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Maternal high-fat diet consumption during pregnancy and lactation predisposes offspring to renal and metabolic injury later in life: comparative study of diets with different lipid contents. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:33-41. [PMID: 35481551 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that maternal overnutrition can result in a higher development risk of obesity and renal disease in the offspring's adulthood. The present study tested different lipid levels in the maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation and its repercussions on the offspring of Wistar rats. Offspring of 1, 7, 30 and 90-d-old were divided into the following groups: Control (CNT) - offspring of dams that consumed a standard chow diet (3.5% of lipids); Experimental 1 (EXP1) - offspring of dams exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD) (28% of lipids); and Experimental 2 (EXP2) - offspring of dams exposed to a HFD (40% of lipids). Regarding maternal data, there was a decrease in the amount of diet ingested by EXP2. Daily caloric intake was higher in EXP1, while protein and carbohydrate intakes were lower in EXP2. While lipid intake was higher in the experimental groups, EXP1 consumed more lipids than EXP2, despite the body weight gain being higher in EXP2. Adult offspring from EXP1 presented higher blood glucose. Regarding morphometric analysis, in both experimental groups, there was an increase in the glomerular tuft and renal corpuscle areas, but an increase in the capsular space area only in EXP1. There was a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in EXP1, in contrast to an increase in GFR of EXP2, along with an increase in urinary protein excretion. In conclusion, the maternal HFDs caused significant kidney damage in offspring, but had different repercussions on the type and magnitude of recorded change.
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Abernathy BE, Schoenfuss TC, Bailey AS, Gallaher DD. Polylactose Exhibits Prebiotic Activity and Reduces Adiposity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet. J Nutr 2020; 151:352-360. [PMID: 33382431 PMCID: PMC8096245 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prebiotic dietary fibers change the intestinal microbiome favorably and provide a health benefit to the host. OBJECTIVES Polylactose is a novel fiber, synthesized by extrusion of lactose. We evaluated its prebiotic activity by determining its fermentability, effect on the microbiota, and effects on adiposity and liver lipids in a diet-induced obesity animal model. METHODS Male Wistar rats (4-5 wk old) were fed normal-fat (NF, 25% fat energy) or high-fat (HF, 51% fat energy) diets containing different fibers (6% fiber of interest and 3% cellulose, by weight), including cellulose (NFC and HFC, negative and positive controls, respectively), polylactose (HFPL), lactose matched to residual lactose in the HFPL diet, and 2 established prebiotic fibers: polydextrose (HFPD) and fructooligosaccharide (HFFOS). After 10 wk of feeding, organs were harvested and cecal contents collected. RESULTS HFPL animals had greater cecum weight (3 times greater than HFC) and lower cecal pH (∼1 pH unit lower than HFC) than all other groups, suggesting that polylactose is more fermentable than other prebiotic fibers (HFPD, HFFOS; P < 0.05). HFPL animals also had increased taxonomic abundance of the probiotic species Bifidobacterium in the cecum relative to all other groups (P < 0.05). Epididymal fat pad weight was significantly decreased in the HFPL group (29% decrease compared with HFC) compared with all other HF groups (P < 0.05) and did not differ from the NFC group. Liver lipids and cholesterol were reduced in HFPL animals when compared with HFC animals (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Polylactose is a fermentable fiber that elicits a beneficial change in the gut microbiota as well as reducing adiposity in rats fed HF diets. These effects of polylactose were greater than those of 2 established prebiotics, fructooligosaccharide and polydextrose, suggesting that polylactose is a potent prebiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breann E Abernathy
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Tonya C Schoenfuss
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Allison S Bailey
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Levental KR, Malmberg E, Symons JL, Fan YY, Chapkin RS, Ernst R, Levental I. Lipidomic and biophysical homeostasis of mammalian membranes counteracts dietary lipid perturbations to maintain cellular fitness. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1339. [PMID: 32165635 PMCID: PMC7067841 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper membrane physiology requires maintenance of biophysical properties, which must be buffered from external perturbations. While homeostatic adaptation of membrane fluidity to temperature variation is a ubiquitous feature of ectothermic organisms, such responsive membrane adaptation to external inputs has not been directly observed in mammals. Here, we report that challenging mammalian membranes by dietary lipids leads to robust lipidomic remodeling to preserve membrane physical properties. Specifically, exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids are rapidly incorporated into membrane lipids, inducing a reduction in membrane packing. These effects are rapidly compensated both in culture and in vivo by lipidome-wide remodeling, most notably upregulation of saturated lipids and cholesterol, resulting in recovery of membrane packing and permeability. Abrogation of this response results in cytotoxicity when membrane homeostasis is challenged by dietary lipids. These results reveal an essential mammalian mechanism for membrane homeostasis wherein lipidome remodeling in response to dietary lipid inputs preserves functional membrane phenotypes. Proper membrane physiology requires maintenance of a narrow range of physicochemical properties, which must be buffered from external perturbations. Here, authors report lipidomic remodeling to preserve membrane physical properties upon exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandice R Levental
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Eric Malmberg
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica L Symons
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang-Yi Fan
- Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases and Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition & Complex Diseases and Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Robert Ernst
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ilya Levental
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Abstract
In order to better understand the events that precede and precipitate the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), several nutritional animal models have been developed. These models are generated by manipulating the diet of either the animal itself, or its mother during her pregnancy, and in comparison to traditional genetic and knock out models, have the advantage that they more accurately reflect the etiology of human T2DM. This chapter will discuss some of the most widely used nutritional models of T2DM: Diet-induced obesity (DIO) in adult rodents, and studies of offspring of mothers fed a low-protein, high-fat and/or high-sugar diet during pregnancy and/or lactation. Several common mechanisms have been identified through which these nutritional manipulations can lead to metabolic disease, including pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, impaired insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, and the excess accumulation of visceral adipose tissue and consequent deposition of nonesterified fatty acids in peripheral tissues. In addition, there is an emerging concept that obesity/poor quality diets result in increased production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from adipose tissue leading to a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, and that this is likely to represent an important link between obesity/diet and metabolic dysfunction. The following chapter will discuss the most common nutritional models of T2DM in experimental animals, their application, and relationship to human etiology, and will highlight the important insights these models have provided into the pathogenesis of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly Sara Mühlhäusler
- Food and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Food and Wine Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Carla Toop
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sheridan Gentili
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Yang XF, Qiu YQ, Wang L, Gao KG, Jiang ZY. A high-fat diet increases body fat mass and up-regulates expression of genes related to adipogenesis and inflammation in a genetically lean pig. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 19:884-894. [PMID: 30387338 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1700507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Because of their physiological similarity to humans, pigs provide an excellent model for the study of obesity. This study evaluated diet-induced adiposity in genetically lean pigs and found that body weight and energy intake did not differ between controls and pigs fed the high-fat (HF) diet for three months. However, fat mass percentage, adipocyte size, concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), insulin, and leptin in plasma were significantly higher in HF pigs than in controls. The HF diet increased the expression in backfat tissue of genes responsible for cholesterol synthesis such as Insig-1 and Insig-2. Lipid metabolism-related genes including sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase 1 (FASN1), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) were significantly up-regulated in backfat tissue, while the expression of proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 (CPT2), both involved in fatty acid oxidation, was reduced. In liver tissue, HF feeding significantly elevated the expression of SREBP-1c, FASN1, DGAT2, and hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF-4α) mRNAs. Microarray analysis further showed that the HF diet had a significant effect on the expression of 576 genes. Among these, 108 genes were related to 21 pathways, with 20 genes involved in adiposity deposition and 26 related to immune response. Our results suggest that an HF diet can induce genetically lean pigs into obesity with body fat mass expansion and adipose-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Fen Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed (South China), Ministry of Agriculture / State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding / Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition / Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition / Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yue-Qin Qiu
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed (South China), Ministry of Agriculture / State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding / Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition / Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition / Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed (South China), Ministry of Agriculture / State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding / Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition / Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition / Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kai-Guo Gao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed (South China), Ministry of Agriculture / State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding / Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition / Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition / Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zong-Yong Jiang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed (South China), Ministry of Agriculture / State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding / Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition / Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition / Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Devan SRK, Arumugam S, Shankar G, Poosala S. Differential sensitivity of chronic high-fat-diet-induced obesity in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 29:553-563. [PMID: 30076779 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of obesity is reported to be increasing owing to the high intake of dietary fat and is a predisposing risk factor with associated complex metabolic syndromes in the human population. Preclinical rodent models play a pivotal role in understanding the pathogenesis of obesity and development of new treatment strategies for humans. High-fat-diet (HFD)-induced rodents are used for chronic obesity models owing to their quick adaptation to high-fat diets and rapid body weight gain and different rats (Wistar Sprague-Dawley and Lewis) have been used by various researchers. However, the selection of appropriate stock contributes to the translation of clinically linked disease phenotypes to preclinical animal models.MethodsThe study was conducted using two commonly used rat stocks Hsd:Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Crl:Charles River (CD) to develop a chronic high-fat-diet-induced obesity model (DIO) to explore the underlying mechanisms of obesity and its utilization in drug discovery and development during preclinical stages. In addition two high-fat diets of different composition were evaluated (D12327; 40% kcal fat and D12492; 60% kcal fat) for their potential to induce obesity using these two stocks.ResultsA differential sensitivity to HFD was observed in body weight gain fat mass composition and obesity-linked symptoms such as impaired glucose tolerance insulin and leptin levels. The comparative research findings of Hsd:SD and Crl:CD rat stocks suggested that Crl:CD rats are more prone to diet-induced obesity and its associated complications.ConclusionsCrl:CD rats were found to be a suitable model for obesity over Hsd:SD when considering the important hallmarks of metabolic disorders that may be utilized for obesity-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakthi R K Devan
