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Yu CJ, Park YH, An MY, Ryu B, Jung HS. Insights into Actin Isoform-Specific Interactions with Myosin via Computational Analysis. Molecules 2024; 29:2992. [PMID: 38998944 PMCID: PMC11242942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29132992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Actin, which plays a crucial role in cellular structure and function, interacts with various binding proteins, notably myosin. In mammals, actin is composed of six isoforms that exhibit high levels of sequence conservation and structural similarity overall. As a result, the selection of actin isoforms was considered unimportant in structural studies of their binding with myosin. However, recent high-resolution structural research discovered subtle structural differences in the N-terminus of actin isoforms, suggesting the possibility that each actin isoform may engage in specific interactions with myosin isoforms. In this study, we aimed to explore this possibility, particularly by understanding the influence of different actin isoforms on the interaction with myosin 7A. First, we compared the reported actomyosin structures utilizing the same type of actin isoforms as the high-resolution filamentous skeletal α-actin (3.5 Å) structure elucidated using cryo-EM. Through this comparison, we confirmed that the diversity of myosin isoforms leads to differences in interaction with the actin N-terminus, and that loop 2 of the myosin actin-binding sites directly interacts with the actin N-terminus. Subsequently, with the aid of multiple sequence alignment, we observed significant variations in the length of loop 2 across different myosin isoforms. We predicted that these length differences in loop 2 would likely result in structural variations that would affect the interaction with the actin N-terminus. For myosin 7A, loop 2 was found to be very short, and protein complex predictions using skeletal α-actin confirmed an interaction between loop 2 and the actin N-terminus. The prediction indicated that the positively charged residues present in loop 2 electrostatically interact with the acidic patch residues D24 and D25 of actin subdomain 1, whereas interaction with the actin N-terminus beyond this was not observed. Additionally, analyses of the actomyosin-7A prediction models generated using various actin isoforms consistently yielded the same results regardless of the type of actin isoform employed. The results of this study suggest that the subtle structural differences in the N-terminus of actin isoforms are unlikely to influence the binding structure with short loop 2 myosin 7A. Our findings are expected to provide a deeper understanding for future high-resolution structural binding studies of actin and myosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Jong Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ho Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young An
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumhan Ryu
- Research Solution Center, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
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2
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Xia QQ, Walker AK, Song C, Wang J, Singh A, Mobley JA, Xuan ZX, Singer JD, Powell CM. Effects of heterozygous deletion of autism-related gene Cullin-3 in mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283299. [PMID: 37428799 PMCID: PMC10332626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder in which children display repetitive behavior, restricted range of interests, and atypical social interaction and communication. CUL3, coding for a Cullin family scaffold protein mediating assembly of ubiquitin ligase complexes through BTB domain substrate-recruiting adaptors, has been identified as a high-risk gene for autism. Although complete knockout of Cul3 results in embryonic lethality, Cul3 heterozygous mice have reduced CUL3 protein, demonstrate comparable body weight, and display minimal behavioral differences including decreased spatial object recognition memory. In measures of reciprocal social interaction, Cul3 heterozygous mice behaved similarly to their wild-type littermates. In area CA1 of hippocampus, reduction of Cul3 significantly increased mEPSC frequency but not amplitude nor baseline evoked synaptic transmission or paired-pulse ratio. Sholl and spine analysis data suggest there is a small yet significant difference in CA1 pyramidal neuron dendritic branching and stubby spine density. Unbiased proteomic analysis of Cul3 heterozygous brain tissue revealed dysregulation of various cytoskeletal organization proteins, among others. Overall, our results suggest that Cul3 heterozygous deletion impairs spatial object recognition memory, alters cytoskeletal organization proteins, but does not cause major hippocampal neuronal morphology, functional, or behavioral abnormalities in adult global Cul3 heterozygous mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-qiang Xia
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine, & Civitan International Research Center, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Angela K. Walker
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Chenghui Song
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine, & Civitan International Research Center, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine, & Civitan International Research Center, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Anju Singh
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine, & Civitan International Research Center, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - James A. Mobley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Shared Facility, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Zhong X. Xuan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine, & Civitan International Research Center, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Singer
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Craig M. Powell
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine, & Civitan International Research Center, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
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3
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Schneider F, Metz I, Rust MB. Regulation of actin filament assembly and disassembly in growth cone motility and axon guidance. Brain Res Bull 2023; 192:21-35. [PMID: 36336143 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Directed outgrowth of axons is fundamental for the establishment of neuronal networks. Axon outgrowth is guided by growth cones, highly motile structures enriched in filamentous actin (F-actin) located at the axons' distal tips. Growth cones exploit F-actin-based protrusions to scan the environment for guidance cues, and they contain the sensory apparatus to translate guidance cue information into intracellular signaling cascades. These cascades act upstream of actin-binding proteins (ABP) and thereby control assembly and disassembly of F-actin. Spatiotemporally controlled F-actin dis-/assembly in growth cones steers the axon towards attractants and away from repellents, and it thereby navigates the axon through the developing nervous system. Hence, ABP that control F-actin dynamics emerged as critical regulators of neuronal network formation. In the present review article, we will summarize and discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms that control remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton in growth cones, focusing on recent progress in the field. Further, we will introduce tools and techniques that allow to study actin regulatory mechanism in growth cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schneider
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany; DFG Research Training Group 'Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling', GRK 2213, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany; Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabell Metz
