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Mirisola MG. The Nutriepigenome. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1997. [PMID: 38002940 PMCID: PMC10671240 DOI: 10.3390/genes14111997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike genetic changes, epigenetics modulates gene expression without stable modification of the genome. Even though all cells, including sperm and egg, have an epigenome pattern, most of these modifications occur during lifetime and interestingly, some of them, are reversible. Lifestyle and especially nutrients as well as diet regimens are presently gaining importance due to their ability to affect the epigenome. On the other hand, since the epigenome profoundly affects gene expression profile it can be speculated that the epigenome could modulate individual response to nutrients. Recent years have thus seen growing interest on nutrients, macronutrients ratio and diet regimens capable to affect the epigenetic pattern. In fact, while genetic alterations are mostly detrimental at the individual level, reshaping the epigenome may be a feasible strategy to positively counteract the detrimental effect of aging. Here, I review nutrient consumption and diet regimens as a possible strategy to counteract aging-driven epigenome derangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario G Mirisola
- STeBiCeF Department, Università di Palermo, Building 16, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Bibyk MJ, Campbell MJ, Hummon AB. Mass spectrometric investigations of caloric restriction mimetics. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000121. [PMID: 33460282 PMCID: PMC8262777 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is an innovative therapy used in tumor tissue and tumor model studies to promote cell death and decrease cell viability. Caloric restriction mimetics (CRMs) are a class of drugs that induce CR and starvation conditions within a cell. When used simultaneously with other chemotherapy agents, the effects are synergistic and effective at promoting tumor cell death. In this review, we discuss CRMs and their potential as cancer therapeutics. Firstly, we establish an overview of CR and its impacts on healthy and tumor cells. CR and CRM drugs have shown to decrease age-related diseases and can act as an anti-cancer agent. As it can be challenging for an individual to diligently stick to a diet that would induce CR, CRMs are even more desirable. Then, we discuss the drug class by highlighting three CRMs: resveratrol, (-)-hydroxycitric acid, and rapamycin. These CRMs are commonly known for their dietary effects, but the underlying mechanisms that drive cellular metabolic and proteomic changes show promise as a cancer therapeutic. Lastly, we highlight the use of mass spectrometry and proteomic techniques on experiments utilizing CRM drugs to understand the cellular pathways impacted by this drug class, leading to a better understanding of the anti-cancer properties and potentials of CRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Bibyk
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Melanie J. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amanda B. Hummon
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Alam I, Ali F, Zeb F, Almajwal A, Fatima S, Wu X. Relationship of nutrigenomics and aging: Involvement of DNA methylation. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2019.100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Gadecka A, Bielak-Zmijewska A. Slowing Down Ageing: The Role of Nutrients and Microbiota in Modulation of the Epigenome. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061251. [PMID: 31159371 PMCID: PMC6628342 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human population is getting ageing. Both ageing and age-related diseases are correlated with an increased number of senescent cells in the organism. Senescent cells do not divide but are metabolically active and influence their environment by secreting many proteins due to a phenomenon known as senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescent cells differ from young cells by several features. They possess more damaged DNA, more impaired mitochondria and an increased level of free radicals that cause the oxidation of macromolecules. However, not only biochemical and structural changes are related to senescence. Senescent cells have an altered chromatin structure, and in consequence, altered gene expression. With age, the level of heterochromatin decreases, and less condensed chromatin is more prone to DNA damage. On the one hand, some gene promoters are easily available for the transcriptional machinery; on the other hand, some genes are more protected (locally increased level of heterochromatin). The structure of chromatin is precisely regulated by the epigenetic modification of DNA and posttranslational modification of histones. The methylation of DNA inhibits transcription, histone methylation mostly leads to a more condensed chromatin structure (with some exceptions) and acetylation plays an opposing role. The modification of both DNA and histones is regulated by factors present in the diet. This means that compounds contained in daily food can alter gene expression and protect cells from senescence, and therefore protect the organism from ageing. An opinion prevailed for some time that compounds from the diet do not act through direct regulation of the processes in the organism but through modification of the physiology of the microbiome. In this review we try to explain the role of some food compounds, which by acting on the epigenetic level might protect the organism from age-related diseases and slow down ageing. We also try to shed some light on the role of microbiome in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gadecka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Bielak-Zmijewska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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The Impact of Caloric Restriction on the Epigenetic Signatures of Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082022. [PMID: 31022953 PMCID: PMC6515465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by an extensive remodeling of epigenetic patterns, which has been implicated in the physiopathology of age-related diseases. Nutrition plays a significant role in modulating the epigenome, and a growing amount of data indicate that dietary changes can modify the epigenetic marks associated with aging. In this review, we will assess the current advances in the relationship between caloric restriction, a proven anti-aging intervention, and epigenetic signatures of aging. We will specifically discuss the impact of caloric restriction on epigenetic regulation and how some of the favorable effects of caloric restriction on lifespan and healthspan could be mediated by epigenetic modifications.
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Zhao BH, Jiang Y, Zhu H, Xi FF, Chen Y, Xu YT, Liu F, Wang YY, Hu WS, Lv WG, Luo Q. Placental Delta-Like 1 Gene DNA Methylation Levels Are Related to Mothers' Blood Glucose Concentration. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:9521510. [PMID: 31886292 PMCID: PMC6927055 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9521510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aim to identify the methylation status of delta-like 1 (DLK1) in the placenta and the correlation between DLK1 methylation and maternal serum glucose level and fetal birth weight. METHODS We analyzed the gene expression of DLK1 gene in both maternal and fetal sides of the placenta in a GDM group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. With MethylTargetTM technique, we detected the methylation status of DLK1 promotor in the placenta. Furthermore, Pearson's correlation was used to confirm the association of methylation alteration of DLK1 promoter and maternal 2 h OGTT glucose level and fetal birth weight. RESULTS In our study, we found that DLK1 expression in both maternal and fetal sides of the placenta decreased significantly in GDM group compared with control group, and it was caused by hypermethylation of DLK1 promoter region. Additionally, the methylation status of DLK1 gene in the maternal side of the placenta highly correlated with maternal 2 h OGTT glucose level (coefficient = 0.7968, P < 0.0001), while the methylation status in the fetal side of the placenta was closely related to fetal birth weight (coefficient = 0.6233, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that altered expression of DLK1 was caused by the hypermethylation of DLK1 promoter region in the placenta, and intrauterine exposure to GDM has long-lasting effects on the epigenome of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Hui Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Fang Xi
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye-Tao Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Yun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Guo Lv
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Karabulutoglu M, Finnon R, Imaoka T, Friedl AA, Badie C. Influence of diet and metabolism on hematopoietic stem cells and leukemia development following ionizing radiation exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 95:452-479. [PMID: 29932783 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1490042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The review aims to discuss the prominence of dietary and metabolic regulators in maintaining hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function, long-term self-renewal, and differentiation. RESULTS Most adult stem cells are preserved in a quiescent, nonmotile state in vivo which acts as a "protective state" for stem cells to reduce endogenous stress provoked by DNA replication and cellular respiration as well as exogenous environmental stress. The dynamic balance between quiescence, self-renewal and differentiation is critical for supporting a functional blood system throughout life of an organism. Stress-conditions, for example ionizing radiation exposure can trigger the blood forming HSCs to proliferate and migrate through extramedullary tissues to expand the number of HSCs and increase hematopoiesis. In addition, a wealth of investigation validated that deregulation of this balance plays a critical pathogenic role in various different hematopoietic diseases including the leukemia development. CONCLUSION The review summarizes the current knowledge on how alterations in dietary and metabolic factors could alter the risk of leukemia development following ionizing radiation exposure by inhibiting or even reversing the leukemic progression. Understanding the influence of diet, metabolism, and epigenetics on radiation-induced leukemogenesis may lead to the development of practical interventions to reduce the risk in exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Karabulutoglu
