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Slusarczyk M, Serpi M, Pertusati F. Phosphoramidates and phosphonamidates (ProTides) with antiviral activity. Antivir Chem Chemother 2018; 26:2040206618775243. [PMID: 29792071 PMCID: PMC5971382 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618775243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the first report on the nucleoside phosphoramidate (ProTide) prodrug approach in 1990 by Chris McGuigan, the extensive investigation of ProTide technology has begun in many laboratories. Designed with aim to overcome limitations and the key resistance mechanisms associated with nucleoside analogues used in the clinic (poor cellular uptake, poor conversion to the 5'-monophosphate form), the ProTide approach has been successfully applied to a vast number of nucleoside analogues with antiviral and anticancer activity. ProTides consist of a 5'-nucleoside monophosphate in which the two hydroxyl groups are masked with an amino acid ester and an aryloxy component which once in the cell is enzymatically metabolized to deliver free 5'-monophosphate, which is further transformed to the active 5'-triphosphate form of the nucleoside analogue. In this review, the seminal contribution of Chris McGuigan's research to this field is presented. His technology proved to be extremely successful in drug discovery and has led to two Food and Drug Administration-approved antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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2
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Chinnam S, Raju CN, Rao CV. Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Novel Phosphorylated Derivatives of Amlodipine. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2014.909429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sampath Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
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3
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Pradere U, Garnier-Amblard E, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphate and phosphonate prodrugs. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9154-218. [PMID: 25144792 PMCID: PMC4173794 DOI: 10.1021/cr5002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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4
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Sun Q, Li X, Gong S, Liu G, Shen L, Peng L. A novel synthesis of antiviral nucleoside phosphoramidate and thiophosphoramidate prodrugs via nucleoside H-phosphonamidates. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 32:617-38. [PMID: 24138500 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2013.838262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient method for the preparation of antiviral nucleoside 5'-H-phosphonamidates has been developed. The oxidization of the H-phosphonamidate intermediates with iodine and sulfur afforded nucleoside 5'-phosphoramidates and 5'-thiophosphoramidates in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- a Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University , Nanchang , Jiangxi , PR China
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5
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Subramanyam C, Ramana KV, Rasheed S, Adam S, Raju CN. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel Diphenyl N- Substituted Carbamimidoylphosphoramidate Derivatives. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2012.745075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ch. Subramanyam
- a Department of Chemistry , Sri Venkateswara University , Tirupati , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - K. Venkata Ramana
- a Department of Chemistry , Sri Venkateswara University , Tirupati , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - S. Rasheed
- a Department of Chemistry , Sri Venkateswara University , Tirupati , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - S. Adam
- b Department of Biochemistry , Sree Vidyanikethan P.G. College , Tirupati , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - C. Naga Raju
- a Department of Chemistry , Sri Venkateswara University , Tirupati , Andhra Pradesh , India
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6
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Abstract
HCV infection is a significant worldwide health problem and is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. The current standard of care, interferon and ribavirin, is only effective against a proportion of the patient population infected with HCV. To address the shortcomings of existing therapy, the development of direct acting antiviral agents is under investigation. The HCV RNA dependent RNA polymerase is an essential enzyme for viral replication and is therefore a logical target against which to develop novel anti-HCV agents. Nucleosides have been shown to be effective as antiviral agents for other viral diseases and therefore, have been investigated as inhibitors of HCV replication. The development of prodrugs of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates has been pursued to address limitations associated with poor nucleoside phosphorylation. This is required to produce the nucleoside 5'-triphosphate which is the anabolite that is the actual inhibitor of the polymerase enzyme. Prodrugs of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates have been developed that enable their delivery into cells and in vivo into the liver. The implementation of these prodrug strategies has ultimately led to the identification of several prodrugs of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates that are potent inhibitors of HCV replication in vitro. They have progressed into the clinic and the early data demonstrate greatly reduced viral load levels in HCV-infected patients. This review will survey the state of nucleotide prodrugs for the treatment of HCV.
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Gao X, Zhu G, Zeng Z, Chen W, Lin Z, Liu Y, Xu P, Zhao Y. A novel methyl migration to the phosphoryl group with the formation of cyclic aminoacylphosphoramidates in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectra of amino acid ester phosphoramidates of antiviral nucleosides. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1061-1069. [PMID: 21452383 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The mass spectral behavior of amino acid methyl ester phosphoramidate derivatives have been investigated using electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)) and moderate theoretical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. A novel methyl group migration to the phosphoryl group with the formation of the intermediate cyclic aminoacylphosphoramidate was found. The proposed structures of the rearrangement ions were confirmed by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. A possible mechanism involving the pentacoordinate phosphoric-carboxylic phosphate anhydride was proposed, in which the metal ion coordination with the phosphoryl and carbonyl groups and the intrinsic properties of phosphoryl group might be the key factors responsible for this novel migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Department of Chemistry and The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashidhar N. Rao
- a Searle Research and Development , 4901 Searle Parkway, Skokie , IL , 60077
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9
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Application of the phosphoramidate ProTide approach to the antiviral drug ribavirin. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2748-55. [PMID: 20207546 PMCID: PMC7125978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin is a nucleoside analogue with broad antiviral activity. Here we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of novel ribavirin ProTides designed to deliver the bioactive ribavirin monophosphate into cells. Some of the compounds display activity similar to the parent nucleoside against a range of viruses. Enzymatic, cell lysate and preliminary modeling studies have been performed to investigate the lack of enhancement of potency by the ProTides, and these indicate a failure at the final, amino acid cleavage step in the ProTide activation process, leading to inefficient release of the nucleoside monophosphate.
