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Borland JM. The effects of different types of social interactions on the electrophysiology of neurons in the nucleus accumbens in rodents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105809. [PMID: 39004323 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
BORLAND, J.M., The effects of different types of social interactions on the electrophysiology of neurons in the nucleus accumbens in rodents, NEUROSCI BIOBEH REV 21(1) XXX-XXX, 2024.-Sociality shapes an organisms' life. The nucleus accumbens is a critical brain region for mental health. In the following review, the effects of different types of social interactions on the physiology of neurons in the nucleus accumbens is synthesized. More specifically, the effects of sex behavior, aggression, social defeat, pair-bonding, play behavior, affiliative interactions, parental behaviors, the isolation from social interactions and maternal separation on measures of excitatory synaptic transmission, intracellular signaling and factors of transcription and translation in neurons in the nucleus accumbens in rodent models are reviewed. Similarities and differences in effects depending on the type of social interaction is then discussed. This review improves the understanding of the molecular and synaptic mechanisms of sociality.
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de Oliveira RP, de Andrade JS, Spina M, Chamon JV, Silva PHD, Werder AK, Ortolani D, Thomaz LDSC, Romariz S, Ribeiro DA, Longo BM, Spadari RC, Viana MDB, Melo-Thomas L, Céspedes IC, da Silva RCB. Clozapine prevented social interaction deficits and reduced c-Fos immunoreactivity expression in several brain areas of rats exposed to acute restraint stress. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262728. [PMID: 35239670 PMCID: PMC8893644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluate the effect of acute restraint stress (15 min) of male Wistar rats on social interaction measurements and c-Fos immunoreactivity (c-Fos-ir) expression, a marker of neuronal activity, in areas involved with the modulation of acute physical restraint in rats, i.e., the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), median raphe nucleus (MnR), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), cingulate prefrontal cortex (cPFC), nucleus accumbens (NaC), hippocampus (CA3), lateral septum (LS) and medial amygdala (MeA). We considered the hypothesis that restraint stress exposure could promote social withdrawal induced by the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, and increase c-Fos expression in these limbic forebrain areas investigated. In addition, we investigated whether pretreatment with the atypical antipsychotic clozapine (5 mg/kg; I.P.) could attenuate or block the effects of restraint on these responses. We found that restraint stress induced social withdrawal, and increased c-Fos-ir in these areas, demonstrating that a single 15 min session of physical restraint of rats effectively activated the HPA axis, representing an effective tool for the investigation of neuronal activity in brain regions sensitive to stress. Conversely, pretreatment with clozapine, prevented social withdrawal and reduced c-Fos expression. We suggest that treatment with clozapine exerted a preventive effect in the social interaction deficit, at least in part, by blocking the effect of restraint stress in brain regions that are known to regulate the HPA-axis, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, septum and amygdala. Further experiments will be done to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Simões de Andrade
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
| | - Marianna Spina
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
| | - João Vítor Chamon
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
| | | | - Ana Keyla Werder
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
| | - Daniela Ortolani
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
| | | | - Simone Romariz
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
| | - Beatriz Monteiro Longo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Célia Spadari
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
| | - Milena de Barros Viana
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
| | - Liana Melo-Thomas
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Philipps-Universityof Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Marburg Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (MCMBB), Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Cristina Céspedes
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Cláudia Barbosa da Silva
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos (SP), Brazil
- Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Xie Y, Cai Y, Guan M, Wang Z, Ma Z, Fang P, Wang H. The alternations of nucleus accumbent in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations during low-frequency rTMS treatment. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:971105. [PMID: 36147981 PMCID: PMC9485869 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.971105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been shown to reduce the severity of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) and induce beneficial functional and structural alternations of the brain in schizophrenia patients with AVH. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) as an important component of the ventral striatum is implicated with the pathology in AVH. However, the induced characteristic patterns of NAcc by low-frequency rTMS in schizophrenia with AVH are seldom explored. We investigated the functional and structural characteristic patterns of NAcc by using seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analysis and gray matter volume (GMV) measurement in schizophrenia patients with AVH during 1 Hz rTMS treatment. Although low-frequency rTMS treatment did not affect the volumetric changes of NAcc, the abnormal FC patterns of NAcc, including increased FC of NAcc with the temporal lobes and decreased FC of NAcc with the frontal cortices in the pretreatment patients compared to healthy controls, were normalized or reversed after treatment. These FC changes were associated with improvements in clinical symptoms and neurocognitive functions. Our findings may extend our understanding of the NAcc in the pathology of schizophrenia with AVH and might be a biomarker of clinical effect for low-frequency rTMS treatment in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Xie
- School of Education, Xinyang College, Xinyang, China.,Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Neurodevelopment Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Muzhen Guan
- Department of Mental Health, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongheng Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhujing Ma
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Fang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huaning Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Danek PJ, Daniel WA. Long-Term Treatment with Atypical Antipsychotic Iloperidone Modulates Cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) Expression and Activity in the Liver and Brain via Different Mechanisms. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123472. [PMID: 34943983 PMCID: PMC8700221 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP2D enzymes engage in the synthesis of endogenous neuroactive substances (dopamine, serotonin) and in the metabolism of neurosteroids. The present work investigates the effect of iloperidone on CYP2D enzyme expression and activity in rat brains and livers. Iloperidone exerted a weak direct inhibitory effect on CYP2D activity in vitro in the liver and brain microsomes (Ki = 11.5 μM and Ki = 462 μM, respectively). However, a two-week treatment with iloperidone (1 mg/kg ip.) produced a significant decrease in the activity of liver CYP2D, which correlated positively with the reduced CYP2D1, CYP2D2 and CYP2D4 protein and mRNA levels. Like in the liver, iloperidone reduced CYP2D activity and protein levels in the frontal cortex and cerebellum but enhanced these levels in the nucleus accumbens, striatum and substantia nigra. Chronic iloperidone did not change the brain CYP2D4 mRNA levels, except in the striatum, where they were significantly increased. In conclusion, by affecting CYP2D activity in the brain, iloperidone may modify its pharmacological effect, via influencing the rate of dopamine and serotonin synthesis or the metabolism of neurosteroids. By elevating the CYP2D expression/activity in the substantia nigra and striatum (i.e., in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway), iloperidone may attenuate extrapyramidal symptoms, while by decreasing the CYP2D activity and metabolism of neurosteroiods in the frontal cortex and cerebellum, iloperidone can have beneficial effects in the treatment of schizophrenia. In the liver, pharmacokinetic interactions involving chronic iloperidone and CYP2D substrates are likely to occur.
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Saoud H, Kereselidze E, Eybrard S, Louilot A. MK-801-induced behavioral and dopaminergic responses in the shell part of the nucleus accumbens in adult male rats are disrupted after neonatal blockade of the ventral subiculum. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105195. [PMID: 34582961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted in the context of animal modeling of schizophrenia. It investigated in adult male rats, after transient neonatal blockade of the ventral subiculum (VSub), the impact of a very specific non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors (MK-801) on locomotor activity and dopaminergic (DAergic) responses in the dorsomedial shell part of the nucleus accumbens (Nacc), a striatal subregion described as the common target region for antipsychotics. The functional neonatal inactivation of the VSub was achieved by local microinjection of tetrodotoxin (TTX) at postnatal day 8 (PND8). Control pups were microinjected with the solvent phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Locomotor responses and DAergic variations in the dorsomedial shell part of the Nacc were measured simultaneously using in vivo voltammetry in awake, freely moving male animals after sc administration of MK-801. The following results were obtained: 1) a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity in PBS and TTX animals, greater in TTX rats/PBS rats; and 2) divergent DAergic responses for PBS and TTX animals. A decrease in DA levels with a return to around basal values was observed in PBS animals. An increase in DA levels was obtained in TTX animals. The present data suggest that neonatal blockade of the VSub results in disruption in NMDA glutamatergic transmission, causing a disturbance in DA release in the dorsomedial shell in adults male rats. In the context of animal modeling of schizophrenia using the same approach it would be interesting to investigate possible changes in postsynaptic NMDA receptors-related proteins in the dorsomedial shell region in the Nacc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Saoud
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U 1114, Faculty of Medicine, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elora Kereselidze
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U 1114, Faculty of Medicine, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Séverine Eybrard
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U 1114, Faculty of Medicine, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Louilot
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U 1114, Faculty of Medicine, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.