- a Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Didcot , UK.,b CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Rosemary Finnon
- a Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Didcot , UK
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- c Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Chiba , Japan
| | - Anna A Friedl
- d Department of Radiation Oncology , University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Christophe Badie
- a Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Didcot , UK
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Myatt L, Thornburg KL. Effects of Prenatal Nutrition and the Role of the Placenta in Health and Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1735:19-46. [PMID: 29380305 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7614-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies identified the linkage between exposures to stresses, including the type and plane of nutrition in utero with development of disease in later life. Given the critical roles of the placenta in mediating transport of nutrients between the mother and fetus and regulation of maternal metabolism, recent attention has focused on the role of the placenta in mediating the effect of altered nutritional exposures on the development of disease in later life. In this chapter we describe the mechanisms of nutrient transport in the placenta, the influence of placental metabolism on this, and how placental energetics influence placental function in response to a variety of stressors. Further the recent "recognition" that the placenta itself has a sex which affects its function may begin to help elucidate the mechanisms underlying the well-known dimorphism in development of disease in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Myatt
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition & Wellness, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Kent L Thornburg
- Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition & Wellness, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Role of DNA methylation in the dietary restriction mediated cellular memory. GeroScience 2017; 39:331-345. [PMID: 28477138 PMCID: PMC5505897 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
An important facet of dietary restriction (DR) that has been largely overlooked is that DR can have early effects that create a cellular memory, which persists even when DR is discontinued. The goal of this study was to determine if DNA methylation played a role in the cellular memory of DR by examining the effect of short-term DR on gene expression and DNA methylation and determining if the changes in expression and DNA methylation persist when DR is discontinued and mice returned to ad libitum (AL) feeding. We show that DR can induce substantial changes in gene expression within 1 month of its implementation in various tissues, and more interestingly, ~19–50% of these changes in gene expression persist across the tissues even when DR is discontinued. We then determined whether DR induced changes in DNA methylation in the promoter of three candidate genes identified from our gene expression analysis (Pomc, Hsph1, and Nts1) that correlated with the changes in the expression of these genes. Decreased methylation at three specific CG sites in the promoter of the Nts1 gene encompassing the distal consensus AP-1 site was correlated with increased Nts1 expression. Both the promoter hypomethylation and increased Nts1 expression persisted even after DR was discontinued and mice fed AL, supporting our hypothesis that DNA methylation could play a role in the memory effect of DR. The changes in DNA methylation in the Nts1 gene are likely to occur in intestinal stem cells and could play a role in preserving the intestinal stem cell pool in DR mice.
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Mathew R, Pal Bhadra M, Bhadra U. Insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signalling (IIS) based regulation of lifespan across species. Biogerontology 2017; 18:35-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Field AE, Adams PD. Targeting chromatin aging - The epigenetic impact of longevity-associated interventions. Exp Gerontol 2016; 94:29-33. [PMID: 27986499 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A rapidly growing body of evidence has shown that chromatin undergoes radical alterations as an organism ages, but how these changes relate to aging itself is an open question. It is likely that these processes contribute to genomic instability and loss of transcriptional fidelity, which in turn drives deleterious age-related phenotypes. Interventions associated with increased healthspan and longevity such as reduced insulin/IGF signalling (IIS), inhibition of mTOR and energy depletion resulting in SIRT1/AMPK activation, all have beneficial effects which ameliorate multiple facets of age-associated decline. The impact of these interventions on the epigenome is less certain. In this review we highlight the potential of these interventions to act directly upon the epigenome and promote a youthful chromatin landscape, maintaining genetic and transcriptional memory throughout the lifecourse. We propose that this is a fundamental mechanism through which these interventions are able to curtail the incidence of age-related disease. By revisiting these well characterised interventions, we may be able to identify targetable effectors of chromatin function and use this knowledge to enhance healthspan and longevity in human populations through the measured application of dietary and small molecule interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Field
- University of Glasgow, CRUK Beatson Institute, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter D Adams
- University of Glasgow, CRUK Beatson Institute, United Kingdom
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Kim CH, Lee EK, Choi YJ, An HJ, Jeong HO, Park D, Kim BC, Yu BP, Bhak J, Chung HY. Short-term calorie restriction ameliorates genomewide, age-related alterations in DNA methylation. Aging Cell 2016; 15:1074-1081. [PMID: 27561685 PMCID: PMC6398531 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation plays major roles in many biological processes, including aging, carcinogenesis, and development. Analyses of DNA methylation using next-generation sequencing offer a new way to profile and compare methylomes across the genome in the context of aging. We explored genomewide DNA methylation and the effects of short-term calorie restriction (CR) on the methylome of aged rat kidney. Whole-genome methylation of kidney in young (6 months old), old (25 months old), and OCR (old with 4-week, short-term CR) rats was analyzed by methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and next-generation sequencing (MeDIP-Seq). CpG islands and repetitive regions were hypomethylated, but 5'-UTR, exon, and 3'-UTR hypermethylated in old and OCR rats. The methylation in the promoter and intron regions was decreased in old rats, but increased in OCR rats. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that the hypermethylated promoters in old rats were associated with degenerative phenotypes such as cancer and diabetes. The hypomethylated promoters in old rats related significantly to the chemokine signaling pathway. However, the pathways significantly enriched in old rats were not observed from the differentially methylated promoters in OCR rats. Thus, these findings suggest that short-term CR could partially ameliorate age-related methylation changes in promoters in old rats. From the epigenomic data, we propose that the hypermethylation found in the promoter regions of disease-related genes during aging may indicate increases in susceptibility to age-related diseases. Therefore, the CR-induced epigenetic changes that ameliorate age-dependent aberrant methylation may be important to CR's health- and life-prolonging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eun Kyeong Lee
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA) College of Pharmacy Pusan National University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ja Choi
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA) College of Pharmacy Pusan National University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin An
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA) College of Pharmacy Pusan National University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Oh Jeong
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA) College of Pharmacy Pusan National University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Daeui Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon Korea
| | - Byoung Chul Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon Korea
| | - Byung Pal Yu
- Department of Physiology University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio TX USA
| | - Jong Bhak
- Biomedical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Sciences and Technology Ulsan Korea
| | - Hae Yung Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA) College of Pharmacy Pusan National University Busan Republic of Korea
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Gillespie ZE, Pickering J, Eskiw CH. Better Living through Chemistry: Caloric Restriction (CR) and CR Mimetics Alter Genome Function to Promote Increased Health and Lifespan. Front Genet 2016; 7:142. [PMID: 27588026 PMCID: PMC4988992 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR), defined as decreased nutrient intake without causing malnutrition, has been documented to increase both health and lifespan across numerous organisms, including humans. Many drugs and other compounds naturally occurring in our diet (nutraceuticals) have been postulated to act as mimetics of caloric restriction, leading to a wave of research investigating the efficacy of these compounds in preventing age-related diseases and promoting healthier, longer lifespans. Although well studied at the biochemical level, there are still many unanswered questions about how CR and CR mimetics impact genome function and structure. Here we discuss how genome function and structure are influenced by CR and potential CR mimetics, including changes in gene expression profiles and epigenetic modifications and their potential to identify the genetic fountain of youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe E Gillespie
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Joshua Pickering
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Christopher H Eskiw
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, SK, Canada