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany; DFG Research Training Group 'Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling', GRK 2213, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco B Rust
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany; DFG Research Training Group 'Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling', GRK 2213, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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4
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Meyer D, Athota P, Gowen A, Nguyen NM, Schaal VL, Yelamanchili SV, Pendyala G. Effect of Combined Methamphetamine and Oxycodone Use on the Synaptic Proteome in an In Vitro Model of Polysubstance Use. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101816. [PMID: 36292701 PMCID: PMC9601452 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysubstance use (PSU) generally involves the simultaneous use of an opioid along with a stimulant. In recent years, this problem has escalated into a nationwide epidemic. Understanding the mechanisms and effects underlying the interaction between these drugs is essential for the development of treatments for those suffering from addiction. Currently, the effect of PSU on synapses-critical points of contact between neurons-remains poorly understood. Using an in vitro model of primary neurons, we examined the combined effects of the psychostimulant methamphetamine (METH) and the prescription opioid oxycodone (oxy) on the synaptic proteome using quantitative mass-spectrometry-based proteomics. A further ClueGO analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) indicated the dysregulation of several molecular functions, biological processes, and pathways associated with neural plasticity and structural development. We identified one key synaptic protein, Striatin-1, which plays a vital role in many of these processes and functions, to be downregulated following METH+oxy treatment. This downregulation of Striatin-1 was further validated by Western blot. Overall, the present study indicates several damaging effects of the combined use of METH and oxy on neural function and warrants further detailed investigation into mechanisms contributing to synaptic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Meyer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Pranavi Athota
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Austin Gowen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Nghi M. Nguyen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy; University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Victoria L. Schaal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sowmya V. Yelamanchili
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy; University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Gurudutt Pendyala
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy; University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- National Strategic Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-559-8690
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5
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Godó S, Barabás K, Lengyel F, Ernszt D, Kovács T, Kecskés M, Varga C, Jánosi TZ, Makkai G, Kovács G, Orsolits B, Fujiwara T, Kusumi A, Ábrahám IM. Single-Molecule Imaging Reveals Rapid Estradiol Action on the Surface Movement of AMPA Receptors in Live Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:708715. [PMID: 34631701 PMCID: PMC8495425 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.708715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadal steroid 17β-estradiol (E2) exerts rapid, non-genomic effects on neurons and strictly regulates learning and memory through altering glutamatergic neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. However, its non-genomic effects on AMPARs are not well understood. Here, we analyzed the rapid effect of E2 on AMPARs using single-molecule tracking and super-resolution imaging techniques. We found that E2 rapidly decreased the surface movement of AMPAR via membrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) in neurites in a dose-dependent manner. The cortical actin network played a pivotal role in the GPER1 mediated effects of E2 on the surface mobility of AMPAR. E2 also decreased the surface movement of AMPAR both in synaptic and extrasynaptic regions on neurites and increased the synaptic dwell time of AMPARs. Our results provide evidence for understanding E2 action on neuronal plasticity and glutamatergic neurotransmission at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Godó
- PTE-NAP Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Barabás
- PTE-NAP Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Lengyel
- PTE-NAP Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dávid Ernszt
- PTE-NAP Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kovács
- PTE-NAP Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklós Kecskés
- PTE-NAP Cortical Microcircuits Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Institute, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba Varga
- PTE-NAP Cortical Microcircuits Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Institute, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tibor Z Jánosi
- PTE-NAP Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Géza Makkai
- PTE-NAP Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Kovács
- PTE-NAP Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Barbara Orsolits
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Takahiro Fujiwara
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kusumi
- Membrane Cooperativity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Onna, Japan
| | - István M Ábrahám
- PTE-NAP Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, Medical School, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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6
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Marchenko MA, Nefedova VV, Yampolskaya DS, Borzova VA, Kleymenov SY, Nabiev SR, Nikitina LV, Matyushenko AM, Levitsky DI. Comparative structural and functional studies of low molecular weight tropomyosin isoforms, the TPM3 gene products. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 710:108999. [PMID: 34339666 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tropomyosin (Tpm) is an actin-associated protein and key regulator of actin filament structure and dynamics in muscle and non-muscle cells where it participates in many vital processes. Human non-muscle cells produce many Tpm isoforms; however, little is known yet about their structural and functional properties. In the present work, we have applied various methods to investigate the properties of five low molecular weight Tpm isoforms (Tpm3.1, Tpm3.2, Tpm3.4, Tpm3.5, and Tpm3.7), the products of TPM3 gene, which significantly differ by alternatively spliced internal exon 6 (6a or 6b) and C-terminal exon 9 (9a, 9c or 9d). Our results clearly demonstrate that the properties of these Tpm isoforms are quite different depending on sequence variations in alternatively spliced regions of their molecules. These differences can be important in further studies to explain why these Tpm isoforms play a key role in organization and dynamics of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Marchenko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia; Department of Biochemistry, School of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Victoria V Nefedova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria S Yampolskaya
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera A Borzova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Y Kleymenov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - Salavat R Nabiev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, 620049, Russia
| | - Larisa V Nikitina
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, 620049, Russia
| | - Alexander M Matyushenko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii I Levitsky
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia.