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Kiss A, Osacka J. The effect of amisulpride, olanzapine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole single administration on c-Fos expression in vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Neuropeptides 2021; 87:102148. [PMID: 33887540 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotics, including amisulpride (AMI), quetiapine (QUE), aripiprazole (ARI), and olanzapine (OLA), are used to treat mental illnesses associated with psychotic symptoms. The effect of these drugs on c-Fos expression in vasopressinergic (AVP) and oxytocinergic (OXY) neurons was studied in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats. The presence of c-Fos in AVP and OXY perikarya was investigated in seven PVN cells segregations: the anterior (Ant), dorsal cup (Dc), wing-shaped (Wi), periventricular zone (Pe), circle-shaped core (Co) and shell of core (Sh), and the posterior (pPVN) after an acute treatment with AMI-20 mg/kg, QUE-15 mg/kg, ARI-10 mg/kg, and OLA-5 mg/kg/bw in rats. Ninety min after treatments, the animals were sacrificed by transcardial perfusion with fixative and the PVN area sliced into 35 μm thick coronal sections for immunohistochemistry. The c-Fos was processed by avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex intensified with nickel-enhanced 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride. Visualization of AVP- and OXY-synthesizing neurons was achieved by a fluorescent marker Alexa Flour 568. The c-Fos-AVP and c-Fos-OXY colocalizations were evaluated from c-Fos stained sections merged with AVP or OXY ones. AMI, QUE, ARI, and OLA, single administration distinctly increased the c-Fos expression in each of the PVN cells segregations. QUE induced the highest magnitude of activation of AVP and OXY neurons, while OLA and AMI had only moderate effects. Incontestable variabilities detected in c-Fos expression in PVN AVP and OXY neurons extend the knowledge of selected antipsychotics extra-striatal actions and may also be helpful in a presumption of their possible functional impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kiss
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jana Osacka
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Stanisavljević A, Perić I, Gass P, Inta D, Lang UE, Borgwardt S, Filipović D. Fluoxetine modulates neuronal activity in stress-related limbic areas of adult rats subjected to the chronic social isolation. Brain Res Bull 2020; 163:95-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mechanisms of action of clozapine in the treatment of neuroleptic-resistant and neuroleptic-intolerant schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 10 Suppl 1:39s-46s. [DOI: 10.1016/0767-399x(96)80083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryThe mechanisms of action which account for the effectiveness of clozapine as a pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuroleptic non-responders and neuroleptic intolerant schizophrenic subjects remain elusive. We review recent data concerning the actions of clozapine in laboratory animals, and discuss the likely sites of action of clozapine and the receptors through which clozapine acts. We suggest that actions at dopamine D2 receptors in the caudate nucleus and putamen underlie the extrapyramidal side effects of conventional neuroleptics. In contrast, we propose that clozapine acts in the prefrontal cortex, specifically targeting an as yet unidentified DA receptor of the D2 family, to exert therapeutic actions in neuroleptic non-responders. We suggest that the ability of clozapine to augment extracellular dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex may represent a key mechanism contributing to the therapeutic effects of this drug, and suggest some alternative approaches which might be expected to result in effects similar to those of clozapine.
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Effect of amisulpride, olanzapine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole single administration on c-Fos expression in vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons of the rat hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus. Endocr Regul 2020; 54:77-84. [PMID: 32597151 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to reveal the impact of four types of atypical antipsychotics including amisulpride (AMI), olanzapine (OLA), quetiapine (QUE), and aripiprazole (ARI), with different receptor-affinity profile and dissociation constant, on the activity of hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats received a single injection of vehicle (VEH) (0.1 ml/100g), AMI (20 mg/kg), OLA (5 mg/kg), QUE (15 mg/kg/) or ARI (10 mg/kg). Ninety min after treatment, the animals were fixed by transcardial perfusion, the brains removed, and cryocut into serial coronal sections of 35 µm thickness. The sections were processed for c-Fos staining using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex and visualized by nickel intensified diaminobenzidine to reach black end product. Afterwards, the sections were exposed to vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXY) antibodies and the reaction product visualized by biotin-labeled fluorescent Alexa Fluor 568 dye. The data were evaluated from c-Fos and AVP or OXY merged sections. RESULTS The present study shows that all four antipsychotics applied induced c-Fos expression in the SON. With respect to the stimulation efficacy of the individual antipsychotics, estimated based on the quantity of c-Fos-labeled AVP and OXY neurons, could be a preferential action assigned to QUE over moderate effect of ARI and lower effect to OLA and reduced effect of AMI (VEH < AMI < OLA < ARI < QUE). CONCLUSION The present data for the first time provide an insight into the quantitative pattern of brain activity within the clusters of SON AVP and OXY cells in response to different atypical antipsychotics single treatment.
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Stanisavljević A, Perić I, Bernardi RE, Gass P, Filipović D. Clozapine increased c-Fos protein expression in several brain subregions of socially isolated rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:35-44. [PMID: 31299320 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic social stress and/or pharmacological treatments differentially modulate the expression of c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activity, in subregions of the rat brain. Here, we examined the effect of the atypical antipsychotic Clozapine (Clz) (20 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks) on the neuronal activation pattern of c-Fos protein expression in stress-relevant brain subregions of adult male Wistar rats exposed to chronic social isolation (CSIS: 3 weeks), an animal model of depression and schizophrenia, and controls. The protein expression of c-Fos was also used to map neuronal populations in brain subregions activated by CSIS alone. Subregions which showed significantly increased c-Fos protein expression following CSIS included the retrosplenial cortex (RSC), (subregions:RSC granular cortex, c region (RSGc) and dysgranular (RSD)), dentate gyrus, dorsal (DGd), paraventricular thalamic nucleus, posterior part (PVP), lateral (LA)/basolateral (BL) complex of amygdala, caudate putamen (CPu) and accumbens nucleus, shell (AcbSh). Increases in c-Fos protein expression in the RSGc, RSD, DGd, PVP, LA/BL complex of amygdala and striatum (CPu, Acb Core (AcbC) and AcbSh) following Clz treatment in controls were found. Clz applied simultaneously with CSIS modulated neuronal activity in CPu, AcbC and AcbSh subregions compared to CSIS alone, increasing c-Fos protein expression. Furthermore, Clz revealed synergistic effects with CSIS in the CA1d and PVP. These identified neural circuits reflect brain subregions activated following CSIS and/or Clz administration. These data further contribute to the understanding of the effectiveness of Clz in the modulation of brain subregion activation in response to CSIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrijana Stanisavljević
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Perić
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rick E Bernardi
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Dragana Filipović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
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c-Fos expression response to olanzapine, amisulpride, aripiprazole, and quetiapine single administration in the rat forebrain: Effect of a mild stress preconditioning. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:187-194. [PMID: 30905743 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotics have been shown to stimulate different forebrain areas, whereas some of them are sensitive to stress. In the present study, effect of a single administration of olanzapine (OLA), amisulpride (AMI), aripiprazole (ARI), and quetiapine (QUE) on the activity of cells in the striatal dorsolateral (stDL) area, the periventricular zone (peVZ), the septal ventrolateral (seVL) nucleus, and the accumbens nucleus shell (shACC) and core (coACC) was investigated in male rats preconditioned with a mild stress complex (CMS) for 20 days. The objective of the study was to extend the anatomical-functional knowledge on the mechanism of selected antipsychotics with the goals: 1) to analyze the ability of the selected antipsychotics to induce c-Fos protein expression in the above mentioned forebrain structures and to map the pattern of their topography and 2) to find out whether longer-lasting mild stress preconditioning may modify the impact of the selected antipsychotics on the activity of cells in the forebrain areas in adult rats. Ten groups of rats were used. CMS complex contained five stressors: cage crowding, air-puff noising, wet bedding, predator stress, and forced swimming. AMI (20 mg/kg), OLA (5 mg/kg), QUE (15 mg/kg), and ARI (10 mg/kg/b.w.) were administered intraperitoneally and 90 min later the animals transcardially perfused by fixative. c-Fos was visualized by ABC complex. In unstressed animals, OLA and ARI elevated c-Fos expression in all areas studied, AMI and QUE in all areas except stDL, seVL and coACC, shACC FL-2 (shACC posterior level), respectively. CMS potentiated the effect of AMI in coACC, and QUE in shACC FL-2 and suppressed the effect of AMI in peVZ, and ARI in peVZ and seVL. The present data provide new insights into activity of cells in response to CMS challenge, which might be helpful in understanding the diverse clinical effects of atypical antipsychotics.
