions. The detection limit for Glu and GABA was 10 nmol/L (15 fmol in 1.5 μL); the monoamine neurotransmitters had a detection limit between 32 and 83 pmol/L (0.16-0.42 fmol in 5 μL) in standard solutions. Using UHPLC, the analysis times varied from 15 min to less than 2 min depending on the complexity of the samples and the substances to be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gerdien A. H. Korte-Bouws
- Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Bartosova Z, Riman D, Jakubec P, Halouzka V, Hrbac J, Jirovsky D. Electrochemically pretreated carbon microfiber electrodes as sensitive HPLC-EC detectors. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:295802. [PMID: 22654586 PMCID: PMC3361223 DOI: 10.1100/2012/295802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper focuses on the analysis and detection of electroactive compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with electrochemical detection (EC). The fabrication and utilization of electrochemically treated carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMs) as highly sensitive amperometric detectors in HPLC are described. The applied pretreatment procedure is beneficial for analytical characteristics of the sensor as demonstrated by analysis of the model set of phenolic acids. The combination of CFM with separation power of HPLC technique allows for improved detection limits due to unique electrochemical properties of carbon fibers. The CFM proved to be a promising tool for amperometric detection in liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Bartosova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17 Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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8
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Morgan LD, Baker H, Yeoman MS, Patel BA. Chromatographic assay to study the activity of multiple enzymes involved in the synthesis and metabolism of dopamine and serotonin. Analyst 2012; 137:1409-15. [PMID: 22290325 DOI: 10.1039/c2an16227j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin and dopamine are crucial regulators of signalling in the peripheral and central nervous systems. We present an ex-vivo, isocratic chromatographic method that allows for the measurement of tyrosine, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), serotonin and 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in a model central nervous (CNS) system, to study the role of key enzymes involved in the synthesis and metabolism of serotonin and dopamine. By utilising a sample splitting technique, we could test a single CNS sample at multiple time points under various pharmacological treatments. In, addition, we were able to conduct this assay by utilising the endogenous biochemical components of the CNS to study the synthesis and metabolism of serotonin and dopamine, negating the requirement of additional enzyme activators or stabilisers in the biological matrix. Finally we utilised NSD-1015, an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzyme inhibitor used to study the synthesis of dopamine and serotonin to monitor alterations in levels of key neurochemicals. 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine dihydrochloride (NSD-1015) was able to reduce levels of serotonin and dopamine, whilst elevating precursors L-DOPA and 5-HTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D Morgan
- Centre for Biomedical and Health Sciences Research, University of Brighton, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Brighton, BN2 4GJ
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9
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Liu L, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Wang F, Chen Z. Determination of tryptophan and kynurenine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection with multi-wall carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:938-42. [PMID: 21154883 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A novel method was developed for the simultaneous determination of kynurenine and tryptophan by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection at multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-modified glassy carbon electrode. The separation and detection conditions were optimized. The typical HPLC experiments were conducted by using a reversed-phase ODS column with a mobile phase consisting of stock acetate buffer (pH 5)-methanol (4:1, v/v) using an isocratic elution at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The obtained LODs for kynurenine and tryptophane were 0.5 and 0.4 µmol/L, respectively. The analytical method for human plasma samples was validated and confirmed by LC-UV and LC-MS. The recoveries were in the range of 84.8-110%, and the precision was lower than 5.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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10
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Lwin A, Patel BA. High performance liquid chromatography method for the detection of released purinergic and biogenic amine signaling molecules from in vitro ileum tissue. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1538-45. [PMID: 20449839 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and serotonin (5-HT) are known to play key roles in the function and activity of the gastrointestinal tract; however, no methods have been established for the monitoring of these signaling molecules within one assay. We have developed a simple chromatographic methodology using UV/visible detection for the analysis of purinergic and biogenic amine signaling molecules. The chromatographic separation was achieved in an isocratic mode, where the mobile phase consisted of 5% methanol and 95% ammonium phosphate buffer with 10 mM tetrabutylammonium bisulfate. Column temperature of 45 degrees C provided the means to separate all analytes within 14.7 min. Good resolution and tailing factors were observed for all components within the separation. The LOD for ATP and 5-HT was 30 and 317 nM, respectively, with a linear range from 10-0.02 microM. In vitro measurements were carried out by using aliquots from the buffer the tissue was stored in after 30 min to measure released molecules. In vitro assay of ileum tissue in the presence and absence of endogenous ATP was carried out. Results showed that ATP can elevate 5-HT release. This method can be used to study alterations in these key signaling molecules with gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayemon Lwin
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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11
