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Ahmetov II, John G, Semenova EA, Hall ECR. Genomic predictors of physical activity and athletic performance. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2024; 111:311-408. [PMID: 38908902 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Physical activity and athletic performance are complex phenotypes influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Recent advances in lifestyle and behavioral genomics led to the discovery of dozens of DNA polymorphisms (variants) associated with physical activity and allowed to use them as genetic instruments in Mendelian randomization studies for identifying the causal links between physical activity and health outcomes. On the other hand, exercise and sports genomics studies are focused on the search for genetic variants associated with athlete status, sports injuries and individual responses to training and supplement use. In this review, the findings of studies investigating genetic markers and their associations with physical activity and athlete status are reported. As of the end of September 2023, a total of 149 variants have been associated with various physical activity traits (of which 42 variants are genome-wide significant) and 253 variants have been linked to athlete status (115 endurance-related, 96 power-related, and 42 strength-related).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildus I Ahmetov
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia; Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
| | - George John
- Transform Specialist Medical Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ekaterina A Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia
| | - Elliott C R Hall
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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Konopka MJ, Sperlich B, Rietjens G, Zeegers MP. Genetics and athletic performance: a systematic SWOT analysis of non-systematic reviews. Front Genet 2023; 14:1232987. [PMID: 37621703 PMCID: PMC10445150 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1232987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise genetics/genomics is a growing research discipline comprising several Strengths and Opportunities but also deals with Weaknesses and Threats. This "systematic SWOT overview of non-systematic reviews" (sSWOT) aimed to identify the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats linked to exercise genetics/genomics. A systematic search was conducted in the Medline and Embase databases for non-systematic reviews to provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature/research area. The extracted data was thematically analyzed, coded, and categorized into SWOT clusters. In the 45 included reviews five Strengths, nine Weaknesses, six Opportunities, and three Threats were identified. The cluster of Strengths included "advances in technology", "empirical evidence", "growing research discipline", the "establishment of consortia", and the "acceptance/accessibility of genetic testing". The Weaknesses were linked to a "low research quality", the "complexity of exercise-related traits", "low generalizability", "high costs", "genotype scores", "reporting bias", "invasive methods", "research progress", and "causality". The Opportunities comprised of "precision exercise", "omics", "multicenter studies", as well as "genetic testing" as "commercial"-, "screening"-, and "anti-doping" detection tool. The Threats were related to "ethical issues", "direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies", and "gene doping". This overview of the present state of the art research in sport genetics/genomics indicates a field with great potential, while also drawing attention to the necessity for additional advancement in methodological and ethical guidance to mitigate the recognized Weaknesses and Threats. The recognized Strengths and Opportunities substantiate the capability of genetics/genomics to make significant contributions to the performance and wellbeing of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Johanna Konopka
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science and Training, Institute of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerard Rietjens
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maurice Petrus Zeegers
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Semenova EA, Hall ECR, Ahmetov II. Genes and Athletic Performance: The 2023 Update. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1235. [PMID: 37372415 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypes of athletic performance and exercise capacity are complex traits influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. This update on the panel of genetic markers (DNA polymorphisms) associated with athlete status summarises recent advances in sports genomics research, including findings from candidate gene and genome-wide association (GWAS) studies, meta-analyses, and findings involving larger-scale initiatives such as the UK Biobank. As of the end of May 2023, a total of 251 DNA polymorphisms have been associated with athlete status, of which 128 genetic markers were positively associated with athlete status in at least two studies (41 endurance-related, 45 power-related, and 42 strength-related). The most promising genetic markers include the AMPD1 rs17602729 C, CDKN1A rs236448 A, HFE rs1799945 G, MYBPC3 rs1052373 G, NFIA-AS2 rs1572312 C, PPARA rs4253778 G, and PPARGC1A rs8192678 G alleles for endurance; ACTN3 rs1815739 C, AMPD1 rs17602729 C, CDKN1A rs236448 C, CPNE5 rs3213537 G, GALNTL6 rs558129 T, IGF2 rs680 G, IGSF3 rs699785 A, NOS3 rs2070744 T, and TRHR rs7832552 T alleles for power; and ACTN3 rs1815739 C, AR ≥21 CAG repeats, LRPPRC rs10186876 A, MMS22L rs9320823 T, PHACTR1 rs6905419 C, and PPARG rs1801282 G alleles for strength. It should be appreciated, however, that elite performance still cannot be predicted well using only genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 420138 Kazan, Russia
| | - Elliott C R Hall
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4UA, UK
