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DiSilvestro RA, DiSilvestro DJ, Joseph E. Zinc supplementation raises serum zinc and 5'-nucleotidase activities in healthy, USA middle-aged men. Nutr Health 2023; 29:43-45. [PMID: 36314478 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221133901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background: Many types of people have been noted to show less than maximum zinc functional status. One group that has not been examined is healthy middle-aged, non-vegetarian men in the USA. Aim: To determine if supplementation with zinc improves values for two plasma indicators of zinc status. Methods: Zinc arginate (30 mg zinc/day) was given for 6 weeks to healthy middle-aged men. Results: Supplementation produced statistically significant, but small increases in plasma values for zinc and activity of 5'-nucleotidase, a zinc enzyme. Conclusion: These results suggest that middle-aged, healthy, meat-eating US males tend to show close to maximal zinc functional status. However, such men may not have a safety margin in zinc stores that covers situations where higher than normal zinc needs develop.
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Ahangar N, Naderi M, Noroozi A, Ghasemi M, Zamani E, Shaki F. Zinc Deficiency and Oxidative Stress Involved in Valproic Acid Induced Hepatotoxicity: Protection by Zinc and Selenium Supplementation. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 179:102-109. [PMID: 28124216 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-0944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic drug, which its usage is limited due to its hepatotoxicity. The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se), necessary trace elements, against VPA-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. The animals were divided into five groups: control, VPA 200 mg/kg, VPA + Zn (100 mg/kg), VPA + Se (100 mg/kg), and VPA + Zn + Se. The administration of VPA for four consecutive weeks resulted in decrease in serum level of Zn in rats. Also, an increase in liver marker enzymes (ALT and AST) and also histological changes in liver tissue were shown after VPA administration. Oxidative stress was evident in VPA group by increased lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein carbonyl (PCO), glutathione (GSH) oxidation, and reducing total antioxidant capacity. Zn and Se (100 mg/kg) administration was able to protect against deterioration in liver enzyme, abrogated the histological change in liver tissue, and suppressed the increase in oxidative stress markers. Zn and combination of Zn plus Se treatment showed more protective effects than Se alone. These results imply that Zn and Se should be suggested as effective supplement products for the prevention of VPA-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nematollah Ahangar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Maloos Naderi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abdolali Noroozi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Zamani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shaki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Martinez SS, Campa A, Li Y, Fleetwood C, Stewart T, Ramamoorthy V, Baum MK. Low Plasma Zinc Is Associated with Higher Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Faster Liver Fibrosis Development in the Miami Adult Studies in HIV Cohort. J Nutr 2017; 147:556-562. [PMID: 28228506 PMCID: PMC5368586 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.243832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oxidative stress and reduced antioxidants may be a trigger for liver fibrogenesis. Reducing oxidative stress through higher antioxidant concentration may be a potential antifibrotic target.Objective: We aimed to investigate longitudinally whether plasma zinc, an antioxidant, is related to mitochondrial oxidative stress and the progression of liver fibrosis in the Miami Adult Studies in HIV (MASH) cohort.Methods: A prospective observational cohort study was conducted in 487 predominantly African American HIV-monoinfected and HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected adults with a mean ± SD age of 47.08 ± 7.67 y from the MASH cohort and followed for a median of 34 mo. Blood was collected for plasma zinc and measures were used to calculate the fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score (aspartate amino transferase, alanine aminotransferase, and platelets). Plasma zinc deficiency was defined as <0.75 mg/L. Total DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) was determined. Adjusted mixed models were used to assess the relations between zinc, stage of liver disease, and oxidative stress over time and compared between HIV and HIV/HCV groups.Results: Zinc concentrations (β: -0.368, SE = 0.172; P = 0.033) and deficiency were associated with lower FIB-4 scores over time (β: 0.381, SE = 0.118; P = 0.001). Compared with those who were not zinc deficient, zinc-deficient participants had an increased risk of having more-progressed liver disease (OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.15, 3.16; P = 0.012). Higher mtDNA 8-oxo-dG was associated with zinc deficiency (β: 0.049, SE = 0.024; P = 0.044) and higher FIB-4 scores over time (β: 0.597, SE = 0.168, P < 0.001).Conclusions: Lower plasma zinc concentrations were associated with liver fibrosis progression and mitochondrial oxidative stress in the HIV and HIV/HCV groups. Zinc may play a role in the impact of liver disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Martinez