- Syngene International Limited, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Center, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV phase, Bangalore 560 099, India, Phone: +91 80 6633 4245
| | - Surendar Arumugam
- Syngene International Limited, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Center, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV phase, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Ganesh Shankar
- Syngene International Limited, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Center, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV phase, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Suresh Poosala
- Bristol-Myers Squibb India Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400013, India
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Sehl A, Couëdelo L, Fonseca L, Vaysse C, Cansell M. A critical assessment of transmethylation procedures for n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid quantification of lipid classes. Food Chem 2018; 251:1-8. [PMID: 29426414 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipid transmethylation methods described in the literature are not always evaluated with care so to insure that the methods are effective, especially on food matrix or biological samples containing polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The aim of the present study was to select a method suitable for all lipid species rich in long chain n-3 PUFA. Three published methods were adapted and applied on individual lipid classes. Lipid (trans)methylation efficiency was characterized in terms of reaction yield and gas chromatography (GC) analysis. The acid-catalyzed method was unable to convert triglycerides and sterol esters, while the method using an incubation at a moderate temperature was ineffective on phospholipids and sterol esters. On the whole only the method using sodium methoxide and sulfuric acid was effective on lipid classes taken individually or in a complex medium. This study highlighted the use of an appropriate (trans)methylation method for insuring an accurate fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sehl
- ITERG, Nutrition Metabolism & Health Department, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, CBMN, UMR 5248, Bordeaux INP, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Leslie Couëdelo
- ITERG, Nutrition Metabolism & Health Department, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurence Fonseca
- ITERG, Nutrition Metabolism & Health Department, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Carole Vaysse
- ITERG, Nutrition Metabolism & Health Department, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Maud Cansell
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN, UMR 5248, Bordeaux INP, 33607 Pessac, France.
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Abstract
Zebrafish is an often used model of vertebrate lipid metabolism. In this article, we examined the effects of diets rich in fish oil, a dietary fat that has been shown to have antiobesity effects in mammals, or lard on body fat accumulation in zebrafish. Adult female zebrafish were fed a high-fat diet containing 20% (w/w) fish oil or lard for 4 weeks. Fish in the fish oil diet group had less body fat accumulation compared with those in the lard diet group. In the intestine, expression of genes for the alpha (hadhaa) and beta (hadhb) subunits of the beta-oxidation enzyme hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A thiolase/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase was significantly increased in the fish oil diet group compared with the lard diet group (p < 0.05). In the liver, expression of the gene for fatty acid synthase (fasn) was significantly decreased in the fish oil diet group compared with the lard diet group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the mechanisms underlying the antiobesity effect of fish oil are similar in zebrafish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Meguro
- Biological Science Research , Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
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9
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Levental KR, Surma MA, Skinkle AD, Lorent JH, Zhou Y, Klose C, Chang JT, Hancock JF, Levental I. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids direct differentiation of the membrane phenotype in mesenchymal stem cells to potentiate osteogenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:eaao1193. [PMID: 29134198 PMCID: PMC5677358 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells produce hundreds of dynamically regulated lipid species that are actively turned over and trafficked to produce functional membranes. These lipid repertoires are susceptible to perturbations from dietary sources, with potentially profound physiological consequences. However, neither the lipid repertoires of various cellular membranes, their modulation by dietary fats, nor their effects on cellular phenotypes have been widely explored. We report that differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblasts or adipocytes results in extensive remodeling of the plasma membrane (PM), producing cell-specific membrane compositions and biophysical properties. The distinct features of osteoblast PMs enabled rational engineering of membrane phenotypes to modulate differentiation in MSCs. Specifically, supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a lipid component characteristic of osteoblast membranes, induced broad lipidomic remodeling in MSCs that reproduced compositional and structural aspects of the osteoblastic PM phenotype. The PM changes induced by DHA supplementation potentiated osteogenic differentiation of MSCs concurrent with enhanced Akt activation at the PM. These observations prompt a model wherein the DHA-induced lipidome leads to more stable membrane microdomains, which serve to increase Akt activity and thereby enhance osteogenic differentiation. More broadly, our investigations suggest a general mechanism by which dietary fats affect cellular physiology through remodeling of membrane lipidomes, biophysical properties, and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandice R. Levental
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph H. Lorent
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey T. Chang
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John F. Hancock
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ilya Levental
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Gheibi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. A practical guide for induction of type-2 diabetes in rat: Incorporating a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:605-613. [PMID: 28881291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of diabetes, a serious public health problem is rapidly increasing worldwide. Type-2 diabetes is the common form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and abnormalities in insulin production. Despite the current development of therapeutic agents, there is no effective treatment without side effects; it is therefore necessary to find new prevention strategies and better treatments. For this purpose animal models of diabetes are appropriate tools, of which rodents due to the short generation time and economic considerations are the first choice. The aim of this review is to present features of a frequently used model of type-2 diabetes in rat, induced by a high fat diet and streptozotocin, taking into account its advantages/disadvantages and presenting a practical guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Gheibi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Abreu P, Leal-Cardoso JH, Ceccatto VM, Hirabara SM. Regulation of muscle plasticity and trophism by fatty acids: A short review. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2017; 63:148-155. [PMID: 28355376 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.63.02.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle tissue has a remarkable ability to alter its plastic structural and functional properties after a harmful stimulus, regulating the expression of proteins in complex events such as muscle regeneration. In this context, considering that potential therapeutic agents have been widely studied, nutritional strategies have been investigated in order to improve the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle. There is evidence of the modulatory action of fatty acids, such that oleic and linoleic acids, that are abundant in Western diets, on muscle function and trophism. Thus, fatty acids appear to be potential candidates to promote or impair the recovery of muscle mass and function during regeneration, since they modulate intracellular pathways that regulate myogenesis. This study is the first to describe and discuss the effect of fatty acids on muscle plasticity and trophism, with emphasis on skeletal muscle regeneration and in vitro differentiation of muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phablo Abreu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Henrique Leal-Cardoso
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Vânia Marilande Ceccatto
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Polyunsaturated Lipids Regulate Membrane Domain Stability by Tuning Membrane Order. Biophys J 2017; 110:1800-1810. [PMID: 27119640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) serves as the functional interface between a cell and its environment, hosting extracellular signal transduction and nutrient transport among a variety of other processes. To support this extensive functionality, PMs are organized into lateral domains, including ordered, lipid-driven assemblies termed lipid rafts. Although the general requirements for ordered domain formation are well established, how these domains are regulated by cell-endogenous mechanisms or exogenous perturbations has not been widely addressed. In this context, an intriguing possibility is that dietary fats can incorporate into membrane lipids to regulate the properties and physiology of raft domains. Here, we investigate the effects of polyunsaturated fats on the organization of membrane domains across a spectrum of membrane models, including computer simulations, synthetic lipid membranes, and intact PMs isolated from mammalian cells. We observe that the ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid is robustly incorporated into membrane lipids, and this incorporation leads to significant remodeling of the PM lipidome. Across model systems, docosahexaenoic acid-containing lipids enhance the stability of ordered raft domains by increasing the order difference between them and coexisting nonraft domains. The relationship between interdomain order disparity and the stability of phase separation holds for a spectrum of different perturbations, including manipulation of cholesterol levels and high concentrations of exogenous amphiphiles, suggesting it as a general feature of the organization of biological membranes. These results demonstrate that polyunsaturated fats affect the composition and organization of biological membranes, suggesting a potential mechanism for the extensive effects of dietary fat on health and disease.