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Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play a pivotal role in the expression of genes and can be influenced by both the quality and quantity of diet. Dietary compounds such as sulforaphane (SFN) found in cruciferous vegetables and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in green tea exhibit the ability to affect various epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibition, histone modifications via histone deacetylase (HDAC), histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibition, or noncoding RNA expression. Regulation of these epigenetic mechanisms has been shown to have notable influences on the formation and progression of various neoplasms. We have shown that an epigenetic diet can influence both cellular longevity and carcinogenesis through the modulation of certain key genes that encode telomerase and p16. Caloric restriction (CR) can also play a crucial role in aging and cancer. Reductions in caloric intake have been shown to increase both the life- and health-span in a variety of animal models. Moreover, restriction of glucose has been demonstrated to decrease the incidence of age-related diseases such as cancer and diabetes. A diet rich in compounds such as genistein, SFN and EGCG can positively modulate the epigenome and lead to many health benefits. Also, reducing the quantity of calories and glucose in the diet can confer an increased health-span, including reduced cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Daniel
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Trygve O Tollefsbol
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1802 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1675 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Lillycrop KA, Burdge GC. Environmental challenge, epigenetic plasticity and the induction of altered phenotypes in mammals. Epigenomics 2015; 6:623-36. [PMID: 25531256 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The level of transcriptional activity of a gene is regulated by epigenetic processes. There is compelling evidence that environmental challenges throughout the life course can induce phenotypic change. In this review, we summarize the current evidence, focusing specifically on the effects of nutrition and of environmental pollutants, that epigenetic processes underpin the induction by environmental change of altered phenotypic traits, emphasizing the implications for health outcomes. We also discuss whether epigenetic processes may be involved in the passage of induced traits between generations. Overall, current findings indicate that epigenetic processes may play an important role in determining disease risk, but there is a lack of studies that demonstrate causal links between epigenetic change and tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Lillycrop
- Faculty of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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Abstract
It is well established that genotype plays an important role in the ageing process. However, recent studies have suggested that epigenetic mechanisms may also influence the onset of ageing-associated diseases and longevity. Epigenetics is defined as processes that induce heritable changes in gene expression without a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence. The major epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA. Such processes are involved in the regulation of tissue-specific gene expression, cell differentiation and genomic imprinting. However, epigenetic dysregulation is frequently seen with ageing. Relatively little is known about the factors that initiate such changes. However, there is emerging evidence that the early life environment, in particular nutrition, in early life can induce long-term changes in DNA methylation resulting in an altered susceptibility to a range of ageing-associated diseases. In this review, we will focus on the changes in DNA methylation that occur during ageing; their role in the ageing process and how early life nutrition can modulate DNA methylation and influence longevity. Understanding the mechanisms by which diet in early life can influence the epigenome will be crucial for the development of preventative and intervention strategies to increase well-being in later life.
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Mather KA, Kwok JB, Armstrong N, Sachdev PS. The role of epigenetics in cognitive ageing. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 29:1162-71. [PMID: 25098266 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As the population is ageing, a better understanding of the underlying causes of age-related cognitive decline (cognitive ageing) is required. Epigenetic dysregulation is proposed as one of the underlying mechanisms for cognitive ageing. We review the current knowledge on epigenetics and cognitive ageing and appraise the potential of epigenetic preventative and therapeutic interventions. DESIGN Articles on cognitive ageing and epigenetics in English were identified. RESULTS Epigenetic dysregulation occurs with cognitive ageing, with changes in histone post-translational modifications, DNA methylation and non-coding RNA reported. However, human studies are lacking, with most being cross-sectional using peripheral blood samples. Pharmacological and lifestyle factors have the potential to change aberrant epigenetic profiles; but few studies have examined this in relation to cognitive ageing. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between epigenetic modifications and cognitive ageing is only beginning to be investigated. Epigenetic dysregulation appears to be an important feature in cognitive ageing, but whether it is an epiphenomenon or a causal factor remains to be elucidated. Clarification of the relationship between epigenetic profiles of different cell types is essential and would determine whether epigenetic marks of peripheral tissues can be used as a proxy for changes occurring in the brain. The use of lifestyle and pharmacological interventions to improve cognitive performance and quality of life of older adults needs more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Corrales J, Fang X, Thornton C, Mei W, Barbazuk WB, Duke M, Scheffler BE, Willett KL. Effects on specific promoter DNA methylation in zebrafish embryos and larvae following benzo[a]pyrene exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 163:37-46. [PMID: 24576477 PMCID: PMC4032594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is an established carcinogen and reproductive and developmental toxicant. BaP exposure in humans and animals has been linked to infertility and multigenerational health consequences. DNA methylation is the most studied epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression, and mapping of methylation patterns has become an important tool for understanding pathologic gene expression events. The goal of this study was to investigate aberrant changes in promoter DNA methylation in zebrafish embryos and larvae following a parental and continued embryonic waterborne BaP exposure. A total of 21 genes known for their role in human diseases were selected to measure percent methylation by multiplex deep sequencing. At 96hpf (hours post fertilization) compared to 3.3hpf, dazl, nqo1, sox3, cyp1b1, and gstp1 had higher methylation percentages while c-fos and cdkn1a had decreased CG methylation. BaP exposure significantly reduced egg production and offspring survival. Moreover, BaP decreased global methylation and altered CG, CHH, and CHG methylation both at 3.3 and 96hpf. CG methylation changed by 10% or more due to BaP in six genes (c-fos, cdkn1a, dazl, nqo1, nrf2, and sox3) at 3.3hpf and in ten genes (c-fos, cyp1b1, dazl, gstp1, mlh1, nqo1, pten, p53, sox2, and sox3) at 96hpf. BaP also induced gene expression of cyp1b1 and gstp1 at 96hpf which were found to be hypermethylated. Further studies are needed to link aberrant CG, CHH, and CHG methylation to heritable epigenetic consequences associated with disease in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Corrales
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - X Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - C Thornton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - W Mei
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32669, USA
| | - W B Barbazuk
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32669, USA; University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32669, USA
| | - M Duke
- Genomics Bioinformatics, USDA ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - B E Scheffler
- Genomics Bioinformatics, USDA ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - K L Willett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Bakulski KM, Fallin MD. Epigenetic epidemiology: promises for public health research. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:171-83. [PMID: 24449392 PMCID: PMC4011487 DOI: 10.1002/em.21850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic changes underlie developmental and age related biology. Promising epidemiologic research implicates epigenetics in disease risk and progression, and suggests epigenetic status depends on environmental risks as well as genetic predisposition. Epigenetics may represent a mechanistic link between environmental exposures, or genetics, and many common diseases, or may simply provide a quantitative biomarker for exposure or disease for areas of epidemiology currently lacking such measures. This great promise is balanced by issues related to study design, measurement tools, statistical methods, and biological interpretation that must be given careful consideration in an epidemiologic setting. This article describes the promises and challenges for epigenetic epidemiology, and suggests directions to advance this emerging area of molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Bakulski
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Center for Excellence in Genomic Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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21
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Bacalini MG, Friso S, Olivieri F, Pirazzini C, Giuliani C, Capri M, Santoro A, Franceschi C, Garagnani P. Present and future of anti-ageing epigenetic diets. Mech Ageing Dev 2014; 136-137:101-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Although epigenetic aberrations frequently occur in aging and cancer and form a core component of these conditions, perhaps the most useful aspect of epigenetic processes is that they are readily reversible. Unlike genetic effects that also play a role in cancer and aging, epigenetic aberrations can be relatively easily corrected. One of the most widespread approaches to the epigenetic alterations in cancer and aging is dietary control. This can be achieved not only through the quality of the diet, but also through the quantity of calories that are consumed. Many phytochemicals such as sulforaphane from cruciferous vegetables and green tea have anticancer epigenetic effects and are also efficacious for preventing or treating the epigenetic aberrations of other age-associated diseases besides cancer. Likewise, the quantity of calories that are consumed has proven to be advantageous in preventing cancer and extending the lifespan through control of epigenetic mediators. The purpose of this chapter is to review some of the most recent advances in the epigenetics of cancer and aging and to provide insights into advances being made with respect to dietary intervention into these biological processes that have vast health implications and high translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trygve O Tollefsbol