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | - Adriana Campa
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | - Yinghui Li
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | | | - Tiffanie Stewart
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN; and
| | | | - Marianna K Baum
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL;
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Tian X, Zheng Y, Li Y, Shen Z, Tao L, Dou X, Qian J, Shen H. Psychological stress induced zinc accumulation and up-regulation of ZIP14 and metallothionein in rat liver. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:32. [PMID: 24548602 PMCID: PMC3931483 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-14-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc is necessary for normal liver function; and vice versa, the liver plays a central role in zinc homeostasis. The aim of present study is to assess the effects of repeated psychological stress (PS) on the zinc metabolism and related mechanism involved in zinc homeostasis in rat liver. Methods In present study, we used communication box to create PS model and investigated the serum corticosterone (CORT), zinc level in serum and liver, liver metallothionein (MT) content and ZRT/IRT-like Protein 14 (ZIP14) mRNA expression. Results The results showed that the serum CORT level increased and serum zinc level decreased significantly after 7 d and 14 d PS treatment. Meanwhile, zinc and MT contents in liver were elevated after 14 d PS exposure, while those in 7 d PS exposure group did not change. ZIP14 mRNA was expressed markedly at 7 d after the onset of PS, while Zip14 mRNA expression in the liver after 14 d PS exposure reached normal level compared with control group. Conclusions The results suggest that PS exposure could induce hypozincemia, which might be related to liver zinc accumulation because of high level of MT through glucocorticoid-mediated MT synthesis and ZIP14 expression induced by interleukin-6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianxin Qian
- Department of Naval Hygiene, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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Zhang C, Lu X, Tan Y, Li B, Miao X, Jin L, Shi X, Zhang X, Miao L, Li X, Cai L. Diabetes-induced hepatic pathogenic damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance was exacerbated in zinc deficient mouse model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49257. [PMID: 23251339 PMCID: PMC3520990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Zinc (Zn) deficiency often occurs in the patients with diabetes. Effects of Zn deficiency on diabetes-induced hepatic injury were investigated. Methods Type 1 diabetes was induced in FVB mice with multiple low-dose streptozotocin. Hyperglycemic and age-matched control mice were treated with and without Zn chelator, N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-pyridylemethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN), at 5 mg/kg body-weight daily for 4 months. Hepatic injury was examined by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level and liver histopathological and biochemical changes. Results Hepatic Zn deficiency (lower than control level, p<0.05) was seen in the mice with either diabetes or TPEN treatment and more evident in the mice with both diabetes and TPEN. Zn deficiency exacerbated hepatic injuries, shown by further increased serum ALT, hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation, oxidative damage, and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related cell death in Diabetes/TPEN group compared to Diabetes alone. Diabetes/TPEN group also showed a significant decrease in nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression and transcription action along with significant increases in Akt negative regulators, decrease in Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation, and increase in nuclear accumulation of Fyn (a Nrf2 negative regulator). In vitro study with HepG2 cells showed that apoptotic effect of TPEN at 0.5–1.0 µM could be completely prevented by simultaneous Zn supplementation at the dose range of 30–50 µM. Conclusions Zn is required for maintaining Akt activation by inhibiting the expression of Akt negative regulators; Akt activation can inhibit Fyn nuclear translocation to export nuclear Nrf2 to cytoplasm for degradation. Zn deficiency significantly enhanced diabetes-induced hepatic injury likely through down-regulation of Nrf2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital of the Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, at the Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Xuemian Lu