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McCutcheon RA, Abi-Dargham A, Howes OD. Schizophrenia, Dopamine and the Striatum: From Biology to Symptoms. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:205-220. [PMID: 30621912 PMCID: PMC6401206 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mesolimbic hypothesis has been a central dogma of schizophrenia for decades, positing that aberrant functioning of midbrain dopamine projections to limbic regions causes psychotic symptoms. Recently, however, advances in neuroimaging techniques have led to the unanticipated finding that dopaminergic dysfunction in schizophrenia is greatest within nigrostriatal pathways, implicating the dorsal striatum in the pathophysiology and calling into question the mesolimbic theory. At the same time our knowledge of striatal anatomy and function has progressed, suggesting new mechanisms via which striatal dysfunction may contribute to the symptoms of schizophrenia. This Review draws together these developments, to explore what they mean for our understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of the disorder. Techniques for characterising the mesostriatal dopamine system, both in humans and animal models, have advanced significantly over the past decade. In vivo imaging studies in schizophrenia patients demonstrate that dopaminergic dysfunction in schizophrenia is greatest in nigrostriatal as opposed to mesolimbic pathways. Better understanding of striatal structure and function has enhanced our insight into the neurobiological basis of psychotic symptoms. The role of other neurotransmitters in modulating striatal dopamine function merits further exploration, and modulating these neurotransmitter systems has potential to offer new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A McCutcheon
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK; MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK; MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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Stanisavljević A, Perić I, Gass P, Inta D, Lang UE, Borgwardt S, Filipović D. Brain Sub/Region-Specific Effects of Olanzapine on c-Fos Expression of Chronically Socially Isolated Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 396:46-65. [PMID: 30458222 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Olanzapine (Olz) is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat depression, anxiety and schizophrenia, which can be caused by chronic psychosocial stress. c-Fos protein expression has been used as an indirect marker of neuronal activity in response to various forms of stress or pharmacological treatments. We examined the effects of a 3-week treatment of Olz (7.5 mg/kg/day) on c-Fos protein expression in stress-relevant brain sub/regions, its relationship with isolation-induced behavioral changes, and potential sites of Olz action on control and male rats exposed to 6 weeks of chronic social isolation (CSIS), an animal model of depression. Olz treatment reversed depression- and anxiety-like behaviors induced by CSIS and suppressed a CSIS-induced increase in the number of c-Fos-positive cells in subregions of the dorsal hippocampus, ventral (v) DG, retrosplenial cortex, and medial prefrontal cortex. In contrast, no change in c-Fos expression was seen in the CA3v, amygdala and thalamic, hypothalamic or striatal subregions in Olz-treated CSIS rats, suggesting different brain sub/regions' susceptibility to Olz. An increased number of c-Fos-positive cells in the CA1v, amygdala and thalamic, hypothalamic and striatal subregions in controls as well as in the CA1v and subregion of the hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens in Olz-treated CSIS rats was found. Results suggest the activation of brain sub/regions following CSIS that may be involved in depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. Olz treatment showed region-specific effects on neuronal activation. Our data contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the CSIS response and potential brain targets of Olz in socially isolated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrijana Stanisavljević
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Perić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dragos Inta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine E Lang
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dragana Filipović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
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14
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Lum JS, Millard SJ, Huang XF, Ooi L, Newell KA. A postmortem analysis of NMDA ionotropic and group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors in the nucleus accumbens in schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2018; 43. [PMID: 29481317 PMCID: PMC5837882 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) has been implicated in the pathology and treatment of schizophrenia. Recent postmortem evidence suggests a hyperglutamatergic state in the NAcc. With the present study we aimed to explore possible glutamatergic alterations in the NAcc of a large schizophrenia cohort. METHODS We performed immunoblots on postmortem NAcc samples from 30 individuals who had schizophrenia and 30 matched controls. We examined the protein expression of primary glutamatergic receptors, including the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits) and the group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1 and mGluR5; dimeric and monomeric forms). In addition, we measured the group 1 mGluR endogenous regulators, neurochondrin and Homer1b/c, which have recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. RESULTS Protein levels of glutamatergic receptors and endogenous regulators were not significantly different between the controls and individuals who had schizophrenia. Furthermore, mGluR5, but not mGluR1, showed a positive association with NMDA receptor subunits, suggesting differential interactions between these receptors in this brain region. LIMITATIONS Investigation of these proteins in antipsychotic-naive individuals, in addition to the subregions of the NAcc and subcellular fractions, will strengthen future studies. CONCLUSION The present study does not provide evidence for glutamatergic abnormalities within the NAcc of individuals with schizophrenia. Taken together with the results of previous studies, these findings suggest NMDA receptors and group 1 mGluRs are altered in a brain region-dependent manner in individuals with schizophrenia. The differential associations between mGluR1, mGluR5 and NMDA receptors observed in this study warrant further research into the interactions of these proteins and the implications for the therapeutic and adverse effect profile of glutamatergic-based novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Lum
- From the School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (Lum, Millard, Huang, Newell); the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (Lum, Millard, Huang, Ooi, Newell); the Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia (Lum); and the School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (Ooi)
| | - Samuel J Millard
- From the School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (Lum, Millard, Huang, Newell); the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (Lum, Millard, Huang, Ooi, Newell); the Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia (Lum); and the School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (Ooi)
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- From the School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (Lum, Millard, Huang, Newell); the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (Lum, Millard, Huang, Ooi, Newell); the Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia (Lum); and the School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (Ooi)
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- From the School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (Lum, Millard, Huang, Newell); the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (Lum, Millard, Huang, Ooi, Newell); the Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia (Lum); and the School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (Ooi)
| | - Kelly A Newell
- From the School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (Lum, Millard, Huang, Newell); the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (Lum, Millard, Huang, Ooi, Newell); the Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia (Lum); and the School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (Ooi)
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15
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Hudson R, Rushlow W, Laviolette SR. Phytocannabinoids modulate emotional memory processing through interactions with the ventral hippocampus and mesolimbic dopamine system: implications for neuropsychiatric pathology. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:447-458. [PMID: 29063964 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Growing clinical and preclinical evidence suggests a potential role for the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) as a pharmacotherapy for various neuropsychiatric disorders. In contrast, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component in cannabis, is associated with acute and neurodevelopmental propsychotic side effects through its interaction with central cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs). CB1R stimulation in the ventral hippocampus (VHipp) potentiates affective memory formation through inputs to the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system, thereby altering emotional salience attribution. These changes in DA activity and salience attribution, evoked by dysfunctional VHipp regulatory actions and THC exposure, could predispose susceptible individuals to psychotic symptoms. Although THC can accelerate the onset of schizophrenia, CBD displays antipsychotic properties, can prevent the acquisition of emotionally irrelevant memories, and reverses amphetamine-induced neuronal sensitization through selective phosphorylation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) molecular signaling pathway. This review summarizes clinical and preclinical evidence demonstrating that distinct phytocannabinoids act within the VHipp and associated corticolimbic structures to modulate emotional memory processing through changes in mesolimbic DA activity states, salience attribution, and signal transduction pathways associated with schizophrenia-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Hudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Walter Rushlow
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Steven R Laviolette
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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16
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Lum JS, Pan B, Deng C, Huang XF, Ooi L, Newell KA. Effects of short- and long-term aripiprazole treatment on Group I mGluRs in the nucleus accumbens: Comparison with haloperidol. Psychiatry Res 2018; 260:152-157. [PMID: 29195167 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The D2 receptor partial agonist, aripiprazole, has shown increased therapeutic efficacy for schizophrenia, autism and Tourette's syndrome compared to traditional antipsychotics such as the D2 receptor antagonist, haloperidol. Recent evidence suggests this superior profile may be associated with downstream effects on glutamatergic synapses. Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and their endogenous modulators, Norbin and Homer1, are regulated by D2 receptor activity, particularly within the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a target region of aripiprazole and haloperidol. This study sought to evaluate the effects of aripiprazole on Group 1 mGluRs, Norbin and Homer1 in the NAc, in comparison to haloperidol. Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered daily doses of aripiprazole (2.25mg/kg), haloperidol (0.3mg/kg) or vehicle for 1 or 10-weeks. Immunoblot analyses revealed Group 1 mGluR protein levels were not altered following 1-week and 10-week aripiprazole or haloperidol treatment, compared to vehicle treated rodents. However, 1-week aripiprazole and haloperidol treatment significantly elevated Homer1a and Norbin protein expression, respectively. After 10 weeks of treatment, aripiprazole, but not haloperidol, significantly increased Norbin expression. These findings indicate the antipsychotics, aripiprazole and haloperidol, exert differential temporal effects on Norbin and Homer1 expression that may have consequences on synaptic glutamatergic transmission underlying their therapeutic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Lum