- Department of Biology, Center for Aging, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA,
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Ions LJ, Wakeling LA, Bosomworth HJ, Hardyman JEJ, Escolme SM, Swan DC, Valentine RA, Mathers JC, Ford D. Effects of Sirt1 on DNA methylation and expression of genes affected by dietary restriction. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:1835-1849. [PMID: 23229445 PMCID: PMC3776097 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Changes in DNA methylation across the life course may contribute to the ageing process. We hypothesised that some effects of dietary restriction to extend lifespan and/or mitigate against features of ageing result from changes in DNA methylation, so we determined if genes that respond to dietary restriction also show age-related changes in DNA methylation. In support of our hypothesis, the intersection of lists of genes compiled from published sources that (1) were differentially expressed in response to dietary restriction and (2) showed altered methylation with increased age was greater than expected. We also hypothesised that some effects of Sirt1, which may play a pivotal role in beneficial effects of dietary restriction, are mediated through DNA methylation. We thus measured effects of Sirt1 overexpression and knockdown in a human cell line on DNA methylation and expression of a panel of eight genes that respond to dietary restriction and show altered methylation with age. Six genes were affected at the level of DNA methylation, and for six expressions were affected. In further support of our hypothesis, we observed by DNA microarray analysis that genes showing differential expression in response to Sirt1 knockdown were over-represented in the complied list of genes that respond to dietary restriction. The findings reveal that Sirt1 has effects on DNA methylation across the genome and affects, in particular, the expression of genes that respond to dietary restriction. Sirt1-mediated effects on DNA methylation and, consequently, gene expression may thus be one of the mechanisms underlying the response to dietary restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Ions
- />Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
- />Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4NN UK
| | - Luisa A Wakeling
- />Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
- />Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4NN UK
| | - Helen J Bosomworth
- />Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
- />Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4NN UK
- />School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW UK
| | - Joy EJ Hardyman
- />Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
- />Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4NN UK
| | - Suzanne M Escolme
- />Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
- />Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4NN UK
| | - Daniel C Swan
- />Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4NN UK
| | - Ruth A Valentine
- />Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
- />Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4NN UK
- />School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW UK
| | - John C Mathers
- />Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
- />Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
| | - Dianne Ford
- />Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
- />Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4NN UK
- />Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL UK
- />Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
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Boyd-Kirkup JD, Green CD, Wu G, Wang D, Han JDJ. Epigenomics and the regulation of aging. Epigenomics 2013; 5:205-27. [PMID: 23566097 DOI: 10.2217/epi.13.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is tempting to assume that a gradual accumulation of damage 'causes' an organism to age, but other biological processes present during the lifespan, whether 'programmed' or 'hijacked', could control the type and speed of aging. Theories of aging have classically focused on changes at the genomic level; however, individuals with similar genetic backgrounds can age very differently. Epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, histone modifications and ncRNA. Environmental cues may be 'remembered' during lifespan through changes to the epigenome that affect the rate of aging. Changes to the epigenomic landscape are now known to associate with aging, but so far causal links to longevity are only beginning to be revealed. Nevertheless, it is becoming apparent that there is significant reciprocal regulation occurring between the epigenomic levels. Future work utilizing new technologies and techniques should build a clearer picture of the link between epigenomic changes and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome D Boyd-Kirkup
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
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D'Aquila P, Rose G, Bellizzi D, Passarino G. Epigenetics and aging. Maturitas 2012; 74:130-6. [PMID: 23245587 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, a growing interest on the research of the biological basis of human longevity has emerged, in order to clarify the intricacy of biological and environmental factors affecting (together with stochastic factors) the quality and the rate of human aging. These researches have outlined a complex scenario in which epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation and numerous histone modifications, are emerging as important factors of the overall variation in life expectancy. In fact, epigenetic marks, that are responsible of the establishment of specific expression programs and of genome stability, represent a "drawbridge" across genetic, environmental and stochastic factors. In this review we provide an overview on the current knowledge and the general features of the epigenetic modifications characterizing the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia D'Aquila
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
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26
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Selman C, Hempenstall S. Evidence of a metabolic memory to early-life dietary restriction in male C57BL/6 mice. LONGEVITY & HEALTHSPAN 2012; 1:2. [PMID: 24764508 PMCID: PMC3886256 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2395-1-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Dietary restriction (DR) extends lifespan and induces beneficial metabolic effects in many animals. What is far less clear is whether animals retain a metabolic memory to previous DR exposure, that is, can early-life DR preserve beneficial metabolic effects later in life even after the resumption of ad libitum (AL) feeding. We examined a range of metabolic parameters (body mass, body composition (lean and fat mass), glucose tolerance, fed blood glucose, fasting plasma insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin sensitivity) in male C57BL/6 mice dietary switched from DR to AL (DR-AL) at 11 months of age (mid life). The converse switch (AL-DR) was also undertaken at this time. We then compared metabolic parameters of the switched mice to one another and to age-matched mice maintained exclusively on an AL or DR diet from early life (3 months of age) at 1 month, 6 months or 10 months post switch. Results Male mice dietary switched from AL-DR in mid life adopted the metabolic phenotype of mice exposed to DR from early life, so by the 10-month timepoint the AL-DR mice overlapped significantly with the DR mice in terms of their metabolic phenotype. Those animals switched from DR-AL in mid life showed clear evidence of a glycemic memory, with significantly improved glucose tolerance relative to mice maintained exclusively on AL feeding from early life. This difference in glucose tolerance was still apparent 10 months after the dietary switch, despite body mass, fasting insulin levels and insulin sensitivity all being similar to AL mice at this time. Conclusions Male C57BL/6 mice retain a long-term glycemic memory of early-life DR, in that glucose tolerance is enhanced in mice switched from DR-AL in mid life, relative to AL mice, even 10 months following the dietary switch. These data therefore indicate that the phenotypic benefits of DR are not completely dissipated following a return to AL feeding. The challenge now is to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, the time course of these effects and whether similar interventions can confer comparable benefits in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Selman
- Integrative and Environmental Physiology, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen,, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Sarah Hempenstall
- Integrative and Environmental Physiology, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen,, AB24 2TZ, UK
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27
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Diet and aging. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:741468. [PMID: 22928085 PMCID: PMC3425961 DOI: 10.1155/2012/741468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition has important long-term consequences for health that are not only limited to the individual but can be passed on to the next generation. It can contribute to the development and progression of chronic diseases thus effecting life span. Caloric restriction (CR) can extend the average and maximum life span and delay the onset of age-associated changes in many organisms. CR elicits coordinated and adaptive stress responses at the cellular and whole-organism level by modulating epigenetic mechanisms (e.g., DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications), signaling pathways that regulate cell growth and aging (e.g., TOR, AMPK, p53, and FOXO), and cell-to-cell signaling molecules (e.g., adiponectin). The overall effect of these adaptive stress responses is an increased resistance to subsequent stress, thus delaying age-related changes and promoting longevity. In human, CR could delay many diseases associated with aging including cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. As an alternative to CR, several CR mimetics have been tested on animals and humans. At present, the most promising alternatives to the use of CR in humans seem to be exercise, alone or in combination with reduced calorie intake, and the use of plant-derived polyphenol resveratrol as a food supplement.