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital of the Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Tan
- The Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, at the Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Bing Li
- Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, at the Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Miao
- Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, at the Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Litai Jin
- The Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lining Miao
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- The Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XKL); (LC)
| | - Lu Cai
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital of the Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, at the Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Radiation Oncology, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XKL); (LC)
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Kojima-Yuasa A, Kamatani K, Tabuchi M, Akahoshi Y, Kennedy DO, Matsui-Yuasa I. Zinc deficiency enhances sensitivity to carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2011; 25:103-8. [PMID: 21514806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient that is required in humans and animals for many physiological functions, including immune and antioxidant functions, growth and reproduction. The present study was conducted to examine the influence of Zn deficiency on the protective action against mild oxidative stress induced by a low dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) in rats. Male Wistar rats were administered 125 or 250 μL/kg body weight CCl(4), which caused mild or no elevation of serum LDH, AST and ALT enzyme levels in rats fed a diet with adequate Zn. Treatment with CCl(4) (125 μL/kg) caused a significant release of these enzymes into the serum of rats fed a Zn-deficient diet but not in those given a diet with adequate Zn. Furthermore, no histological abnormalities were observed in CCl(4)-untreated rats fed either a diet with adequate Zn or a Zn-deficient diet or in CCl(4) (125 μL/kg)-treated rats fed a diet with adequate Zn. In CCl(4) (125 μL/kg)-treated rats fed a Zn-deficient diet, however, we observed associated collagen accumulation in the liver and hepatic necrosis. The degree of fibrosis was also more severe in CCl(4) (250 μL/kg)-treated rats fed a Zn-deficient diet. These results show that zinc deficiency during an oxidative stress injury negates the protective actions of certain treatments that normally block oxidative damage. The present study suggests that Zn plays an important role in regulating the antioxidative defense system under mild CCl(4) toxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kojima-Yuasa
- Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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Dietary nicotinic acid supplementation improves hepatic zinc uptake and offers hepatoprotection against oxidative damage. Br J Nutr 2011; 105:1741-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510005520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of dietary nicotinic acid (NA) variations before and after oxidative stress (OS) treatment on the antioxidant defence system, function and morphology of the liver along with Zn status in rats. OS was generated by three intraperitoneal injections of tert-butyl hydroperoxide in the first week for the pre-exposure group and in the third week for the post-exposure group, respectively. These groups were further divided into subgroups and fed on a diet with marginally deficient Zn (10 mg Zn/kg diet) and NA variations as NA deficient, normal and excess with 10, 30 and 1000 mg NA/kg diet, respectively. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were elevated in rats with OS coupled with the Zn- and NA-deficient diet, which decreased towards normal with excess dietary NA. Excess NA supplementation in the OS pre-exposure group resulted in nearly preserved hepatic architecture with normal hepatocytes, whereas maximum tissue destruction was evident in the post-exposure group with NA deficiency. Dose-dependent improvement in the antioxidant defence system, enhanced reduced glutathione levels, lowered lipid peroxidation and higher hepatic Zn levels were observed with NA supplementation. The effect was more prominent in the pre-exposure group. In conclusion, dietary NA supplementation improves hepatic Zn uptake and results in hepatoprotection against OS-induced damage in rats.