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Li N, Guo J, Liu B, Yu Y, Cui H, Mao L, Lin Y. Determination of monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites in a mouse brain microdialysate by coupling high-performance liquid chromatography with gold nanoparticle-initiated chemiluminescence. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 645:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Chau RMW, Patel BA. Determination of serotonin, melatonin and metabolites in gastrointestinal tissue using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:175-81. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Fabrication of a Boronic Acid-Surface and In Situ Optical Detection of Catecholamines. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2009.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Optimization of capillary liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection for determining femtogram levels of baicalin and baicalein on the basis of the FUMI theory. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:780-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Baranowska I, Płonka J. Determination of Biogenic Amines and Vitamins in Urine Samples with HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802424576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Baranowska
- a Department of Analytical and General Chemistry , Silesian University of Technology , Gliwice, Poland
| | - Joanna Płonka
- a Department of Analytical and General Chemistry , Silesian University of Technology , Gliwice, Poland
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16
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Gianotti V, Chiuminatto U, Mazzucco E, Gosetti F, Bottaro M, Frascarolo P, Gennaro M. A new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of seven biogenic amines in cheese. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1185:296-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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CE coupled with amperometric detection using a boron-doped diamond microelectrode: Validation of a method for endogenous norepinephrine analysis in tissue. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:441-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Gosetti F, Mazzucco E, Gianotti V, Polati S, Gennaro MC. High performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry determination of biogenic amines in typical Piedmont cheeses. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1149:151-7. [PMID: 17408679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a new HPLC method, hyphenated with mass spectrometry detection, for the separation and determination of the biogenic amines that are most commonly present in cheese, namely cadaverine, histamine, spermidine, spermine, tyramine and tryptamine. The HPLC-MS/MS method is validated by comparison of the results with those obtained through a literature HPLC-UV determination, based on a pre-column dansyl chloride derivatisation step. The intercalibration is based on the statistical t-test for multiple samples that allows to compare simultaneously the results obtained with the two methods for more analytes and to decide, at a prefixed confidence level, if the two methods are inter-changeable. The new HPLC-MS/MS method, employed in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, permits to achieve for standard solutions limit of detection (LOD) values ranging from 1.7 to 22.5 microg L(-1) and LOQ (limit of quantitation) values ranging from 5.6 to 68.2 microg L(-1). In order to apply the method in the analysis of cheeses, LOD and LOQ values have also been evaluated in "ricotta" cheese, in order to take as possible into account the matrix interference. In these conditions LODs range between 5.1 and 35.0 microg L(-1) and LOQs between 14.2 and 101.2 microg L(-1). The whole methodology, comprehensive of the homogenization-extraction process and HPLC-MS/MS analysis, has been applied in the analysis of three typical Piedmont (North-West Italy) cheeses, known as Toma Piemontese, Raschera and Castelmagno.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gosetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Via Bellini 25/G-15100 Alessandria, Italy
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19
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Novotny M, Quaiserova-Mocko V, Wehrwein EA, Kreulen DL, Swain GM. Determination of endogenous norepinephrine levels in different chambers of the rat heart by capillary electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 163:52-9. [PMID: 17383009 PMCID: PMC2679869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection (CE-EC) was used to determine the regional distribution of norepinephrine (NE) in the hearts of sympathetically innervated (control) and chemically sympathectomized rats. Key features of the method are (i) the sample preparation and clean-up step that involved the application of off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) with a 95% NE recovery and (ii) the use of a diamond microelectrode for detection. NE was quantified in the left and right ventricle, the ventricular septum, and the left and right atrium. The NE concentration in the atria was three to five times higher than in the ventricles and ventricular septum of control rats. Basal NE levels in the left and right ventricle and the ventricular septum were reduced to below the detection limit (0.034 microg/g tissue) in tissues treated with the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), while only a moderate reduction was observed in the left and right atrium. Importantly, the diamond microelectrode provided low and stable background current and low peak-to-peak noise <or=0.65 pA at a detection potential of +0.86 V versus Ag/AgCl. A reproducible electrode response was observed for multiple injections of tissue homogenates with minimal response attenuation due to electrode fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Novotny
- Department of Chemistry and the Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824
| | - Veronika Quaiserova-Mocko
- Department of Chemistry and the Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824
| | - Erica A. Wehrwein
- Department of Physiology and the Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824
| | - David L. Kreulen
- Department of Physiology and the Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824
- Corresponding authors: Greg M. Swain, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 320 Chemistry Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1322. Tel. (517) 355-9715 x229, Fax. (517)353-1793, Email. . David L. Kreulen, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2201 Biomedical Physical Sciences Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1320. Tel. (517) 355-6475 x1312, Fax. (517) 355-5125, Email.
| | - Greg M. Swain
- Department of Chemistry and the Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824
- Corresponding authors: Greg M. Swain, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 320 Chemistry Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1322. Tel. (517) 355-9715 x229, Fax. (517)353-1793, Email. . David L. Kreulen, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2201 Biomedical Physical Sciences Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1320. Tel. (517) 355-6475 x1312, Fax. (517) 355-5125, Email.