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7
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Marchenko M, Nefedova V, Artemova N, Kleymenov S, Levitsky D, Matyushenko A. Structural and Functional Peculiarities of Cytoplasmic Tropomyosin Isoforms, the Products of TPM1 and TPM4 Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105141. [PMID: 34067970 PMCID: PMC8152229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin (Tpm) is one of the major protein partners of actin. Tpm molecules are α-helical coiled-coil protein dimers forming a continuous head-to-tail polymer along the actin filament. Human cells produce a large number of Tpm isoforms that are thought to play a significant role in determining actin cytoskeletal functions. Even though the role of these Tpm isoforms in different non-muscle cells is more or less studied in many laboratories, little is known about their structural and functional properties. In the present work, we have applied various methods to investigate the properties of five cytoplasmic Tpm isoforms (Tpm1.5, Tpm 1.6, Tpm1.7, Tpm1.12, and Tpm 4.2), which are the products of two different genes, TPM1 and TPM4, and also significantly differ by alternatively spliced exons: N-terminal exons 1a2b or 1b, internal exons 6a or 6b, and C-terminal exons 9a, 9c or 9d. Our results demonstrate that structural and functional properties of these Tpm isoforms are quite different depending on sequence variations in alternatively spliced regions of their molecules. The revealed differences can be important in further studies to explain why various Tpm isoforms interact uniquely with actin filaments, thus playing an important role in the organization and dynamics of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Marchenko
- Research Center of Biotechnology, A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (V.N.); (N.A.); (D.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biology, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria Nefedova
- Research Center of Biotechnology, A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (V.N.); (N.A.); (D.L.)
| | - Natalia Artemova
- Research Center of Biotechnology, A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (V.N.); (N.A.); (D.L.)
| | - Sergey Kleymenov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitrii Levitsky
- Research Center of Biotechnology, A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (V.N.); (N.A.); (D.L.)
| | - Alexander Matyushenko
- Research Center of Biotechnology, A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (V.N.); (N.A.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-926-1654430
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8
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Deletion of the Actin-Associated Tropomyosin Tpm3 Leads to Reduced Cell Complexity in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons-New Insights into the Role of the C-Terminal Region of Tpm3.1. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030715. [PMID: 33807093 PMCID: PMC8005004 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosins (Tpms) have been described as master regulators of actin, with Tpm3 products shown to be involved in early developmental processes, and the Tpm3 isoform Tpm3.1 controlling changes in the size of neuronal growth cones and neurite growth. Here, we used primary mouse hippocampal neurons of C57/Bl6 wild type and Bl6Tpm3flox transgenic mice to carry out morphometric analyses in response to the absence of Tpm3 products, as well as to investigate the effect of C-terminal truncation on the ability of Tpm3.1 to modulate neuronal morphogenesis. We found that the knock-out of Tpm3 leads to decreased neurite length and complexity, and that the deletion of two amino acid residues at the C-terminus of Tpm3.1 leads to more detrimental changes in neurite morphology than the deletion of six amino acid residues. We also found that Tpm3.1 that lacks the 6 C-terminal amino acid residues does not associate with stress fibres, does not segregate to the tips of neurites, and does not impact the amount of the filamentous actin pool at the axonal growth cones, as opposed to Tpm3.1, which lacks the two C-terminal amino acid residues. Our study provides further insight into the role of both Tpm3 products and the C-terminus of Tpm3.1, and it forms the basis for future studies that aim to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying Tpm3.1 targeting to different subcellular compartments.
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Homozygous intronic variants in TPM2 cause recessively inherited Escobar variant of multiple pterygium syndrome and congenital myopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2021; 31:359-366. [PMID: 33558124 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in TPM2 have been associated with a variable clinical spectrum, including congenital myopathies and distal arthrogryposis, all but one with dominant inheritance. We report the second case of recessively inherited TPM2-related Escobar variant of multiple pterygium syndrome and congenital myopathy in a patient from a consanguineous family. Ultra-structural examination of the biopsy revealed few cores/mini-cores and sparse nemaline rods. We found a novel homozygous intronic sequence variant, c.564-2A>C in TPM2. This variant is predicted to abolish the consensus acceptor splice site for exon 6b of TPM2 gene. Parents of the proband, both healthy adults with no clinical features, were heterozygous for the variant. Here we establish a homozygous intronic variant in TPM2 as the likely cause of Escobar variant of multiple pterygium syndrome and congenital myopathy, with sparse nemaline rods.