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Tupe RS, Tupe SG, Tarwadi KV, Agte VV. Effect of different dietary zinc levels on hepatic antioxidant and micronutrients indices under oxidative stress conditions. Metabolism 2010; 59:1603-11. [PMID: 20359724 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dietary zinc (Zn) status exerts a powerful influence on the degree of oxidative damage caused by free radicals. We examined the effect of dietary Zn variations with oxidative stress (OS) treatment on antioxidant status, liver function, and status of vitamins in male Wistar rats. Oxidative stress was generated by intraperitoneal injections of tert-butyl hydroperoxide; and dietary Zn variations done were Zn deficient, normal, and excess, with 8, 30, and 60 mg Zn per kilogram diet, respectively. After 21-day dietary regimen, the animals were killed; and plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, hepatic antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), Zn, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and hepatic riboflavin, nicotinic acid, and ascorbic acid estimations were done. The alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were elevated in rats with OS and Zn-deficient diet, which were restored to normal levels with excess dietary Zn. Hepatic antioxidant enzymes and reduced glutathione levels were significantly decreased with concomitant increase in LPO due to OS induction in animals with Zn-deficient diet. Corresponding enhanced enzyme activities, higher hepatic Zn, and lowered LPO were observed in animals with normal- and excess-Zn diet. A dose-dependent increase in hepatic nicotinic acid accumulation was observed as the dietary Zn level increased from deficient to excess; however, there was no influence on riboflavin and ascorbic acid status. The results suggest that Zn may have a therapeutic potential in treatment of oxidative liver damage along with enhanced nicotinic acid absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi S Tupe
- Biometry and Nutrition Group, Animal Sciences Division, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune-411004, India
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Zinc plays an essential role in numerous biochemical pathways. Zinc deficiency affects many organ systems, including the integumentary, gastrointestinal, central nervous system, immune, skeletal, and reproductive systems. This article aims to discuss zinc metabolism and highlights a few of the diseases associated with zinc deficiency. RECENT FINDINGS Zinc deficiency results in dysfunction of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity and increases the susceptibility to infection. Supplementation of zinc has been shown to reduce the incidence of infection as well as cellular damage from increased oxidative stress. Zinc deficiency is also associated with acute and chronic liver disease. Zinc supplementation protects against toxin-induced liver damage and is used as a therapy for hepatic encephalopathy in patients refractory to standard treatment. Zinc deficiency has also been implicated in diarrheal disease, and supplementation has been effective in both prophylaxis and treatment of acute diarrhea. SUMMARY This article is not meant to review all of the disease states associated with zinc deficiency. Rather, it is an introduction to the influence of the many roles of zinc in the body, with an extensive discussion of the influence of zinc deficiency in selected diseases. Zinc supplementation may be beneficial as an adjunct to treatment of many disease states.
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Morellini NM, Giles NL, Rea S, Adcroft KF, Falder S, King CE, Dunlop SA, Beazley LD, West AK, Wood FM, Fear MW. Exogenous metallothionein-IIA promotes accelerated healing after a burn wound. Wound Repair Regen 2008; 16:682-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2008.00418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Stamoulis I, Kouraklis G, Theocharis S. Zinc and the liver: an active interaction. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:1595-612. [PMID: 17415640 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element, exerting important antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. It affects growth and development and participates in processes such as aging and cancer induction. The liver is important for the regulation of zinc homeostasis, while zinc is necessary for proper liver function. Decreased zinc levels have been implicated in both acute and chronic liver disease states, and zinc deficiency has been implicated in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Zinc supplementation offers protection in experimental animal models of acute and chronic liver injury, but these hepatoprotective properties have not been fully elucidated. In the present review, data on zinc homeostasis, its implication in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, and its effect on acute and chronic liver diseases are presented. It is concluded that zinc could protect against liver diseases, although up to now the underlying pathophysiology of zinc and liver interactions have not been defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Stamoulis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, University of Athens, Medical School, Goudi, Athens, Greece
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12
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review the published evidence for a role of zinc nutrition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD A computer literature search was supplemented by the authors' knowledge. RESULTS Numerous controlled studies report cross-sectional evidence of lower zinc tissue levels (serum, red cells, hair, urine, nails) in children who have ADHD, compared to normal controls and population norms. A few studies show correlations of zinc level with either clinical severity or a change thereof in response to stimulant or chemical challenge. Two placebo-controlled trials--one of zinc monotherapy, the other of zinc supplementation of methylphenidate--reported significant benefit. However, diagnostic procedures and sample representativeness were often not clear, and most such reports have come from countries and cultures with different diets and/or socioeconomic realities than are found in the United States (only one American sample in nine published reports). In particular, both positive clinical trials of zinc supplementation came from the Mid-East (Turkey and Iran), an area with suspected endemic zinc deficiency. The largest of these trials used zinc doses above the recommended upper tolerable limit and had a 2 in 3 dropout rate. CONCLUSION It is not clear how well the accumulating evidence for a possible role of zinc in ADHD applies to middle-class American children. However, the evidence appears strong enough to warrant further controlled study in well-diagnosed samples representative of the socioeconomic spectrum. Hypothesis-testing clinical trials are needed of this potential treatment that, if found effective, might become a relatively safe, cheap substitute for, or adjunct to, current treatments in some patients. At present, it should remain an investigational treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Eugene Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43074, USA.
