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Böhme T, Egeland M, Lorentzen M, Mady MF, Solbakk MF, Sæbø KS, Jørgensen KB. Regiospecific Photochemical Synthesis of Methylchrysenes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010237. [PMID: 36615430 PMCID: PMC9822284 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are suspected to be some of the toxic compounds in crude oil towards marine life and are needed as single compounds for environmental studies. 1-, 3- and 6-methylchrysene (3a,b,c) were prepared as single isomers by photochemical cyclization of the corresponding stilbenoids in the Mallory reaction using stoichiometric amounts of iodine in 82-88% yield. 2-methylchrysene (3d) was prepared by photochemical cyclization where the regioselectivity was controlled by elimination of an ortho-methoxy group under acidic oxygen free conditions in 72% yield. These conditions failed to form 4-methylchrysene from the corresponding stilbenoid. All stilbenoids were made from a common naphthyl Wittig salt and suitably substituted benzaldehydes. We have also demonstrated that methylchrysenes can be oxidized to the corresponding chrysenecarboxylic acids by KMnO4 in modest yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Böhme
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, P.O. Box 8600, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Mari Egeland
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, P.O. Box 8600, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Marianne Lorentzen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, P.O. Box 8600, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Mohamed F. Mady
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Michelle F. Solbakk
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, P.O. Box 8600, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Krister S. Sæbø
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, P.O. Box 8600, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kåre B. Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, P.O. Box 8600, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-51-83-23-06
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2
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Feder D, Mohd-Pahmi SH, Hussein WM, Guddat LW, McGeary RP, Schenk G. Rational Design of Potent Inhibitors of a Metallohydrolase Using a Fragment-Based Approach. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3342-3359. [PMID: 34331400 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metallohydrolases form a large group of enzymes that have fundamental importance in a broad range of biological functions. Among them, the purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) have gained attention due to their crucial role in the acquisition and use of phosphate by plants and also as a promising target for novel treatments of bone-related disorders and cancer. To date, no crystal structure of a mammalian PAP with drug-like molecules bound near the active site is available. Herein, we used a fragment-based design approach using structures of a mammalian PAP in complex with the MaybridgeTM fragment CC063346, the amino acid L-glutamine and the buffer molecule HEPES, as well as various solvent molecules to guide the design of highly potent and efficient mammalian PAP inhibitors. These inhibitors have improved aqueous solubility when compared to the clinically most promising PAP inhibitors available to date. Furthermore, drug-like fragments bound in newly discovered binding sites mapped out additional scaffolds for further inhibitor discovery, as well as scaffolds for the design of inhibitors with novel modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Feder
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Siti H Mohd-Pahmi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Luke W Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ross P McGeary
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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3
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Synthesis, evaluation and structural investigations of potent purple acid phosphatase inhibitors as drug leads for osteoporosis. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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4
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Hussein WM, Feder D, Schenk G, Guddat LW, McGeary RP. Synthesis and evaluation of novel purple acid phosphatase inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 10:61-71. [PMID: 30774855 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00491a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic studies in animals have demonstrated a direct association between the level of expression of purple acid phosphatase (PAP; also known as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) and the progression of osteoporosis. Consequently, PAP has emerged as a promising target for the development of novel therapeutic agents to treat this debilitating disorder. PAPs are binuclear hydrolases that catalyse the hydrolysis of phosphorylated substrates under acidic to neutral conditions. A series of phenyltriazole carboxylic acids, prepared by the reactions of azide derivatives with propiolic acid through copper(i)-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click reactions, has been assessed for their inhibitory effect on the catalytic activity of pig and red kidney bean PAPs. The binding mode of most of these compounds is purely uncompetitive with K iuc values as low as ∼23 μM for the mammalian enzyme. Molecular modelling has been used to examine the binding modes of these triazole compounds in the presence of a substrate in the active site of the enzyme in order to rationalise their activities and to design more potent and specific derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Hussein
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 7 33653955.,Helwan University , Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department , Faculty of Pharmacy , Ein Helwan , Helwan , Egypt
| | - Daniel Feder
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 7 33653955
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 7 33653955.,The University of Queensland , Australian Centre for Ecogenomics , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Luke W Guddat
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 7 33653955
| | - Ross P McGeary
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 7 33653955
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5