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10
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Yang L, Zeng R, Li C, Li G, Qiao R, Hu L, Li Z. Novel synthesis and in vitro drug release of polymeric prodrug: Chitosan–O-isopropyl-5′-O-d4T monophosphate conjugate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2566-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Synthesis and evaluation of novel phosphoramidate prodrugs of 2′-methyl cytidine as inhibitors of hepatitis c virus NS5B polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1392-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Quitschau M, Schuhmann T, Piel J, von Zezschwitz P, Grond S. The New Metabolite (S)-Cinnamoylphosphoramide fromStreptomycessp. and Its Total Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Berezovskaya Y, Chudinov M, Kirillova Y, Shastina N, Shvets V, Yurkevich A. Design of the New Molecular Transport Systems for the Nucleosides-Pharmacophores Carrying. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319808004755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu. Berezovskaya
- a Department of Biotechnology , Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology , 117571, Vernadskogo prospect 86, Moscow , Russia
| | - M. Chudinov
- a Department of Biotechnology , Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology , 117571, Vernadskogo prospect 86, Moscow , Russia
| | - Yu. Kirillova
- a Department of Biotechnology , Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology , 117571, Vernadskogo prospect 86, Moscow , Russia
| | - N. Shastina
- a Department of Biotechnology , Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology , 117571, Vernadskogo prospect 86, Moscow , Russia
| | - V. Shvets
- a Department of Biotechnology , Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology , 117571, Vernadskogo prospect 86, Moscow , Russia
| | - A. Yurkevich
- a Department of Biotechnology , Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology , 117571, Vernadskogo prospect 86, Moscow , Russia
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14
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Venkatachalam TK, Qazi S, Uckun FM. Synthesis and metabolism of naphthyl substituted phosphoramidate derivatives of stavudine. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5161-77. [PMID: 16697204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of naphthylphosphoramidate derivatives of stavudine was achieved using a four-step procedure. The derivatives were subjected to several different enzymes including lipase, esterase, Subtilisin Carlsberg, and Carica papaya, and their hydrolysis rates were determined. Based on the rates of hydrolysis, we were able to differentiate between the chiralities at the phosphorus center of the phosphoramidate compounds. In addition, lipase was found to distinguish between both alpha and beta forms of the compounds. The superior chiral selectivity shown by lipase toward the naphthyl substituted phosphoramidate derivatives is attributed to the restrictive binding pocket of the lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Venkatachalam
- Department of Chemistry, Parker Hughes Institute, Roseville, MN 55113, USA
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15
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Ambrose A, Zemlicka J, Kern ER, Drach JC, Gullen E, Cheng YC. Phosphoralaninate pronucleotides of pyrimidine methylenecyclopropane analogues of nucleosides: synthesis and antiviral activity. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 24:1763-74. [PMID: 16438046 DOI: 10.1080/15257770500266867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Z- and E-thymine and cytosine pronucleotides 3d, 4d, 3e, and 4e of methylenecyclopropane nucleosides analogues were synthesized, evaluated for their antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HSV-1), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) and their potency was compared with the parent compounds 1d, 2d, 1e, and 2e. Prodrugs 3d and 4d were obtained by phosphorylation of parent analogues 1d or 2d with reagent 8. A similar phosphorylation of N4-benzoylcytosine methylenecyclopropanes 9a and 9b gave intermediates 11a and 11b. Deprotection with hydrazine in pyridine-acetic acid gave pronucleotides 3e and 4e. The Z-cytosine analogue 3e was active against HCMV and EBV The cytosine E-isomer 4e was moderately effective against EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalraj Ambrose
- Department of Chemistry, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201-1379, USA
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16