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Caesar R, Nygren H, Orešič M, Bäckhed F. Interaction between dietary lipids and gut microbiota regulates hepatic cholesterol metabolism. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:474-81. [PMID: 26783361 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m065847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota influences many aspects of host metabolism. We have previously shown that the presence of a gut microbiota remodels lipid composition. Here we investigated how interaction between gut microbiota and dietary lipids regulates lipid composition in the liver and plasma, and gene expression in the liver. Germ-free and conventionally raised mice were fed a lard or fish oil diet for 11 weeks. We performed lipidomics analysis of the liver and serum and microarray analysis of the liver. As expected, most of the variation in the lipidomics dataset was induced by the diet, and abundance of most lipid classes differed between mice fed lard and fish oil. However, the gut microbiota also affected lipid composition. The gut microbiota increased hepatic levels of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in mice fed lard, but not in mice fed fish oil. Serum levels of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters were not affected by the gut microbiota. Genes encoding enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis were downregulated by the gut microbiota in mice fed lard and were expressed at a low level in mice fed fish oil independent of microbial status. In summary, we show that gut microbiota-induced regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism is dependent on dietary lipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Caesar
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heli Nygren
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Matej Orešič
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland Steno Diabetes Center A/S, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gooda Sahib Jambocus N, Saari N, Ismail A, Khatib A, Mahomoodally MF, Abdul Hamid A. An Investigation into the Antiobesity Effects of Morinda citrifolia L. Leaf Extract in High Fat Diet Induced Obese Rats Using a (1)H NMR Metabolomics Approach. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:2391592. [PMID: 26798649 PMCID: PMC4698747 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2391592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide, with high fat diet (HFD) as one of the main contributing factors. Obesity increases the predisposition to other diseases such as diabetes through various metabolic pathways. Limited availability of antiobesity drugs and the popularity of complementary medicine have encouraged research in finding phytochemical strategies to this multifaceted disease. HFD induced obese Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with an extract of Morinda citrifolia L. leaves (MLE 60). After 9 weeks of treatment, positive effects were observed on adiposity, fecal fat content, plasma lipids, and insulin and leptin levels. The inducement of obesity and treatment with MLE 60 on metabolic alterations were then further elucidated using a (1)H NMR based metabolomics approach. Discriminating metabolites involved were products of various metabolic pathways, including glucose metabolism and TCA cycle (lactate, 2-oxoglutarate, citrate, succinate, pyruvate, and acetate), amino acid metabolism (alanine, 2-hydroxybutyrate), choline metabolism (betaine), creatinine metabolism (creatinine), and gut microbiome metabolism (hippurate, phenylacetylglycine, dimethylamine, and trigonelline). Treatment with MLE 60 resulted in significant improvement in the metabolic perturbations caused obesity as demonstrated by the proximity of the treated group to the normal group in the OPLS-DA score plot and the change in trajectory movement of the diseased group towards the healthy group upon treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Gooda Sahib Jambocus
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- *Najla Gooda Sahib Jambocus: and
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amin Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | | | - Azizah Abdul Hamid
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- *Azizah Abdul Hamid:
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Díaz-Rúa R, García-Ruiz E, Caimari A, Palou A, Oliver P. Sustained exposure to diets with an unbalanced macronutrient proportion alters key genes involved in energy homeostasis and obesity-related metabolic parameters in rats. Food Funct 2015; 5:3117-31. [PMID: 25266916 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00429a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of long term intake of two unbalanced diets (rich in fat -HF- or protein -HP-) administered under isocaloric conditions to a control balanced diet (pair-feeding) to adult rats. Isocaloric intake of a HF diet did not affect the body weight but increased adiposity, liver-fat deposition, and induced insulin resistance. Gene expression changes in the liver and adipose tissue (increased lipolytic and decreased lipogenic gene expression) could try to compensate for increased adiposity. The HP diet decreased caloric intake, the body weight, the size of subcutaneous adipocytes, and circulating cholesterol. Higher insulin levels apparently not related to insulin resistance were observed. Changes at the gene expression level reflected an adaptation to lower diet carbohydrate content and to the use of amino acids as the energy source. The kidney size increased in HP-fed animals but serum creatinine was not affected. Circulating TNF-alpha levels were higher in both dietary models. Thus, a long-term increase in dietary fat proportion produces alterations related to metabolic syndrome even in the absence of increased body weight, whereas an increase in diet protein content reduces the body weight but alters metabolic parameters and kidney size which could be linked to an increased risk of suffering from different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Díaz-Rúa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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16
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Abstract
The increase in the number of patients with diabetes has become a worldwide healthcare issue, with numbers predicted to reach approximately 600 million by 2035. In Asia-Pacific region, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased dramatically in recent decades, of which the major causes are believed to be modern lifestyle changes, e.g., Western dietary pattern and reduced physical activity, on their genetic basis of lower insulin secretory capacity. Particularly, in East Asian countries, the amount of fat intake has increased nearly three-fold over this half of century; dietary fat appears to be the major culprit of type 2 diabetes pandemic in East Asia. However, convincing evidence has not yet been provided as to whether high-fat diet causes type 2 diabetes in epidemiological cohort studies. Here, we summarize clinical studies regarding fat intake and type 2 diabetes, and animal studies on high-fat diet-induced diabetes including our recent works on the novel mouse lines (selectively bred diet-induced glucose intolerance-prone [SDG-P] and -resistant [SDG-R]) to address the etiology of high-fat diet-induced diabetes. These epidemiological and experimental findings would provide further insight into the etiology of type 2 diabetes under the modern nutritional environment, namely in the context of increased fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mototsugu Nagao
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603 Japan
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17
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Kagan ML, Levy A, Leikin-Frenkel A. Comparative study of tissue deposition of omega-3 fatty acids from polar-lipid rich oil of the microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata with krill oil in rats. Food Funct 2014; 6:186-92. [PMID: 25360534 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00591k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) exert health benefits which are dependent upon their incorporation into blood, cells and tissues. Plasma and tissue deposition of LC n-3 PUFA from oils extracted from the micro-algae Nannochloropsis oculata and from krill were compared in rats. The algal oil provides eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) partly conjugated (15%) to phospholipids and glycolipids but no docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), whereas krill oil provides both EPA and DHA conjugated in part (40%) to phospholipids. Rats fed a standard diet received either krill oil or polar-lipid rich algal oil by gavage daily for 7 days (5 ml oil per kg body weight each day). Fatty acid concentrations were analyzed in plasma, brain and liver, and two adipose depots since these represent transport, functional and storage pools of fatty acids, respectively. When measuring total LC n-3 PUFA (sum of EPA, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and DHA), there was no statistically significant difference between the algal oil and krill oil for plasma, brain, liver and gonadal adipose tissue. Concentrations of LC n-3 PUFA were higher in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue from the algal oil group. Tissue uptake of LC n-3 PUFA from an algal oil containing 15% polar lipids (glycolipids and phospholipids) was found to be equivalent to krill oil containing 40% phospholipids. This may be due to glycolipids forming smaller micelles during ingestive hydrolysis than phospholipids. Ingestion of fatty acids with glycolipids may improve bioavailability, but this needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Kagan
- Qualitas Health Ltd, 19 Hartom Street, P.O. Box 45423, Jerusalem 91450, Israel.