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Pallavi R, Giorgio M, Pelicci PG. Insights into the beneficial effect of caloric/ dietary restriction for a healthy and prolonged life. Front Physiol 2012; 3:318. [PMID: 22934068 PMCID: PMC3429088 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last several years, new evidence has kept pouring in about the remarkable effect of caloric restriction (CR) on the conspicuous bedfellows- aging and cancer. Through the use of various animal models, it is now well established that by reducing calorie intake one can not only increase life span but, also, lower the risk of various age related diseases such as cancer. Cancer cells are believed to be more dependent on glycolysis for their energy requirements than normal cells and, therefore, can be easily targeted by alteration in the energy-metabolic pathways, a hallmark of CR. Apart from inhibiting the growth of transplantable tumors, CR has been also shown to inhibit the development of spontaneous, radiation, and chemically induced tumors. The question regarding the potentiality of the anti-tumor effect of CR in humans has been in part answered by the resistance of a cohort of women, who had suffered from anorexia in their early life, to breast cancer. However, human research on the beneficial effect of CR is still at an early stage and needs further validation. Though the complete mechanism of the anti-tumor effect of CR is far from clear, the plausible involvement of nutrient sensing pathways or IGF-1 pathways proposed for its anti-aging action cannot be overruled. In fact, cancer cell lines, mutant for proteins involved in IGF-1 pathways, failed to respond to CR. In addition, CR decreases the levels of many growth factors, anabolic hormones, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative markers that are deregulated in several cancers. In this review, we discuss the anti-tumor effect of CR, describing experiments done in vitro in tumor models and in vivo in mouse models in which the tumor was induced by means of radiation or chemical exposure, expressing oncogenes or deleting tumor suppression genes. We also discuss the proposed mechanisms of CR anti-tumor action. Lastly, we argue the necessity of gene expression studies in cancerous versus normal cells upon CR.
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29
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Ford D. Honeybees and cell lines as models of DNA methylation and aging in response to diet. Exp Gerontol 2012; 48:614-9. [PMID: 22846460 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation patterns change as individuals grow older, and DNA methylation appears susceptible to modification by the diet. Thus DNA methylation may be a mechanism through which diet can affect aging and longevity. We propose that effects on DNA methylation also contribute to the extension in lifespan observed in response to dietary restriction. Relationships between diet-induced changes in DNA methylation and parallel effects on aging and/or lifespan could, of course, be purely associative. Proof of these ideas requires experimental model systems in which it is possible to manipulate genome methylation status and to measure effects on aging and/or lifespan. Commonly-used short-lived and genetically-malleable metazoan species, such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila, are not suitable for such studies; the C. elegans genome is not methylated, and DNA methylation in Drosophila is dissimilar from mammalian DNA methylation, occurring at cytosines at sites other than in CpG sequences. The honeybee provides a potentially unique and tractable model for such studies. Female larval development into the long-lived queen phenotype or short-lived worker is determined purely by diet (royal jelly) through an effect on DNA methylation, and honeybee DNA methylation mirrors that of the mammalian genome. Mammalian cell lines and biochemical approaches offer complementary tools to address specific components of hypotheses relating to effects of diet on aging through DNA methylation in a more targeted manner. Our studies using mammalian cell lines are revealing effects of Sirt1 on DNA methylation, and indicate that Sirt1 and resveratrol affect the expression of different sets of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Ford
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Aging and Health, Newcastle University, UK.
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30
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Huidobro C, Fernandez AF, Fraga MF. Aging epigenetics: causes and consequences. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 34:765-81. [PMID: 22771540 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Growth and development of higher organisms are regulated by the orchestrated change of epigenetic marks over time. In addition, there is also an epigenetic variation without any apparent role in development that is thought to be the result of the stochastic accumulation of epigenetic errors. The process depends on genetic and environmental factors and, when it takes place in adult stem cells, it could play an important role in aging, although the underlying molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Covadonga Huidobro
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Abstract
The aging field is replete with theories. Over the past years, many distinct, yet overlapping mechanisms have been proposed to explain organismal aging. These include free radicals, loss of heterochromatin, genetically programmed senescence, telomere shortening, genomic instability, nutritional intake and growth signaling, to name a few. The objective of this Point-of-View is to highlight recent progress on the "loss of heterochromatin" model of aging and to propose that epigenetic changes contributing to global heterochromatin loss may underlie the various cellular processes associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Tsurumi
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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32
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Bouchard L, Hivert MF, Guay SP, St-Pierre J, Perron P, Brisson D. Placental adiponectin gene DNA methylation levels are associated with mothers' blood glucose concentration. Diabetes 2012; 61:1272-80. [PMID: 22396200 PMCID: PMC3331769 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that epigenetic profile changes occurring during fetal development in response to in utero environment variations could be one of the mechanisms involved in the early determinants of adult chronic diseases. In this study, we tested whether maternal glycemic status is associated with the adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) DNA methylation profile in placenta tissue, in maternal circulating blood cells, and in cord blood cells. We found that lower DNA methylation levels in the promoter of ADIPOQ on the fetal side of the placenta were correlated with higher maternal glucose levels during the second trimester of pregnancy (2-h glucose after the oral glucose tolerance test; r(s) ≤ -0.21, P < 0.05). Lower DNA methylation levels on the maternal side of the placenta were associated with higher insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (r(s) ≤ -0.27, P < 0.05). Finally, lower DNA methylation levels were associated with higher maternal circulating adiponectin levels throughout pregnancy (r(s) ≤ -0.26, P < 0.05). In conclusion, the ADIPOQ DNA methylation profile was associated with maternal glucose status and with maternal circulating adiponectin concentration. Because adiponectin is suspected to have insulin-sensitizing proprieties, these epigenetic adaptations have the potential to induce sustained glucose metabolism changes in the mother and offspring later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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33
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Abstract
Epigenetic changes may be causal in the ageing process and may be influenced by diet, providing opportunities to improve health in later life. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of several areas of research relevant to this topic and to explore a hypothesis relating to a possible role of epigenetic effects, mediated by sirtuin 1, in the beneficial effects of dietary restriction, including increased lifespan. Epigenetic features of ageing include changes in DNA methylation, both globally and at specific loci, which differ between individuals. A major focus of research on dietary influences on epigenetic status has been on nutrition in utero, because the epigenome is probably particularly malleable during this life-course window and because epigenetic marking by early exposures is a compelling mechanism underlying effects on lifelong health. We explore the potential of diet during adulthood, including the practice of dietary restriction, to affect the epigenetic architecture. We report progress with respect to deriving data to support our hypothesis that sirtuin 1 may mediate some of the effects of dietary restriction through effects on DNA methylation and note observations that resveratrol affects DNA methylation and other epigenetic features. Disentangling cause and effect in the context of epigenetic change and ageing is a challenge and requires better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and also the development of more refined experimental tools to manipulate the epigenetic architecture, to facilitate hypothesis-driven research to elucidate these links and thus to exploit them to improve health across the full life-course through dietary measures.