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Venkatachalam TK, Samuel P, Qazi S, Uckun FM. Effect of change in nucleoside structure on the activation and antiviral activity of phosphoramidate derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5408-23. [PMID: 15994083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Changing the nucleoside group of a series of phosphoramidate derivatives affects the enzyme mediated hydrolysis rate of the compounds. d4T and AZT-substituted analogs were activated by enzymes such as lipases, esterases, and proteases. On the other hand, 3dT-substituted derivatives were comparatively less prone to hydrolysis under similar experimental conditions. From the experimental results, we propose that the most preferable nucleoside group for enzyme activation is d4T rather than AZT or 3dT. Additionally, we also observed that depending on the enzymes used the chiral selectivity of the enzymes for the phosphorus center of these phosphoramidate derivatives differed, demonstrating the importance of the nucleoside structure for this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Venkatachalam
- Department of Chemistry, Parker Hughes Institute, 2699 Patton Road, Roseville, MN 55113, USA
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17
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Venkatachalam TK, Samuel P, Uckun FM. Enzymatic hydrolysis of stampidine and other stavudine phosphoramidates in the presence of mammalian proteases. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2651-5. [PMID: 15755664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian proteases have not been implicated in the metabolism of any nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrug. The results presented herein provide unprecedented and conclusive experimental evidence that mammalian proteases are capable of hydrolyzing stavudine phosphoramidates. Specifically, cathepsin B and Proteinase K are able to metabolize stampidine and other phosphoramidate derivatives of stavudine. Additionally, cathepsin B exhibits chiral selectivity at the phosphorus center. The elucidation of the metabolic pathways leading to activation of stampidine may provide the basis for pharmacologic interventions aimed at modulating the metabolism and thereby improving the therapeutic window of stampidine as an anti-HIV agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Venkatachalam
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Virology, Parker Hughes Institute, 2699, Patton Road, Roseville, MN 55113, USA
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18
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McGuigan C, Thiery JC, Daverio F, Jiang WG, Davies G, Mason M. Anti-cancer ProTides: tuning the activity of BVDU phosphoramidates related to thymectacin. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:3219-27. [PMID: 15809157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Revised: 02/11/2005] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Based on our wide ranging knowledge of phosphoramidate ProTides as anti-viral agents we have tuned the lead anti-cancer agent thymectacin in the ester and amino acid regions and revealed a substantial enhancement in in vitro potency versus colon and prostate cancer cell lines. Twelve analogues have been reported, with yields of 29-78%. The compounds are fully characterised and data clearly reveal the presence of two phosphate diastereoisomers, as expected, in roughly equi-molar proportions. The compounds were evaluated in tissue culture versus three different tumour cell lines, using thymectacin as the control. It is notable that minor structural modification of the parent phenyl methoxyalaninyl structure of thymectacin leads to significant enhancements in potency. In particular, replacement of the methyl ester moiety in the lead by a benzyl ester gave a 175-fold boost in potency versus colon cancer HT115. This derivative emerges as a low micromolar inhibitor of HT115 cells and a new lead for further optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK.
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Venkatachalam TK, Samuel P, Qazi S, Uckun FM. Protease-mediated enzymatic hydrolysis and activation of aryl phosphoramidate derivatives of stavudine. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 40:452-66. [PMID: 15893019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Revised: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several proteases are capable of hydrolyzing the aryl substituted phosphoramidate derivatives of stavudine resulting in the formation of the active metabolite, alaninyl d4T monophosphate. Subtilisin Protease A, Subtilisin Griseus, Subtilisin Carlsberg, Papaya, Bacillus were amongst the most effective proteases in hydrolyzing stavudine derivatives and specificity of their activity was confirmed using several protease inhibitors to block the hydrolysis of these phosphoramidate derivatives. We found that these proteases exhibit chiral selectivity at the phosphorus center of stavudine derivatives. Our results indicate that cellular proteases may be responsible for the activation of these phosphoramidate derivatives. In addition, we show that the enzymatic hydrolysis takes place at the carboxymethyl ester side chain of these pro-drugs and the direct attack on the phosphorus center by these enzymes does not occur. Finally, we describe a novel activation pathway hitherto unknown for the activation and viral inhibitory characteristic shown by these phosphoramidate derivatives of stavudine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Venkatachalam
- Department of Chemistry, Parker Hughes Institute and Paradigm Pharmaceuticals, 2699, Patton Road, Roseville, MN 55113, USA.