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18
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Effects of hypercholesterolemic diet enriched with onion as functional ingredient on fatty acid metabolism in Wistar rats. Food Res Int 2014; 64:546-552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Justus J, Weigand E. A Moderate Zinc Deficiency Does Not Impair Gene Expression of PPARα, PPARγ, and Mitochondrial Enoyl-CoA Delta Isomerase in the Liver of Growing Rats. Nutr Metab Insights 2014; 7:29-37. [PMID: 24855375 PMCID: PMC4024054 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of a moderate zinc deficiency and a high intake of polyunsaturated fat on the mRNA expression of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and mitochondrial Δ3Δ2-enoyl-CoA isomerase (ECI) in the liver. Weanling rats were assigned to five groups (eight animals each) and fed semi-synthetic, low-carbohydrate diets containing 7 or 50 mg Zn/kg (low-Zn (LZ) or high-Zn (HZ)) and 22% cocoa butter (CB) or 22% safflower (SF) oil for four weeks. One group each was fed the LZ-CB, LZ-SF, or HZ-SF diet free choice, and one group each was fed the HZ-CB and HZ-SF diets in restricted amounts according to intake of the respective LZ diets. The LZ diets markedly lowered growth and zinc concentrations in plasma and femur. Hepatic mRNA levels of PPARα, PPARγ, and ECI were not reduced by the moderate zinc deficiency. Overall, ECI-mRNA abundance was marginally higher in the SF-fed than in the CB-fed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Justus
- Dussmann Service Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Edgar Weigand
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Casey JM, Banz WJ, Krul ES, Butteiger DN, Goldstein DA, Davis JE. Effect of stearidonic acid-enriched soybean oil on fatty acid profile and metabolic parameters in lean and obese Zucker rats. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:147. [PMID: 24139088 PMCID: PMC4015945 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Consumption of marine-based oils high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is known to protect against obesity-related pathologies. It is less clear whether traditional vegetable oils with high omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n6PUFA) content exhibit similar therapeutic benefits. As such, this study examined the metabolic effects of a plant-based n3PUFA, stearidonic acid (SDA), in polygenic obese rodents. Methods Lean (LZR) and obese Zucker (OZR) rats were provided either a standard westernized control diet (CON) with a high n6PUFA to n3PUFA ratio (i.e., 16.2/1.0) or experimental diet modified with flaxseed (FLAX), menhaden (FISH), or SDA oil that resulted in n6PUFA to n3PUFA ratios of 1.7/1.0, 1.3/1.0, and 1.0/0.8, respectively. Results After 12 weeks, total adiposity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis were all greater, whereas n3PUFA content in liver, adipose, and muscle was lower in OZR vs. LZR rats. Obese rodents fed modified FISH or SDA diets had lower serum lipids and hepatic fat content vs. CON. The omega-3 index (i.e., ΣEPA + DHA in erythrocyte membrane) was 4.0, 2.4, and 2.0-fold greater in rodents provided FISH, SDA, and FLAX vs. CON diet, irrespective of genotype. Total hepatic n3PUFA and DHA was highest in rats fed FISH, whereas both hepatic and extra-hepatic EPA was higher with FISH and SDA groups. Conclusions These data indicate that SDA oil represents a viable plant-derived source of n3PUFA, which has therapeutic implications for several obesity-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeremy E Davis
- Department of Animal Science, Food & Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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21
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Nascimento AR, Machado M, de Jesus N, Gomes F, Lessa MA, Bonomo IT, Tibiriçá E. Structural and functional microvascular alterations in a rat model of metabolic syndrome induced by a high-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:2046-54. [PMID: 23512529 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate microvascular alterations in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) associated with salt supplementation (0.5% NaCl). DESIGN AND METHODS Wistar Kyoto rats were fed standard chow (control group, CONT) or HFD for 20 weeks. The functional capillary density (FCD) was assessed using intravital fluorescence videomicroscopy. RESULTS The HFD group presented a higher systolic blood pressure, plasma glucose and insulin levels, total and LDL-cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and visceral and epididymal fat when compared with the CONT group. When compared with the CONT group, the HFD group showed a lower FCD in the skeletal muscle (P < 0.05) but not in the skin (P > 0.05). The HFD group also had a lower capillary-to-fiber ratio in the skeletal muscle (P < 0.01). The capillary volume density-to-fiber volume density ratio in the left ventricle of the HFD was also reduced (P < 0.01). Finally, rats fed with HFD showed ventricular hypertrophy and increased cardiomyocyte diameter (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The long-term administration of a HFD associated with salt supplementation to rats generates an experimental model of metabolic syndrome characterized by central body fat deposition, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, cardiac remodeling, and rarefaction of the microcirculation in the heart and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro R Nascimento
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Stephenson JA, Al-Taan O, Arshad A, West AL, Calder PC, Morgan B, Metcalfe MS, Dennison AR. Unsaturated fatty acids differ between hepatic colorectal metastases and liver tissue without tumour in humans: results from a randomised controlled trial of intravenous eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:405-10. [PMID: 23647811 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mediators derived from the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid oxidation have been shown to have tumour promoting effects in experimental models, while n-3 PUFAs are thought to be protective. Here we report fatty acid concentrations in hepatic colorectal metastases compared to liver tissue without tumour in humans. METHODS Twenty patients with colorectal liver metastasis were randomized to receive a 72 h infusion of parenteral nutrition with or without n-3 PUFAs. Histological samples from liver metastases and liver tissue without tumour were obtained from 15 patients at the time of their subsequent liver resection (mean 8 days (range 4-12) post-infusion) and the fatty acid composition determined by gas chromatography. RESULTS There were no significant differences in fatty acid composition between the two intervention groups. When data from all patients were combined, liver tissue without tumour had a higher content of both n-3 and n-6 PUFAs and a lower content of oleic acid and total n-9 fatty acids compared with tumour tissue (p<0.0001, 0.0002,<0.0001 and <0.0001, respectively). The n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was found to be higher in tumour tissue than tissue without tumour (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Hepatic colorectal adenocarcinoma metastases have a higher content of n-9 fatty acids and a lower content of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs than liver tissue without tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Stephenson
- Department of Imaging, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom.