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Sevrain N, Volle JN, Pirat JL, Ayad T, Virieux D. 1,1′-Dibenzyl-bis-(triazolyl)diphenylphosphine dioxide: a new efficient organocatalyst for silicon tetrachloride-mediated enantioselective Abramov-type phosphonylation of aldehydes with trialkyl phosphites. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric phosphonylation of aldehydes with trialkyl phosphites mediated by SiCl4 and 1,1′-dibenzyl-bis-(triazolyl)diphenylphosphine dioxide organocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sevrain
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- CNRS UMR 5253
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
- 34 296 Montpellier
- France
| | - Jean-Noël Volle
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- CNRS UMR 5253
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
- 34 296 Montpellier
- France
| | - Jean-Luc Pirat
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- CNRS UMR 5253
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
- 34 296 Montpellier
- France
| | - Tahar Ayad
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- CNRS UMR 5253
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
- 34 296 Montpellier
- France
| | - David Virieux
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- CNRS UMR 5253
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
- 34 296 Montpellier
- France
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6
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Alimoradi N, Ashrafi-Kooshk MR, Shahlaei M, Maghsoudi S, Adibi H, McGeary RP, Khodarahmi R. Diethylalkylsulfonamido(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl)phosphonate/phosphonic acid derivatives act as acid phosphatase inhibitors: synthesis accompanied by experimental and molecular modeling assessments. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 32:20-28. [PMID: 27766897 PMCID: PMC6010023 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1230109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) are binuclear metallo-hydrolases that have been isolated from various mammals, plants, fungi and bacteria. In mammals, PAP activity is associated with bone resorption and can lead to bone metabolic disorders such as osteoporosis; thus human PAP is an attractive target to develop anti-osteoporotic drugs. The aim of the present study was to investigate inhibitory effect of synthesized diethylalkylsulfonamido(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl)phosphonate/phosphonic acid derivatives as potential red kidney bean PAP (rkbPAP) inhibitors accompanied by experimental and molecular modeling assessments. Enzyme kinetic data showed that they are good rkbPAP inhibitors whose potencies improve with increasing alkyl chain length. Hexadecyl derivatives, as most potent compounds (Ki = 1.1 µM), inhibit rkbPAP in the mixed manner, while dodecyl derivatives act as efficient noncompetitive inhibitor. Also, analysis by molecular modeling of the structure of the rkbPAP-inhibitor complexes reveals factors, which may be important for the determination of inhibition specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Alimoradi
- a Student Research Committee , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Shahlaei
- c Nano Drug Delivery Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Shabnam Maghsoudi
- b Medical Biology Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Hadi Adibi
- d Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Ross P McGeary
- e The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , St. Lucia , QLD , Australia
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- b Medical Biology Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
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7
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Huang H, Kang JY. Amine-Catalyzed Phospha-Michael Reaction of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones with Multifunctional N-Heterocyclic Phosphine-Thioureas as Phosphonylation Reagent. Org Lett 2016; 18:4372-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road (S), Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Yong Kang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
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8
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Zubair Khalid M, Pallikonda G, Prasad Tulichala R, Chakravarty M. Oxy-Wittig reactions of 1-naphthyl(aryl)methylphosphonates: a new approach to naphthylarylketones. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Molleti N, Bjornberg C, Kang JY. Phospha-Michael addition reaction of maleimides employing N-heterocyclic phosphine-thiourea as a phosphonylation reagent: synthesis of 1-aryl-2,5-dioxopyrrolidine-3-yl-phosphonate derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10695-10704. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01987k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The phospha-Michael addition reaction of maleimides with NHP-thiourea under catalyst and additive free conditions has been developed for desymmetrization of maleimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraju Molleti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Nevada Las Vegas
- Las Vegas
- USA
| | - Chad Bjornberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Nevada Las Vegas
- Las Vegas
- USA
| | - Jun Yong Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Nevada Las Vegas
- Las Vegas
- USA
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10
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Pallikonda G, Chakravarty M, Sahoo MK. An easy access to α-aryl substituted γ-ketophosphonates: Lewis acid mediated reactions of 1,3-diketones with α-hydroxyphosphonates and tandem regioselective C-C bond cleavage. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7140-9. [PMID: 25098552 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01091d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A range of α-aryl substituted γ-ketophosphonates is synthesised by Lewis acid mediated reactions of 1,3-diketones and easily accessible, inexpensive benzylic α-hydroxyphosphonates in an operationally simple method under solvent-free conditions without exclusion of air/moisture. A regioselective C-C bond cleavage for 1,3-diketones in a tandem fashion has also been demonstrated. Synthesis of a γ-ketophosphonate with phenol functionality at the α-position (structural analogue of raspberry ketone, a natural product) has also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangaram Pallikonda
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences, Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, AP, India.