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Li P, Shaw BR. Synthesis of Nucleoside Boranophosphoramidate Prodrugs Conjugated with Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2005; 70:2171-83. [PMID: 15760202 DOI: 10.1021/jo0481248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Nucleoside boranophosphates and nucleoside amino acid phosphoramidates have been shown to be potent antiviral and anticancer agents with the potential to act as nucleoside prodrugs. A combination of these two types of compounds results in a boranophosphoramidate linkage between the nucleoside and amino acid. This new class of potential prodrugs is expected to possess advantages conferred by both types of parent compounds. Two approaches, specifically the H-phosphonate and oxathiaphospholane approaches, are described here to synthesize nucleoside boranophosphoramidate prodrugs conjugated with amino acids. The H-phosphonate approach involves a key intermediate, silylated nucleoside amino acid phosphoramidite 6, prepared from a series of reactions starting from nucleoside H-phosphonate in the presence of condensing reagent DPCP. Due to the lengthy procedure and the difficulties in removing DPCP from the final products, we switched to the oxathiaphospholane approach in which the DBU-assisted oxathiaphospholane ring-opening process constituted a key step for the generation of nucleoside amino acid boranophosphoramidates 24. We demonstrate that this key step did not cause any measurable C-racemization of boranophosphorylated amino acids 22. Diastereomers of compounds 24a-f were separated by RP-HPLC. An "adjacent"-type mechanism is proposed to explain the diastereomer ratio in the final products obtained via the oxathiaphospholane approach. A tentative assignment of configuration for the diastereomers was carried out based on the mechanism, molecular modeling, and (1)H NMR. Conclusively, the oxathiaphospholane methodology proved to be more facile and efficient than H-phosphonate chemistry in the preparation of the nucleoside amino acid boranophosphoramidate analogues that are promising as a new type of antiviral prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, USA
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21
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Chou TF, Bieganowski P, Shilinski K, Cheng J, Brenner C, Wagner CR. 31P NMR and genetic analysis establish hinT as the only Escherchia coli purine nucleoside phosphoramidase and as essential for growth under high salt conditions. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:15356-61. [PMID: 15703176 PMCID: PMC2556068 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500434200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells encode AMP-lysine (AMP-N-epsilon-(N-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester) 5'-phosphoramidate) hydrolases related to the rabbit histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (Hint1) sequence. Bacterial and archaeal cells have Hint homologs annotated in a variety of ways, but the enzymes have not been characterized, nor have phenotypes been described due to loss of enzymatic activity. We developed a quantitative (31)P NMR assay to determine whether Escherichia coli possesses an adenosine phosphoramidase activity. Indeed, soluble lysates prepared from wild-type laboratory E. coli exhibited activity on the model substrate adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidate (AMP-NH(2)). The E. coli Hint homolog, which had been comprehensively designated ycfF and is here named hinT, was cloned, overexpressed, purified, and characterized with respect to purine nucleoside phosphoramidate substrates. Bacterial hinT was several times more active than human or rabbit Hint1 on five model substrates. In addition, bacterial and mammalian enzymes preferred guanosine versus adenosine phosphoramidates as substrates. Analysis of the lysates from a constructed hinT knock-out strain of E. coli demonstrated that all of the cellular purine nucleoside phosphoramidase activity is due to hinT. Physiological analysis of this mutant revealed that the loss of hinT results in failure to grow in media containing 0.75 m KCl, 0.9 m NaCl, 0.5 m NaOAc, or 10 mm MnCl(2). Thus, cation-resistant bacterial cell growth may be dependent on the hydrolysis of adenylylated and/or guanylylated phosphoramidate substrates by hinT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Fen Chou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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22
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Venkatachalam TK, Samuel P, Li G, Qazi S, Mao C, Pendergrass S, Uckun FM. Lipase-mediated stereoselective hydrolysis of stampidine and other phosphoramidate derivatives of stavudine. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:3371-81. [PMID: 15158806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2003] [Accepted: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of stampidine and other aryl phosphate derivatives of stavudine were investigated using the Candida Antarctica Type B lipase. Modeling studies and comparison of the hydrolysis rate constants revealed a chiral preference of the lipase active site for the putative S-stereoisomer. The in vitro anti-HIV activity of these compounds correlated with their susceptibility to lipase- (but not esterase-) mediated hydrolysis. We propose that stampidine undergoes rapid enzymatic hydrolysis in the presence of lipase according to the following biochemical pathway: During the first step, hydrolysis of the ester group results in the formation of carboxylic acid. Subsequent step involves an intramolecular cyclization at the phosphorous center with simultaneous elimination of the phenoxy group to form a cyclic intermediate. In the presence of water, this intermediate is converted into the active metabolite Ala-d4T-MP. We postulate that the lipase hydrolyzes the methyl ester group of the l-alanine side chain to form the cyclic intermediate in a stereoselective fashion. This hypothesis was supported by experimental data showing that chloroethyl substituted derivatives of stampidine, which possess a chloroethyl linker unit instead of a methyl ester side chain, were resistant to lipase-mediated hydrolysis, which excludes the possibility of a direct hydrolysis of stampidine at the phosphorous center. Thus, our model implies that the lipase-mediated formation of the cyclic intermediate is a key step in metabolism of stampidine and relies on the initial configuration of the stereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Venkatachalam
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioinformatics, Structural Biology, and Virology, Parker Hughes Institute, 2699 Patton Road, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA
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23