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23
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Ferreira L, Lisenko K, Barros B, Zangeronimo M, Pereira L, Sousa R. Influence of medium-chain triglycerides on consumption and weight gain in rats: a systematic review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:1-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Ferreira
- Veterinary Medicine Department; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - K. Lisenko
- Veterinary Medicine Department; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - B. Barros
- Veterinary Medicine Department; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - M. Zangeronimo
- Veterinary Medicine Department; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - L. Pereira
- Veterinary Medicine Department; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - R. Sousa
- Veterinary Medicine Department; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
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Brugè F, Bacchetti T, Principi F, Scarpa ES, Littarru GP, Tiano L. Olive oil supplemented with Coenzyme Q(10): effect on plasma and lipoprotein oxidative status. Biofactors 2012; 38:249-56. [PMID: 22488910 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Olive oil consumption is associated with protective cardiovascular properties, including some beneficial modifications in lipoprotein profile and composition. Coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) exerts a protective effect on plasma lipoproteins. Aim of the study was to investigate whether extra virgin (EV) olive oil enriched with CoQ(10) affects CoQ(10) levels and oxidative status in plasma and in isolated lipoproteins. Twelve subjects were administered 20 mL olive oil per day for 2 weeks, followed by 2 weeks of olive oil enriched with 20 mg and 2 more weeks with 40 mg of CoQ(10). Plasma and isolated lipoproteins were collected in each phase of the study and subsequently analyzed to assess lipid profile, CoQ10 levels, ORAC assay, resistance of lipoproteins to peroxidation and paroxonase 1 activity. Plasma CoQ(10) levels significantly increased with the 20 mg (+73%) and 40 mg dose (+170%), while the percentage of oxidized CoQ(10) decreased. A significant inverse correlation was found in plasma between percentage of oxidized CoQ(10) and total antioxidant capacity. A lower susceptibility of LDL to peroxidation was also found. Finally, a positive correlation was observed between concentration of CoQ(10) in HDL and paraoxonase-1 activity. EV olive oil enriched with both doses of CoQ(10) significantly affects its bioavailability and plasma redox status. These changes are associated with a decreased susceptibility of plasma lipoproteins to peroxidation associated with a chain-breaking antioxidant activity of the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Brugè
- Department of Clinical and Dental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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25
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Ochoa JJ, Pamplona R, Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Granados-Principal S, Perez-Lopez P, Naudí A, Portero-Otin M, López-Frías M, Battino M, Quiles JL. Age-related changes in brain mitochondrial DNA deletion and oxidative stress are differentially modulated by dietary fat type and coenzyme Q₁₀. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1053-64. [PMID: 21335087 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria-related oxidative damage is a primary event in aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Some dietary treatments, such as antioxidant supplementation or the enrichment of mitochondrial membranes with less oxidizable fatty acids, reduce lipid peroxidation and lengthen life span in rodents. This study compares life-long feeding on monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), such as virgin olive oil, and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as sunflower oil, with or without coenzyme Q₁₀ supplementation, with respect to age-related molecular changes in rat brain mitochondria. The MUFA diet led to diminished age-related phenotypic changes, with lipoxidation-derived protein markers being higher among the older animals, whereas protein carbonyl compounds were lower. It is noteworthy that the MUFA diet prevented the age-related increase in levels of mitochondrial DNA deletions in the brain mitochondria from aged animals. The findings of this study suggest that age-related oxidative stress is related, at the mitochondrial level, to other age-related features such as mitochondrial electron transport and mtDNA alterations, and it can be modulated by selecting an appropriate dietary fat type and/or by suitable supplementation with low levels of the antioxidant/electron carrier molecule coenzyme Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio J Ochoa
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology José Mataix Verdú, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Hariri N, Gougeon R, Thibault L. A highly saturated fat-rich diet is more obesogenic than diets with lower saturated fat content. Nutr Res 2011; 30:632-43. [PMID: 20934605 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that a saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich diet is more obesogenic than diets with lower SFA content. In 8 female Sprague-Dawley rats fed a low-SFA canola or a moderate-SFA lard-rich diets at 67% of energy for 26 days, body weight gain, final body weight, obesity index, and food and energy intake were comparable. Twenty-nine rats were fed canola or high-SFA butter-rich diets (67% of energy) or chow for 50 days; then high-fat feeding was followed by ad libitum low-fat feeding (27% of energy) for 28 days and by a food-restricted low-fat diet for 32 days. High-fat feeding resulted in a greater body weight gain (P < .04), final body weight (P < .04), and energy intake (P < .008) in butter-fed rats than in canola- and chow-fed controls, after 26 or 50 days. Ad libitum canola and butter low-fat diets or chow feeding resulted in similar weight change, whereas food-restricted low-fat diets led to comparable weight loss and final weight. Canola-fed animals adjusted their intake based on diet energy density, whereas lard and butter-fed animals failed to do so. Abdominal fat (P = .012) and plasma leptin (P = .005) were higher in chow-fed controls than in canola-fed rats, but comparable with those of butter-fed rats. Prone and resistant phenotypes were detected with high-fat feeding. In conclusion, only feeding the high-SFA butter-rich diet led to obesity development and failure to adjust intake based on the energy density and preserving body fat even after weight loss. The high availability of SFA-rich foods in today's obesogenic environment could contribute to develop and maintain obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Hariri
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Macdonald campus of McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown a positive relationship between dietary fat intake and obesity. Since rats and mice show a similar relationship, they are considered an appropriate model for studying dietary obesity. The present paper describes the history of using high-fat diets to induce obesity in animals, aims to clarify the consequences of changing the amount and type of dietary fats on weight gain, body composition and adipose tissue cellularity, and explores the contribution of genetics and sex, as well as the biochemical basis and the roles of hormones such as leptin, insulin and ghrelin in animal models of dietary obesity. The major factors that contribute to dietary obesity - hyperphagia, energy density and post-ingestive effects of the dietary fat - are discussed. Other factors that affect dietary obesity including feeding rhythmicity, social factors and stress are highlighted. Finally, we comment on the reversibility of high-fat diet-induced obesity.
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Paraoxonase 1 interactions with HDL, antioxidants and macrophages regulate atherogenesis - a protective role for HDL phospholipids. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 660:153-66. [PMID: 20221878 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-350-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage cholesterol accumulation and foam cell formation is the hallmark of early atherogenesis. In addition to macrophages, at least three more major players regulate atherosclerosis development; paraoxonase 1 (PON1), antioxidants, and HDL. PON1 is an HDL-associated lactonase which posses antioxidant and anti-atherogenic properties. PON1 protects against macrophage-mediated LDL oxidation, and increases HDL binding to macrophages which, in turn, stimulates HDL's ability to promote cholesterol efflux. These two major anti-atherogenic properties of HDL (and of PON1) require, at least in part, macrophage binding sites for HDL-associated PON1. Indeed, PON1, as well as HDL-associated PON1, specifically binds to macrophages, leading to anti-atherogenic effects. Macrophage PON1 binding sites may thus be a target for future cardioprotection therapy. Studying the interactions among PON1, antioxidants, and macrophages can thus assist in achieving appropriate treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid with activities in both infants and adults. The objective of the current work was to evaluate the published literature concerning the toxicological assessment of DHA-rich oils in animals and the safety profile of DHA consumption in humans. Structured literature searches concerning DHA toxicology and DHA effects on platelet function, lipid levels, oxidative potential, glycemic control, and immune function were conducted. The toxicological profile of DHA derived from single-cell organisms demonstrates that these oils are safe in rats (up to a consumption level of 3290 mg/kg body weight/d) in 90-d toxicology evaluations, as well as in reproductive and developmental toxicology studies. The maximum DHA level in human breast milk exceeds 1% of total fatty acids in high-fish-consuming populations. Consumption of DHA-rich human milk as sole source of nutrition provides approximately 315 mg/d in infants 1-6 months of age, and appears to be a safe level of intake. DHA supplementation studies in adults have employed doses ranging from less than 1 to 7.5 g/d, and have not resulted in any consistent adverse responses in platelet function, lipid levels, in vivo oxidation parameters, glycemic control, or immune function. In conclusion, DHA consumption does not result in consistent adverse events in infants or adults. Safe intake levels may be modeled on DHA intake from human milk in infants, and may be at least as high as the upper doses studied in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Lien
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
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Sanderson P, Yaqoob P, Calder PC. Effects of Dietary Lipid Manipulation upon Rat Spleen Lymphocyte Functions and the Expression of Lymphocyte Surface Molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/13590849509000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Human epidemiological studies have indicated that the risk of developing non-communicable diseases in later life may be related to exposures during the developmental period. Developmental life is a vulnerable period of the lifespan during which adverse environmental factors have the potential to disturb the processes of cell proliferation and differentiation or to alter patterns of epigenetic remodelling. Animal models have been instrumental in demonstrating the biological plausibility of the associations observed in human populations, providing proof of principle to the theory of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). A variety of large- and small-animal models have made important contributions to the field, providing strong evidence of a causal relationship between early-life exposures and metabolic risk factors in later life. Studies of animal models are continuing to contribute to improving the understanding of the mechanisms of the developmental origins of disease. All models have their advantages and disadvantages, and the model that is most appropriate for any particular study is hypotheses dependent. The present review aims to briefly summarise the contributions that animal models have made to the DOHaD field, before reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of these animal models. It is proposed that the integration of evidence from a variety of different models is required for the advancement of understanding within the field.