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, 191040 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 115093 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AF, UK
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Huizar YP, Cundiff JM, Schmidt AT, Cribbet MR. Risky Early Family Environment and Genetic Associations with Adult Metabolic Dysregulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14032. [PMID: 36360915 PMCID: PMC9656925 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Growing up in a family environment characterized by neglectful parenting, overt conflict, and unsupportive relationships is associated with poor health in adulthood. A risky early family environment may also be associated with obesity in adulthood, likely through the activation of the HPA axis. Likewise, the GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acid) T>C single nucleotide polymorphism in the 1519 nucleotide position of the GABAAα6 receptor subunit gene has been associated with a predisposition to a higher body mass index and a larger waist circumference. Participants (n = 213, Mage = 30.13 years, SD = 10.85; 57.7% men) from the Pittsburgh Cold Study 3 completed a demographic questionnaire, the Risky Families Questionnaire (RFQ) and had their height, weight, and waist circumference measured during a physical exam. Participant DNA was recovered from buccal swabs and genotyped for the various allelic types of the SNP according to published protocols. In secondary data analyses, we tested the hypothesis that early family environment and GABRA6 would be positively associated with body mass index and waist circumference. We also examined diurnal cortisol as a mechanism linking both early risky family environment and GABRA6 to metabolic outcomes. The findings provide evidence that a risky early family environment may exert more influence than genetic predisposition when determining the indices of metabolic health in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmine P. Huizar
- Department of Psychology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Jenny M. Cundiff
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, 348 Gordon Palmer Hall, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Adam T. Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Matthew R. Cribbet
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, 348 Gordon Palmer Hall, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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Varillas-Delgado D, Del Coso J, Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Aguilar-Navarro M, Muñoz A, Maestro A, Morencos E. Genetics and sports performance: the present and future in the identification of talent for sports based on DNA testing. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1811-1830. [PMID: 35428907 PMCID: PMC9012664 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The impact of genetics on physiology and sports performance is one of the most debated research aspects in sports sciences. Nearly 200 genetic polymorphisms have been found to influence sports performance traits, and over 20 polymorphisms may condition the status of the elite athlete. However, with the current evidence, it is certainly too early a stage to determine how to use genotyping as a tool for predicting exercise/sports performance or improving current methods of training. Research on this topic presents methodological limitations such as the lack of measurement of valid exercise performance phenotypes that make the study results difficult to interpret. Additionally, many studies present an insufficient cohort of athletes, or their classification as elite is dubious, which may introduce expectancy effects. Finally, the assessment of a progressively higher number of polymorphisms in the studies and the introduction of new analysis tools, such as the total genotype score (TGS) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), have produced a considerable advance in the power of the analyses and a change from the study of single variants to determine pathways and systems associated with performance. The purpose of the present study was to comprehensively review evidence on the impact of genetics on endurance- and power-based exercise performance to clearly determine the potential utility of genotyping for detecting sports talent, enhancing training, or preventing exercise-related injuries, and to present an overview of recent research that has attempted to correct the methodological issues found in previous investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Varillas-Delgado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, 28933, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Millán Aguilar-Navarro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Muñoz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esther Morencos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
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McAuley ABT, Hughes DC, Tsaprouni LG, Varley I, Suraci B, Roos TR, Herbert AJ, Kelly AL. The association of the ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms with athlete status in football: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:200-211. [PMID: 32856541 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1812195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to assess the association of ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms with athlete status in football and determine which allele and/or genotypes are most likely to influence this phenotype via a meta-analysis. A comprehensive search identified 17 ACTN3 and 19 ACE studies. Significant associations were shown between the presence of the ACTN3 R allele and professional footballer status (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.18-1.53) and the ACE D allele and youth footballers (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.01-1.38). More specifically, the ACTN3 RR genotype (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.23-1.77) and ACE DD genotype (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.02-1.63) exhibited the strongest associations, respectively. These findings may be explained by the association of the ACTN3 RR genotype and ACE DD genotype with power-orientated phenotypes and the relative contribution of power-orientated phenotypes to success in football. As such, the results of this review provide further evidence that individual genetic variation may contribute towards athlete status and can differentiate athletes of different competitive playing statuses in a homogenous team-sport cohort. Moreover, the ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms are likely (albeit relatively minor) contributing factors that influence athlete status in football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B T McAuley