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14
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Davis SR, Samuelson DA, Cousins RJ. Metallothionein expression protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, but overexpression and dietary zinc supplementation provide no further protection in metallothionein transgenic and knockout mice. J Nutr 2001; 131:215-22. [PMID: 11160536 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothionein and zinc have been implicated in cellular defense against a number of cytotoxic agents. With respect to the free radical-generating hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride, conclusions about a defensive role were reached from in vitro studies, in vivo studies using inducers of metallothionein and studies using injections of pharmacological amounts of zinc. Metallothionein knockout (null) and metallothionein transgenic mice are more direct models to examine the effects of metallothionein expression on induced cytotoxicity. Similarly, zinc presented via the diet is a more physiological model than that presented via injection. We examined whether metallothionein-overexpressing mice or metallothionein knockout mice had altered sensitivity to carbon tetrachloride and whether supplemental dietary zinc reduced sensitivity to carbon tetrachloride in these genotypes. Metallothionein knockout mice produced no metallothionein and were unable to sequester additional hepatic zinc in response to elevated dietary zinc. Hepatotoxicity, as measured by serum alanine aminotransferase activity, histological analyses and hepatic thiol levels, was greater in the knockout mice than in controls 12 h after carbon tetrachloride treatment but not at later time points (up to 48 h). In contrast, metallothionein-overexpressing mice produced more metallothionein and sequestered more liver zinc than control mice, but hepatotoxicity was similar between genotypes. Supplemental dietary zinc had no effect on hepatotoxicity with either genotype. These data suggest metallothionein null mice were more susceptible to carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity than were control mice. However, neither metallothionein overexpression nor supplemental dietary zinc provided further protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Davis
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0370, USA
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15
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Eck P, Pallauf J. Induction of metallothionein by exposure to normobaric 100% oxygen atmosphere in rats with different zinc supply. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2001; 15:229-35. [PMID: 11846012 DOI: 10.1016/s0946-672x(01)80038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of an oxygen enriched environment on the induction of the metalloprotein metallothionein (MT) and its relation to zinc metabolism in rats supplied with different levels of dietary zinc. Male albino rats were fed purified diets based on maize starch, egg white, saccharose and soybean oil differing in the concentration of zinc (1; 20; 100; 500 mg Zn/kg diet). At a dietary zinc supply of 1 mg/kg, the rats developed a zinc deficiency indicated by visual and biochemical parameters. At the end of the 37-day feeding period, half of the rats were exposed to 100% oxygen for 12 h. The oxygen treatment significantly reduced plasma zinc in the zinc supplemented rats and reduced it in tendency in the zinc deficient rats. The MT concentration was increased in the zinc supplemented groups in the liver, kidney and lung. The oxygen treatment elevated the metallothionein concentration in the two high zinc supplemented groups (100 and 500 mg Zn/kg diet) in the liver. The response of the zinc concentration in plasma and of hepatic metallothionein levels to oxygen exposure indicates a role of metallothionein in zinc distribution or interactions with other trace elements to support antioxidant capacity, rather than an impact on direct scavenging activity of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Eck
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