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20
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Nalewajko E, Wiszowata A, Kojło A. Determination of catecholamines by flow-injection analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:1673-81. [PMID: 17289328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A chemiluminescence (CL) detection of catecholamines [norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA) and L-dopa (LD)] is described for the flow-injection (FI) and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of these compounds. The detection method is based on the inhibition effect of catecholamines (CAs) on the CL reaction of luminol with iodine in the alkaline medium. The proposed FI method allows the determination of CAs in pharmaceutical preparations for the purpose of drug quality control. The calibration curves show good linearity in the concentration range of: 1.1-20.0 microg l(-1) (NE), 0.5-5.0 microg l(-1) (E), 0.6-9.0 microg l(-1) (DA) and 0.6-10.0 microg l(-1) (LD). The limits of detection (defined as a signal-to-noise ratio of 3) are: 0.34 microg l(-1) (NE), 0.15 microg l(-1) (E) and 0.18 microg l(-1) (DA, LD). The HPLC procedure was successfully applied for the determination of catecholamines (NE, E, DA) in human urine after solid-phase extraction (SPE). In a simple run time CAs can be determined in 20 min. The chromatographic linear ranges are: 5.0-72.0 microg l(-1) (NE), 5.0-48.0 microg l(-1) (E) and 5.0-96.0 microg l(-1) (DA). The limits of detection for three urinary CAs are: 0.71 microg l(-1) (NE), 0.26 microg l(-1) (E) and 0.73 microg l(-1) (DA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Nalewajko
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, ul. Hurtowa 1, 15-399 Białystok, Poland
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21
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Byers JP, Masters K, Sarver JG, Hassoun EA. Association between the levels of biogenic amines and superoxide anion production in brain regions of rats after subchronic exposure to TCDD. Toxicology 2006; 228:291-8. [PMID: 17070641 PMCID: PMC1987358 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of TCDD on the distribution of biogenic amines and production of superoxide anion (SA) in different brain regions of rats have been studied after subchronic exposure. Groups of females Sprague-Dawley rats were administered daily dose of 46ng TCDD/(kgday) (treated groups), or the vehicle used to dissolve TCDD (control group), for 90 days. The rats were sacrificed at the end of the exposure period and their brains were dissected into different regions including, hippocampus (H), cerebral cortex (Cc), cerebellum (C), and brain stem (Bs). The levels of different biogenic amines and some of their metabolites, including, norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl acetic acid (DOPAC), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl acetic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxy indole 3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), were determined in those brain regions, using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system with an electrochemical detector. SA production was also determined in those regions, using the cytochrome c reduction method. Results of analyses indicate significant increases in the levels of DA, NE and DOPAC in H, NE and HVA in Cc, NE and DA in Bs and NE in C. SA production was significantly increased in H and Cc, but not in Bs or C. The results also indicated strong correlations between DA and DOPAC, and SA and NE in all of the brain regions, and also between SA and 5-HT/HIAA in H and Cc. These results may indicate the contribution of biogenic amines, especially NE and 5-HT/HIAA to SA overproduction in some brain regions and may also indicate the potential of long term neurotoxic effects of those biogenic amines, in response to subchronic exposure to TCDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Byers
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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Tsai TH, Chen CF, Cheng FC, Kuo KW, Tsai TR. Analysis and Pharmacokinetics of Apomorphine in Rat Brain by Microdialysis Coupled with Microbore HPLC Electrochemical Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079708010665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. H. Tsai
- a National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- b Institute of Traditional Medicine National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - C. F. Chen
- a National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - F. C. Cheng
- c Veterans General Hospital, Department of Medical Research Taichung , Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | | | - T. R. Tsai
- e Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
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23
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Javidan S, Cwik MJ. Determination of Catecholamines in Human Plasma by HPLC with Electrochemical Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079608006322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Javidan
- a College of Pharmacy , Tehran Medical University , Tehran, Iran
| | - M. J. Cwik
- b Clinical Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood, Chicago, Illinois, 60612
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24
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Pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of unbound levamisole in the anesthetized rats using microdialysis and microbore column liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Höcht C, Opezzo JAW, Taira CA. Applicability of reverse microdialysis in pharmacological and toxicological studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2006; 55:3-15. [PMID: 16567112 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A recent application of microdialysis is the introduction of a substance into the extracellular space via the microdialysis probe. The inclusion of a higher amount of a drug in the perfusate allows the drug to diffuse through the microdialysis membrane to the tissue. This technique, actually called as reverse microdialysis, not only allows the local administration of a substance but also permits the simultaneous sampling of the extracellular levels of endogenous compounds. Local effects of exogenous compounds have been studied in the central nervous system, hepatic tissue, dermis, heart and corpora luteae of experimental animals by means of reverse microdialysis. In central nervous studies, reverse microdialysis has been extensively used for the study of the effects on neurotransmission at different central nuclei of diverse pharmacological and toxicological agents, such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, antiparkinsonians, hallucinogens, drugs of abuse and experimental drugs. In the clinical setting, reverse microdialysis has been used for the study of local effects of drugs in the adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and dermis. The aim of this review is to describe the principles of the reverse microdialysis, to compare the technique with other available methods and finally to describe the applicability of reverse microdialysis in the study of drugs properties both in basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Höcht