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Abstract
Weight control via dietary caloric restriction and/or physical activity has been demonstrated in animal models for cancer prevention. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Body weight loss due to negative energy balance significantly reduces some metabolic growth factors and endocrinal hormones such as IGF-1, leptin, and adiponectin, but enhances glucocorticoids, that may be associated with anti-cancer mechanisms. In this review, we summarized the recent studies related to weight control and growth factors. The potential molecular targets focused on those growth factors- and hormones-dependent cellular signaling pathways are further discussed. It appears that multiple factors and multiple signaling cascades, especially for Ras-MAPK-proliferation and PI3K-Akt-anti-apoptosis, could be involved in response to weight change by dietary calorie restriction and/or exercise training. Considering prevalence of obesity or overweight that becomes apparent over the world, understanding the underlying mechanisms among weight control, endocrine change and cancer risk is critically important. Future studies using "-omics" technologies will be warrant for a broader and deeper mechanistic information regarding cancer prevention by weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- YU JIANG
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - WEIQUN WANG
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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35
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Epigenetic mechanisms in developmental programming of adult disease. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:1007-18. [PMID: 21945859 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adverse insults during intrauterine life can result in permanent changes in the physiology and metabolism of the offspring, which in turn leads to an increased risk of disease in adulthood. This is an adaptational response by the fetus to changes in the environmental signals that it receives during early life to ensure its survival and prepare itself for postnatal life. Increasing evidence suggests that the epigenetic regulation of gene expression patterns has a crucial role in the developmental programming of adult disease. This review summarizes recent studies of epigenetic mechanisms and focuses particularly on studies that explore identifiable epigenetic biomarkers in the promoters of specific disease-associated genes. Such biomarkers would enable early recognition of children who might be at risk of developing adult disease with fetal origins.
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36
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Sundar IK, Rahman I. Vitamin d and susceptibility of chronic lung diseases: role of epigenetics. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:50. [PMID: 21941510 PMCID: PMC3171063 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is linked to accelerated decline in lung function, increased inflammation, and reduced immunity in chronic lung diseases. Epidemiological studies have suggested that vitamin D insufficiency is associated with low lung function in susceptible subjects who are exposed to higher levels of environmental agents (airborne particulates). Recent studies have highlighted the role of vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in regulation of several genes that are involved in inflammation, immunity, cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Vitamin D has also been implicated in reversal of steroid resistance and airway remodeling, which are the hallmarks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and severe asthma. VDR protein level is decreased in lungs of patients with COPD. VDR deficient mice develop an abnormal lung phenotype with characteristics of COPD, such as airspace enlargement and decline in lung function associated with increased lung inflammatory cellular influx, and immune-lymphoid aggregates formation. Dietary vitamin D may regulate epigenetic events, in particular on genes which are responsible for COPD susceptibility. Active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 plays an essential role in cellular metabolism and differentiation via its nuclear receptor (VDR) that cooperates with several other chromatin modification enzymes (histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases), thereby mediating complex epigenetic events in vitamin D signaling and metabolism. This review provides an update on the current knowledge and understanding on vitamin D, and susceptibility of chronic lung diseases in relation to the possible role of epigenetics in its molecular action. Understanding the molecular epigenetic mechanism of vitamin D/VDR would provide rationale for dietary vitamin D-mediated intervention in prevention and management of chronic lung diseases linked with vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K Sundar
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY, USA
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Li Y, Daniel M, Tollefsbol TO. Epigenetic regulation of caloric restriction in aging. BMC Med 2011; 9:98. [PMID: 21867551 PMCID: PMC3175174 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of aging are the subject of much research and have facilitated potential interventions to delay aging and aging-related degenerative diseases in humans. The aging process is frequently affected by environmental factors, and caloric restriction is by far the most effective and established environmental manipulation for extending lifespan in various animal models. However, the precise mechanisms by which caloric restriction affects lifespan are still not clear. Epigenetic mechanisms have recently been recognized as major contributors to nutrition-related longevity and aging control. Two primary epigenetic codes, DNA methylation and histone modification, are believed to dynamically influence chromatin structure, resulting in expression changes of relevant genes. In this review, we assess the current advances in epigenetic regulation in response to caloric restriction and how this affects cellular senescence, aging and potential extension of a healthy lifespan in humans. Enhanced understanding of the important role of epigenetics in the control of the aging process through caloric restriction may lead to clinical advances in the prevention and therapy of human aging-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Abstract
Dietary exposures can have consequences for health years or decades later and this raises questions about the mechanisms through which such exposures are 'remembered' and how they result in altered disease risk. There is growing evidence that epigenetic mechanisms may mediate the effects of nutrition and may be causal for the development of common complex (or chronic) diseases. Epigenetics encompasses changes to marks on the genome (and associated cellular machinery) that are copied from one cell generation to the next, which may alter gene expression, but which do not involve changes in the primary DNA sequence. These include three distinct, but closely inter-acting, mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding microRNAs (miRNA) which, together, are responsible for regulating gene expression not only during cellular differentiation in embryonic and foetal development but also throughout the life-course. This review summarizes the growing evidence that numerous dietary factors, including micronutrients and non-nutrient dietary components such as genistein and polyphenols, can modify epigenetic marks. In some cases, for example, effects of altered dietary supply of methyl donors on DNA methylation, there are plausible explanations for the observed epigenetic changes, but to a large extent, the mechanisms responsible for diet-epigenome-health relationships remain to be discovered. In addition, relatively little is known about which epigenomic marks are most labile in response to dietary exposures. Given the plasticity of epigenetic marks and their responsiveness to dietary factors, there is potential for the development of epigenetic marks as biomarkers of health for use in intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A McKay
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Chouliaras L, van den Hove DLA, Kenis G, Dela Cruz J, Lemmens MAM, van Os J, Steinbusch HWM, Schmitz C, Rutten BPF. Caloric restriction attenuates age-related changes of DNA methyltransferase 3a in mouse hippocampus. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:616-23. [PMID: 21172419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that DNA methylation is implicated in age-related changes in gene expression as well as in cognition. DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a), which catalyzes DNA methylation, is essential for memory formation and underlying changes in neuronal and synaptic plasticity. Because caloric restriction (CR) and upregulation of antioxidants have been suggested as strategies to attenuate age-related alterations in the brain, we hypothesized that both a diet restricted in calories and transgenic overexpression of normal human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD) attenuate age-related changes in Dnmt3a in the aging mouse hippocampus. For this purpose, we performed qualitative and quantitative analyses of Dnmt3a-immunoreactivity (IR) for the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), CA3 and CA1-2 regions in 12- and 24-month-old mice from 4 groups, i.e. (1) wild-type (WT) mice on a control diet (WT-CD), (2) SOD-CD mice, (3) WT mice on CR (WT-CR), and (4) SOD-CR. Qualitative analyses revealed two types of Dnmt3a immunoreactive cells: type I cells--present throughout all hippocampal cell layers showing moderate levels of nuclear Dnmt3a-IR, and type II cells--a subpopulation of hippocampal cells showing very intense nuclear Dnmt3a-IR, and colocalization with Bromodeoxyuridine. Quantitative analyses indicated that the age-related increase in Dnmt3a-IR within the CA3 and CA1-2 in type I cells was attenuated by CR, but not by SOD overexpression. In contrast, the density of type II Dnmt3a immunoreactive cells showed an age-related reduction, without significant effects of both CR and SOD. These changes in Dnmt3a levels in the mouse hippocampus may have a significant impact on gene expression and associated cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chouliaras