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10
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Tolkatchev D, Kuruba B, Smith GE, Swain KD, Smith KA, Moroz N, Williams TJ, Kostyukova AS. Structural insights into the tropomodulin assembly at the pointed ends of actin filaments. Protein Sci 2021; 30:423-437. [PMID: 33206408 PMCID: PMC7784754 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tropomodulins are a family of important regulators of actin dynamics at the pointed ends of actin filaments. Four isoforms of tropomodulin, Tmod1-Tmod4, are expressed in vertebrates. Binding of tropomodulin to the pointed end is dependent on tropomyosin, an actin binding protein that itself is represented in mammals by up to 40 isoforms. The understanding of the regulatory role of the tropomodulin/tropomyosin molecular diversity has been limited due to the lack of a three-dimensional structure of the tropomodulin/tropomyosin complex. In this study, we mapped tropomyosin residues interacting with two tropomyosin-binding sites of tropomodulin and generated a three-dimensional model of the tropomodulin/tropomyosin complex for each of these sites. The models were refined by molecular dynamics simulations and validated via building a self-consistent three-dimensional model of tropomodulin assembly at the pointed end. The model of the pointed-end Tmod assembly offers new insights in how Tmod binding ensures tight control over the pointed end dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Tolkatchev
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and BioengineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Balaganesh Kuruba
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and BioengineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Garry E. Smith
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and BioengineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Kyle D. Swain
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and BioengineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Kaitlin A. Smith
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and BioengineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Natalia Moroz
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and BioengineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Trenton J. Williams
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and BioengineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Alla S. Kostyukova
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and BioengineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
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11
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Oliveira da Silva MI, Liz MA. Linking Alpha-Synuclein to the Actin Cytoskeleton: Consequences to Neuronal Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:787. [PMID: 32903460 PMCID: PMC7434970 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-Synuclein (αSyn), a protein highly enriched in neurons where it preferentially localizes at the pre-synapse, has been in the spotlight because its intraneuronal aggregation is a central phenomenon in Parkinson's disease. However, the consequences of αSyn accumulation to neuronal function are not fully understood. Considering the crucial role of actin on synaptic function and the fact that dysregulation of this cytoskeleton component is emerging in neurodegenerative disorders, the impact of αSyn on actin is a critical point to be addressed. In this review we explore the link between αSyn and actin and its significance for physiology and pathology. We discuss the relevance of αSyn-actin interaction for synaptic function and highlight the actin-depolymerizing protein cofilin-1 as a key player on αSyn-induced actin dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina I Oliveira da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Neurodegeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia A Liz
- Neurodegeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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12
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Nefedova VV, Marchenko MA, Kleymenov SY, Datskevich PN, Levitsky DI, Matyushenko AM. Thermal unfolding of various human non-muscle isoforms of tropomyosin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:613-617. [PMID: 31072616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tropomyosin (Tpm) is an α-helical coiled-coil protein dimer, which forms a continuous head-to-tail polymer along the actin filament. In striated muscles, Tpm plays an important role in the Ca2+-dependent regulation of muscle contraction. However, little is known about functional and especially structural properties of the numerous non-muscle Tpm isoforms. In the present work, we have applied circular dichroism (CD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to investigate thermal unfolding and domain structure of various non-muscle human Tpm isoforms. These isoforms, the products of two different genes, TPM1 and TPM3, also significantly differ by alternatively spliced exons: N-terminal exons 1a2b or 1b, internal exons 6a or 6b, and C-terminal exons 9a, 9c or 9d. Our results clearly demonstrate that structural properties of various non-muscle Tpm isoforms can be quite different depending on the presence of different alternatively spliced exons in their genes. These data show for the first time a significant difference in the thermal unfolding between muscle and non-muscle Tpm isoforms and indicate that replacement of alternatively spliced exons alters the stability of certain domains in the Tpm molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V Nefedova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Marina A Marchenko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia; Department of Biochemistry, School of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Sergey Y Kleymenov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia; Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Petr N Datskevich
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Dmitrii I Levitsky
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia; A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Alexander M Matyushenko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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13
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Stefen H, Hassanzadeh-Barforoushi A, Brettle M, Fok S, Suchowerska AK, Tedla N, Barber T, Warkiani ME, Fath T. A Novel Microfluidic Device-Based Neurite Outgrowth Inhibition Assay Reveals the Neurite Outgrowth-Promoting Activity of Tropomyosin Tpm3.1 in Hippocampal Neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1557-1563. [PMID: 30218404 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Overcoming neurite inhibition is integral for restoring neuronal connectivity after CNS injury. Actin dynamics are critical for neurite growth cone formation and extension. The tropomyosin family of proteins is a regarded as master regulator of actin dynamics. This study investigates tropomyosin isoform 3.1 (Tpm3.1) as a potential candidate for overcoming an inhibitory substrate, as it is known to influence neurite branching and outgrowth. We designed a microfluidic device that enables neurons to be grown adjacent to an inhibitory substrate, Nogo-66. Results show that neurons, overexpressing hTpm3.1, have an increased propensity to overcome Nogo-66 inhibition. We propose Tpm3.1 as a potential target for promoting neurite growth in an inhibitory environment in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Stefen
- Neurodegenerative and Repair Unit, School of Medical Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuron Culture Core Facility (NCCF), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amin Hassanzadeh-Barforoushi
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Merryn Brettle
- Neurodegenerative and Repair Unit, School of Medical Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandra Fok
- Neurodegenerative and Repair Unit, School of Medical Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra K Suchowerska
- Neurodegenerative and Repair Unit, School of Medical Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicodemus Tedla
- Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tracie Barber
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia. .,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Thomas Fath
- Neurodegenerative and Repair Unit, School of Medical Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Neuron Culture Core Facility (NCCF), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2019, Australia.