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Bo Pan
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Kelly A Newell
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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17
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Pavuluri M, Volpe K, Yuen A. Nucleus Accumbens and Its Role in Reward and Emotional Circuitry: A Potential Hot Mess in Substance Use and Emotional Disorders. AIMS Neurosci 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2017.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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18
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Majercikova Z, Horvathova L, Osacka J, Pecenak J, Kiss A. Impact of repeated asenapine treatment on FosB/ΔFosB expression in the forebrain structures under normal conditions and mild stress preconditioning in the rat. Brain Res Bull 2016; 127:29-37. [PMID: 27542594 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Long-term effect of asenapine (ASE), an atypical antipsychotic drug, on FosB/ΔFosB quantitative variations in the striatum, septum, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex, was light microscopically evaluated in normal rats and rats preconditioned with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CMS). CMS included restraint, social isolation, crowding, swimming, and cold. The rats were exposed to CMS for 21 days. From the 7th day of CMS, the rats were injected subcutaneously with saline (300μl/rat) or ASE (0.3mg/kg b.w.), twice a day for 14 days. On the 22nd day, i.e. 16-18h after the last treatment, the animals were perfused with fixative and the brains cut into 30μm thick coronal sections. FosB/ΔFosB protein was immunohistochemically visualized by avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC). Four groups of animals were investigated: control+vehicle, control+ASE, CMS+vehicle, and CMS+ASE. Repeated ASE treatment significantly increased the amount of FosB/ΔFosB immunostained cell nuclei in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatum and the shell of the nucleus accumbens, followed by strVM and coACC, as assessed by numerical analysis in both total (different size for each structure) and unified (equal size for each structure) brain sectors. The effect of ASE was significantly lowered by CMS preconditioning only in the dorsolateral striatum, dorsomedial striatum, and the shell of the nucleus accumbens, indicated by both total and unified calculations. Although, highest FosB/ΔFosB expression was seen in the prefrontal cortex and lowest in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral septum, no differences between the groups occurred. CMS itself did not affect FosB/ΔFosB expression level. These findings demonstrate for the first time that repeated administration of ASE may result in eliciting of long-lasting FosB/ΔFosB-like transcription factors that could mediate some of the persistent and region-specific changes in brain function, interconnected with chronic drug exposure. However, it cannot be excluded that the impact of repeated ASE exposure might be influenced by an ambient stressogen leverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Majercikova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubica Horvathova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Osacka
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Pecenak
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine in Bratislava, Comenius University, Mickiewiczova 13, 81369 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alexander Kiss
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Pintsuk J, Schäfer T, Friedland K, Ferraro L, Tanganelli S, Liu F, Fuxe K. Multiple D2 heteroreceptor complexes: new targets for treatment of schizophrenia. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2016; 6:77-94. [PMID: 27141290 PMCID: PMC4837969 DOI: 10.1177/2045125316637570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine (DA) neuron system most relevant for schizophrenia is the meso-limbic-cortical DA system inter alia densely innervating subcortical limbic regions. The field of dopamine D2 receptors and schizophrenia changed markedly with the discovery of many types of D2 heteroreceptor complexes in subcortical limbic areas as well as the dorsal striatum. The results indicate that the D2 is a hub receptor which interacts not only with many other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including DA isoreceptors but also with ion-channel receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, scaffolding proteins and DA transporters. Disturbances in several of these D2 heteroreceptor complexes may contribute to the development of schizophrenia through changes in the balance of diverse D2 homo- and heteroreceptor complexes mediating the DA signal, especially to the ventral striato-pallidal γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathway. This will have consequences for the control of this pathway of the glutamate drive to the prefrontal cortex via the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus which can contribute to psychotic processes. Agonist activation of the A2A protomer in the A2A-D2 heteroreceptor complex inhibits D2 Gi/o mediated signaling but increases the D2 β-arrestin2 mediated signaling. Through this allosteric receptor-receptor interaction, the A2A agonist becomes a biased inhibitory modulator of the Gi/o mediated D2 signaling, which may the main mechanism for its atypical antipsychotic properties especially linked to the limbic A2A-D2 heterocomplexes. The DA and glutamate hypotheses of schizophrenia come together in the signal integration in D2-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and A2A-D2-metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) heteroreceptor complexes, especially in the ventral striatum. 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A)-D2 heteroreceptor complexes are special targets for atypical antipsychotics with high potency to block their 5-HT2A protomer signaling in view of the potential development of pathological allosteric facilitatory 5-HT2A-D2 interaction increasing D2 protomer signaling. Neurotensin (NTS1)-D2 heterocomplexes also exist in the ventral and dorsal striatum, and likely also in midbrain DA nerve cells as NTS1-D2 autoreceptor complexes where neurotensin produces antipsychotic and propsychotic actions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O. Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino, Italy
| | - Julia Pintsuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Thorsten Schäfer
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Friedland
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sergio Tanganelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fang Liu
- Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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McCollum LA, McCullumsmith RE, Roberts RC. Tyrosine hydroxylase localization in the nucleus accumbens in schizophrenia. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 221:4451-4458. [PMID: 26740229 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) has been implicated in schizophrenia (SZ) pathology, based on antipsychotic action therein. However, recent imaging studies suggest that the NAcc may not be a locus of dopamine dysregulation in SZ. This study examined postmortem human tissue to determine if abnormalities are present in dopamine synthesis in the NAcc in SZ. We compared the immunohistochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting synthesizing enzyme of dopamine, in postmortem tissue from SZ subjects and demographically matched controls. To study the effects of chronic antipsychotic drug (APD) treatment on TH immunolabeling in the NAcc, rats were treated for 6 months with haloperidol or olanzapine. In the NAcc, TH immunolabeling was similar in control and SZ subjects, in both the core and shell. Rats had similar TH optical density levels across treatment groups in both the core and shell. Similar levels of TH suggest DA synthesis may be normal. These findings provide further insight into the role of the NAcc in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A McCollum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 865D, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Rosalinda C Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 865D, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Franke RT, Tarland E, Fink H, Pertz HH, Brosda J. 2-Bromoterguride-a potential atypical antipsychotic drug without metabolic effects in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3041-50. [PMID: 27317020 PMCID: PMC4933731 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recently, we showed that 2-bromoterguride acted as a dopamine D2 receptor partial agonist, a serotonin 5-HT2A and α2C-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and exhibited antidopaminergic efficacy in amphetamine-induced locomotion (AIL) in rats without inducing catalepsy. OBJECTIVE To extend our knowledge on the antipsychotic effects of 2-bromoterguride, we used convergent preclinical animal models and tests; i.e., conditioned avoidance response (CAR), predictive of antipsychotic-like effects; Fos protein expression, a molecular marker for (atypical) antipsychotic activity; wet dog shake behavior, a test for the in vivo effects of drugs acting on central 5-HT2A receptors; and investigated metabolic changes as a common side effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs). RESULTS Acute treatment with 2-bromoterguride (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) decreased the CAR at 30, 90, and 270 min post-injection in rats without inducing escape failures at any time. Fos protein expression, as shown by Western blotting, was enhanced by 2-bromoterguride in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the dorsolateral striatum (dStr), and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). (±)-2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI)-induced wet dog shakes in rats were reduced by 2-bromoterguride. Chronic treatment with 2-bromoterguride did not affect metabolic parameters such as body weight development and body fat composition as well as behavioral parameters such as food intake and locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that 2-bromoterguride is a promising candidate in the treatment of schizophrenia due to its atypical antipsychotic-like activity and its inability to induce weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Franke
- />Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emilia Tarland
- />Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidrun Fink
- />Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz H. Pertz
- />Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Brosda
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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McCollum LA, Roberts RC. Uncovering the role of the nucleus accumbens in schizophrenia: A postmortem analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase and vesicular glutamate transporters. Schizophr Res 2015; 169:369-373. [PMID: 26386900 PMCID: PMC4755276 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is often implicated in schizophrenia (SZ) pathology, but with little evidence to support its role. This study examined postmortem human tissue to determine if abnormalities are present in the dopaminergic or glutamatergic systems in the NAcc in SZ. We compared the protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vesicular glutamate transporters vGLUT1 and vGLUT2 in control (n=7) and schizophrenia (n=13) subjects using Western blot analysis. The SZ subjects were further divided by treatment status: SZ on-drug (SZ-ON, n=6) and SZ off-drug (SZ-OFF, n=7), to assess the effects of antipsychotic treatment. TH protein levels were similar between control and SZ subjects, and there was no difference between SZ-ON and SZ-OFF subjects. Protein levels of vGLUT1 were similar in control and SZ subjects, and there was no difference in vGLUT1 protein levels between SZ-ON and SZ-OFF subjects. In contrast, vGLUT2 protein levels were significantly elevated in the SZ group (25% increase). Protein levels of vGLUT2 did not differ between SZ-ON and SZ-OFF subjects. Similar levels of TH suggest the presynaptic DA pathway may be normal in the NAcc in SZ. The elevated vGLUT2 protein levels, but not vGLUT1, suggest the NAcc receives increased glutamatergic input in SZ, possibly from thalamic or other subcortical origins. The similarity between SZ-ON and SZ-OFF subjects suggests that the results are not caused by APD treatment. These findings provide further insight into the role of the NAcc in SZ.