Theoretically, zinc can exert a number of indirect antioxidant functions. Researchers at our laboratory have found evidence to support this concept by studying mild zinc deficiency in rats. This state produces low resistance to chemically induced liver oxidant injury, and it produces high vulnerability of lipoproteins to oxidation. We are building on this work in rats to test a hypothesis in humans that increased zinc intake will protect against oxidant stress in persons with tendencies for both moderate zinc deficiency and high oxidant stress. This hypothesis has been tested in postmenopausal, type 2 diabetic women. A 3-wk supplementation with zinc (30 mg/d as glycine-chelate) raised initially low plasma zinc values to above normal values and increased plasma activities of 5'-nucleotidase. However, the latter values were still well below normal. Lipoprotein oxidation tendencies, a measure of oxidant stress, were not altered by the zinc treatment. A new project has been initiated to determine whether both a higher dose and longer duration of zinc treatment will normalize 5'-nucleotidase activities and affect the indices of oxidant stress. The latter will be considered in terms of both zinc supplementation and supplementation of zinc plus vitamin C, another problem nutrient for diabetic persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A DiSilvestro
- Human Nutrition & Food Management, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Klaassen CD, Liu J, Choudhuri S. Metallothionein: an intracellular protein to protect against cadmium toxicity. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1999; 39:267-94. [PMID: 10331085 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 756] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MT) are low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins. MT genes are readily induced by various physiologic and toxicologic stimuli. Because the cysteines in MT are absolutely conserved across species, it was suspected that the cysteines are necessary for function and MT is essential for life. In attempts to determine the function(s) of MT, studies have been performed using four different experimental paradigms: (a) animals injected with chemicals known to induce MT; (b) cells adapted to survive and grow in high concentrations of MT-inducing toxicants; (c) cells transfected with the MT gene; and (d) MT-transgenic and MT-null mice. Most often, results from studies using the first three approaches have indicated multiple functions of MT in cell biology: MT (a) is a "storehouse" for zinc, (b) is a free-radical scavenger, and (c) protects against cadmium (Cd) toxicity. However, studies using MT-transgenic and null mice have not strongly supported the first two proposed functions but strongly support its function in protecting against Cd toxicity. Repeated administration of Cd to MT-null mice results in nephrotoxicity at one tenth the dose that produces nephrotoxicity in control mice. Human studies indicate that 7% of the general population have renal dysfunction from Cd exposure. Therefore, if humans did not have MT, "normal" Cd exposure would be nephrotoxic to humans. Thus, it appears that during evolution, the ability of MT to protect against Cd toxicity might have taken a more pivotal role in the maintenance of life processes, as compared with its other proposed functions (i.e. storehouse for zinc and free radical scavenger).
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Klaassen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160, USA.
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Joung H, DiSilvestro RA, Burge JC, Choban PS, Flancbaum L. Zinc and copper-related blood parameters in male trauma patients. Nutr Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(98)00055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bui LM, Taubeneck MW, Commisso JF, Uriu-Hare JY, Faber WD, Keen CL. Altered zinc metabolism contributes to the developmental toxicity of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanol and valproic acid. Toxicology 1998; 126:9-21. [PMID: 9585088 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(97)00171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that the developmental toxicity of certain compounds is, in part, due to maternal toxicity resulting in alterations in zinc (Zn) metabolism that affects the developing conceptus. In the present work the effects of developmentally toxic doses of 2-ethylhexanoic acid (EHXA), 2-ethylhexanol (EHXO), and valproic acid (VPA) on Zn metabolism were investigated in the pregnant rat. In experiment 1, dams were intubated with EHXA (3.13, 6.25, 9.38 or 12.5 mmol/kg), EHXO (6.25, 9.38 or 12.5 mmol/kg), VPA (1.56, 3.13, 6.25 or 9.38 mmol/kg), or corn oil (control; 1.0 ml/kg) at 14:00 h on gestation day (GD) 11.5, intubated with 32 microCi 65Zn at 22:00 h, and then killed at 08:00 h on GD 12.5. At the higher dose levels of EHXA and EHXO, and at all dosages of VPA, the percentage of 65Zn retained in maternal liver was higher, while that in the embryos was lower, than in controls. Chemical-associated changes in 65Zn distribution were associated with increased maternal liver metallothionein (MT) concentrations. In experiment 2, dams were fed diets containing 1, 25 or 97 microg Zn/g from GD 0-16 and intubated with 3.5 mmol EHXA or 1.0 ml corn oil/kg/d from GD 8-15. Dams were killed on GD 16 or 19. High incidences