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
| | - David C Hughes
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
| | - Loukia G Tsaprouni
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Varley
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham, UK
| | - Bruce Suraci
- Academy Coaching Department, AFC Bournemouth , Bournemouth, UK
| | - Thomas R Roos
- The International Academy of Sports Science and Technology (AISTS), University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam L Kelly
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
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Lieberman DE, Mahaffey M, Cubesare Quimare S, Holowka NB, Wallace IJ, Baggish AL. Running in Tarahumara (Rarámuri) Culture. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1086/708810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Athletic performance is a multifactorial phenotype influenced by environmental factors as well as multiple genetic variants. Different genetic elements have a great influence over components of athletic performance such as endurance, strength, power, flexibility, neuromuscular coordination, psychological traits and other features important in sport. The current literature review revealed that to date more than 69 genetic markers have been associated with power athlete status. For the purpose of the present review we have assigned all genetic markers described with reference to power athletes status to seven main groups: 1) markers associated with skeletal muscle structure and function, 2) markers involved in the inflammatory and repair reactions in skeletal muscle during and after exercise, 3) markers involved in blood pressure control, 4) markers involved in modulation of oxygen uptake, 5) markers that are regulators of energy metabolism and cellular homeostasis, 6) markers encoding factors that control gene expression by rearrangement of chromatin fibers and mRNA stability, and 7) markers modulating cellular signaling pathways. All data presented in the current review provide evidence to support the notion that human physical performance may be influenced by genetic profiles, especially in power sports. The current studies still represent only the first steps towards a better understanding of the genetic factors that influence power-related traits, so further analyses are necessary before implementation of research findings into practice.
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Landen S, Voisin S, Craig JM, McGee SL, Lamon S, Eynon N. Genetic and epigenetic sex-specific adaptations to endurance exercise. Epigenetics 2019; 14:523-535. [PMID: 30957644 PMCID: PMC6557612 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1603961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the interest in personalised interventions such as medicine, nutrition, and exercise is rapidly rising to maximize health outcomes and ensure the most appropriate treatments. Exercising regularly is recommended for both healthy and diseased populations to improve health. However, there are sex-specific adaptations to exercise that often are not taken into consideration. While endurance exercise training alters the human skeletal muscle epigenome and subsequent gene expression, it is still unknown whether it does so differently in men and women, potentially leading to sex-specific physiological adaptations. Elucidating sex differences in genetics, epigenetics, gene regulation and expression in response to exercise will have great health implications, as it may enable gene targets in future clinical interventions and may better individualised interventions. This review will cover this topic and highlight the recent findings of sex-specific genetic, epigenetic, and gene expression studies, address the gaps in the field, and offer recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Australia
- Environmental & Genetic Epidemiology Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sean L. McGee
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Royal Children’s Hospital, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Kim K. Role and Perspective of Sport Science in Health Promotion and Elite Sport. THE ASIAN JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.15758/ajk.2019.21.2.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Costa-Urrutia P, Vizuet-Gámez A, Ramirez-Alcántara M, Guillen-González MÁ, Medina-Contreras O, Valdes-Moreno M, Musalem-Younes C, Solares-Tlapechco J, Granados J, Franco-Trecu V, Rodriguez-Arellano ME. Obesity measured as percent body fat, relationship with body mass index, and percentile curves for Mexican pediatric population. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212792. [PMID: 30802270 PMCID: PMC6388924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Mexico, the increase in childhood obesity is alarming. Thus, improving the precision of its diagnosis is expected to impact on disease prevention. We estimated obesity prevalence by bioimpedance-based percent body fat (%BF) and body mass index (BMI) in 1061 girls and 1121 boys, from 3 to 17 years old. Multiple regressions and area under receiver operating curves (AUC) were used to determine the predictive value of BMI on %BF and percentile curves were constructed. Overall obesity prevalence estimated by %BF was 43.7%, and by BMI it was 20.1%; it means that the diagnosis by BMI underestimated around 50% of children diagnosed with obesity by %BF (≥30% for girls, ≥25% for boys). The fat mass excess is further underestimated in boys than in girls when using the standard BMI classification. The relationship between %BF and BMI was strong in school children and adolescents (all cases R2>0.70), but not in preschool children (girls R2 = 0.57, boys R2 = 0.23). AUCs showed greater discriminative power of BMI to detect %BF obesity in school children and adolescents (all cases AUC≥0.90) than in preschool children (girls AUC = 0.86; boys AUC = 0.70). Growth percentile charts showed that girls aged 9-17 years and boys aged 8-17 years presented fat excess from the 50th percentile and above. We suggested to change the BMI cut-off for them, considering values at the 75th percentile as overweight, and values at the 85th percentile as obesity, as previously recommended for Mexican children. Improving obesity diagnosis will allow greater efficiency when searching for comorbidities in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Costa-Urrutia