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McCollum LA, Walker CK, Roche JK, Roberts RC. Elevated Excitatory Input to the Nucleus Accumbens in Schizophrenia: A Postmortem Ultrastructural Study. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:1123-32. [PMID: 25817135 PMCID: PMC4535638 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The cause of schizophrenia (SZ) is unknown and no single region of the brain can be pinpointed as an area of primary pathology. Rather, SZ results from dysfunction of multiple neurotransmitter systems and miswiring between brain regions. It is necessary to elucidate how communication between regions is disrupted to advance our understanding of SZ pathology. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is a prime region of interest, where inputs from numerous brain areas altered in SZ are integrated. Aberrant signaling in the NAcc is hypothesized to cause symptoms of SZ, but it is unknown if these abnormalities are actually present. Electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of synaptic connections in SZ. The NAcc core and shell of 6 SZ subjects and 8 matched controls were compared in this pilot study. SZ subjects had a 19% increase in the density of asymmetric axospinous synapses (characteristic of excitatory inputs) in the core, but not the shell. Both groups had similar densities of symmetric synapses (characteristic of inhibitory inputs). The postsynaptic densities of asymmetric synapses had 22% smaller areas in the core, but not the shell. These results indicate that the core receives increased excitatory input in SZ, potentially leading to dysfunctional dopamine neurotransmission and cortico-striatal-thalamic stimulus processing. The reduced postsynaptic density size of asymmetric synapses suggests impaired signaling at these synapses. These findings enhance our understanding of the role the NAcc might play in SZ and the interaction of glutamatergic and dopaminergic abnormalities in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A. McCollum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 841, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, US; tel: +1-205-934-1858, fax: +1-205-996-9377, e-mail:
| | - Courtney K. Walker
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Joy K. Roche
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Rosalinda C. Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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A systematic microdialysis study of dopamine transmission in the accumbens shell/core and prefrontal cortex after acute antipsychotics. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1427-40. [PMID: 25345736 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The only systematic in vivo studies comparing antipsychotic (AP) effects on nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and core dopamine (DA) transmission are voltammetric studies performed in pargyline-pretreated, halothane-anaesthetized rats. Studies in freely moving rats not pretreated with pargyline are not available. This study was intended to fill this gap by the use of in vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with microdialysis probes in the NAc shell and core and medial prefrontal cortex (PFCX). The next day, rats were administered intravenously with two or three doses of APs, and dialysate DA was monitored in 10-min samples. Some rats were pretreated with pargyline (75 mg/kg i.p.) and after 1 h were given clozapine or risperidone. RESULTS Clozapine, risperidone, quetiapine, raclopride, sulpiride and amisulpride increased DA preferentially in the NAc shell. Such preferential effect on shell DA was not observed after haloperidol, chlorpromazine and olanzapine. In contrast to voltammetric studies, a preferential effect on NAc core DA was not observed after any dose of AP. Pargyline pretreatment did not reduce but actually amplified the preferential effect of clozapine and risperidone on NAc shell DA. CONCLUSIONS Apart from raclopride and olanzapine, the APs with lower extrapyramidal effects could be distinguished from typical APs on the basis of their ability to preferentially stimulate DA transmission in the NAc shell. There was no relationship between stimulation of PFCX DA and atypical APs profile. The differences between this study and voltammetry studies were not attributable to pargyline pretreatment.
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Salgado S, Kaplitt MG. The Nucleus Accumbens: A Comprehensive Review. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2015; 93:75-93. [PMID: 25720819 DOI: 10.1159/000368279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Salgado
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, N.Y., USA
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Temporal and spatial transcriptional fingerprints by antipsychotic or propsychotic drugs in mouse brain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118510. [PMID: 25693194 PMCID: PMC4334909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various types of antipsychotics have been developed for the treatment of schizophrenia since the accidental discovery of the antipsychotic activity of chlorpromazine. Although all clinically effective antipsychotic agents have common properties to interact with the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) activation, their precise mechanisms of action remain elusive. Antipsychotics are well known to induce transcriptional changes of immediate early genes (IEGs), raising the possibility that gene expressions play an essential role to improve psychiatric symptoms. Here, we report that while different classes of antipsychotics have complex pharmacological profiles against D2R, they share common transcriptome fingerprint (TFP) profile of IEGs in the murine brain in vivo by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Our data showed that various types of antipsychotics with a profound interaction of D2R including haloperidol (antagonist), olanzapine (antagonist), and aripiprazole (partial agonist) all share common spatial TFPs closely homologous to those of D2R antagonist sulpiride, and elicited greater transcriptional responses in the striatum than in the nucleus accumbens. Meanwhile, D2R agonist quinpirole and propsychotic NMDA antagonists such as MK-801 and phencyclidine (PCP) exhibited the contrasting TFP profiles. Clozapine and propsychotic drug methamphetamine (MAP) displayed peculiar TFPs that reflect their unique pharmacological property. Our results suggest that transcriptional responses are conserved across various types of antipsychotics clinically effective in positive symptoms of schizophrenia and also show that temporal and spatial TFPs may reflect the pharmacological features of the drugs. Thus, we propose that a TFP approach is beneficial to evaluate novel drug candidates for antipsychotic development.
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Brindisi M, Butini S, Franceschini S, Brogi S, Trotta F, Ros S, Cagnotto A, Salmona M, Casagni A, Andreassi M, Saponara S, Gorelli B, Weikop P, Mikkelsen JD, Scheel-Kruger J, Sandager-Nielsen K, Novellino E, Campiani G, Gemma S. Targeting Dopamine D3 and Serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A Receptors for Developing Effective Antipsychotics: Synthesis, Biological Characterization, and Behavioral Studies. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9578-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501119j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alfredo Cagnotto
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Saponara
- Dipartimento
di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Gorelli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Pia Weikop
- Laboratory
of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3 DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens D. Mikkelsen
- Neurobiology
Research Unit, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Effect of acute asenapine treatment on Fos expression in the forebrain structures under normal conditions and mild stress preconditioning in the rat. Brain Res Bull 2014; 108:60-6. [PMID: 25171958 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Asenapine (ASE) is a novel atypical antipsychotic drug approved for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Stress is an inseparable part of the human life, which may interfere with the therapeutic effect of different drugs. The aim of the present study was: (1) to delineate the quantitative and qualitative profiles of the ASE effect on Fos expression in the striatum, septum, nucleus accumbens, and the prefrontal cortex and (2) to find out whether a chronic unpredictable variable mild stress (CMS) preconditioning may modify the effect of acute ASE treatment. Stress paradigms included restrain, social isolation, crowding, swimming, and cold. The animals were exposed to CMS for 21 days and on the 22nd day received an injection of vehicle (saline 300 μl/rat s.c.) or ASE (0.3mg/kg s.c.). They were sacrificed 90 min after the treatments. Fos protein was visualized by avidin biotin peroxidase (ABC). Four groups of animals were investigated: controls+vehicle, controls+ASE, CMS+vehicle, and CMS+ASE. The number of Fos labeled neurons was calculated per total investigated area, which was selective for each structure, and also recalculated per unified sector. ASE treatment induced significant and very similar increase of the Fos expression in both ASE control and ASE CMS animals in comparison with saline control and CMS ones. Moreover, ASE induced regional differences in the number of Fos-positive neurons. In both ASE groups most pronounced response in the number of Fos profiles occurred in the dorsolateral striatum, ventrolateral septum, shell of the nucleus accumbens, and the medial prefrontal cortex. Mild Fos response was seen in the dorsomedial and ventromedial striatum and core of the nucleus accumbens. No response was seen in the dorsolateral septum. The present paper demonstrates for the first time the character of the Fos distribution in the forebrain structures induced by acute ASE treatment as well as ASE response to 21 days CMS preconditioning. The study provides an important comparative background that may help in the further understanding of the effect of ASE on the brain activation as well as its responsiveness to CMS challenges.