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14
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Stefen H, Suchowerska AK, Chen BJ, Brettle M, Kuschelewski J, Gunning PW, Janitz M, Fath T. Tropomyosin isoforms have specific effects on the transcriptome of undifferentiated and differentiated B35 neuroblastoma cells. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:570-583. [PMID: 29632810 PMCID: PMC5881551 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosins, a family of actin‐associated proteins, bestow actin filaments with distinct biochemical and physical properties which are important for determining cell shape and regulating many cellular processes in eukaryotic cells. Here, we used RNA‐seq to investigate the effect of four tropomyosin isoforms on gene expression in undifferentiated and differentiated rat B35 neuroblastoma cells. In undifferentiated cells, overexpression of tropomyosin isoforms Tpm1.12, Tpm2.1, Tpm3.1, and Tpm4.2 differentially regulates a vast number of genes, clustering into several gene ontology terms. In differentiated cells, tropomyosin overexpression exerts a much weaker influence on overall gene expression. Our findings are particularly compelling because they demonstrate that tropomyosin‐dependent changes are attenuated once the cells are induced to follow a defined path of differentiation. Database Sequence data for public availability are deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive under the accession number PRJEB24136.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Stefen
- Neurodegenerative and Repair Unit School of Medical Science UNSW Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | - Bei Jun Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences UNSW Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Merryn Brettle
- Neurodegenerative and Repair Unit School of Medical Science UNSW Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Jennifer Kuschelewski
- Neurodegenerative and Repair Unit School of Medical Science UNSW Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Peter William Gunning
- Cellular and Genetic Medicine Unit School of Medical Sciences UNSW Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Michael Janitz
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences UNSW Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Thomas Fath
- Neurodegenerative and Repair Unit School of Medical Science UNSW Sydney NSW Australia
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15
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Patel S, Fok SYY, Stefen H, Tomanić T, Parić E, Herold R, Brettle M, Djordjevic A, Fath T. Functional characterisation of filamentous actin probe expression in neuronal cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187979. [PMID: 29145435 PMCID: PMC5690639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically encoded filamentous actin probes, Lifeact, Utrophin and F-tractin, are used as tools to label the actin cytoskeleton. Recent evidence in several different cell types indicates that these probes can cause changes in filamentous actin dynamics, altering cell morphology and function. Although these probes are commonly used to visualise actin dynamics in neurons, their effects on axonal and dendritic morphology has not been systematically characterised. In this study, we quantitatively analysed the effect of Lifeact, Utrophin and F-tractin on neuronal morphogenesis in primary hippocampal neurons. Our data show that the expression of actin-tracking probes significantly impacts on axonal and dendrite growth these neurons. Lifeact-GFP expression, under the control of a pBABE promoter, caused a significant decrease in total axon length, while another Lifeact-GFP expression, under the control of a CAG promoter, decreased the length and complexity of dendritic trees. Utr261-EGFP resulted in increased dendritic branching but Utr230-EGFP only accumulated in cell soma, without labelling any neurites. Lifeact-7-mEGFP and F-tractin-EGFP in a pEGFP-C1 vector, under the control of a CMV promoter, caused only minor changes in neuronal morphology as detected by Sholl analysis. The results of this study demonstrate the effects that filamentous actin tracking probes can have on the axonal and dendritic compartments of neuronal cells and emphasise the care that must be taken when interpreting data from experiments using these probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrujna Patel
- Neurodegeneration and Repair Unit (NRU), School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sandra Y. Y. Fok
- Neurodegeneration and Repair Unit (NRU), School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Holly Stefen
- Neurodegeneration and Repair Unit (NRU), School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuron Culture Core Facility (NCCF), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tamara Tomanić
- Neurodegeneration and Repair Unit (NRU), School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Esmeralda Parić
- Neurodegeneration and Repair Unit (NRU), School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rosanna Herold
- Neurodegeneration and Repair Unit (NRU), School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Merryn Brettle
- Neurodegeneration and Repair Unit (NRU), School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Djordjevic
- Neurodegeneration and Repair Unit (NRU), School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Fath
- Neurodegeneration and Repair Unit (NRU), School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuron Culture Core Facility (NCCF), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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16
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Kumar S, Mansson A. Covalent and non-covalent chemical engineering of actin for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:867-888. [PMID: 28830772 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeletal filaments are self-assembled protein polymers with 8-25nm diameters and up to several tens of micrometres length. They have a range of pivotal roles in eukaryotic cells, including transportation of intracellular cargoes (primarily microtubules with dynein and kinesin motors) and cell motility (primarily actin and myosin) where muscle contraction is one example. For two decades, the cytoskeletal filaments and their associated motor systems have been explored for nanotechnological applications including miniaturized sensor systems and lab-on-a-chip devices. Several developments have also revolved around possible exploitation of the filaments alone without their motor partners. Efforts to use the cytoskeletal filaments for applications often require chemical or genetic engineering of the filaments such as specific conjugation with fluorophores, antibodies, oligonucleotides or various macromolecular complexes e.g. nanoparticles. Similar conjugation methods are also instrumental for a range of fundamental biophysical studies. Here we review methods for non-covalent and covalent chemical modifications of actin filaments with focus on critical advantages and challenges of different methods as well as critical steps in the conjugation procedures. We also review potential uses of the engineered actin filaments in nanotechnological applications and in some key fundamental studies of actin and myosin function. Finally, we consider possible future lines of investigation that may be addressed by applying chemical conjugation of actin in new ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India; Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Alf Mansson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
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17