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Efrat M, Rosenblat M, Mahmood S, Vaya J, Aviram M. Di-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (PC-18:1) stimulates paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzymatic and biological activities: In vitro and in vivo studies. Atherosclerosis 2009; 202:461-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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de Catalfo GEH, de Alaniz MJT, Marra CA. Influence of Commercial Dietary Oils on Lipid Composition and Testosterone Production in Interstitial Cells Isolated from Rat Testis. Lipids 2009; 44:345-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
In order to better understand the events which precede and precipitate the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) several nutritional animal models have been developed. These models are generated by manipulating the diet of either the animal itself or its mother during her pregnancy and, in comparison to traditional genetic and knock out models, have the advantage that they more accurately reflect the aetiology of human T2DM. This chapter will discuss some of the most widely used nutritional models of T2DM: Diet-induced obesity (DIO) in adult rodents, and studies of prenatal and postnatal nutrition in offspring of mothers fed a low-protein diet or overnourished during pregnancy. Several common mechanisms have been identified through which these nutritional manipulations can lead to metabolic disease, including pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, impaired insulin signalling in skeletal muscle and the excess accumulation of visceral adipose tissue and consequent deposition of non-esterified fatty acids in peripheral tissues resulting in peripheral insulin resistance. The following chapter will discuss each of these nutritional models, their application and relationship to human aetiology, and will highlight the important insights these models have provided into the pathogenesis of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly Sara Mühlhausler
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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Role of central and peripheral aminopeptidase activities in the control of blood pressure: a working hypothesis. Heart Fail Rev 2008; 13:339-53. [PMID: 18373194 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-007-9066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although there is a large body of knowledge on protein synthesis, the available data on protein catabolism, although quite substantial, are still inadequate. This is due to the marked differences in the activity of proteolytic enzymes, compounded by different substrate specificities and multiple environmental factors. Understanding enzyme behavior under physiological and pathological conditions requires the identification of specific proteolytic activities, such as aminopeptidases, as able to degrade certain peptidergic hormones or neuropeptides. Another requirement is the isolation, purification and characterization of the enzymes involved. In addition, systematic studies are needed to determine each enzyme's subcellular location, tissue distribution, and the influence of environmental factors such as diurnal rhythm, age, gender, diet, cholesterol, or steroids. Central and peripheral aminopeptidases may play a role in the control of blood pressure by coordinating the effect of the different peptides of the renin-angiotensin system cascade, acting through the AT(1), AT(2), and AT(4) receptors. Our review of the available data suggests the hypothesis that cholesterol or steroids, particularly testosterone, significantly influence aminopeptidase activities, their substrate availability and consequently their functions. These observations may have relevant clinical implications for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, and thus for their treatment with aminopeptidase inhibitors.
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Diwakar BT, Dutta PK, Lokesh BR, Naidu KA. Bio-availability and metabolism of n-3 fatty acid rich garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seed oil in albino rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 78:123-30. [PMID: 18249532 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ratio of fatty acids namely linoleic acid (LA, 18:2, n-6) and alpha linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3, n-3) in the diet plays an important role in enrichment of ALA in tissues and further conversion to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6, n-3). Garden cress seed oil (GCO) is one of the richest sources of omega-3 fatty acid and contains 29-34.5% of ALA. In this study, dietary supplementation of GCO on bio-availability and metabolism of alpha-linolenic acid was investigated in growing rats. Male wistar rats were fed with semi-purified diets supplemented with 10.0% sunflower oil (SFO 10%); 2.5% GCO and 7.5% SFO (GCO 2.5%); 5% GCO and 5% SFO (GCO 5.0%); 10% GCO (GCO 10%) for a period of 8 weeks. There was no significant difference with regard to the food intake, body weight gain and organ weights of rats in different dietary groups. Rats fed with GCO showed significant increase in ALA levels in serum and tissues compared to SFO fed rats. Feeding rats with 10% GCO lowered hepatic cholesterol by 12.3% and serum triglycerides by 40.4% compared to SFO fed group. Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels decreased by 9.45% in serum of 10% GCO fed rats, while HDL remained unchanged among GCO fed rats. Adipose tissue showed incorporation of 3.3-17.4% of ALA and correlated with incremental intake of ALA. Except in adipose tissue, the EPA, DHA levels increased significantly in serum, liver, heart and brain tissues in GCO fed rats. A maximum level of DHA was registered in brain (11.6%) and to lesser extent in serum and liver tissues. A significant decrease in LA and its metabolite arachidonic acid (AA) was observed in serum and liver tissue of rats fed on GCO. Significant improvement in n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio was observed in GCO based diets compared to diet containing SFO. This is the first study to demonstrate that supplementation of GCO increases serum and liver ALA, EPA, DHA and decreases LA and AA in rats. Therefore, the GCO can be considered as a potential, alternate dietary source of ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Diwakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India
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Young GS, Kirkland JB. Rat models of caloric intake and activity: relationships to animal physiology and human health. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007; 32:161-76. [PMID: 17486157 DOI: 10.1139/h06-082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Every rodent experiment is based on important parameters concerning the levels of caloric intake and physical activity. In many cases, these decisions are not made consciously, but are based on traditional models. For experimental models directed at the study of caloric intake and activity, the selection of parameters is usually aimed at modeling human conditions, the ultimate goal of which is to gain insight into the pathophysiology of the disease process in man. In each model, it is important to understand the influence of diet, exercise, and genetic background on physiology and the development of disease states. Along the continuum of energy intake from caloric restriction to high-fat feeding, and of energy output from total inactivity to forced exercise, a number of models are used to study different disease states. In this paper, we will evaluate the influence of the quantity and composition of diet and exercise in several animal models, and will discuss how each model can be applied to various human conditions. This review will be limited to traditional models using the rat as the experimental animal, and although it is not an exhaustive list, the models presented are those most commonly represented in the literature. We will also review the mechanisms by which each affects rat physiology, and will compare these to the analogous mechanisms in the modeled human disease state. We hope that the information presented here will help researchers make choices among the available models and will encourage discussion on the interpretation and extrapolation of results obtained from traditional and novel rodent experiments on diet, exercise, and chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve S Young
- Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Buettner R, Schölmerich J, Bollheimer LC. High-fat diets: modeling the metabolic disorders of human obesity in rodents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:798-808. [PMID: 17426312 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 755] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES High-fat (HF) diet feeding can induce obesity and metabolic disorders in rodents that resemble the human metabolic syndrome. However, this dietary intervention is not standardized, and the HF-induced phenotype varies distinctly among different studies. The question which HF diet type is best to model the metabolic deterioration seen in human obesity remains unclear. Therefore, in this review, metabolic data obtained with different HF diet approaches are compiled. Both whole-body and organ-specific diet effects are analyzed. RESULTS On the basis of these results, we conclude that animal fats and omega-6/omega-9-containing plant oils can be used to generate an obese and insulin-resistant phenotype in rodents, whereas fish oil-fed animals do not develop these disorders. DISCUSSION Looking at the present data, it does not seem possible to define an ideal HF diet, and an exact definition of diet composition and a thorough metabolic characterization of the HF diet effects in a researcher's specific laboratory setting remains essential for metabolic studies with this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Buettner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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Effects of milk diets containing beef tallow or coconut oil on the fatty acid metabolism of liver slices from preruminant calves. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114500001586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Coconut oil (CO) induces a triacylglycerol infiltration in the hepatocytes of preruminant calves when given as the sole source of fat in the milk diet over a long-term period. Metabolic pathways potentially involved in this hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation were studied by in vitro methods on liver slices from preruminant Holstein × Friesian male calves fed a conventional milk diet containing CO (n 5) or beef tallow (BT, n 5) for 19 d. Liver slices were incubated for 12 h in the presence of 0·8 mM-[14C] oleate or -[14C] laurate added to the medium. Fatty acid oxidation was determined by measuring the production of CO2 (total oxidation) and acid-soluble products (partial oxidation). Production of CO2 was 1·7–3·6-fold lower (P 0·0490) and production of acid-soluble products tended to be lower (P = 0·0625) in liver slices of CO- than BT-fed calves. Fatty acid esterification as neutral lipids was 2·6– to 3·1–fold higher (P = 0·0088) in liver slices prepared from calves fed the CO diet compared with calves fed the BT diet. By contrast with what occurs in the liver of rats fed CO, the increase in neutral lipid production did not stimulate VLDL secretion by the hepatocytes of calves fed with CO, leading to a triacylglycerol accumulation in the cytosol. It could be explained by the reduction of fatty acid oxidation favouring esterification in the form of triacylglycerols, in association with a limited availability of triacylglycerols and/or apolipoprotein B for VLDL packaging and subsequent secretion.