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (C1113AAD) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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26
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Chapter 3.1 Liquid chromatographic methods used for microdialysis: an overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(06)16013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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27
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Tsai MS, Hwang SM, Tsai YL, Cheng FC, Lee JL, Chang YJ. Clonal amniotic fluid-derived stem cells express characteristics of both mesenchymal and neural stem cells. Biol Reprod 2005; 74:545-51. [PMID: 16306422 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.046029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that amniotic fluid may be a novel source of fetal stem cells for therapeutic transplantation. We previously developed a two-stage culture protocol to isolate a population of amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AFMSCs) from second-trimester amniocentesis. AFMSCs maintain the capacity to differentiate into multiple mesenchymal lineages and neuron-like cells. It is unclear whether amniotic fluid contains heterogeneous populations of stem cells or a subpopulation of primitive stem cells that are similar to marrow stromal cells showing the behavior of neural progenitors. In this study, we showed a subpopulation of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (AF-SCs) at the single-cell level by limiting dilution. We found that NANOG- and POU5F1 (also known as OCT4)-expressing cells still existed in the expanded single cell-derived AF-SCs. Aside from the common mesenchymal characteristics, these clonal AF-SCs also exhibit multiple phenotypes of neural-derived cells such as NES, TUBB3, NEFH, NEUNA60, GALC, and GFAP expressions both before and after neural induction. Most importantly, HPLC analysis showed the evidence of dopamine release in the extract of dopaminergic-induced clonal AF-SCs. The results of this study suggest that besides being an easily accessible and expandable source of fetal stem cells, amniotic fluid will provide a promising source of neural progenitor cells that may be used in future cellular therapies for neurodegenerative diseases and nervous system injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Song Tsai
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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28
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Zhu X, Shaw PN, Pritchard J, Newbury J, Hunt EJ, Barrett DA. Amino acid analysis by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection: application to nanolitre-volume biological samples from Arabidopsis thaliana and Myzus persicae. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:911-919. [PMID: 15714547 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids were derivatised with 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzo-2,1,3-oxadiazol (NBD-F), separated by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), and detected by argon-ion (488 nm) laser-induced fluorescence. The optimised MEKC background electrolyte conditions were: 40 mM sodium cholate, 5 mM beta-cyclodextrin in 20 mM aqueous borate buffer, pH 9.1, with 7% v/v acetonitrile. Using these conditions, 19 amino acids were separated within 17 min. The limits of detection were in the range of 7.6-42.2 pmol/mL and limits of quantitation from 0.05-0.14 nmol/mL. The method was systematically validated for injection volume error, migration time variation, calibration linearity, accuracy, precision, and recovery. Nanolitre volume samples of phloem sap of individual sieve element cells from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and honeydew from the aphid Myzus persicae were directly analysed with this method. Quantitative amino acid concentrations in these two biological matrices were profiled for the first time. This method is particularly important because it allows the complete profile of the amino acids obtained from individual phloem elements, allowing cell to cell and plant to plant variation to be quantified, which to date has not been possible with Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunlin Zhu
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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29
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Penttilä H, Huttunen P, von Smitten K, Ashammakhi N, Waris T. Reinnervation of arterial grafts by adrenergic nerves occurs in rats as indicated by increased levels of noradrenaline. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 113:2057-60. [PMID: 15253196 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000121185.02247.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the changes in noradrenaline concentrations in transplanted arterial grafts in rats, 31 female rats 4 to 6 weeks old of the AO/Ks:OC strain were operated on. Femoral arterial grafts were anastomosed to carotid arteries and compared with control femoral segments. Six rats were included in each follow-up group at 0, 1, 4, and 12 weeks, and there were seven rats in the 20-week follow-up group. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the concentrations of noradrenaline. The operation itself decreased noradrenaline concentrations in the grafts to 76 percent of that in the control segments. One week after the operation, the noradrenaline concentration had fallen to 1.7 percent of the control values and started to recover thereafter. One month after the operation, it was 23 percent; at 3 months, it was 31 percent; and at 5 months, it was 43 percent of control values. The decrease from time 0 to 1 week was significant (p = 0.001), as was the increase from 1 week to 20 weeks (p = 0.004). Noradrenaline concentrations had fallen significantly 1 week after the operation and thereafter they increased to levels comparable to those seen in the immediate postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Penttilä
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
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30