of encephalocele and tail defects were noted in the GD 16 fetuses of EHXA-treated dams fed either the low or adequate Zn diet, the highest incidences being in the low Zn group. On GD 19 the incidence of tail defects tended to be higher in the EHXA groups than in oil-treated controls, the highest incidence occurring in the low Zn EHXA group. Encephalocele was only observed in the low Zn EHXA-treated group. Fetal weight and crown-rump lengths were decreased by EHXA treatment and low dietary Zn. The incidence of rib anomalies was higher in the EHXA-exposed groups than in their respective oil controls. In experiment 3, GD 10.5 embryos collected from control dams were cultured for 48 h in serum from control or EHXA-treated male rats fed 4.5 or 25.0 microg Zn/g diets. Embryos cultured in either EHXA or low Zn sera exhibited delayed development; the addition of Zn to these sera eliminated their developmental toxicity. These results support the hypothesis that certain chemicals which induce maternal toxicity act, in part, to influence embryonic Zn metabolism and trigger abnormal development. Importantly, the teratogenic effects of these chemicals can be modulated by dietary Zn intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Bui
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis 95616-8669, USA
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Bagchi D, Vuchetich PJ, Bagchi M, Tran MX, Krohn RL, Ray SD, Stohs SJ. Protective effects of zinc salts on TPA-induced hepatic and brain lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, DNA damage and peritoneal macrophage activation in mice. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1998; 30:43-50. [PMID: 9457480 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(97)00072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
1. The comparative protective abilities of zinc L-methionine, zinc DL-methionine, zinc sulfate, zinc gluconate, L-methionine, DL-methionine, and vitamin E succinate (VES) on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, and glutathione depletion in the hepatic and brain tissues, and production of reactive oxygen species by peritoneal macrophages were assessed. In addition, mice were fed a zinc-deficient diet for 5 weeks, and treated with TPA and/or zinc L-methionine or zinc DL-methionine, and similar studies were conducted. 2. The zinc-deficient diet induced oxidative stress in the hepatic and brain tissues as well as in the peritoneal macrophages as evidenced by significantly enhanced lipid peroxidation. DNA fragmentation, glutathione depletion, and production of reactive oxygen species. 3. Treatment of mice with zinc L-methionine, zinc DL-methionine, and VES decreased TPA-induced reactive oxygen species production as evidenced by significant decreases in chemiluminescence in peritoneal macrophages by approximately 45%, 31%, and 47%, respectively, and cytochrome c reduction by approximately 54%, 35%, and 41%, respectively, as compared with control values. Similar results were observed with liver and brain lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, and glutathione depletion. 4. Zinc salts and antioxidants provided significant protection against TPA-induced oxidative damage. Zinc L-methionine provided the best protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bagchi
- School of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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21
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Abstract
Zinc inhibits low density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro. This observation and others provide indirect evidence that Zn affects radical-mediated processes. This study demonstrated that moderate Zn deficiency in rats produced very low and low density lipoproteins with abnormally high sensitivity to copper-catalyzed oxidation in vitro (short lag time, high propagation rate). The amount of Zn in the oxidation assay did not appear to contribute to the results. Because lipoprotein oxidation in vitro seems to reflect certain oxidative processes in vivo, this study strengthened the contention that Zn affects radical-mediated damage in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A DiSilvestro