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica del Hospital Regional Lic, Adolfo López Mateos, ISSSTE, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Vizuet-Gámez
- Coordinación de Pediatría Hospital Regional Lic, Adolfo López Mateos, ISSSTE, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miryam Ramirez-Alcántara
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica Hospital Regional Lic, Adolfo López Mateos, ISSSTE, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Oscar Medina-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica del Hospital Regional Lic, Adolfo López Mateos, ISSSTE, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariana Valdes-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica del Hospital Regional Lic, Adolfo López Mateos, ISSSTE, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudette Musalem-Younes
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica del Hospital Regional Lic, Adolfo López Mateos, ISSSTE, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaqueline Solares-Tlapechco
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica del Hospital Regional Lic, Adolfo López Mateos, ISSSTE, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio Granados
- División de Inmunogenética, Departamento de Trasplantes, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Valentina Franco-Trecu
- Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Herbert AJ, Williams AG, Hennis PJ, Erskine RM, Sale C, Day SH, Stebbings GK. The interactions of physical activity, exercise and genetics and their associations with bone mineral density: implications for injury risk in elite athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:29-47. [PMID: 30377780 PMCID: PMC6342881 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Low bone mineral density (BMD) is established as a primary predictor of osteoporotic risk and can also have substantial implications for athlete health and injury risk in the elite sporting environment. BMD is a highly multi-factorial phenotype influenced by diet, hormonal characteristics and physical activity. The interrelationships between such factors, and a strong genetic component, suggested to be around 50-85% at various anatomical sites, determine skeletal health throughout life. Genome-wide association studies and case-control designs have revealed many loci associated with variation in BMD. However, a number of the candidate genes identified at these loci have no known associated biological function or have yet to be replicated in subsequent investigations. Furthermore, few investigations have considered gene-environment interactions-in particular, whether specific genes may be sensitive to mechanical loading from physical activity and the outcome of such an interaction for BMD and potential injury risk. Therefore, this review considers the importance of physical activity on BMD, genetic associations with BMD and how subsequent investigation requires consideration of the interaction between these determinants. Future research using well-defined independent cohorts such as elite athletes, who experience much greater mechanical stress than most, to study such phenotypes, can provide a greater understanding of these factors as well as the biological underpinnings of such a physiologically "extreme" population. Subsequently, modification of training, exercise or rehabilitation programmes based on genetic characteristics could have substantial implications in both the sporting and public health domains once the fundamental research has been conducted successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Herbert
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alun G. Williams
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Cheshire Campus, Crewe Green Road, Crewe, CW1 5DU UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, Tottenham Court Road, London, W17 7HA UK
| | - Philip J. Hennis
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Clifton, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Robert M. Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, Tottenham Court Road, London, W17 7HA UK
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Clifton, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Stephen H. Day
- Department of Biomedical Science & Physiology, School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Georgina K. Stebbings
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Manchester Metropolitan University, Cheshire Campus, Crewe Green Road, Crewe, CW1 5DU UK