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Venkatachalam TK, Yu G, Samuel P, Qazi S, Pendergrass S, Uckun FM. A comparative study of the hydrolysis pathways of substituted aryl phosphoramidate versus aryl thiophosphoramidate derivatives of stavudine. Eur J Med Chem 2004; 39:665-83. [PMID: 15276300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Revised: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study of aryl phosphoramidate and aryl thiophosphoramidate derivatives of 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (d4T) was performed. The study focused on the nature of the substituents and the influence of a thiophosphoramidate in the structure of these derivatives. The rate of alkaline hydrolysis of these two types of d4T derivatives indicated that replacement of oxygen with sulfur decreases the rate of hydrolysis by twofold. Additionally, the activation energy (E(a)) for the sulfur analogs is comparatively higher than that of the oxygen analogs. Notably, an intermediate was formed in the hydrolysis reaction of the sulfur analogs of d4T that was absent in the case of the oxygen analog, and the tentative structure of the intermediate was proposed based on LC/mass spectroscopy data. Using both HPLC and (31)P-NMR techniques, we identified the hydrolysis product of the phosphoramidate derivatives and were able to show in in vitro studies that porcine liver esterase can hydrolyze the methyl ester portion of the phosphoramidate derivatives. Aryl phosphoramidate derivatives of d4T were 1000-fold more active than the corresponding aryl thiophosphoramidate derivatives, indicating that the energy of activation of hydrolysis of these phosphoramidate derivatives plays a significant role in their biological potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Venkatachalam
- Department of Chemistry, Parker Hughes Institute, 2699 Patton Road, Roseville, MN 55113, USA
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24
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Mesplet N, Saito Y, Morin P, Agrofoglio LA. HPLC and mass spectrometry analysis of the enzymatic hydrolysis of anti-HIV pronucleotide diastereomers. Bioorg Chem 2003; 31:237-47. [PMID: 12818233 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-2068(03)00035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In one current strategy to develop membrane-soluble pronucleotides, the phosphoramidate derivatives of the approved anti-HIV nucleosides 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine (d4T), 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), (-)-beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-3'- thiacytidine (3TC), and 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (ddA) exhibit promising antiviral activity. However, the non-stereoselective synthetic route results in a mixture of diastereoisomers, which differ in the configuration of the phosphorus chiral center. Since it is believed that enzymatic ester hydrolysis is the first step in the intracellular activation of these prodrugs and that this process could be dependent on the stereochemistry at the phosphorus center, analytical methods must be developed. In the present work, in vitro evaluation of the selectivity of pig liver esterase (PLE) towards each diastereomer of d4T, AZT, 3TC, and ddA prodrugs has been investigated, applying our recently published HPLC-MS procedure using a polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phase. This method has been used to analyze the products of the PLE-catalyzed hydrolysis of the pronucleotides. It was found that both diastereomers of the four prodrugs were substrates for PLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Mesplet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 6005, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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25
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Uckun FM, Pendergrass S, Venkatachalam TK, Qazi S, Richman D. Stampidine is a potent inhibitor of Zidovudine- and nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant primary clinical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates with thymidine analog mutations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:3613-6. [PMID: 12384373 PMCID: PMC128707 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.11.3613-3616.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2002] [Revised: 06/19/2002] [Accepted: 07/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the antiretroviral activity of stavudine-5'-(p-bromophenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate) (stampidine [STAMP]), a novel aryl phosphate derivative of stavudine, against primary clinical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates. STAMP inhibited each one of nine clinical HIV-1 isolates of non-B envelope subtype and 20 genotypically and phenotypically nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 isolates at subnanomolar to low-nanomolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih M Uckun
- Drug Discovery Program, Departments of Virology, Bioinformatics, Immunology, and Chemistry, Parker Hughes Institute, St. Paul. Parker Hughes Center for Clinical Immunology, Roseville, Minnesota 55113, USA.
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26
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Venkatachalam TK, Samuel P, Kourinov IV, Uckun FM. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of carbamates of antiviral agent stavudine. Antivir Chem Chemother 2002; 13:289-97. [PMID: 12630677 DOI: 10.1177/095632020201300504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of carbamate analogues of the NRTI compound stavudine, has been achieved in five steps starting from commercially available thymidine. The synthesis involves conversion of thymidine into stavudine followed by condensation with carbaimidazole derivative obtained from various aromatic and heterocyclic amines in dimethylformamide solvent. The analogues thus obtained were further purified by crystallization to furnish analytically pure products. Examination of biological activity of these carbamate derivatives of stavudine showed that they inhibited HIV replication only at micro-molar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Venkatachalam
- Department of Chemistry, Parker Hughes Institute, Patton Road, St Paul, Minn., USA
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27
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Abstract
In order to overcome restrictions imposed by activation (phosphorylation) mechanism of antiviral and antitumor nucleoside analogues several prodrug approaches have been designed. Lipophilic pronucleotides are capable of intracellular delivery of monophosphates of nucleoside analogues, thus circumventing the limitations of enzymic phosphorylation. One of the successful approaches employs lipophilic amino acid ester (alanine) phenyl phosphoramidates as pronucleotides. This approach was applied to AIDS drugs such as AZT, d4T and related analogues but also to nonclassical nucleoside analogues based on allenic and methylenecyclopropane structure. Antiviral effects of the parent analogues were in many cases increased by conversion to phenyl phosphoralaninate (PPA) pronucleotides. Although cytotoxicity increase frequently accompanies antiviral effects of these pronucleotides, a favorable selectivity index can be obtained by manipulation of the parent structure as shown, e.g., for 2,6-diaminopurine methylenecyclopropane pronucleotide 15c. A lack of in vivo toxicity was demonstrated for 2-amino-6-methoxypurine methylenecyclopropane pronucleotide 15e in mice. The PPA pronucleotides can overcome deficiency of phosphorylating enzymes and offer favorable cross-resistance patterns when compared with other antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Zemlicka
- Department of Chemistry, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 110 E. Warren Ave., Detroit, MI 48201-1379, USA.