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11
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McGeary RP, Schenk G, Guddat LW. The applications of binuclear metallohydrolases in medicine: Recent advances in the design and development of novel drug leads for purple acid phosphatases, metallo-β-lactamases and arginases. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:132-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Negrimovsky V, Komissarov A, Perepukhov A, Suponitsky K, Perevalov V, Lukyanets E. Phthalocyanines with phosphonate moiety viaC-nucleophilic substitution in phthalonitriles. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461350051x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of isomeric 4-nitro- or 3-nitrophthalonitrile with triethyl phosphonoacetate, diethyl cyanomethylphosphonate or tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate in basic conditions resulted in regioselective C -nucleophilic oxidative substitution of hydrogen ortho-located to nitro group, new phthalonitriles with diethoxyphosphorylmethyl or bis(diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl group were isolated in modest yields. In the same conditions one chlorine atom of tetrachlorophthalonitrile was regioselectively substituted with triethyl phosphonoacetate. In basic conditions, both parent phthalonitriles and corresponding zinc phthalocyanines with ortho-located nitro and diethoxyphosphoryl substituted methyl groups are involved in reversible acid-base interaction accompanied with large bathochromic shift of their long wavelength absorption maxima in visible or NIR region, correspondingly. Formation of tetraazachlorin- and tetraaza(iso)bacteriochlorin-like anions is proposed for explanation of this unprecedent bathochromic shift for phthalocyanines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Negrimovsky
- Organic Intermediates and Dyes Institute, B. Sadovaya 1/4, Moscow 123995, Russia
| | - Aleksey Komissarov
- Organic Intermediates and Dyes Institute, B. Sadovaya 1/4, Moscow 123995, Russia
| | - Alexandr Perepukhov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskii pereulok 9, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - Kyrill Suponitsky
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Vavilov str. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valery Perevalov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Evgeny Lukyanets
- Organic Intermediates and Dyes Institute, B. Sadovaya 1/4, Moscow 123995, Russia
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13
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14
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Feder D, Hussein WM, Clayton DJ, Kan MW, Schenk G, McGeary RP, Guddat LW. Identification of Purple Acid Phosphatase Inhibitors by Fragment-Based Screening: Promising New Leads for Osteoporosis Therapeutics. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:665-74. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Abstract
A mild and efficient synthesis of 1-aryl-1-fluoroethenes from benzothiazolyl (aryl)fluoromethyl sulfones and paraformaldehyde, under DBU- or Cs(2)CO(3)-mediated conditions at room temperature, is described. A comparable diethyl fluoro(naphthalen-2-yl)methylphosphonate reagent does not react with paraformaldehyde under these mild conditions. The utility of the methodology for synthesis of terminal α-fluoroalkenes bearing electron-withdrawing functionalities is also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir K. Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, The City College and The City University of New York, New York, New York 10031-9198, U.S.A
| | - Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, The City College and The City University of New York, New York, New York 10031-9198, U.S.A
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, The City College and The City University of New York, New York, New York 10031-9198, U.S.A
| | - Barbara Zajc
- Department of Chemistry, The City College and The City University of New York, New York, New York 10031-9198, U.S.A
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16
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Mohd-Pahmi SH, Hussein WM, Schenk G, McGeary RP. Synthesis, modelling and kinetic assays of potent inhibitors of purple acid phosphatase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3092-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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McGeary RP, Vella P, Mak JY, Guddat LW, Schenk G. Inhibition of purple acid phosphatase with α-alkoxynaphthylmethylphosphonic acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:163-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Yang T, Lin C, Fu H, Jiang Y, Zhao Y. An Efficient Method for Synthesis of 4‐(Phosphonomethyl)benzene Derivatives Under Solvent‐Free Conditions. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120028632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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19