- Human Nutrition & Food Management, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Berger MM. [Role of trace elements and vitamins in peri-operative nutrition]. ANNALES FRANCAISES D'ANESTHESIE ET DE REANIMATION 1995; 14 Suppl 2:82-94. [PMID: 7486339 DOI: 10.1016/s0750-7658(95)80106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The micronutriment requirements, whether trace elements (inorganic) or vitamins (organic), are tightly linked to the carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, since they are involved in all metabolic pathways as cofactors. The micronutriments also have major immunological, endocrinological and antioxydant functions. Especially in the surgical patient, individual requirements may vary considerably and will be particularly increased in case of prior deficiency, anabolic states, or increased losses (burns, diarrhoea, gastric aspiration, intestinal fistulae, alcoholism, use of renal replacement techniques). In some of these settings, the micronutriment requirements will be independent from the macronutriments: this has been demonstrated for burns and intestinal fistulae. In the case of depletion prior to surgery, an isolated supplementation may be required without starting a proper nutrition. In general, micronutriment supplements will have to be started upon initiation of any artificial nutrition. After elective surgery and in absence of specific losses, the micronutriment requirements will be linked to the metabolic state of the patient and to the energy-protein intakes. This is most striking for the vitamin B group, where the requirements are indicated in mg per 1000 kcal. Vitamins A and E are also at risk in the surgical patient. Recommended micronutriment supplements have been revised in 1994. Some trace element deficiencies (Se, Cr, Mo) can initiate very serious complications and will require special caution in the perioperative period. Other deficiencies (Cu, Zn) result in more slowly evolving clinical pictures, with lesser life-threatening potential, resulting in infections and prolonged wound healing. In such cases, multi-elementary supplements are inadequate, and single element solutions supplements are required. All the micronutriments are characterized by a dose-response curve. The quantity avoiding biochemical dysfunctioning in human pathological situations has not yet been established, and it is unsatisfactory to merely compensate for the losses. This notion of biochemical dysfunctioning phase preceeding the clinical deficiency syndrome is in investigation for many nutriments, especially as the importance of some micronutriments, such as Se and vitamin E, in maintaining antioxidant defences is clearly established. The potential for preventing free radical induced overproduction of cytokines by means of nutritional strategy and enhanced antioxidant defences clearly exists, and is only at an early phase of investigation in patients. The future will be marked by the development of nutritional pharmacology based on pathology-specific micronutriment supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Berger
- Anesthésiologie et Soins Intensifs de Chirurgie, CHU Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Suisse
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Parsons SE, DiSilvestro RA. Effects of mild zinc deficiency, plus or minus an acute-phase response, on galactosamine-induced hepatitis in rats. Br J Nutr 1994; 72:611-8. [PMID: 7986791 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19940063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Zn deficiency is hypothesized to produce poor resistance to injury involving oxidative stress. This could occur by impairing Zn antioxidant function(s) or by indirectly limiting adaptive protective mechanisms such as a rise in acute-phase proteins. The present study examined rats fed diets adequate or moderately low in Zn (4 or 25 micrograms/g diet) for 9 d. The lower intake produced a mild Zn deficiency based on body weight, plasma Zn and plasma alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity. Galactosamine injection, an oxidative stress, produced much more liver injury in the mildly Zn-deficient rats. However, injury was strongly inhibited in rats from each dietary group by an acute-phase response due to turpentine-induced leg inflammation. Mild Zn deficiency did not prevent a rise in levels of the acute-phase protein caeruloplasmin (EC 1.16.3.1), but did limit the usual inflammation-induced rise in hepatic levels of metallothionein, a Zn protein with possible antioxidant function. In conclusion, high degrees of galactosamine-induced hepatitis were associated with mild Zn deficiency, but the liver injury was blocked by prior stimulation of an acute-phase response, regardless of Zn status.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Parsons
- Human Nutrition and Food Management, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Draper HH, Bettger WJ. Role of nutrients in the cause and prevention of oxygen radical pathology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1994; 366:269-89. [PMID: 7771258 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1833-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H H Draper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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