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28
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Separation of individual antiviral nucleotide prodrugs from synthetic mixtures using cross-reactivity of a molecularly imprinted stationary phase. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Abstract
To overcome the many hurdles preventing the use of antiviral and anticancer nucleosides as therapeutics, the development of a prodrug methodology (i.e., pronucleotide) for the in vivo delivery of nucleotides has been proposed as a solution. The ideal pronucleotide should be non-toxic, stable in plasma and blood, capable of being i. v. and/or orally dosed, and intracellularly convertible to the corresponding nucleotide. Although this goal has yet to be achieved, many clever and imaginative pronucleotide approaches have been developed, which are likely to be important pharmacological tools. This review will discuss the major advances and future directions of the emerging field of antiviral and anticancer pronucleotide design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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30
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Knaggs MH, McGuigan C, Harris SA, Heshmati P, Cahard D, Gilbert IH, Balzarini J. A QSAR study investigating the effect of L-alanine ester variation on the anti-HIV activity of some phosphoramidate derivatives of d4T. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2075-8. [PMID: 10999474 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A QSAR study, involving the use of calculated physical properties (TSAR), and the use of a neural network approach (TSAR), has been performed concerning the anti-HIV activity and cytotoxic effects of a series of d4T phosphoramidate derivatives with varying L-alanine esters. Models were obtained which allow reliable predictions for the anti-HIV activity, and cytotoxicity, of these derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Knaggs
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, UK
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31
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McGuigan C, Slater MJ, Parry NR, Perry A, Harris S. Synthesis and antiviral activity of acyclovir-5'-(phenyl methoxy alaninyl) phosphate as a possible membrane-soluble nucleotide prodrug. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:645-7. [PMID: 10762044 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe a synthesis of acyclovir-5'-(phenyl methoxy alaninyl) phosphate (2) from acyclovir (1). This compound was designed to act as a lipophilic, membrane-soluble prodrug of the free nucleotide. However, the biological activities of this derivative against a range of viruses indicated poor intracellular phosphate delivery, in marked contrast to the earlier successful delivery of several dideoxy anti-HIV nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, UK.
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32
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Siddiqui A, McGuigan C, Ballatore C, Srinivasan S, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Enhancing the aqueous solubility of d4T-based phosphoramidate prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:381-4. [PMID: 10714505 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A range of polyether para-substituted phosphoramidates were synthesised and found to have substantially elevated aqueous solubilities compared to the underivatised parent prodrug. A 30-fold increase in aqueous solubility could be achieved without a substantial decrease of in vitro activity against HIV-1. Replacement of the aryl (i.e. phenolic) moiety by tyrosine led to a substantial enhancement in aqueous solubility but also to a decrease in antiviral potency. A previously unobserved trend was identified, relating increased aryl substituent steric bulk to decreased antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Siddiqui
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, UK
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33
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Aquaro S, Wedgwood O, Yarnold C, Cahard D, Pathinara R, McGuigan C, Calio' R, de Clercq E, Balzarini J, Perno CF. Activities of masked 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside monophosphate derivatives against human immunodeficiency virus in resting macrophages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:173-7. [PMID: 10602742 PMCID: PMC89647 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.1.173-177.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity of aryloxyphosphoramidate protides of a number of anti-HIV nucleoside analogues was assessed in resting primary monocyte-macrophages (M/M). While 2',3'-dideoxythymidine (d4T), 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (ddA), and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydroadenosine (d4A) protides showed an anti-HIV activity that was 25- to 625-fold greater than the parent nucleotides d4T, ddA, and d4A, respectively, other aryloxyphosphoramidate protides showed similar or even lower anti-HIV activities than their parent compounds. This variable anti-HIV effect is most likely related to the different dynamics of intracellular nucleoside monophosphate release from the protides. Our results indicate the potential advantage of therapeutic use of this approach for some nucleotide analogues to affect HIV replication in M/M, one of the major reservoirs of HIV in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aquaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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34
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Development and optimization of anti-HIV nucleoside analogs and prodrugs: A review of their cellular pharmacology, structure-activity relationships and pharmacokinetics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999; 39:117-151. [PMID: 10837771 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(99)00023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Significant improvements in antiviral therapy have been realized over the past 10 years. Numerous nucleoside analogs, as well as prodrugs of active compounds, have been synthesized and tested for anti-HIV activity. In addition to the five nucleoside analogs currently used clinically for the treatment of HIV infection, a broad spectrum of anti-HIV nucleoside analogs (including 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs, oxathiolanyl 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs, dioxolanyl 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs, carbocyclic 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs and acyclic nucleoside analogs) and their prodrugs (including ester prodrugs, phospholipid prodrugs, dihydropyridine prodrugs, pronucleotides and dinucleotide analogs), targeted at HIV reverse transcriptase, are reviewed with focus on structure-activity relationships, cellular pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Several of these anti-viral agents show promise in the treatment of AIDS.