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bruce KD, Hanson MA. The developmental origins, mechanisms, and implications of metabolic syndrome. J Nutr 2010; 140:648-52. [PMID: 20107145 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.111179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a combination of cardio-metabolic risk determinants, including central obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and microalbuminuria. The prevalence of MetS is rapidly increasing worldwide, largely as a consequence of the ongoing obesity epidemic. Environmental factors during periods early in development have been shown to influence the susceptibility to develop disease in later life. In particular, there is a wealth of evidence from both epidemiological and animal studies for greater incidence of features of MetS as a result of unbalanced maternal nutrition. The mechanisms by which nutritional insults during a period of developmental plasticity result in a MetS phenotype are now beginning to receive considerable scientific interest. This review focuses on recent data regarding these mechanisms, in particular the epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of key metabolic genes in response to nutritional stimuli that mediate persistent changes and an adult MetS phenotype. A continued and greater understanding of these mechanisms will eventually allow specific interventions, with a favorable impact on the global incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley D Bruce
- Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Division, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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Wakeling LA, Ions LJ, Ford D. Could Sirt1-mediated epigenetic effects contribute to the longevity response to dietary restriction and be mimicked by other dietary interventions? AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 31:327-41. [PMID: 19568959 PMCID: PMC2813047 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-009-9104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) increases lifespan in a range of evolutionarily distinct species. The polyphenol resveratrol may be a dietary mimetic of some effects of DR. The pivotal role of the mammalian histone deacetylase (HDAC) Sirt1, and its homologue in other organisms, in mediating the effects of both DR and resveratrol on lifespan/ageing suggests it may be the common conduit through which these dietary interventions influence ageing. We propose the novel hypothesis that effects of DR relevant to lifespan extension include maintenance of DNA methylation patterns through Sirt1-mediated epigenetic effects, and proffer the view that dietary components, including resveratrol, may mimic these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa A. Wakeling
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences and Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
| | - Laura J. Ions
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences and Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
| | - Dianne Ford
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences and Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
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Oo AKS, Kaneko G, Hirayama M, Kinoshita S, Watabe S. Identification of genes differentially expressed by calorie restriction in the rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis). J Comp Physiol B 2009; 180:105-16. [PMID: 19618192 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-009-0389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A monogonont rotifer Brachionus plicatilis has been widely used as a model organism for physiological, ecological studies and for ecotoxicology. Because of the availability of parthenogenetic mode of reproduction as well as its versatility to be used as live food in aquaculture, the population dynamic studies using the rotifer have become more important and acquired the priority over those using other species. Although many studies have been conducted to identify environmental factors that influence rotifer populations, the molecular mechanisms involved still remain to be elucidated. In this study, gene(s) differentially expressed by calorie restriction in the rotifer was analyzed, where a calorie-restricted group was fed 3 h day(-1) and a well-fed group fed ad libitum. A subtracted cDNA library from the calorie-restricted rotifer was constructed using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). One hundred sixty-three expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were identified, which included 109 putative genes with a high identity to known genes in the publicly available database as well as 54 unknown ESTs. After assembling, a total of 38 different genes were obtained among 109 ESTs. Further validation of expression by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed that 29 out of the 38 genes obtained by SSH were up regulated by calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Kyaw Swar Oo
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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Abstract
Excessive weight gain arises from the interactions among environmental factors, genetic predisposition and the individual behavior. However, it is becoming evident that interindividual differences in obesity susceptibility depend also on epigenetic factors. Epigenetics studies the heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. These processes include DNA methylation, covalent histone modifications, chromatin folding and, more recently described, the regulatory action of miRNAs and polycomb group complexes. In this review, we focus on experimental evidences concerning dietary factors influencing obesity development by epigenetic mechanisms, reporting treatment doses and durations. Moreover, we present a bioinformatic analysis of promoter regions for the search of future epigenetic biomarkers of obesity, including methylation pattern analyses of several obesity-related genes (epiobesigenes), such as FGF2, PTEN, CDKN1A and ESR1, implicated in adipogenesis, SOCS1/SOCS3, in inflammation, and COX7A1 LPL, CAV1, and IGFBP3, in intermediate metabolism and insulin signalling. The identification of those individuals that at an early age could present changes in the methylation profiles of specific genes could help to predict their susceptibility to later develop obesity, which may allow to prevent and follow-up its progress, as well as to research and develop newer therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Campión
- Department of Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Morales E, Porta M, Vioque J, López T, Mendez MA, Pumarega J, Malats N, Crous-Bou M, Ngo J, Rifà J, Carrato A, Guarner L, Corominas JM, Real FX. Food and nutrient intakes and K-ras mutations in exocrine pancreatic cancer. J Epidemiol Community Health 2007; 61:641-9. [PMID: 17568059 PMCID: PMC2465759 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2007.060632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No studies have investigated the relation between K-ras mutations and dietary factors in exocrine pancreatic cancer (EPC), and fewer than 10 studies have done so in other neoplasms. PATIENTS AND METHODS Incident cases of EPC were prospectively identified, and interviewed face-to-face during hospital admission. Food and nutrient intakes were measured with a food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to compare EPC cases (n = 107) with and without K-ras mutations (case-case study). RESULTS K-ras mutations were more common among daily consumers of milk and other dairy products than among non-daily consumers: the odds ratio adjusted by total energy, age, sex, smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption (ORa) was 5.1 (95% CI 1.1 to 24.5, p = 0.040). For all dairy products, including butter, the ORa for the medium and upper tertiles of intake were 5.4 and 11.6, respectively (p for trend = 0.023). The ORa for regular coffee drinkers further adjusted by dairy consumption was 4.7 (95% CI 1.1 to 20.7, p = 0.043). K-ras mutated cases reported a lower intake of vitamin E (ORa = 0.2, p for trend = 0.036), polyunsaturated fats and omega 3 fatty acids (ORa = 0.2; p for trend <0.03). CONCLUSIONS Results support the hypothesis that in EPC exposure to specific dietary components or contaminants may influence the occurrence or persistence of K-ras mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Morales