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Montalvo-Ortiz JL, Keegan J, Gallardo C, Gerst N, Tetsuka K, Tucker C, Matsumoto M, Fang D, Csernansky JG, Dong H. HDAC inhibitors restore the capacity of aged mice to respond to haloperidol through modulation of histone acetylation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1469-78. [PMID: 24366052 PMCID: PMC3988551 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs are widely prescribed to elderly patients for the treatment of a variety of psychopathological conditions, including psychosis and the behavioral disturbances associated with dementia. However, clinical experience suggests that these drugs may be less efficacious in the elderly individuals than in the young. Recent studies suggest that aging may be associated with epigenetic changes and that valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, may reverse such changes. However, it is not yet known whether HDAC inhibitors can modulate age-related epigenetic changes that may impact antipsychotic drug action. In this study, we analyzed conditioned avoidance response (CAR) and c-Fos expression patterns to elucidate the effect of HDAC inhibitors VPA and entinostat (MS-275) on behavioral and molecular markers of the effects of haloperidol (HAL) in aged mice. Our results showed that HAL administration failed to suppress the avoidance response during the CAR test, suggesting an age-related decrease in drug efficacy. In addition, HAL-induced c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens shell and prefrontal cortex was significantly lower in aged mice as compared with young mice. Pretreatment with VPA and MS-275 significantly improved HAL effects on the CAR test in aged mice. Also, VPA and MS-275 pretreatment restored HAL-induced increases in c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens shell and prefrontal cortex of aged mice to levels comparable with those observed in young mice. Lastly, but most importantly, increases in c-Fos expression and HAL efficacy in the CAR test of the HAL+VPA and HAL+MS-275 groups were correlated with elevated histone acetylation at the c-fos promoter region in aged mice. These findings suggest that pretreatment with VPA or MS-275 increases the behavioral and molecular effects of HAL in aged mice and that these effects occur via modulation of age-related histone hypoacetylation in the nucleus accumbens shell and prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janitza L Montalvo-Ortiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jack Keegan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher Gallardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicolas Gerst
- Astellas Research Institute of America, Skokie, IL, USA
| | | | - Chris Tucker
- Astellas Research Institute of America, Skokie, IL, USA
| | | | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John G Csernansky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hongxin Dong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Rajkumar R, See LKY, Dawe GS. Acute antipsychotic treatments induce distinct c-Fos expression patterns in appetite-related neuronal structures of the rat brain. Brain Res 2013; 1508:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tarazi FI, Neill JC. The preclinical profile of asenapine: clinical relevance for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar mania. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 8:93-103. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.738193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank I Tarazi
- Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience,
115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA ;
| | - Jo C Neill
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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32
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Park JI, Zhao T, Huang GB, Sui ZY, Li CR, Han EH, Chung YC. Effects of Aripiprazole and Haloperidol on Fos-like Immunoreactivity in the Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2011; 9:36-43. [PMID: 23431025 PMCID: PMC3568653 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2011.9.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Aripiprazole, a dopamine system stabilizer, shows efficacy against both negative symptoms and positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aripiprazole and haloperidol on c-FOS expression in rat brain. Methods Aripiprazole (1, 10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) and haloperidol (0.1 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered to adult Male Sprague-Dawley rats. After 2 h of drug or vehicle administration, the rats were killed and their brains were removed and perfused with fixative, then cut into 40 µm slices on a freezing microtome. Brain regions of interest were the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the nucleus accumbens core and shell (NAC-C and NAC-S), the hippocampus (CA1, CA3 and DG), the central amygdala (Ce), the basolateral amygdala (BL) and the temporal cortex (Tc). Immunohistochemistry was performed to label cell bodies containing c-FOS. Results The administration of aripiprazole at all doses (1, 10 or 30 mg/kg) resulted in greater Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in the investigated brain areas, as compared to the vehicle. Comparable increases in FLI were demonstrated in the NAC-C and NAC-S in response to both aripiprazole and haloperidol treatment. The administration of haloperidol (0.1 or 1 mg/kg) also resulted in greater FLI in the investigated brain areas, except the mPFC, where no changes were observed. In the Ce and BL, a significant increase in Fos-positive neurons was observed only with 0.1 mg/kg of haloperidol. Conclusion Both aripiprazole and haloperidol increased FLI in limbic areas, which are considered important targets of antipsychotic drugs. The differential action of aripiprazole on FLI in the amygdala and mPFC as compared to haloperidol may be a good way to differentiate atypical from typical antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Il Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Hospital & Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
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Nelson AJD, Thur KE, Horsley RR, Spicer C, Marsden CA, Cassaday HJ. Reduced dopamine function within the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens enhances latent inhibition. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 98:1-7. [PMID: 21146557 PMCID: PMC3038261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Latent inhibition (LI) manifests as poorer conditioning to a CS that has previously been presented without consequence. There is some evidence that LI can be potentiated by reduced mesoaccumbal dopamine (DA) function but the locus within the nucleus accumbens of this effect is as yet not firmly established. Experiment 1 tested whether 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesions of DA terminals within the core and medial shell subregions of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) would enhance LI under conditions that normally disrupt LI in controls (weak pre-exposure). LI was measured in a thirst motivated conditioned emotional response procedure with 10 pre-exposures (to a noise CS) and 2 conditioning trials. The vehicle-injected and core-lesioned animals did not show LI and conditioned to the pre-exposed CS at comparable levels to the non-pre-exposed controls. 6-OHDA lesions to the medial shell, however, produced potentiation of LI, demonstrated across two extinction tests. In a subsequent experiment, haloperidol microinjected into the medial shell prior to conditioning similarly enhanced LI. These results underscore the dissociable roles of core and shell subregions of the NAc in mediating the expression of LI and indicate that reduced DA function within the medial shell leads to enhanced LI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J D Nelson
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Zhao C, Li M. c-Fos identification of neuroanatomical sites associated with haloperidol and clozapine disruption of maternal behavior in the rat. Neuroscience 2010; 166:1043-55. [PMID: 20096751 PMCID: PMC2837940 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rat maternal behavior is a complex social behavior. Most antipsychotic drugs disrupt active maternal responses (e.g., pup retrieval, pup licking and nest building). Our previous work shows that typical antipsychotic haloperidol disrupts maternal behavior by blocking dopamine D(2) receptors, whereas atypical clozapine works by blocking 5-HT(2A/2C) receptors. The present study used c-Fos immunohistochemistry technique, together with pharmacological tools and behavioral observations, and delineated the neuroanatomical bases of the disruptive effects of haloperidol and clozapine. Postpartum female rats were treated with haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg sc) or clozapine (10.0 mg/kg sc), with or without pretreatment of quinpirole (a selective dopamine D(2)/D(3) agonist, 1.0 mg/kg sc) or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodo-amphetamine (DOI, a selective 5-HT(2A/2C) agonist, 2.5 mg/kg sc). They were then sacrificed 2 h later after a maternal behavior test was conducted. Brain regions that have been previously implicated in the regulation of rat maternal behavior and/or in the antipsychotic action were examined. Behaviorally, both haloperidol and clozapine disrupted pup retrieval, pup licking and nest building. Pretreatment of quinpirole, but not DOI, reversed the haloperidol-induced disruptions. In contrast, pretreatment of DOI, but not quinpirole, reversed the clozapine-induced deficits. Neuroanatomically, the nucleus accumbens (both the shell and core), dorsolateral striatum and lateral septum showed increased c-Fos expression to the treatment of haloperidol. In contrast, the nucleus accumbens shell showed increased expression of c-Fos to the treatment of clozapine. More importantly, pretreatment of quinpirole and DOI produced opposite response profiles in the brain regions where haloperidol and clozapine had an effect. Based on these findings, we concluded that haloperidol disrupts active maternal behavior primarily by blocking dopamine D(2) receptors in a neural circuitry involving the nucleus accumbens, dorsolateral striatum and lateral septum. In contrast, clozapine appears to disrupt maternal behavior mainly by blocking serotonin 5-HT(2A/2C) receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA
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Beninger RJ, Baker TW, Florczynski MM, Banasikowski TJ. Regional Differences in the Action of Antipsychotic Drugs: Implications for Cognitive Effects in Schizophrenic Patients. Neurotox Res 2010; 18:229-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Betz AJ, Vontell R, Valenta J, Worden L, Sink KS, Font L, Correa M, Sager TN, Salamone JD. Effects of the adenosine A 2A antagonist KW 6002 (istradefylline) on pimozide-induced oral tremor and striatal c-Fos expression: comparisons with the muscarinic antagonist tropicamide. Neuroscience 2009; 163:97-108. [PMID: 19467297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Typical antipsychotic drugs, including haloperidol and pimozide, have been shown to produce parkinsonian motor effects such as akinesia and tremor. Furthermore, there is an antagonistic interaction between adenosine A(2A) and dopamine D(2) receptors in the basal ganglia, which is important for motor functions related to the production of parkinsonian symptoms. Several experiments were conducted to assess the effects of the selective adenosine A(2A) antagonist KW 6002 on both the motor and cellular effects of subchronic administration of pimozide. The motor test employed was tremulous jaw movements, which is used as a model of parkinsonian tremor. In addition, c-Fos expression in the ventrolateral neostriatum, which is the striatal area most associated with tremulous jaw movements, was used as a marker of striatal cell activity in animals that were tested in the behavioral experiments. Repeated administration of 1.0 mg/kg pimozide induced tremulous jaw movements and increased ventrolateral striatal c-Fos expression, while administration of 20.0 mg/kg of the atypical antipsychotic quetiapine did not. The tremulous jaw movements induced by pimozide were significantly reduced by co-administration of either the adenosine A(2A) antagonist KW 6002 or the muscarinic antagonist tropicamide. Pimozide-induced increases in ventrolateral striatal c-Fos expression were reduced by a behaviorally effective dose of KW 6002, but c-Fos expression in pimozide-treated rats was actually increased by tropicamide. These results indicate that two different drug manipulations that act to reduce tremulous jaw movements can have different effects on DA antagonist-induced c-Fos expression, suggesting that adenosine A(2A) antagonism and muscarinic receptor antagonism exert their motor effects by acting on different striatal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Betz
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
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Preclinical investigations into the antipsychotic potential of the novel histamine H3 receptor antagonist GSK207040. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 201:483-94. [PMID: 18762914 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the novel nonimidazole histamine H3 receptor antagonist 5-[(3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazapin-7-yl)oxy]-N-methyl-2-pyrazinecarboxamide (GSK207040) in a series of behavioral and neurochemical paradigms designed to evaluate its antipsychotic potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute orally administered GSK207040 was investigated for its capacity to reverse a 24-h-induced deficit in novel object recognition memory, deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) induced by isolation rearing, and hyperlocomotor activity induced by amphetamine. The acute neurochemical effects of GSK207040 were explored by analyzing rat anterior cingulate cortex microdialysates for levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, and acetylcholine and by c-fos immunohistochemistry. The potential for interaction with the antipsychotic dopamine D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol was explored behaviorally (spontaneous locomotor activity and catalepsy), biochemically (plasma prolactin), and via ex vivo receptor occupancy determinations. RESULTS GSK207040 significantly enhanced object recognition memory (3 mg/kg) and attenuated isolation rearing-induced deficits in PPI (1.0 and 3.2 mg/kg) but did not reverse amphetamine-induced increases in locomotor activity. There was no evidence of an interaction of GSK207040 with haloperidol. GSK207040 (3.2 mg/kg) raised extracellular concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline, and acetylcholine in the anterior cingulate cortex and c-fos expression in the core of the nucleus accumbens was increased at doses of 3.2 and 10.0 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS The behavioral and neurochemical profile of GSK207040 supports the potential of histamine H3 receptor antagonism to treat the cognitive and sensory gating deficits of schizophrenia. However, the failure of GSK207040 to reverse amphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity suggests that the therapeutic utility of histamine H(3) receptor antagonism versus positive symptoms is less likely, at least following acute administration.