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Konietzny A, Bär J, Mikhaylova M. Dendritic Actin Cytoskeleton: Structure, Functions, and Regulations. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:147. [PMID: 28572759 PMCID: PMC5435805 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is a versatile and ubiquitous cytoskeletal protein that plays a major role in both the establishment and the maintenance of neuronal polarity. For a long time, the most prominent roles that were attributed to actin in neurons were the movement of growth cones, polarized cargo sorting at the axon initial segment, and the dynamic plasticity of dendritic spines, since those compartments contain large accumulations of actin filaments (F-actin) that can be readily visualized using electron- and fluorescence microscopy. With the development of super-resolution microscopy in the past few years, previously unknown structures of the actin cytoskeleton have been uncovered: a periodic lattice consisting of actin and spectrin seems to pervade not only the whole axon, but also dendrites and even the necks of dendritic spines. Apart from that striking feature, patches of F-actin and deep actin filament bundles have been described along the lengths of neurites. So far, research has been focused on the specific roles of actin in the axon, while it is becoming more and more apparent that in the dendrite, actin is not only confined to dendritic spines, but serves many additional and important functions. In this review, we focus on recent developments regarding the role of actin in dendrite morphology, the regulation of actin dynamics by internal and external factors, and the role of F-actin in dendritic protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Konietzny
- DFG Emmy Noether Group 'Neuronal Protein Transport,' Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Bär
- DFG Emmy Noether Group 'Neuronal Protein Transport,' Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- DFG Emmy Noether Group 'Neuronal Protein Transport,' Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
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18
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Schulte C, Ripamonti M, Maffioli E, Cappelluti MA, Nonnis S, Puricelli L, Lamanna J, Piazzoni C, Podestà A, Lenardi C, Tedeschi G, Malgaroli A, Milani P. Scale Invariant Disordered Nanotopography Promotes Hippocampal Neuron Development and Maturation with Involvement of Mechanotransductive Pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:267. [PMID: 27917111 PMCID: PMC5114288 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of biomaterials which promote neuronal maturation up to the generation of integrated neural circuits is fundamental for modern neuroscience. The development of neural circuits arises from complex maturative processes regulated by poorly understood signaling events, often guided by the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here we report that nanostructured zirconia surfaces, produced by supersonic cluster beam deposition of zirconia nanoparticles and characterized by ECM-like nanotopographical features, can direct the maturation of neural networks. Hippocampal neurons cultured on such cluster-assembled surfaces displayed enhanced differentiation paralleled by functional changes. The latter was demonstrated by single-cell electrophysiology showing earlier action potential generation and increased spontaneous postsynaptic currents compared to the neurons grown on the featureless unnaturally flat standard control surfaces. Label-free shotgun proteomics broadly confirmed the functional changes and suggests furthermore a vast impact of the neuron/nanotopography interaction on mechanotransductive machinery components, known to control physiological in vivo ECM-regulated axon guidance and synaptic plasticity. Our results indicate a potential of cluster-assembled zirconia nanotopography exploitable for the creation of efficient neural tissue interfaces and cell culture devices promoting neurogenic events, but also for unveiling mechanotransductive aspects of neuronal development and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schulte
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturate, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy; Fondazione FilareteMilan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Ripamonti
- Neurobiology of Learning Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Maffioli
- Fondazione FilareteMilan, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Martino A Cappelluti
- Fondazione FilareteMilan, Italy; SEMM - European School of Molecular MedicineMilan, Italy
| | - Simona Nonnis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Puricelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturate, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lamanna
- Neurobiology of Learning Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Piazzoni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturate, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Podestà
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturate, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturate, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- Fondazione FilareteMilan, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Neurobiology of Learning Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturate, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
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Profiling of Signaling Proteins in Penumbra After Focal Photothrombotic Infarct in the Rat Brain Cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6839-6856. [PMID: 27771897 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In ischemic stroke, cell damage propagates from infarct core to surrounding tissue. To reveal proteins involved in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection, we explored the protein profile in penumbra surrounding the photothrombotic infarct core induced in rat cerebral cortex by local laser irradiation after Bengal Rose administration. Using antibody microarrays, we studied changes in expression of 224 signaling proteins 1, 4, or 24 h after photothrombotic infarct compared with untreated contralateral cortex. Changes in protein expression were greatest at 4 h after photothrombotic impact. These included over-expression of proteins initiating, regulating, or executing various apoptosis stages (caspases, SMAC/DIABLO, Bcl-10, phosphatidylserine receptor (PSR), prostate apoptosis response 4 (Par4), E2F1, p75, p38, JNK, p53, growth arrest and DNA damage inducible protein 153 (GADD153), glutamate decarboxylases (GAD65/67), NMDAR2a, c-myc) and antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-x, p63, MDM2, p21WAF-1, ERK1/2, ERK5, MAP kinase-activated protein kinase-2 (MAKAPK2), PKCα, PKCβ, PKCμ, RAF1, protein phosphatases 1α and MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 8 (NEDD8), estrogen and EGF receptors, calmodulin, CaMKIIα, CaMKIV, amyloid precursor protein (APP), nicastrin). Phospholipase Cγ1, S-100, and S-100β were down-regulated. Bidirectional changes in levels of adhesion and cytoskeleton proteins were related to destruction and/or remodeling of penumbra. Following proteins regulating actin cytoskeleton were over-expressed: cofilin, actopaxin, p120CTN, α-catenin, p35, myosin Va, and pFAK were up-regulated, whereas ezrin, tropomyosin, spectrin (α + β), βIV-tubulin and polyglutamated β-tubulin, and cytokeratins 7 and 19 were down-regulated. Down-regulation of syntaxin, AP2β/γ, and adaptin β1/2 indicated impairment of vesicular transport and synaptic processes. Down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (Cdk6), cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase (Cdc7 kinase), telomeric repeat-binding factor 1 (Trf1), and topoisomerase-1 showed proliferation suppression. Cytoprotection proteins AOP-1 and chaperons Hsp70 and Hsp90 were down-regulated. These data provide the integral view on penumbra response to photothrombotic infarct. Some of these proteins may be potential targets for antistroke therapy.