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35
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Ballatore C, McGuigan C, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. An in situ pig liver esterase assay as a useful predictive tool for the likely in vitro anti viral activity of phosphoramidate pro-drugs. NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES 1999; 18:967-9. [PMID: 10432721 DOI: 10.1080/15257779908041615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The pig liver esterase (PLE) assay has been designed to "reproduce" in vitro the first step of the metabolism of phosphoramidate pro-drugs that generates the free amino acyl phosphoramidate intermediate which has been described as a key metabolite necessary but not sufficient for the biological activity. The method could be used as a predictive tool for the likely in vitro biological activity as well as for Structure-Activity Relationship establishment (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ballatore
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, UK
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36
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Jan ST, Zhu Z, Tai HL, Shih MJ, Venkatachalam TK, Uckun FM. AZT-5'-(p-bromophenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate) as a potent and non-toxic anti-human immunodeficiency virus agent. Antivir Chem Chemother 1999; 10:47-52. [PMID: 10079879 DOI: 10.1177/095632029901000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The potency and selectivity index of the AZT-phenyl phosphate derivatives in thymidine kinase (TK)-deficient T cells were substantially enhanced by introducing a single para-bromo substitutent in the phenyl moiety. AZT-5'-(p-bromophenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate) was 43-fold more potent than AZT-5'-(phenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate) and was fivefold more potent than AZT in inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in TK-deficient CEM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Jan
- Drug Discovery Program, Hughes Institute, Roseville, MN 55113, USA
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37
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Venkatachalam TK, Tai HL, Vig R, Chen CL, Jan ST, Uckun FM. Enhancing effects of a mono-bromo substitution at the para position of the phenyl moiety on the metabolism and anti-HIV activity of d4T-phenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:3121-6. [PMID: 9873688 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
d4T-5'-[p-Bromophenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate] (d4T-pBPMAP), a novel phenyl phosphate derivative of 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (d4T) that has an enhanced ability to undergo hydrolysis due to the electron withdrawing properties of its single bromo substituent at the para-position of the phenyl moiety, was found to yield substantially more of the key metabolite alaninyl d4T monophosphate (A-d4T-MP) than the unsubstituted d4T-5'-phenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate or para-methoxy substituted d4T-5'-phenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate. d4T-pBPMAP was tested for its anti-HIV-1 activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) and thymidine kinase (TK)-deficient CEM T-cells. d4T-pBPMAP was 12.6-fold more potent than the parent compound d4T in inhibiting p24 production (IC50 values: 44 nM vs 556 nM) and 41.3-fold more potent than d4T in inhibiting the reverse transcriptase (RT) activity (IC50 values: 57 nM vs 2355 nM) in HIV-1-infected TK-deficient CEM cells. Similarly, d4T-pBPMAP was more potent than the unsubstituted or para-methoxy substituted phenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate derivatives of d4T. d4T-pBPMAP did not exhibit any detectable cytotoxicity to PBMNC or CEM cells at concentrations as high as 10,000 nM. Notably, d4T-pBPMAP was capable of inhibiting the replication of a zidovudine (ZDV/AZT)-resistant HIV-1 strain as well as HIV-2 in PBMNC at nanomolar concentrations. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that the potency of the d4T-aryl-phosphate derivatives can be substantially enhanced by introducing a single para-bromo substituent in the aryl moiety.
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38
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McGuigan C, Cahard D, Ballatore C, Siddiqui A, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Lactate cannot substitute for alanine in d4T-based anti-HIV nucleotide prodrugs--despite efficient esterase-mediated hydrolysis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:2949-54. [PMID: 9873653 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As part of our on-going effort to deliver masked phosphates of antiviral nucleosides inside living cells we have previously discovered that amino acid-derived phosphoramidates are particularly effective. Here we report that lactate analogues, with a simple change of bridging nitrogen for oxygen, are virtually inactive as antiviral agents and apparently do not achieve intracellular nucleoside phosphate delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, UK.