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Butini S, Gemma S, Campiani G, Franceschini S, Trotta F, Borriello M, Ceres N, Ros S, Coccone SS, Bernetti M, De Angelis M, Brindisi M, Nacci V, Fiorini I, Novellino E, Cagnotto A, Mennini T, Sandager-Nielsen K, Andreasen JT, Scheel-Kruger J, Mikkelsen JD, Fattorusso C. Discovery of a New Class of Potential Multifunctional Atypical Antipsychotic Agents Targeting Dopamine D3 and Serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A Receptors: Design, Synthesis, and Effects on Behavior. J Med Chem 2008; 52:151-69. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800689g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Sandra Gemma
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Silvia Franceschini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Francesco Trotta
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Marianna Borriello
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Nicoletta Ceres
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Sindu Ros
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Salvatore Sanna Coccone
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Matteo Bernetti
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Meri De Angelis
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Vito Nacci
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Isabella Fiorini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Ettore Novellino
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Alfredo Cagnotto
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Tiziana Mennini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Karin Sandager-Nielsen
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Jesper Tobias Andreasen
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Jorgen Scheel-Kruger
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Jens D. Mikkelsen
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
| | - Caterina Fattorusso
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universitá di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, Ballerup DK-2750,
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Robbins MJ, Critchlow HM, Lloyd A, Cilia J, Clarke JD, Bond B, Jones DNC, Maycox PR. Differential expression of IEG mRNA in rat brain following acute treatment with clozapine or haloperidol: a semi-quantitative RT-PCR study. J Psychopharmacol 2008; 22:536-42. [PMID: 18208916 DOI: 10.1177/0269881107081521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs have been shown to modulate immediate early gene (IEG) expression in rat brain regions that are associated with schizophrenia, which may be directly linked to their immediate therapeutic benefit. In this study, we analysed the expression profile of a series of IEGs (c-fos, c-jun, fra-1, Krox-20, Krox-24, arc, sgk-1, BDNF and NARP) in six rat brain regions (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, nucleus accumbens, thalamus and cerebellum). Rats (n=5) were administered either clozapine (20 mg/kg i.p.), haloperidol (1 mg/kg i.p.) or the appropriate vehicle with pre-treatment times of 1, 6 and 24 h. IEG expression was analysed in these regions by Taqman RT-PCR. The spatial and temporal profile of IEG induction following antipsychotic drug treatment correlates with regions associated with the efficacy and side effect profile of each drug. In particular, sgk-1 expression levels after antipsychotic drug treatment may have predictive value when investigating the profile of a novel antipsychotic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Robbins
- Department of Biology, Psychiatry Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, New Frontiers Science Park (North), Harlow, Essex, UK.
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40
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Lee J, Rushlow WJ, Rajakumar N. L-type calcium channel blockade on haloperidol-induced c-Fos expression in the striatum. Neuroscience 2007; 149:602-16. [PMID: 17913375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Haloperidol-induced c-Fos expression in the lateral part of the neostriatum has been correlated with motor side effects while c-Fos induction in the medial part of the neostriatum and the nucleus accumbens is thought to be associated with the therapeutic effects of the drug. Induction of c-Fos in the striatum by haloperidol involves dopamine D(2) (DA D(2)) receptor antagonism and is dependent on activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and L-type Ca(2+) channels. In the current study, pretreatment with L-type Ca(2+) channel blockers suppressed haloperidol-induced c-Fos throughout the neostriatum and the nucleus accumbens at 2 h postinjection. However, elevated c-Fos protein expression was observed only in the lateral part of the neostriatum at 5 h postinjection of haloperidol following pretreatment of L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker compared with rats pretreated with vehicle alone. In addition, pretreatment prolonged the duration of haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats. Infusions of L-type Ca(2+) channel blockers directly into the neostriatum mimicked similar patterns of changes in haloperidol-induced c-Fos expression. Prolonged expression of c-Fos was not observed following coadministration of nifedipine and a dopamine D(1) (DA D(1)) receptor agonist, SKF 81297, but could be mimicked by the DA D(2/3) receptor antagonist raclopride, suggesting that the phenomenon is likely related to DA D(2) receptor antagonism. Moreover, the expression levels of haloperidol-induced zif 268 and haloperidol-induced phosphorylated CREB and phosphorylated Elk-1 were also substantially elevated for a prolonged period of time in the lateral, but not the medial part of the neostriatum, following blockade of L-type Ca(2+) channels. Collectively, the results suggest that coadministration of L-type Ca(2+) channel blockers affects haloperidol signaling in the lateral part of the neostriatum and may exacerbate the development of acute motor side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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41
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Rasmussen K, Hsu MA, Noone S, Johnson BG, Thompson LK, Hemrick-Luecke SK. The orexin-1 antagonist SB-334867 blocks antipsychotic treatment emergent catalepsy: implications for the treatment of extrapyramidal symptoms. Schizophr Bull 2007; 33:1291-7. [PMID: 17660489 PMCID: PMC2779883 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbm087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the orexin-1 antagonist SB-334867 blocks the electrophysiological effects of haloperidol and olanzapine on the activity of A9 and A10 dopamine neurons. To evaluate if orexin-1 antagonists might block other effects of antipsychotic drugs in animals, we examined the effects of SB-334867 on behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine effects of antipsychotic drugs. Pretreatment with SB-334867 (0.01-10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [IP]) significantly decreased the catalepsy produced by the administration of haloperidol (1 mg/kg, subcutaneous [SC]), risperidone (2 mg/kg, SC), and olanzapine (10 mg/kg, SC). Administration of SB-334467 also reversed catalepsy after it had been established in animals pretreated 2 hours earlier with haloperidol. However, pretreatment with SB-334867 (1-10 mg/kg, IP) did not block the decreases in exploratory locomotor activity produced by administration of haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg, SC) or risperidone (0.3 mg/kg, SC). In addition, pretreatment with SB-334867 (1-10 mg/kg, IP) neither blocked the increased levels of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the nucleus accumbens or striatum nor the elevation in serum prolactin produced by administration of haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg, SC) and risperidone (1 mg/kg, SC). Administration of SB-334867 alone neither changed locomotor activity and DOPAC or prolactin levels nor produced catalepsy. These results show that orexin-1 antagonists block the catoleptogenic effects of antipsychotics but do not block other locomotor, neurochemical, or neuroendocrine effects of antipsychotics. Because catalepsy is thought to be a good predictor of extrapyramidal symptoms in humans, treatment with orexin-1 antagonists might decrease the occurrence or severity of antipsychotic treatment-emergent extrapyramidal symptoms in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Rasmussen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Abstract