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Penttilä H, Huttunen P, Von Smitten K, Waris T, Ashammakhi N. Noradrenaline levels rise significantly in rat arterial grafts at 6 hours postoperatively, and take 48 hours to come down. Microsurgery 2004; 24:139-42. [PMID: 15038020 DOI: 10.1002/micr.20004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of disappearance of noradrenaline in arterial grafts after their transplanation. Arterial grafts were harvested from AO/Ks:OC strain rats. In each rat, a graft was harvested from the femoral artery and transplanted into the common carotid artery. A contralateral unoperated femoral artery served as control. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection was used to determine the noradrenaline content in grafts and controls. Immediately after grafting, the noradrenaline content was 76% of control value, at 6 h 130% of control value, and at 48 h 4% of control value. The drop in graft noradrenaline content (from 0-48 h) was statistically significant (P = 0.005). The difference between 0-h, 12-h, and 24-h groups was statistically insignificant. Compared to control specimens, grafts contained less noradrenaline after 12 h, and it disappeared almost completely from femoral arterial grafts in rats within 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Penttilä
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Surgical Hospital Helsinki, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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31
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Dash AK, Elmquist WF. Separation methods that are capable of revealing blood–brain barrier permeability. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 797:241-54. [PMID: 14630153 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to emphasize the application of separation science in evaluating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to drugs and bioactive agents. Several techniques have been utilized to quantitate the BBB permeability. These methods can be classified into two major categories: in vitro or in vivo. The in vivo methods used include brain homogenization, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling, voltametry, autoradiography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, positron emission tomography (PET), intracerebral microdialysis, and brain uptake index (BUI) determination. The in vitro methods include tissue culture and immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) technology. Separation methods have always played an important role as adjunct methods to the methods outlined above for the quantitation of BBB permeability and have been utilized the most with brain homogenization, in situ brain perfusion, CSF sampling, intracerebral microdialysis, in vitro tissue culture and IAM chromatography. However, the literature published to date indicates that the separation method has been used the most in conjunction with intracerebral microdialysis and CSF sampling methods. The major advantages of microdialysis sampling in BBB permeability studies is the possibility of online separation and quantitation as well as the need for only a small sample volume for such an analysis. Separation methods are preferred over non-separation methods in BBB permeability evaluation for two main reasons. First, when the selectivity of a determination method is insufficient, interfering substances must be separated from the analyte of interest prior to determination. Secondly, when large number of analytes is to be detected and quantitated by a single analytical procedure, the mixture must be separated to each individual component prior to determination. Chiral separation in particular can be essential to evaluate the stereo-selective permeation and distribution of agents into the brain. In conclusion, the usefulness of separation methods during BBB permeability evaluation is immense and more application of these methods is foreseen in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alekha K Dash
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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32
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Mihailescu S, Guzmán-Marín R, Domínguez MDCF, Drucker-Colín R. Mechanisms of nicotine actions on dorsal raphe serotoninergic neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 452:77-82. [PMID: 12323387 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, locally administered into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of rat midbrain slices, increased the discharge rate of 70% of serotoninergic neurons, decreased it in 30% and induced reciprocal oscillatory increases in serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release. All of nicotine's stimulatory effects were maximal at 2.15 microM. Bicuculline, a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, increased the firing rate in 64% of serotoninergic neurons, decreased it in 36% and augmented serotonin and GABA release. Bicuculline increased nicotine's stimulatory effects on firing rate but did not reverse the inhibitory ones. N-[2-[4-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-2-pyridinil-cyclohexanecarboxamide (WAY-100635), a 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist, increased the firing rate of 88% of serotoninergic neurons, as well as serotonin and GABA release and reversed nicotine's inhibitory action on serotoninergic neurons. These data suggest that nicotine decreases the firing rate of one third of serotoninergic neurons through serotonin release and increases the firing rate of the remaining two thirds, due to stronger stimulatory than indirect inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mihailescu
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico DF, Mexico
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33
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Chen Z, Wu J, Baker GB, Parent M, Dovichi NJ. Application of capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection to the determination of biogenic amines and amino acids in brain microdialysate and homogenate samples. J Chromatogr A 2001; 914:293-8. [PMID: 11358224 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A procedure is described to derivatize 16 primary-amine-containing biogenic amines and amino acids in brain mixtures with the fluorogenic reagent 5-furoylquinoline-3-carboxaldehyde (FQ). These FQ-tagged compounds in the brain sample were resolved in less than 16 min based on micellar electrokinetic chromatography and laser-induced fluorescence. There was a linear relationship between the concentration of analyte and the fluorescence intensity, with correlation coefficients in the range of 0.96-1.00. The utility of this method for the quantification of the important inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid in microdialysates and brain homogenates from rats is illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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34