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Effects of dietary coconut oil on fatty acid oxidation capacity of the liver, the heart and skeletal muscles in the preruminant calf. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114599001506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative capacity of the liver, the heart and skeletal muscles for fatty acids were investigated in preruminant calves fed for 19 d on a milk-replacer containing either coconut oil (CO, rich in 12:0) or tallow (rich in 16:0 and 18:1). Weights of the total body and tissues did not differ significantly between the two groups of animals but plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were lower in the CO group. Feeding on the CO diet induced an 18-fold increase in the hepatic concentration of triacylglycerols. Rates of total and peroxisomal oxidation of [1-14C]laurate, [1-14C]palmitate and [1-14C]oleate were measured in fresh tissue homogenates. Higher rates of total oxidation in liver homogenate and of peroxisomal oxidation in liver, heart and rectus abdominis muscle homogenates were observed with laurate used as substrate. Furthermore, the relative contribution of peroxisomes to total oxidation was 1·9-fold higher in the liver and in the heart with laurate than with oleate or palmitate. Finally, the peroxisomal oxidation rate of oleate was 1·5-fold higher in the hearts of calves fed on the CO diet. Whatever the tissue, citrate synthase (CS, EC 4.1.3.7) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX, EC 1.9.3.1) activities were similar between the two groups of calves but the COX : CS activity ratio was lower in the liver of the CO group. In conclusion, laurate is better catabolized by peroxisomes than long-chain fatty acids, especially in the liver. Elongation of lauric acid after partial oxidation might explain the hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation in calves fed on the CO diet.
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Romestaing C, Piquet MA, Bedu E, Rouleau V, Dautresme M, Hourmand-Ollivier I, Filippi C, Duchamp C, Sibille B. Long term highly saturated fat diet does not induce NASH in Wistar rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2007; 4:4. [PMID: 17313679 PMCID: PMC1805500 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is hampered by the lack of a suitable model. Our aim was to investigate whether long term high saturated-fat feeding would induce NASH in rats. METHODS 21 day-old rats fed high fat diets for 14 weeks, with either coconut oil or butter, and were compared with rats feeding a standard diet or a methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet, a non physiological model of NASH. RESULTS MCDD fed rats rapidly lost weight and showed NASH features. Rats fed coconut (86% of saturated fatty acid) or butter (51% of saturated fatty acid) had an increased caloric intake (+143% and +30%). At the end of the study period, total lipid ingestion in term of percentage of energy intake was higher in both coconut (45%) and butter (42%) groups than in the standard (7%) diet group. No change in body mass was observed as compared with standard rats at the end of the experiment. However, high fat fed rats were fattier with enlarged white and brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots, but they showed no liver steatosis and no difference in triglyceride content in hepatocytes, as compared with standard rats. Absence of hepatic lipid accumulation with high fat diets was not related to a higher lipid oxidation by isolated hepatocytes (unchanged ketogenesis and oxygen consumption) or hepatic mitochondrial respiration but was rather associated with a rise in BAT uncoupling protein UCP1 (+25-28% vs standard). CONCLUSION Long term high saturated fat feeding led to increased "peripheral" fat storage and BAT thermogenesis but did not induce hepatic steatosis and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Romestaing
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrative, Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 France
| | - Marie-Astrid Piquet
- Imagerie Fonctionnelle et Métabolique en Oncologie, EA 3916, Département de Nutrition et d'hépatogastroentérologie, CHU Côte de nacre, Caen, F-14033 France
| | - Elodie Bedu
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrative, Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 France
| | - Vincent Rouleau
- Imagerie Fonctionnelle et Métabolique en Oncologie, EA 3916, Département de Nutrition et d'hépatogastroentérologie, CHU Côte de nacre, Caen, F-14033 France
| | - Marianne Dautresme
- Imagerie Fonctionnelle et Métabolique en Oncologie, EA 3916, Département de Nutrition et d'hépatogastroentérologie, CHU Côte de nacre, Caen, F-14033 France
| | - Isabelle Hourmand-Ollivier
- Imagerie Fonctionnelle et Métabolique en Oncologie, EA 3916, Département de Nutrition et d'hépatogastroentérologie, CHU Côte de nacre, Caen, F-14033 France
| | - Céline Filippi
- Department of Hepatology, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claude Duchamp
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrative, Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 France
| | - Brigitte Sibille
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrative, Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 France
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Benzaria A, Meskini N, Dubois M, Croset M, Némoz G, Lagarde M, Prigent AF. Effect of dietary argan oil on fatty acid composition, proliferation, and phospholipase D activity of rat thymocytes. Nutrition 2006; 22:628-37. [PMID: 16635562 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Argan oil is receiving increasing attention due to its potential health benefits in the prevention of cardiovascular risk, but no information to date is available about its possible effect on immune cells and functions. METHODS To address this issue male rats were fed one of five diets that contained fish oil, argan oil, olive oil, coconut oil, or sunflower oil for 4 wk. The fatty acid composition of plasma and thymocyte lipids was then analyzed in relation to the mitogen-induced proliferation and phospholipase D (PLD) activity of thymocytes. RESULTS The 18:2omega-6 proportion in thymocyte phospholipids from rats fed argan oil was significantly lower than that observed in phospholipids from rats fed sunflower oil and fish oil but higher than that found in the olive oil and coconut oil groups. Further, a significant positive linear relation was found between thymocyte proliferation and the 18:2omega-6 proportion in thymocyte phospholipids, whatever the diet. The proliferation response of thymocytes to mitogenic activation was also inversely correlated to PLD activity measured in intact thymocytes. Subsequent western blotting experiments indicated that the diet-induced variations in PLD activity mainly reflected variations in the expression of PLD2 protein. CONCLUSIONS On the whole, the present study shows that the effects of argan oil on immune cells are very similar to those of olive oil, and that, as a consequence, argan oil can be used as a balanced dietary supply without marked adverse effects on immune cell function.
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Ly LH, Smith R, Switzer KC, Chapkin RS, McMurray DN. Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid modulates CTLA-4 expression in murine CD4+ T-cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006; 74:29-37. [PMID: 16221546 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that downregulation of proliferation by CD4(+) T-cells in mice fed n-3 PUFA diets is dependent on the involvement of CD28. Therefore, we hypothesized that the balance of co-stimulatory and downregulatory properties of CD28 and CTLA-4, respectively, would be altered by diet. Mice were fed a control corn oil (CO)-enriched diet devoid of n-3 PUFA, or diets enriched with either docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) for 14d. The proliferation of splenic CD4(+) T-cells was suppressed by DHA and EPA following stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. Surprisingly, the number of surface CD28 molecules was not reduced in activated CD4(+) T-cells from either group of n-3 PUFA-fed mice. However, in mice fed EPA, CTLA-4 protein levels were enhanced significantly 72 h post-activation (P<0.01). Therefore, we conclude that dietary EPA may suppress CD4(+) T-cell activation by enhancing the downregulatory co-receptor CTLA-4, while not altering the levels of CD28.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Corn Oil/pharmacology
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/pharmacology
- Docosahexaenoic Acids/pharmacology
- Eicosapentaenoic Acid/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids/analysis
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan H Ly
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
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Cha YS, Rhee SJ, Heo YR. Acanthopanax senticosus extract prepared from cultured cells decreases adiposity and obesity indices in C57BL/6J mice fed a high fat diet. J Med Food 2005; 7:422-9. [PMID: 15671684 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2004.7.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The herb Acanthopanax senticosus was cultured from a cell suspension by a proprietary process, and evaluated for protective effects against obesity in C57BL/6J mice fed high fat diets. Forty 4-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 10) were fed either a normal diet (10 kcal fat%) or high fat diet (60 kcal fat%) given with or without oral administration of A. senticosus extract (ASE; 0.5 g/kg of body weight) for 12 weeks. Feed consumption was not different among the groups, but energy intake was higher in the groups fed high fat diets than in the groups fed normal diets. Body weight gain, abdominal fat accumulation, and serum leptin concentrations were significantly higher in the high fat-fed groups than the other groups. Animals fed the high fat diet had significantly higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in serum and higher triglyceride accumulation in liver, but the ASE supplement restored both to the same levels as in the animals fed low fat diets. Total carnitine concentration were not significantly different between the two diet groups; also the oral administration of ASE did not alter carnitine status. Accordingly, the current results suggest the oral administration of ASE seemed to lower the weight gain, serum LDL-cholesterol concentration, and liver triglycerides accumulation in mice with obesity induced by high fat diets. These results seemed to suggest that supplementation with ASE might have a role in the prevention of obesity in high fat-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Soo Cha
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, Republic of Korea.