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Genetic Testing by Sports Medicine Physicians in the United States: Attitudes, Experiences, and Knowledge. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040145. [PMID: 30424536 PMCID: PMC6315998 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains unknown whether and how sports medicine physicians currently utilize genetic testing in their clinical practice. This study sought to assess knowledge of, experience with, and attitudes towards genetic testing by sports medicine physicians in the United States (US). An email with a survey hyperlink was distributed twice to members of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) listserv in September 2016, with approximately a 10% response rate. Questions focused on knowledge of, experience with, and attitudes towards testing for different genes related to sports proficiency, injury risk, and disease risk. Few AMSSM physicians believe that genetic testing to adapt training (12%) or to choose a sport (2%) is ready for clinical adoption. Most respondents self-reported minimal knowledge about, and limited experience with, genetic testing. The main exception was screening for sickle cell trait (SCT) for which most (84%) reported moderate/significant/expert knowledge and over two-thirds had ordered testing. Although most respondents thought it appropriate to counsel and test for health conditions associated with cardiac and connective tissue disorders in the setting of a positive family history, only a minority had been asked to do so. Five or fewer respondents (2%) had been asked to test for performance-associated variants (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) II and Alpha-Actinin 3 (ACTN3)), and five or fewer (2%) would recommend changes based on the results. Our study provides a baseline of current US sports medicine physicians’ minimal experiences with, and knowledge of, genetic testing. The findings of our study indicate that sports medicine physicians require further genetics education as it relates to sports and exercise in order to be prepared to competently engage with their patients and to develop sound professional organizational policies.
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Antero J, Saulière G, Marck A, Toussaint JF. A Medal in the Olympics Runs in the Family: A Cohort Study of Performance Heritability in the Games History. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1313. [PMID: 30283357 PMCID: PMC6157334 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Elite performance in sports is known to be influenced by heritable components, but the magnitude of such an influence has never been quantified. Hypothesis/Objectives: We hypothesized that having a former world-class champion in the family increases the chances of an athlete to repeat the achievement of her or his kinship. We aimed to measure the heritability of a medal in the Olympic Games (OG) among Olympians and to estimate the percentage of the genetic contribution to such a heritance. Study Design: Twin-family study of a retrospective cohort. Methods: All the 125,051 worldwide athletes that have participated in the OG between 1896 and 2012 were included. The expected probability to win a medal in the OG was defined as the frequency of medallists among Olympians without any blood kinship in the OG. This expected probability was compared with the probability to win a medal for Olympians having a kinship (grandparent, aunt/uncle, parent, or siblings) with a former Olympian that was a (1) non-medallist or (2) medallist. The heritability of the genetically determined phenotype (h2) was assessed by probandwise concordance rates among dizygotic (DZ) and monozygotic (MZ) twins (n = 90). Results: The expected probability to win a medal in the OG was 20.4%. No significant difference of medal probability was found in the subgroups of Olympians with a Non-medallist kinship, except among siblings for whom this probability was lower: 13.3% (95% CI 11.2–14.8). The medal probability was significantly greater among Olympians having a kinship with a former Olympic Medallist: 44.4% for niece/nephew (33.7–54.2); 43.4% for offspring (37.4–48.6); 64.8% for siblings (61.2–68.8); 75.5% for DZ twins (63.3–86.6); and 85.7% for MZ twins (63.6–96.9); with significantly greater concordance between MZ than DZ (p = 0.01) and h2 estimated at 20.5%. Conclusion: Having a kinship with a former Olympic medallist is associated with a greater probability for an Olympian to also become a medallist, the closer an athlete is genetically to such kinship the greater this probability. Once in the OG, the genetic contribution to win a medal is estimated to be 20.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Antero
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Saulière
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Marck
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France.,EA 7329, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France.,CIMS, Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique, Hopitaux De Paris, Paris, France
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15
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Lulińska-Kuklik E, Rahim M, Domańska-Senderowska D, Ficek K, Michałowska-Sawczyn M, Moska W, Kaczmarczyk M, Brzeziański M, Brzeziańska-Lasota E, Cięszczyk P, September AV. Interactions between COL5A1 Gene and Risk of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture. J Hum Kinet 2018; 62:65-71. [PMID: 29922378 PMCID: PMC6006531 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen alpha-1(V) chain, encoded by the COL5A1 gene, plays a crucial role in abundant fibrillar collagens supporting many tissues in the body containing type I collagen and appears to regulate the association between heterotypic fibers composed of both type I and type V collagen occurring among others in muscles, tendons and ligaments. Taking this fact into consideration we decided to examine the association between COL5A1 rs12722 and rs13946 polymorphisms, individually and as inferred haplotypes, with anterior cruciate ligament rupture risk (ACLR) in professional soccer players. A total of 134 male professional soccer players with surgically diagnosed primary anterior cruciate ligament ruptures and 211 apparently healthy male professional soccer players, who were without any self-reported history of ligament or tendon injury, were included in the study. Both the cases and the healthy controls were recruited from the same soccer teams, of a similar age category, and had a comparable level of exposure to anterior cruciate ligament injury. Genomic DNA was extracted from oral epithelial cells using GenElute Mammalian Genomic DNA MiniprepKit. All samples were genotyped for the rs12722 and rs13946 polymorphisms using a Rotor-Gene realtime polymerase chain reaction. Statistically significant differences in the genotype frequencies for the COL5A1 rs13946 polymorphisms in dominant modes of inheritance occurred (p = 0.039). Statistically significant differences were documented only in the dominant model under the representation tendency of the C-C haplotype in the ACLR group compared to controls (p = 0.038). Our results suggest that variation in the COL5A1 gene may be one of the non-modifiable factors associated with the ACL injury in professional soccer players. The C-C rs12722-rs13946 haplotype provides a protective effect against the ACL tear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Lulińska-Kuklik
- Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Masouda Rahim
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daria Domańska-Senderowska
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Ficek
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.,Galen-Orthopaedics, Bierun, Poland
| | | | - Waldemar Moska
- Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarczyk
- Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland.,Pomeranian Medical University, Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Michał Brzeziański
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Brzeziańska-Lasota
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Cięszczyk
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alison V September
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Varley I, Patel S, Williams AG, Hennis PJ. The current use, and opinions of elite athletes and support staff in relation to genetic testing in elite sport within the UK. Biol Sport 2018; 35:13-19. [PMID: 30237657 PMCID: PMC6135972 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.70747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the current use of genetic testing in UK elite sport and assess how genetic testing might be received by those employed in elite sport. Seventy-two elite athletes and 95 support staff at UK sports clubs and governing bodies completed an online survey of 11 questions concerning their experience of genetic testing and beliefs regarding the use of genetic testing in sport. Genetic testing related to sports performance and injury susceptibility is conducted in UK elite sport, albeit by a relatively small proportion of athletes (≤17%) and support staff (≤8%). Athletes and their support staff agree that genetics are important in determining elite status (≥79%) and appear willing to engage in genetic testing for individualising training to improve sport performance and reduce injury risk. Opinion was divided on whether genetic information should be used to identify talented athletes and influence selection, eligibility or employment status. Genetic testing for sports performance and injury susceptibility occurs in UK elite sport, however it is not commonly conducted. There is a belief that genetics is an important factor in determining an athlete and there is a willingness to engage in genetic testing for sports performance and injury susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Varley
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Seema Patel
- Centre for Sports Law, Nottingham Law School, Nottingham Trent University, Goldsmith Street, Nottingham, NG1 5LP, UK
| | - Alun G. Williams
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe Green Road, Crewe, CW1 5DU, UK
| | - Philip J. Hennis
- Centre for Health, Exercise & Active Living (HEAL), Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe Green Road, Crewe, CW1 5DU, UK
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17
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Williams CJ, Williams MG, Eynon N, Ashton KJ, Little JP, Wisloff U, Coombes JS. Genes to predict VO 2max trainability: a systematic review. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:831. [PMID: 29143670 PMCID: PMC5688475 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) is an excellent predictor of chronic disease morbidity and mortality risk. Guidelines recommend individuals undertake exercise training to improve VO2max for chronic disease reduction. However, there are large inter-individual differences between exercise training responses. This systematic review is aimed at identifying genetic variants that are associated with VO2max trainability. Methods Peer-reviewed research papers published up until October 2016 from four databases were examined. Articles were included if they examined genetic variants, incorporated a supervised aerobic exercise intervention; and measured VO2max/VO2peak pre and post-intervention. Results Thirty-five articles describing 15 cohorts met the criteria for inclusion. The majority of studies used a cross-sectional retrospective design. Thirty-two studies researched candidate genes, two used Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), and one examined mRNA gene expression data, in addition to a GWAS. Across these studies, 97 genes to predict VO2max trainability were identified. Studies found phenotype to be dependent on several of these genotypes/variants, with higher responders to exercise training having more positive response alleles than lower responders (greater gene predictor score). Only 13 genetic variants were reproduced by more than two authors. Several other limitations were noted throughout these studies, including the robustness of significance for identified variants, small sample sizes, limited cohorts focused primarily on Caucasian populations, and minimal baseline data. These factors, along with differences in exercise training programs, diet and other environmental gene expression mediators, likely influence the ideal traits for VO2max trainability. Conclusion Ninety-seven genes have been identified as possible predictors of VO2max trainability. To verify the strength of these findings and to identify if there are more genetic variants and/or mediators, further tightly-controlled studies that measure a range of biomarkers across ethnicities are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla J Williams
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health (CRExPAH), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark G Williams
- Molecular Genetics Department, Mater Pathology, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, 8001, Australia.