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Davies MI, Cooper JD, Desmond SS, Lunte CE, Lunte SM. Analytical considerations for microdialysis sampling. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2000; 45:169-88. [PMID: 11108973 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adaptations in microdialysis probe designs have made it possible to obtain samples from the extracellular fluid of a variety of tissues with high temporal resolution. The resulting small volume samples, often with low concentration of the analyte(s) of interest, present a particular challenge to the analytical system. Rapid separations can be coupled on-line with microdialysis to provide near real-time data. By combining microdialysis sampling with a liquid chromatographic or capillary electrophoretic separation and a highly sensitive detection method, a separation-based sensor can be developed. Such sensors have been applied to the investigation of drug entities as well as to study endogenous analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Davies
- Bioanalytical Systems, Inc., Kansas Research Laboratory, Lawrence, KS, USA
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35
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Abstract
Chromatographic methods are preferred in the analysis of organic molecules with lower molecular mass (<500 g/mol) in body fluids, i.e., the assay of drugs, metabolites, endogenous substances and poisons as well as of environmental exposure by gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), for example. Sample preparation in biomedical analysis is mainly performed by liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. However, new methods are investigated with the aim to increase the sample throughput and to improve the quality of analytical methods. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was introduced about a decade ago and it was mainly applied to environmental and food analysis. All steps of sample preparation, i.e., extraction, concentration, derivatization and transfer to the chromatograph, are integrated in one step and in one device. This is accomplished by the intelligent combination of an immobilized extraction solvent (a polymer) with a special geometry (a fiber within a syringe). It was a challenge to test this novel principle in biomedical analysis. Thus, an introduction is provided to the theory of SPME in the present paper. A critical review of the first applications to biomedical analyses is presented in the main paragraph. The optimization of SPME as well as advantages and disadvantages are discussed. It is concluded that, because of some unique characteristics, SPME can be introduced with benefit into several areas of biomedical analysis. In particular, the application of headspace SPME-GC-MS in forensic toxicology and environmental medicine appears to be promising. However, it seems that SPME will not become a universal method. Thus, on-line SPE-LC coupling with column-switching technique may be a good alternative if an analytical problem cannot be sufficiently dealt with by SPME.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ulrich
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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36
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Bouchereau A, Guénot P, Larher F. Analysis of amines in plant materials. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 747:49-67. [PMID: 11103899 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic amines are conveniently divided into aliphatic monoamines, aliphatic di- and polyamines and aromatic amines. These compounds are shown to fulfill an array of roles in cellular metabolism. Thus, amines are needed for growth and development and their metabolism appears to be coordinated with the cell cycle. Di- and polyamines, among which are putrescine, spermidine and spermine, are ubiquitous polycationic molecules that occur in all living cells. However, plants accumulate a number of specific related compounds under free or conjugated forms. In plant tissues, the molecular diversity combined with the fact that amine contents are highly responsive to developmental and environmental signals encouraged analysts to develop specific procedures for their isolation and characterization. The main goals were to develop high performance routine procedures in terms of selectivity, repeatability and detectability with minimum running costs. Domains of application concern not only fundamental aspects of amine biochemistry and physiology in plants but also increasing needs in the control of food and beverage quality from plant origin. The present review reports the most recent advances in extraction, identification and quantitation of amines in plant tissues with special interest in the analysis of original and uncommon metabolites. Emphasis is directed towards chromatographic and electrophoretic separation methodologies and new detection technologies of both derivatized and underivatized compounds including photometry, fluorometry, amperometry and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bouchereau
- UMR CNRS ICM 6026, Université de Rennes I, France
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37
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Takezawa K, Tsunoda M, Watanabe N, Imai K. An automatic analyzer for catecholamines and their 3-O-methyl metabolites using a micro coulometric flow cell as a postcolumn reactor for fluorogenic reaction. Anal Chem 2000; 72:4009-14. [PMID: 10994958 DOI: 10.1021/ac0003697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A coulometric flow cell for a miniaturized LC system was developed. The cell was examined, as 3-O-methyl catecholamines were converted to their relative omicron-quinones for subsequent fluorometric and chemiluminescence detection. Its performance was evaluated in comparison with commercially available amperometric and coulometric detectors in terms of specification of the low dead volume and high conversion efficiency. The fully automated small-bore LC analyzer for simultaneous determination of catecholamines and their 3-O-methyl metabolites included precolumn pretreatment, column switching, column separation, postcolumn oxidative conversion, fluorometric derivatization, and chemiluminescence detection. The detection limits were 0.3-2.0 fmol for catecholamines and their 3-O-methyl metabolites. Because of the high sensitivity, the required volume of rat plasma sample was only 15 microL.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takezawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Wood AT, Hall MR. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of catecholamines and indoleamines using a simple gradient solvent system and native fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 744:221-5. [PMID: 10985586 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase HPLC method using a C18 column and a two-mobile-phase gradient elution system containing only volatile components has been developed for separation of norepinephrine, octopamine, epinephrine, dopamine, dihydroxyphenylalanine, tyramine, tyrosine, serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, N-acetyl-serotonin and tryptophan. Mobile phase A contains 0.05% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid and methanol (97.5:2.5, v/v) and mobile phase B contains 0.05% aqueous trifluoracetic acid and methanol (40:60, v/v). This method has the advantage that the mobile phase can be removed completely, without salt residues, from the eluted fractions thus simplifying further analytical procedures on isolated fractions. The elution profile of standards is related to structural characteristics allowing prediction of retention times of known compounds and insight into possible structural characteristics of unknown components in a mixture. Detection is via native fluorescence using excitation at 220 nm and emission at 320 nm and under the conditions described has a sensitivity range from 2.5 to 25 pmol, although the sensitivity range can be extended depending on the emission wavelength used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Wood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA