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Ostrowska Z, Robaszkiewicz K, Moraczewska J. Regulation of actin filament turnover by cofilin-1 and cytoplasmic tropomyosin isoforms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1865:88-98. [PMID: 27693909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tropomyosin and cofilin are actin-binding proteins which control dynamics of actin assembly and disassembly. Tropomyosin isoforms can either inhibit or enhance cofilin activity, but the mechanism of this diverse regulation is not well understood. In this work mechanisms of actin dynamics regulation by four cytoskeletal tropomyosin isoforms and cofilin-1 were studied with the use of biochemical and fluorescent microscopy assays. The recombinant tropomyosin isoforms were products of two genes: TPM1 (Tpm1.6 and Tpm1.8) and TPM3 (Tpm3.2 and Tpm3.4). Tpm1.6/1.8 bound to F-actin with higher apparent binding constants and lower cooperativities than Tpm3.2/3.4. In consequence, subsaturating concentrations of cofilin-1 removed 50% of Tpm3.2/3.4 from F-actin. By contrast, 2 and 5.5 molar excess of cofilin-1 over actin was required to dissociate 50% of Tpm1.6/1.8. All tropomyosins inhibited the rate of spontaneous polymerization of actin, which was reversed by cofilin-1. Products of TPM1 favored longer filaments and protected them from cofilin-induced depolymerization. This was in contrast to the isoforms derived from TPM3, which facilitated depolymerization. Tpm3.4 was the only isoform, which increased frequency of the filament severing by cofilin-1. Tpm1.6/1.8 inhibited, but Tpm3.2/3.4 enhanced cofilin-induced conformational changes leading to accelerated release of rhodamine-phalloidin from the filament. We concluded that the effects were executed through different actin affinities of tropomyosin isoforms and cooperativities of tropomyosin and cofilin-1 binding. The results obtained in vitro were in good agreement with localization of tropomyosin isoforms in stable or highly dynamic filaments demonstrated before in various cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Ostrowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Ks. J. Poniatowskiego 12 Str., 85-671 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Robaszkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Ks. J. Poniatowskiego 12 Str., 85-671 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Joanna Moraczewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Ks. J. Poniatowskiego 12 Str., 85-671 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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21
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Khaitlina SY. Tropomyosin as a Regulator of Actin Dynamics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 318:255-91. [PMID: 26315888 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tropomyosin is a major regulatory protein of contractile systems and cytoskeleton, an actin-binding protein that positions laterally along actin filaments and modulates actin-myosin interaction. About 40 tropomyosin isoforms have been found in a variety of cytoskeleton systems, not necessarily connected with actin-myosin interaction and contraction. Involvement of specific tropomyosin isoforms in the regulation of key cell processes was shown, and specific features of tropomyosin genes and protein structure have been investigated with molecular biology and genetics approaches. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of tropomyosin on cytoskeleton dynamics are still unclear. As tropomyosin is primarily an F-actin-binding protein, it is important to understand how it interacts both with actin and actin-binding proteins functioning in muscles and cytoskeleton to regulate actin dynamics. This review focuses on biochemical data on the effects of tropomyosin on actin assembly and dynamics, as well as on the modulation of these effects by actin-binding proteins. The data indicate that tropomyosin can efficiently regulate actin dynamics via allosteric conformational changes within actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Yu Khaitlina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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Jalilian I, Heu C, Cheng H, Freittag H, Desouza M, Stehn JR, Bryce NS, Whan RM, Hardeman EC, Fath T, Schevzov G, Gunning PW. Cell elasticity is regulated by the tropomyosin isoform composition of the actin cytoskeleton. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126214. [PMID: 25978408 PMCID: PMC4433179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is the primary polymer system within cells responsible for regulating cellular stiffness. While various actin binding proteins regulate the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton, the proteins responsible for regulating the mechanical properties of cells are still not fully understood. In the present study, we have addressed the significance of the actin associated protein, tropomyosin (Tpm), in influencing the mechanical properties of cells. Tpms belong to a multi-gene family that form a co-polymer with actin filaments and differentially regulate actin filament stability, function and organization. Tpm isoform expression is highly regulated and together with the ability to sort to specific intracellular sites, result in the generation of distinct Tpm isoform-containing actin filament populations. Nanomechanical measurements conducted with an Atomic Force Microscope using indentation in Peak Force Tapping in indentation/ramping mode, demonstrated that Tpm impacts on cell stiffness and the observed effect occurred in a Tpm isoform-specific manner. Quantitative analysis of the cellular filamentous actin (F-actin) pool conducted both biochemically and with the use of a linear detection algorithm to evaluate actin structures revealed that an altered F-actin pool does not absolutely predict changes in cell stiffness. Inhibition of non-muscle myosin II revealed that intracellular tension generated by myosin II is required for the observed increase in cell stiffness. Lastly, we show that the observed increase in cell stiffness is partially recapitulated in vivo as detected in epididymal fat pads isolated from a Tpm3.1 transgenic mouse line. Together these data are consistent with a role for Tpm in regulating cell stiffness via the generation of specific populations of Tpm isoform-containing actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Jalilian
- Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Celine Heu
- Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Biomedical Imaging facility, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hong Cheng
- Neurodegeneration and Repair Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hannah Freittag
- Neurodegeneration and Repair Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Melissa Desouza
- Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Justine R. Stehn
- Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nicole S. Bryce
- Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Renee M. Whan
- Biomedical Imaging facility, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Edna C. Hardeman
- Neuromuscular and Regenerative Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas Fath
- Neurodegeneration and Repair Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Galina Schevzov
- Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peter W. Gunning
- Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Abstract
Neurons begin their life as simple spheres, but can ultimately assume an elaborate morphology with numerous, highly arborized dendrites, and long axons. This is achieved via an astounding developmental progression which is dependent upon regulated assembly and dynamics of the cellular cytoskeleton. As neurites emerge out of the soma, neurons break their spherical symmetry and begin to acquire the morphological features that define their structure and function. Neurons regulate their cytoskeleton to achieve changes in cell shape, velocity, and direction as they migrate, extend neurites, and polarize. Of particular importance, the organization and dynamics of actin and microtubules directs the migration and morphogenesis of neurons. This review focuses on the regulation of intrinsic properties of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons and how specific cytoskeletal structures and dynamics are associated with the earliest phase of neuronal morphogenesis—neuritogenesis.