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Salem ML. Systemic treatment with n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids attenuates EL4 thymoma growth and metastasis through enhancing specific and non-specific anti-tumor cytolytic activities and production of TH1 cytokines. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:947-60. [PMID: 15829411 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 12/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/27/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a great interest in the effects of different types of n-6 polyunsaturated acids (n-6 PUFAs) upon the immune system and cancer development. However, the effects of n-6 PUFAs are still controversial and as yet undefined. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-tumor effects of n-6 PUFAs against EL4 thymoma and the associated immune mechanisms. To this, sesame oil, a vegetable oil enriched with n-6 PUFAs, or free linoleic acid (LA) were administered intraperitoneally into C57BL/6 mice before and after challenge with EL4 lymphoma cells. Treatment with either sesame oil or LA attenuated the growth and metastasis of EL4 lymphoma. The anti-tumor effect of LA was superior to that of sesame oil, and associated with an increase in the survival rate of the tumor-bearing mice. In addition, both sesame oil and LA showed dose-dependent anti-lymphoma growth in vitro. Treatment with LA generated significant increases in the anti-lymphoma cytolytic and cytostatic activities of T cells and macrophages, respectively, and enhanced production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma while decreased production of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10. In summation, the results suggest that n-6 PUFAs, represented by LA, can attenuate EL4 lymphoma growth and metastasis through enhancing the specific and non-specific anti-tumor cytolytic activities and production of TH1 cytokines. These findings might be of great importance for a proper design of systemic nourishment with PUFAs emulsions for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Labib Salem
- Department of Surgery, Section of Surgical Oncology, Holling Cancer Center R313, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Ringseis R, Eder K. Effects of dietary fat and oxidized cholesterol on gene expression in rat liver as assessed by cDNA expression array analysis. Eur J Nutr 2004; 44:231-41. [PMID: 15309417 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-004-0515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2003] [Accepted: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific oxysterols acting as ligands for nuclear transcription factors were shown to affect expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. However, the various biological effects of oxysterols such as cytotoxicity, atherogenicity or mutagenicity suggest that other genes may be also affected by oxysterols than lipid metabolism. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary oxidized cholesterol containing significant amounts of oxysterols and its interactions with different dietary fats on gene expression profiles as assessed by DNA array technology in rats. METHODS 54 male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to six groups and were fed six semisynthetic diets, which varied in the type of dietary fat (coconut oil vs. salmon oil) and dietary cholesterol (none cholesterol vs. 5 g unoxidized cholesterol/kg vs. 5 g oxidized cholesterol/kg). RESULTS Changes in gene expression as observed in response to dietary oxidized cholesterol were strongly dependent on the type of fat. In the rats fed coconut oil, the expression of 7 genes (5 up- and 2 down-regulated) was altered by dietary oxidized cholesterol, while in the rats fed salmon oil, the expression of 50 genes (16 up- and 34 down-regulated) was altered. 29 genes (22 up- and 7 down-regulated) were identified as possible targets for an altered gene expression by dietary salmon oil as compared to dietary coconut oil. CONCLUSION The present study showed that dietary oxidized cholesterol transcriptionally affects many genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and stress response--an effect that was amplified by the administration of fish oil as dietary fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ringseis
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Emil-Abderhalden-Strasse 26, 06108, Halle/Saale, Germany,
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Feoli AM, Roehrig C, Rotta LN, Kruger AH, Souza KB, Kessler AM, Renz SV, Brusque AM, Souza DO, Perry MLS. Serum and liver lipids in rats and chicks fed with diets containing different oils. Nutrition 2003; 19:789-93. [PMID: 12921891 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(03)00106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Because dietary fat composition is determinant for serum cholesterol level, which is related to cardiovascular disease, we evaluated the effects of diets containing saturated (coconut oil) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (soybean oil) supplemented or not with dietary cholesterol on serum and liver lipid composition in two animal species. METHODS Male Wistar rats (21 d old) were assigned to one of seven groups and fed with commercial diet or diets containing 5% or 20% soybean oil or 20% coconut oil with or without 1% cholesterol. Chicks were assigned to one of four groups and fed with diets containing 15% soybean oil or 15% coconut oil with or without 1% cholesterol. RESULTS In rats, the accumulations of hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerols were higher in the group fed 20% soybean oil and 1% cholesterol than in the group fed 20% coconut fat and 1% cholesterol. The highest serum levels of cholesterol and triacylglycerols were observed in the group fed coconut oil and cholesterol, compared with the group fed soybean oil and cholesterol. Triacylglycerol, high-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol serum levels increased with diet containing coconut oil and cholesterol. In chicks, the highest hepatic cholesterol accumulation occurred in the group fed 15% coconut fat and 1% cholesterol. Total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased with diet containing coconut oil and cholesterol, although none of these diets modified serum triacylglycerol levels. CONCLUSIONS The type of experimental animal model and the diet composition influence lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Feoli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Abstract
Adipose tissue triacylglycerols represent the main storage of a wide spectrum of fatty acids differing by molecular structure. The release of individual fatty acids from adipose tissue is selective according to carbon chain length and unsaturation degree in vitro and in vivo in animal studies and also in humans. The mechanism of selective fatty acid mobilization from white fat cells is not known. Lipolysis is widely reported to work at a lipid-water interface where only small amounts of substrate are available. A preferential hydrolysis of a small triacylglycerol fraction enriched in certain triacylglycerol molecular species at the lipid-water interface and enzymological properties of hormone-sensitive lipase could explain the selective mobilization of fatty acids from fat cells. This selectivity could affect the individual fatty acid supply to tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Raclot
- Centre d'Ecologie et de Physiologie Energétiques, CNRS UPR 9010, associé à l'Université Louis Pasteur, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
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Tinahones FJ, Pareja A, Soriguer FJ, Gómez-Zumaquero JM, Cardona F, Rojo-Martínez G. Dietary fatty acids modify insulin secretion of rat pancreatic islet cells in vitro. J Endocrinol Invest 2002; 25:436-41. [PMID: 12035940 DOI: 10.1007/bf03344034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The type of dietary fat affects the action of insulin by changes induced in the fatty acid composition of cell membranes. Little is known, however, about the effects of dietary fatty acids on insulin secretion or the possible relation between the fatty acid composition of the membrane phospholipids and insulin secretion. We therefore studied the effects of dietary fatty acids on insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, forskolin and arginine, and on the insulin content of isolated pancreatic islets, as well as on the fatty acid composition of muscle phospholipids, which were used as markers of the diet-induced modifications in the cell membranes. Five groups of rats were fed for one month with diets varying only in their fat composition: olive oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, fish oil and palmitic acid (16:0) + soybean oil (SAT). The SAT group had higher insulin secretion, independently of the secretagogue used. No significant differences were found in insulin content between the groups. The dietary fatty acids modified the fatty acid composition of the muscle phospholipids, both in endogenously synthesized fatty acids and in those which were unable to be synthesized by the organism. No statistically significant relation was found between insulin secretion and the content of certain fatty acids in the muscle phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Tinahones
- Metabolic Unit, Section of Endocrinology, Regional Hospital of Malaga, Spain
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Abstracts of Original Communications. Proc Nutr Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665102000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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