- Clinical & Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer del Dr Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Yoshida K, Hirabayashi Y, Watanabe F, Sado T, Inoue T. Caloric restriction prevents radiation-induced myeloid leukemia in C3H/HeMs mice and inversely increases incidence of tumor-free death: implications in changes in number of hemopoietic progenitor cells. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:274-83. [PMID: 16543061 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previously, we found a clear decrease in the incidence of radiation-induced myeloid leukemia in C3H/HeMs mouse caused by caloric restriction (CalR). In this report, CalR before and after irradiation was examined to determine whether they exert different effects on the prevention of radiation-induced myeloid leukemogenesis and the consequent extension of life span by CalR. METHODS The C3H/HeMS strain, which is prone to radiation-induced myeloid leukemia, was used. Groups subjected to different CalR timings, pre- and postirradiation, were compared with groups not subjected to CalR during their lifetime for the incidences of neoplasms, specifically that of myeloid leukemia, and the incidence of tumor-free death. A single dose of 3Gy X-ray was administered to mice at 10 weeks old. Results of colonization assay before and after CalR were compared with the incidence of leukemogenesis among the groups. RESULTS Irrespective of the CalR timing in terms of irradiation, there was a significant difference in the prevention of myeloid leukemogenesis, and a consequent difference in longevity (731 approximately 805 days for CalR groups vs. 697 days for the group without CalR; Log rank, P<0.03). During CalR, the number of hemopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), potential leukemogenic targets, significantly decreased (0.4 x 10(4) vs. 4.2 x 10(4) of granulomacrophage colony forming units per spleen; 1.3 x 10(4) vs. 7.6 x 10(4) of the splenic colony forming units per spleen), but this decreased number of HPCs returned to that of the non-CalR control group, when the CalR group was returned to nonrestricted diet (returned to 1.5 x 10(4) granulomacrophage colony-forming units per spleen; returned to 2.8 x 10(4) splenic colony-forming units per spleen). Although preirradiation CalR followed by a conventional non-CalR diet negates the potential preventive effect, prevention conferred by pre-and postirradiation CalR suggests different underlying mechanisms; preirradiation CalR prevents the initiation of direct genotoxic leukemogenesis, while postirradiation CalR the indirect, epigenetic, leukemogenesis. CONCLUSION The incidences of tumor-free death significantly increased in all the groups undergoing CalR except for the group subjected to preirradiation CalR, which contributed to the longevity of the groups undergoing CalR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Yoshida
- Radiation Hazards Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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Liu L, Wylie RC, Andrews LG, Tollefsbol TO. Aging, cancer and nutrition: the DNA methylation connection. Mech Ageing Dev 2004; 124:989-98. [PMID: 14659588 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2003.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer and aging are two coupled developmental processes as reflected by the higher incidence of cancer in the elderly human population group. Genetic mutations accumulate in somatic cells with age, which may explain in part the association of age with cancer. Epigenetic mechanisms are also frequently involved in controlling gene functions during development and tumorigenesis. A common molecular feature associated with both aging and tumorigenesis is global hypomethylation of the genomic DNA. The contributing mechanisms underlying this hypomethylation are not yet well understood. Epigenetic investigation of cancer and aging has recently emerged as a fruitful area of study and has added exciting insights into some of the mysteries surrounding aging and cancer. Recent studies have also shown that dietary factors can modulate DNA methylation and thereby contribute to aging and tumorigenesis. Thus, DNA methylation provides an important common link between aging, cancer and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, USA
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Ferguson LR, Karunasinghe N, Philpott M. Epigenetic events and protection from colon cancer in New Zealand. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2004; 44:36-43. [PMID: 15199545 DOI: 10.1002/em.20029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of colon cancer is high in many developed nations, especially New Zealand. Molecular understanding of the nature of colon cancer shows a disease whose well-characterized morphological progression is paralleled at the cellular level by increased numbers of gene or chromosome mutations, loss of heterozygosity, changed methylation patterns, and genomic instability. In the present study, we consider whether an imbalance of factors that affect DNA methylation patterns might explain at least part of the high colon cancer incidence in New Zealand. Folate is the major micronutrient whose intake impacts methylation, particularly through interaction with choline and methionine. Folate is generally somewhat deficient in the New Zealand diet, with the voluntary addition of folate to white flour not producing desired levels. Selenium affects methylation status in several ways and is recognized as being low in New Zealand soils and, therefore, diet. Zinc is also low in the diets of some New Zealand population groups, which can lead to hypomethylation. Several of the components of fruits and vegetables affect methylation patterns, and the average New Zealand intake, at two to three servings per day, is considerably below recommended amounts. Low dietary fiber, high tobacco use, and increasing rates of obesity are also likely New Zealand risk factors that may impact on methylation status. Dietary supplementation is not as common in New Zealand as in countries such as the United States, but may provide a way to raise the levels of nutrients and phytochemicals affecting methylation status, thereby enhancing colon cancer protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette R Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition and ACSRC, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Abstract
The radiation-induced rat mammary tumor model is useful for studying tumor prevention by treatment in the initiation or promotion stage. In anti-initiation experiments, the administration of radical scavengers or spin-trapping agents before or immediately after irradiation reduced the incidence of mammary tumors, suggesting that free radicals produced by exposure are a potent initiator. To evaluate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the initiation, NO-specific scavengers or NO synthase inhibitors were administered during the initiation. These agents partially prevented the tumorigenesis, suggesting that radiation-induced NO contributes to tumor initiation. The administration of curcumin during irradiation reduced the incidence of the tumors in the presence of tumor promotor. In anti-promotion experiments on preventing diethylstilbestrol (DES)-dependent tumor development from mammary primodial cells exposed to radiation, tamoxifen decreased the tumor incidence. From the results, estrogen itself or prolactin induced by estrogen may be a promoter for the tumorigenesis. Bezafibrate and simvastatin, agents inducing hypolipidemia and hypocholesterolemia respectively, cause a decrease in the DES-dependent promotion of radiation-induced tumorigenesis. The simultaneous administration of curcumin and DES significantly reduces the development of mammary tumors in irradiated rats. In this review, the endocrinologic and pharmacologic significance of the anti-initiation and anti-promotion is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Inano
- Redox Regulation Research Group, Research Center for Radiation Safety, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Japan.
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Abstract
The question of whether caloric restriction (CR) is hormetic is addressed in terms of two common definitions of the term. In terms of the older definition, i.e., a growth-stimulatory effect when lower doses of a compound which resulted in growth inhibition at higher doses, CR is better characterized as a co-hormetic (i.e., a paradigm which at relatively "low doses," in combination with some stimulus, will evince increased growth (proliferation) and at higher "doses" will inhibit this increased proliferation) rather than a hormetic agent. Mechanisms such as cellular selection of cellular subpopulations, increases in receptor efficiency, and preservation of cellular proliferative potential can interact with agents and produce increased growth as long as the CR is not too severe. In terms of a broader definition, i.e., nonmonotonic dose-response behavior of a compound for any adverse response, CR appears to be hormetic, both as a result of body weight (BW) loss and other potential mechanisms. The impact of changes in BW, or frank CR, can be considered a component of every test for hormesis, and is thus capable for interaction with any other agent. The changes that BW loss (or CR) induce are so profound that any aspect of an agent's action - metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics - can modulate the response of an organism to an agent. Similarly, other effects of a chemical that induce BW loss, e.g., physical activity or temperature dysregulation, can also induce dose-response curves that appear hormetic. The interaction of the hormetic agents of BW loss and CR can influence agent tests. Controlling these factors may make it possible to dissect the key components of a hormetic response. In addition, the effects of CR or BW loss appear to extrapolate well across species [Colman R, Kemnitz JW. Aging experiments using nonhuman primates. In: Yu BP (Ed), Methods in Aging Research. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1999, pp. 249-267]. Thus there is some reason to believe that these hormetic factors may be important for humans, and may already be a factor for tests of potentially adverse agents already conducted in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Turturro
- Division of Biometry and Risk Assessment, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
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