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39
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Cheng FC, Kuo JS, Huang HM, Yang DY, Wu TF, Tsai TH. Determination of catecholamines in pheochromocytoma cell (PC-12) culture medium by microdialysis-microbore liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2000; 870:405-11. [PMID: 10722096 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00910-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro microdialysis system was constructed for the measurement of catecholamines in pheochromocytoma cell culture medium. The novel microdialysis device is composed of a petri dish, a dialysis membrane and two transmission tubes. The dialysis membrane is located in the space of a petri dish such that it is immersed in the culture medium. Catecholamines contained in the culture medium diffused into a designed dialysis membrane with sufficient recovery (about 60%). Dialysates were collected by a sampling loop and introduced by an on-line injector to a microbore liquid chromatographic system for analysis of catecholamines. This assay yielded a detection limit of 0.2-0.5 pg/injection with acceptable intra- and inter-assay reproducibilities in 5 microl of dialysates. To evaluate the on-line microdialysis system, PC-12 cells were cultured in a petri dish within an incubator. The baseline concentration of dopamine in PC-12 cell culture medium was about 0.29 ng/ml which was elevated to 2.43 ng/ml after treatment with 0.5 mM potassium cyanide. In conclusion, the present microassay provides for the sensitive, direct measurement of catecholamines in culture medium while minimizing pretreatment procedures for sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan.
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40
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Zhang L, Castell A, Avila E, Drucker-Colín R, Escobar A. Immunocytochemical, ultrastructural and neurochemical evidences on synaptogenesis and dopamine release of rat chromaffin cells co-cultured with striatal neurons. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2000; 59:170-4. [PMID: 10749106 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/59.2.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The results reported herein address the question of synaptogenesis between adrenal chromaffin cells and striatal neurons. The release of dopamine from chromaffin cells in the presence of striatal neurons was also examined. Co-culture of newborn rat chromaffin cells and striatal neurons at 1:1 ratio was made. Cultures were examined morphologically using immunocytochemistry and ultrastructural techniques (transmission electron microscopy), while quantitation of dopamine in the culture media by HPLC-ECD was also determined. Neurite outgrowth from chromaffin cells was enhanced in the presence of striatal neurons and numerous synaptic-like contacts between these two cell types were observed. Higher concentration of dopamine was also present in the co-culture medium as compared with those containing only chromaffin cells. The development of synapses between these two types of cells may give support to the functionality of transplants in human cases of Parkinson disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Depto. Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City
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41
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Abstract
During the last two decades, a number of methods have been developed for in vivo collection, separation and characterization of biological samples and analytes. The capability and reliability of the microdialysis technique for measuring endogenous substances (such as neurotransmitters and their metabolites) as well as exogenous therapeutic agents in various tissue systems have brought it to the forefront of the in vivo tissue sampling methods. The usability of this technique is demonstrated by its application as reported in almost 3600 scientific papers (as of January 1998). This paper describes the general aspects and various applications of this fast growing technique. Emphasis has been given to analytical considerations with regards to microdialysis probe recovery and newer HPLC techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Chaurasia
- Division of Bioequivalence, Food and Drug Administration, MPN II, Rm 123E, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, USA
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42
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Cheng FC, Tsai TH, Wu YS, Kuo JS, Chen CF. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses of trazodone in rat striatum by in vivo microdialysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 19:293-300. [PMID: 10704094 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the brain pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of trazodone. Sensitive microbore high-performance liquid chromatographic methods with electrochemical detection (LC-ED) were developed for the determination of trazodone, serotonin (5-HT), and their respective metabolites. The feasibility of microdialysis coupled with LC-ED system for direct analysis of these compounds in the rat striatum was investigated. Striatal dialysates were automatically injected onto a cyano microbore column, through an on-line injector, for the determination of trazodone and its metabolite or onto a reversed phase microbore column for the determination of 5-HT and its metabolite. A monophase phenomenon with a first-order elimination rate constant was observed for trazodone. The brain pharmacokinetics of trazodone appear to conform to a one-compartment model. Surprisingly, no significant changes in striatal 5-HT or its metabolite were observed following the same dosage and time course. The present results suggest that brain microdialysis methods may be applicable to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of psychotrophic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, ROC
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43