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39
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Rao SN. Molecular mechanics studies on the conformations of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydroguanine nucleoside, D4G. Biophys J 1998; 74:3131-9. [PMID: 9635766 PMCID: PMC1299653 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(98)78019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Conformational energy calculations have been presented on guanine nucleoside in which the furanose ring is replaced by 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrofuran using molecular mechanics and conformational analysis. Conformational energies have been evaluated using the MM2 and AMBER94 force field parameters at two different dielectric constants. The results are presented in terms of isoenergy contours in the conformational space of the glycosidic (chi) and C4'-C5' (gamma) bonds torsions. In general, the chi-gamma interrelationships differ from the corresponding plots for unmodified nucleosides and nucleotides, reported previously. Consistency of the calculated preferred conformations with the x-ray data is sensitive to the force field employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Rao
- Searle Research and Development, Skokie, Illinois 60077, USA.
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40
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Naesens L, Cahard D, Salgado A, Bidois L, De Clercq E, McGuigan C, Balzarini J. Metabolism and anti-HIV activity of phosphoramidate derivatives of D4T-MP with variations in the amino acid moiety. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 431:753-7. [PMID: 9598164 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5381-6_144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of different phosphoramidate prodrugs of d4T-MP, in which the phosphate group is linked to a phenyl group and the alkyl ester of an amino acid was studied in crude CEM cell extracts. Significant (80-100%) conversion to the amino acyl d4T-MP metabolite was obtained with derivatives containing L-alanine or methyl-L-aspartic acid. A lower degree of conversion was seen with derivatives containing L-phenylalanine, L-methionine, methyl-L-glutamic acid or L-leucine. Derivatives containing D-alanine, beta-alanine, glycine, L-valine or L-lactate showed no conversion to the amino acyl d4T-MP metabolite. Overall, there was a close correlation between the anti-HIV activity of these prodrugs and their conversion rate to the amino acyl d4T-MP metabolite. Our data suggest that the enzymes involved in the formation of the amino acyl d4T-MP metabolite have a rather stringent specificity for L-alanine as the amino acid moiety. In addition, these enzymes were found to be markedly species-dependent, their activities being highest in mouse serum, followed by guinea pig serum, but only minimal in human serum. Mouse serum therefore appears to be the medium of choice to isolate and identify the enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of these phosphoramidate prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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41
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Egron D, Lefebvre I, Périgaud C, Beltran T, Pompon A, Gosselin G, Aubertin AM, Imbach JL. Anti-HIV pronucleotides: decomposition pathways and correlation with biological activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1045-50. [PMID: 9871705 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to compare the decomposition pathways in CEM cell extracts of various phenyl phosphoramidate derivatives of AZT. In addition, the structures of their metabolites were identified. Correlations with their anti-HIV activities in a thymidine kinase deficient (TK-) CEM cell line have been established with a rationale of designing phosphoramidate pronucleotides capable of delivering intracellularly their respective 5'-nucleoside monophosphate derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Egron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR CNRS-USTL 5625, Université Montpellier II, France
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42
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Measures PT, Mort KA, Cooper DL, Allan NL. A quantum molecular similarity approach to anti-HIV activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(96)05020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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McGuigan C, Tsang HW, Cahard D, Turner K, Velazquez S, Salgado A, Bidois L, Naesens L, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Phosphoramidate derivatives of d4T as inhibitors of HIV: the effect of amino acid variation. Antiviral Res 1997; 35:195-204. [PMID: 9298759 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(97)00029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoramidate derivatives of the nucleoside analogue, 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydro thymidine (d4T) have been prepared as potential membrane-soluble pro-drugs of the big-active free phosphate forms. In particular phenyl phosphates, linked via nitrogen to methyl-esterified amino acids, were studied. All compounds were fully characterised by a range of methods (high-field multinuclear NMR, mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)) and were subjected to in vitro evaluation of their anti-HIV efficacy. The nature of the amino acid appeared to be extremely important for the eventual antiviral action. Of the amino acids studied, L-alanine was the most efficacious, whilst L-proline and glycine were particularly poor. However, an unnatural amino acid moiety, dimethylglycine, could substitute for alanine with little or no loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, UK
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44
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Meier C, Lorey M, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Cyclo-saligenyl-2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-didehydroythymidinemonophosphate (cycloSal-d4TMP) — A New Pro-Nucleotide Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319708006176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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McGuigan C, Wedgwood OM, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Phosphoramidate derivatives of 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine [d4A] have markedly improved anti-HIV potency and selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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A rapid synthesis of some 5′-amino- nucleosides and nucleotides as potential antiviral compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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