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Gomez TM, Letourneau PC. Actin dynamics in growth cone motility and navigation. J Neurochem 2013; 129:221-34. [PMID: 24164353 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Motile growth cones lead growing axons through developing tissues to synaptic targets. These behaviors depend on the organization and dynamics of actin filaments that fill the growth cone leading margin [peripheral (P-) domain]. Actin filament organization in growth cones is regulated by actin-binding proteins that control all aspects of filament assembly, turnover, interactions with other filaments and cytoplasmic components, and participation in producing mechanical forces. Actin filament polymerization drives protrusion of sensory filopodia and lamellipodia, and actin filament connections to the plasma membrane link the filament network to adhesive contacts of filopodia and lamellipodia with other surfaces. These contacts stabilize protrusions and transduce mechanical forces generated by actomyosin activity into traction that pulls an elongating axon along the path toward its target. Adhesive ligands and extrinsic guidance cues bind growth cone receptors and trigger signaling activities involving Rho GTPases, kinases, phosphatases, cyclic nucleotides, and [Ca++] fluxes. These signals regulate actin-binding proteins to locally modulate actin polymerization, interactions, and force transduction to steer the growth cone leading margin toward the sources of attractive cues and away from repellent guidance cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Gomez
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Lehman W, Li XE, Orzechowski M, Fischer S. The structural dynamics of α-tropomyosin on F-actin shape the overlap complex between adjacent tropomyosin molecules. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 552-553:68-73. [PMID: 24071513 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coiled-coil tropomyosin, localized on actin filaments in virtually all eukaryotic cells, serves as a gatekeeper regulating access of the motor protein myosin and other actin-binding proteins onto the thin filament surface. Tropomyosin's modular pseudo-repeating pattern of approximately 39 amino acid residues is designed to allow binding of the coiled-coil to successive actin subunits along thin filaments. Even though different tropomyosin isoforms contain varying numbers of repeat modules, the pseudo-repeat length, in all cases, matches that of a single actin subunit. Thus, the seven pseudo-repeats of 42nm long muscle tropomyosin bind to seven successive actin subunits along thin filaments, while simultaneously bending into a super-helical conformation that is preshaped to the actin filament helix. In order to form a continuous cable on thin filaments that is free of gaps, adjacent tropomyosin molecules polymerize head-to-tail by means of a short (∼9 residue) overlap. Several laboratories have engineered peptides to mimic the N- and C-terminal tropomyosin association and to characterize the overlap structure. All overlapping domains examined show a compact N-terminal coiled-coil inserting into a partially opened C-terminal partner, where the opposing coiled-coils at the overlap junction face each other at up to ∼90° twist angles. Here, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to determine constraints on the formation of the tropomyosin overlap complex and to assess the amount of twisting exhibited by full-length tropomyosin when bound to actin. With the exception of the last 20-40 C- and N-terminal residues, we find that the average tropomyosin structure closely resembles a "canonical" model proposed in the classic work of McLachlan and Stewart, displaying perfectly symmetrical supercoil geometry matching the F-actin helix with an integral number of coiled-coil turns, a coiled-coil helical pitch of 137Å, a superhelical pitch of 770Å, and no localized pseudo-rotation. Over the middle 70% of tropomyosin, the average twisting of the coiled-coil deviates only by 10° from the canonical model and the torsional freedom is very small (std. dev. of 7°). This small degree of twisting cannot yield the orthogonal N- and C-termini configuration observed experimentally. In marked contrast, considerable coiled-coil unfolding, splaying and twisting at N- and C-terminal ends is observed, providing the conformational plasticity needed for head-to-tail nexus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Lehman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Xiaochuan Edward Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Computational Biochemistry Group, IWR, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, Heidelberg D69120, Germany
| | - Marek Orzechowski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Computational Biochemistry Group, IWR, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, Heidelberg D69120, Germany
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Computational Biochemistry Group, IWR, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, Heidelberg D69120, Germany.
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