| | - Kevin J Ashton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Canada
| | - Ulrik Wisloff
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health (CRExPAH), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Cardiac K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health (CRExPAH), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Eynon N, Voisin S, Lucia A, Wang G, Pitsiladis Y. Preface: genomics and biology of exercise is undergoing a paradigm shift. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:825. [PMID: 29143593 PMCID: PMC5688488 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nir Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Universidad Europea de Madrid and Research Institute Hospital 12 de octubre, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guan Wang
- Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
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19
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St Clair Gibson A, Swart J, Tucker R. The interaction of psychological and physiological homeostatic drives and role of general control principles in the regulation of physiological systems, exercise and the fatigue process – The Integrative Governor theory. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:25-36. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1321688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. St Clair Gibson
- Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - J. Swart
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R. Tucker
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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20
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Letter to the editor: A genetic-based algorithm for personalized resistance training. Biol Sport 2016; 34:31-33. [PMID: 28416894 PMCID: PMC5377557 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.63385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent paper entitled “A genetic-based algorithm for personalized resistance training”, Jones et al. [1] presented an algorithm of 15 performance-associated gene polymorphisms that they propose can determine an athlete’s training response by predicting power and endurance potential. However, from the design of their studies and the data provided, there is no evidence to support these authors’ assertions. Progress towards such a significant development in the field of sport and exercise genomics will require a paradigm shift in line with recent recommendations for international collaborations such as the Athlome Project (see www.athlomeconsortium.org). Large-scale initiatives, involving numerous multi-centre and well-phenotyped exercise training and elite performance cohorts, will be necessary before attempting to derive and replicate training and/or performance algorithms.
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21
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Coffey VG, Hawley JA. Concurrent exercise training: do opposites distract? J Physiol 2016; 595:2883-2896. [PMID: 27506998 DOI: 10.1113/jp272270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Specificity is a core principle of exercise training to promote the desired adaptations for maximising athletic performance. The principle of specificity of adaptation is underpinned by the volume, intensity, frequency and mode of contractile activity and is most evident when contrasting the divergent phenotypes that result after undertaking either prolonged endurance or resistance training. The molecular profiles that generate the adaptive response to different exercise modes have undergone intense scientific scrutiny. Given divergent exercise induces similar signalling and gene expression profiles in skeletal muscle of untrained or recreationally active individuals, what is currently unclear is how the specificity of the molecular response is modified by prior training history. The time course of adaptation and when 'phenotype specificity' occurs has important implications for exercise prescription. This context is essential when attempting to concomitantly develop resistance to fatigue (through endurance-based exercise) and increased muscle mass (through resistance-based exercise), typically termed 'concurrent training'. Chronic training studies provide robust evidence that endurance exercise can attenuate muscle hypertrophy and strength but the mechanistic underpinning of this 'interference' effect with concurrent training is unknown. Moreover, despite the potential for several key regulators of muscle metabolism to explain an incompatibility in adaptation between endurance and resistance exercise, it now seems likely that multiple integrated, rather than isolated, effectors or processes generate the interference effect. Here we review studies of the molecular responses in skeletal muscle and evidence for the interference effect with concurrent training within the context of the specificity of training adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon G Coffey
- Bond Institute of Health & Sport and Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4226, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria, 3065, Australia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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22