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Valizadeh M, Schenk G, Nash K, Oddie GW, Guddat LW, Hume DA, de Jersey J, Burke TR, Hamilton S. Phosphotyrosyl peptides and analogues as substrates and inhibitors of purple acid phosphatases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 424:154-62. [PMID: 15047187 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Revised: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purple acid phosphatases are metal-containing hydrolases. While their precise biological role(s) is unknown, the mammalian enzyme has been linked in a variety of biological circumstances (e.g., osteoporosis) with increased bone resorption. Inhibition of the human enzyme is a possible strategy for the treatment of bone-resorptive diseases such as osteoporosis. Previously, we determined the crystal structure of pig purple acid phosphatase to 1.55A and we showed that it is a good model for the human enzyme. Here, a study of the pH dependence of its kinetic parameters showed that the pig enzyme is most efficient at pH values similar to those encountered in the osteoclast resorptive space. Based on the observation that phosphotyrosine-containing peptides are good substrates for pig purple acid phosphatase, peptides containing a range of phosphotyrosine mimetics were synthesized. Kinetic analysis showed that they act as potent inhibitors of mammalian and plant purple acid phosphatases, with the best inhibitors exhibiting low micromolar inhibition constants at pH 3-5. These compounds are thus the most potent organic inhibitors yet reported for the purple acid phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Valizadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
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20
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Greco MN, Hawkins MJ, Powell ET, Almond HR, Corcoran TW, de Garavilla L, Kauffman JA, Recacha R, Chattopadhyay D, Andrade-Gordon P, Maryanoff BE. Nonpeptide inhibitors of cathepsin G: optimization of a novel beta-ketophosphonic acid lead by structure-based drug design. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:3810-1. [PMID: 11942800 DOI: 10.1021/ja017506h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease cathepsin G (EC 3.4.21.20; Cat G), which is stored in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) and released on degranulation, has been implicated in various pathological conditions associated with inflammation. By employing high-throughput screening, we identified beta-ketophosphonic acid 1 as a moderate inhibitor of Cat G (IC(50) = 4.1 microM). We were fortunate to obtain a cocrystal of 1 with Cat G and solve its structure by X-ray crystallography (3.5 A). Structural details from the X-ray analysis of 1.Cat G served as a platform for optimization of this lead compound by structure-based drug design. With the aid of molecular modeling, substituents were attached to the 3-position of the 2-naphthyl ring of 1, which occupies the S1 pocket of Cat G, to provide an extension into the hydrophobic S3 region. Thus, we arrived at analogue 7 with an 80-fold potency improvement over 1 (IC(50) = 53 nM). From these results, it is evident that the beta-ketophosphonic acid unit can form the basis for a novel class of serine protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Greco
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, USA
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21
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Oddie GW, Schenk G, Angel NZ, Walsh N, Guddat LW, de Jersey J, Cassady AI, Hamilton SE, Hume DA. Structure, function, and regulation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Bone 2000; 27:575-84. [PMID: 11062342 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(00)00368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G W Oddie
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Australia
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22
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Abstract
Protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and their associated signaling pathways are crucial for the regulation of numerous cell functions including growth, mitogenesis, motility, cell-cell interactions, metabolism, gene transcription, and the immune response. Since tyrosine phosphorylation is reversible and dynamic in vivo, the phosphorylation states of proteins are governed by the opposing actions of PTKs and protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). In this light, both PTKs and PTPs play equally important roles in signal transduction in eukaryotic cells, and comprehension of mechanisms behind the reversible pTyr-dependent modulation of protein function and cell physiology must necessarily encompass the characterization of PTPs as well as PTKs. In spite of the large number of PTPs identified to date and the emerging role played by PTPs in disease, a detailed understanding of the role played by PTPs in signaling pathways has been hampered by the absence of PTP-specific agents. Such PTP-specific inhibitors could potentially serve as useful tools in determining the physiological significance of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in complex cellular signal transduction pathways and may constitute valuable therapeutics in the treatment of several human diseases. The goal of this review is therefore to summarize current understandings of PTP structure and mechanism of catalysis and the relationship of these to PTP inhibitor development. The review is organized such that enzyme structure is covered first, followed by mechanisms of catalysis then PTP inhibitor development. In discussing PTP inhibitor development, nonspecific inhibitors and those obtained by screening methods are initially presented with the focus then shifting to inhibitors that utilize a more structure-based rationale.