The ability of SPECT and PET to image specific biomolecules in the living brain provides a unique tool for clinical researchers. It is therefore not surprising that the use of neuroreceptor-imaging techniques has become more widespread over the past decade. This article reviews the application of these techniques to the study of schizophrenia. The design of neuroreceptor-imaging studies performed in the field of schizophrenia research can be broadly divided into two categories: (1) studies of pathophysiology and (2) studies of pharmacology. The former examines neuroreceptor and neurotransmitter parameters in individuals with schizophrenia compared to control subjects in order to provide a better understanding of the disease process. Studies of pharmacology seek to elucidate the mechanism of action for the treatments utilized in schizophrenia. This review will consider both studies of pathophysiology and pharmacology, with a discussion of the application of these techniques to drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gordon Frankle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Natesan S, Reckless GE, Barlow KBL, Nobrega JN, Kapur S. Evaluation of N-desmethylclozapine as a potential antipsychotic--preclinical studies. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:1540-9. [PMID: 17164815 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in N-desmethylclozapine (NDMC), the major metabolite of clozapine, as a unique antipsychotic because it acts in vitro as a 5-HT(2) antagonist and as a partial agonist to dopamine D(2) and muscarinic receptors. To explore this, we compared NDMC to a typical (haloperidol), atypical (clozapine), and partial-agonist atypical (aripiprazole) antipsychotic in preclinical models. The comparison was carried out using: brain D(2) and 5-HT(2) receptor occupancy; animal models predictive of antipsychotic efficacy (amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion (AIL) and conditioned avoidance response (CAR) models); measures predictive of side effects (catalepsy and prolactin elevation); and molecular markers predictive of antipsychotic action (striatal Fos induction). NDMC (10-60 mg/kg/s.c.) showed high 5-HT(2) (64-79%), but minimal D(2) occupancy (<15% at 60 mg/kg) 1 h after administration. In contrast to other antipsychotics, NDMC was not very effective in reducing AIL or CAR and showed minimal induction of Fos in the nucleus accumbens. However, like atypical antipsychotics, it showed no catalepsy, prolactin elevation, and minimal Fos in the dorsolateral striatum. It seems unlikely that NDMC would show efficacy as a stand-alone antipsychotic, however, its freedom from catalepsy and prolactin elevation, and its unique pharmacological profile (muscarinic agonism) may make it feasible to use this drug as an adjunctive treatment to existing antipsychotic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Natesan
- 1Schizophrenia Program and the PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abi-Dargham A. Alterations of serotonin transmission in schizophrenia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2007; 78:133-64. [PMID: 17349860 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(06)78005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A role for serotonin alterations in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia has long been suspected because of the psychotogenic effects of serotonergic agonists and the therapeutic effects of 5-HT(2) antagonism. This chapter is a review of the evidence derived from pharmacological studies, postmortem, and imaging studies that have assessed the role of serotonin transmission in schizophrenia. While a clear picture of specific serotonergic alterations in schizophrenia has not emerged despite much research, this review reinforces a modulatory role of serotonergic agents on dopamine transmission in schizophrenia, which may contribute to the therapeutic effects of atypical antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
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45
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Geisler S, Bérod A, Zahm DS, Rostène W. Brain neurotensin, psychostimulants, and stress--emphasis on neuroanatomical substrates. Peptides 2006; 27:2364-84. [PMID: 16934369 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 03/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) is a peptide that is widely distributed throughout the brain. NT is involved in locomotion, reward, stress and pain modulation, and in the pathophysiology of drug addiction and depression. In its first part this review brings together relevant literature about the neuroanatomy of NT and its receptors. The second part focuses on functional-anatomical interactions between NT, the mesotelencephalic dopamine system and structures targeted by dopaminergic projections. Finally, recent data about the actions of NT in processes underlying behavioral sensitization to psychostimulant drugs and the involvement of NT in the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal gland axis are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Geisler
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Natesan S, Reckless GE, Nobrega JN, Fletcher PJ, Kapur S. Dissociation between in vivo occupancy and functional antagonism of dopamine D2 receptors: comparing aripiprazole to other antipsychotics in animal models. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:1854-63. [PMID: 16319908 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The novel antipsychotic aripiprazole requires high (>90%) striatal D2 receptor occupancy (D2RO) to be clinically active, but despite its high D2RO it does not show extrapyramidal symptoms. While most antipsychotics are active at nearly 65% D2RO, they show motor side effects when D2RO exceeds 80%. We investigated this discrepancy between D2RO, 5HT2 receptor occupancy (5-HT2RO) and in vivo functional activity of aripiprazole in comparison to haloperidol (typical) and risperidone (atypical) in animal models. All three drugs showed dose-dependent D2RO. While risperidone clearly showed higher 5-HT2RO than D2RO, aripiprazole and haloperidol showed higher D2RO than 5-HT2RO at all doses. Haloperidol and risperidone induced catalepsy at doses producing >80% D2RO, while aripiprazole despite higher D2RO (>90%) induced no catalepsy. Haloperidol and risperidone's ED50 values for inhibition of conditioned avoidance response (CAR) and amphetamine-induced locomotor activity (AIL) corresponded to approximately 60% D2RO. In contrast, aripiprazole showed a significant dissociation; while it blocked AIL at similar D2RO, a 23-fold higher dose (86% D2RO) was required to inhibit CAR. FOS expression in shell region of the nucleus accumbens was significant for all drugs at D2ROs that were effective in CAR. However, in the core region of the nucleus accumbens and dorsolateral striatum, aripiprazole differed from the others in that despite high D2RO it induced low FOS. Haloperidol and risperidone showed dose/occupancy-dependent prolactin elevations, while aripiprazole did not. Across models, haloperidol and risperidone show similar occupancy-functional antagonism of the D2 system, while aripiprazole shows a clear dissociation. Partial agonism of aripiprazole offers a good explanation for this dissociation and provides a framework for understanding occupancy-functional relationships of partial D2 agonist antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Natesan
- Schizophrenia Program and the PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Guitart X, Codony X, Ballarín M, Dordal A, Farré AJ. E-5842: A New Potent and Preferential Sigma Ligand. Preclinical Pharmacological Profile. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.1998.tb00065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Tollefson GD, Taylor CC. Olanzapine: Preclinical and Clinical Profiles of a Novel Antipsychotic Agent. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2000.tb00155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chaki S, Nakazato A, Okuyama S. Atypical Antipsychotic Profile of NRA0045, a Novel Dopamine D4 receptor, 5-Hydroxytryptamine2A (5-HT2A) Receptor and α1 Adrenoceptor Antagonist. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2000.tb00140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ma J, Ye N, Cohen BM. Expression of noradrenergic alpha1, serotoninergic 5HT2a and dopaminergic D2 receptors on neurons activated by typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30:647-57. [PMID: 16487641 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic agents produce activation of a subset of largely dynorphinergic/GABAergic neurons in the shell of nucleus accumbens (AcbShB), central amygdaloid nucleus (CeA) and midline thalamic central medial nucleus (CM) in rats. It is not known why these particular neurons respond to antipsychotic drugs. The present study tested the hypothesis that activated neurons bear subtypes of monoamine receptors to which antipsychotic drug are known to bind, including dopaminergic D2, serotoninergic 5HT2a and noradrenergic alpha1 receptors. Rats were treated with the typical antipsychotic haloperidol or the atypical antipsychotic clozapine. Double immunofluorescence labeling was performed with antibodies directed against (1) the expression of Fos proteins, indicating drug-induced cell activation, and (2) each of the monoamine receptor proteins noted. All three receptors examined were expressed in haloperidol- and clozapine-activated neurons in AcbSh. Furthermore, noradrenergic alpha1 receptors were extensively expressed in activated neurons in CeA and CM, as well. The results suggest that bearing monoamine receptors with high binding affinity for typical and/or atypical antipsychotic drugs might be a key feature of neurons which respond to these drugs. In AcbSh, activated neurons appeared to bear each receptor and, therefore, it is possible that not only the individual but also the combined effect of antipsychotic drugs at multiple receptors may explain why they directly activate certain cells and not others. Also, bearing noradrenergic alpha1 receptor neurons was a shared feature of all activated cells in each location tested, suggesting inhibition of noradrenergic alpha1 receptors may contribute to antipsychotic drug action at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Ma
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital Belmont, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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