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Terashima C, Tanaka H, Furuno M. Using an electrochemical detector with a carbon interdigited-array microelectrode for capillary-column liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Perrett D. Advances in separation science relating to clinical nutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1998; 1:433-7. [PMID: 10565390 DOI: 10.1097/00075197-199809000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Advances in separation science are leading to more sensitive and more specific analysis of the complex mixtures of metabolites, vitamins and nutrients found in biofluids. Recent developments include capillary electrokinetic separations such as capillary electrophoresis, and the linking of separation methods to new forms of mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Perrett
- Department of Medicine, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine & Dentistry, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, UK
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Soblosky JS, Colgin LL, Parrish CM, Davidson JF, Carey ME. Procedure for the sample preparation and handling for the determination of amino acids, monoamines and metabolites from microdissected brain regions of the rat. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 712:31-41. [PMID: 9698226 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A method is described for the analysis of amino acids, monoamines and metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) from individual brain areas. The chromatographic separations were achieved using microbore columns. For amino acids we used a 100x1 mm I.D. C8, 5 microm column. A binary mobile phases was used: mobile phase A consisted of 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 6.8)-methanol-dimethylacetamide (69:24:7, v/v) and mobile phase B consisted of sodium acetate buffer (pH 6.8)-methanol-dimethylacetamide (15:45:40, v/v). The flow-rate was maintained at 150 microl/min. For monoamines and metabolites we used a 150X1 mm I.D. C18 5 microm reversed-phase column. The mobile phase consisted of 25 mM monobasic sodium phosphate, 50 mM sodium citrate, 27 microM disodium EDTA, 10 mM diethylamine, 2.2 mM octane sulfonic acid and 10 mM sodium chloride with 3% methanol and 2.2% dimethylacetamide. The potential was +700 mV versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode for both the amino acids and the biogenic amines and metabolites. Ten rat brain regions, including various cortical areas, the cerebellum, hippocampus, substantia nigra, red nucleus and locus coeruleus were microdissected or micropunched from frozen 300-microm tissue slices. Tissue samples were homogenized in 50 or 100 microl of 0.05 M perchloric acid. The precise handling and processing of the tissue samples and tissue homogenates are described in detail, since care must be exercised in processing such small volumes while preventing sample degradation. An aliquot of the sample was derivatized to form the tert.-butylthiol derivatives of the amino acids and gamma-aminobutyric acid. A second aliquot of the same sample was used for monamine and metabolite analyses. The results indicate that the procedure is ideal for processing and analyzing small tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Soblosky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans 70112, USA
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Wallenborg SR, Markides KE, Nyholm L. Oxidative and reductive amperometric detection of phenolic and nitroaromatic compounds in packed capillary column supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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de Castro M, Gámiz-Gracia L. Miniaturisation: a well-defined trend in separation and preconcentration techniques. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Thorré K, Pravda M, Sarre S, Ebinger G, Michotte Y. New antioxidant mixture for long term stability of serotonin, dopamine and their metabolites in automated microbore liquid chromatography with dual electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 694:297-303. [PMID: 9252043 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An automated microbore liquid chromatographic assay with dual electrochemical detection is described for the determination of serotonin, dopamine and their metabolites, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid. Due to the chemical instability of the compounds, the addition of an antioxidant is required for automated analysis over a long period of time (e.g., 20 h). Therefore, the time stability of these substances was tested with different antioxidants. The stability for serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was poor in acidic medium containing Na2EDTA but could greatly be improved by the addition of L-cysteine and ascorbic acid. Using this assay, the neurotransmitters and their metabolites could easily be determined in microdialysates obtained from different rat brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Thorré
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Anderson DJ, Guo B, Xu Y, Ng LM, Kricka LJ, Skogerboe KJ, Hage DS, Schoeff L, Wang J, Sokoll LJ, Chan DW, Ward KM, Davis KA. Clinical chemistry. Anal Chem 1997; 69:165R-229R. [PMID: 9195857 DOI: 10.1021/a1970008p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Ohio 44115, USA
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50
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Abstract
The objective of this review is to survey the recent literature regarding the various applications of microdialysis in pharmacokinetics. Microdialysis is a relatively new technique for sampling tissue extracellular fluid that is gaining popularity in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, both in experimental animals and humans. The first part of this review discusses various aspects of the technique with regard to its use in pharmacokinetic studies, such as: quantitation of the microdialysis probe relative recovery, interfacing the sampling technique with analytical instrumentation, and consideration of repeated procedures using the microdialysis probe. The remainder of the review is devoted to a survey of the recent literature concerning pharmacokinetic studies that apply the microdialysis sampling technique. While the majority of the pharmacokinetic studies that have utilized microdialysis have been done in the central nervous system, a growing number of applications are being found in a variety of peripheral tissue types, e.g. skin, muscle, adipose, eye, lung, liver, and blood, and these are considered as well. Given the rising interest in this technique, and the ongoing attempts to adapt it to pharmacokinetic studies, it is clear that microdialysis sampling will have an important place in studying drug disposition and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Elmquist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, USA
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