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Burke
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Vayron P, Renard PY, Taran F, Créminon C, Frobert Y, Grassi J, Mioskowski C. Toward antibody-catalyzed hydrolysis of organophosphorus poisons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:7058-63. [PMID: 10860971 PMCID: PMC16498 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.13.7058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here our preliminary results on the use of catalytic antibodies as an approach to neutralizing organophosphorus chemical weapons. A first-generation hapten, methyl-alpha-hydroxyphosphinate Ha, was designed to mimic the approach of an incoming water molecule for the hydrolysis of exceedingly toxic methylphosphonothioate VX (1a). A moderate protective activity was first observed on polyclonal antibodies raised against Ha. The results were further confirmed by using a mAb PAR 15 raised against phenyl-alpha-hydroxyphosphinate Hb, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of PhX (1b), a less toxic phenylphosphonothioate analog of VX with a rate constant of 0.36 M(-1) x min(-1) at pH 7.4 and 25 degrees C, which corresponds to a catalytic proficiency of 14,400 M(-1) toward the rate constant for the uncatalyzed hydrolysis of 1b. This is a demonstration on the organophosphorus poisons themselves that mAbs can catalytically hydrolyze nerve agents, and a significant step toward the production of therapeutically active abzymes to treat poisoning by warfare agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vayron
- CEA, Service des Molécules Marquées, DBCM, and Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, DRM, CE Saclay 91191, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
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Taylor SD, Kotoris CC, Dinaut AN, Wang Q, Ramachandran C, Huang Z. Potent non-peptidyl inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Bioorg Med Chem 1998; 6:1457-68. [PMID: 9801817 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)00075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) has recently been the subject of intensive investigation due to their potential as chemotherapeutics and as tools for studying signal transduction pathways. Here we report the evaluation of a variety of small molecule, non-peptidyl inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), bearing the alpha, alpha-difluoromethylenephosphonic acid (DFMP) group, a non-hydrolyzable phosphate mimetic. A series of phenyl derivatives bearing a single DFMP group were initially surveyed. In general, these were not significantly more potent inhibitors than the parent compound, alpha, alpha-difluorobenzylphosphonic acid, with the exception being the meta-phenyl substituted species which decreased the IC50 by approximately 17-fold relative to alpha, alpha-difluorobenzylphosphonic acid. However, certain compounds bearing two DFMP moieties were very potent inhibitors. Some of these are among the most potent small molecule inhibitors of any PTP reported to date with the best one exhibiting a Ki of 1.5 microM. The structural basis for these results are discussed. One of the bis-DFMP inhibitors was examined in detail and it was found that the fluorines were essential for potent inhibition. Inhibition was independent of pH between pH 5.5-7.2 suggesting that both the mono and dianionic forms of the individual DFMP groups bind equally well. The trends observed in the inhibitory potency of these compounds with PTP1B were very similar to the trends observed by other workers on the K(m)'s of the analogous phenylphosphate substrates with rat PTP1. This indicates that studies of non-peptidyl substrates with rat PTP1 can be used as a guide for the development of human PTP1B inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Erindale College, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
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Frechette RF, Ackerman C, Beers S, Look R, Moore J. Novel hydroxyphosphonate inhibitors of CD-45 tyrosine phosphatase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schwender CF, Beers SA, Malloy EA, Cinicola JJ, Wustrow DJ, Demarest KD, Jordan J. Benzylphosphonic acid inhibitors of human prostatic acid phosphatase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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