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Webborn N, Williams A, McNamee M, Bouchard C, Pitsiladis Y, Ahmetov I, Ashley E, Byrne N, Camporesi S, Collins M, Dijkstra P, Eynon N, Fuku N, Garton FC, Hoppe N, Holm S, Kaye J, Klissouras V, Lucia A, Maase K, Moran C, North KN, Pigozzi F, Wang G. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing for predicting sports performance and talent identification: Consensus statement. Br J Sports Med 2016; 49:1486-91. [PMID: 26582191 PMCID: PMC4680136 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The general consensus among sport and exercise genetics researchers is that genetic tests have no role to play in talent identification or the individualised prescription of training to maximise performance. Despite the lack of evidence, recent years have witnessed the rise of an emerging market of direct-to-consumer marketing (DTC) tests that claim to be able to identify children's athletic talents. Targeted consumers include mainly coaches and parents. There is concern among the scientific community that the current level of knowledge is being misrepresented for commercial purposes. There remains a lack of universally accepted guidelines and legislation for DTC testing in relation to all forms of genetic testing and not just for talent identification. There is concern over the lack of clarity of information over which specific genes or variants are being tested and the almost universal lack of appropriate genetic counselling for the interpretation of the genetic data to consumers. Furthermore independent studies have identified issues relating to quality control by DTC laboratories with different results being reported from samples from the same individual. Consequently, in the current state of knowledge, no child or young athlete should be exposed to DTC genetic testing to define or alter training or for talent identification aimed at selecting gifted children or adolescents. Large scale collaborative projects, may help to develop a stronger scientific foundation on these issues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Webborn
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Alun Williams
- MMU Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK
| | - Mike McNamee
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Ildus Ahmetov
- Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia
| | - Euan Ashley
- Clinical Genomics Service, Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Nuala Byrne
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Silvia Camporesi
- Department of Social Science, Health & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Malcolm Collins
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul Dijkstra
- Aspetar-Qatar Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Noriyuki Fuku
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fleur C Garton
- Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Søren Holm
- School of Law, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jane Kaye
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Centre for Health, Law and Emerging Technologies, University of Oxford, Headington, UK
| | | | - Alejandro Lucia
- Universidad Europea and Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kamiel Maase
- Elite Sport Unit, Netherlands Olympic Committee * Netherlands Sports Confederation (NOC*NSF), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Colin Moran
- Physiological Epigenetics Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Kathryn N North
- Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fabio Pigozzi
- International Federation of Sports Medicine, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guan Wang
- FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
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23
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Peplonska B, Adamczyk JG, Siewierski M, Safranow K, Maruszak A, Sozanski H, Gajewski AK, Zekanowski C. Genetic variants associated with physical and mental characteristics of the elite athletes in the Polish population. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:788-800. [PMID: 27140937 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess whether selected genetic variants are associated with elite athlete performance in a group of 413 elite athletes and 451 sedentary controls. Polymorphisms in ACE, ACTN3, AGT, NRF-2, PGC1A, PPARG, and TFAM implicated in physical performance traits were analyzed. Additionally, polymorphisms in CHRNB3 and FAAH coding for proteins modulating activity of brain's emotion centers were included. The results of univariate analyses indicated that the elite athletic performance is associated with four polymorphisms: ACE (rs4341, P = 0.0095), NRF-2 (rs12594956, P = 0.011), TFAM (rs2306604, P = 0.049), and FAAH (rs324420, P = 0.0041). The multivariate analysis adjusted for age and gender confirmed this association. The higher number of ACE D alleles (P = 0.0021) and the presence of NRF-2 rs12594956 A allele (P = 0.0067) are positive predictors, whereas TFAM rs2306604 GG genotype (P = 0.031) and FAAH rs324420 AA genotype (P = 0.0084) negatively affect the elite athletic performance. The CHRNB3 variant (rs4950, G allele) is significantly more frequent in the endurance athletes compared with the power ones (P = 0.025). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of rs4950 G allele contributes to endurance performance (P = 0.0047). Our results suggest that genetic inheritance of psychological traits should be taken into consideration while trying to decipher a genetic profile of top athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Peplonska
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - J G Adamczyk
- Department of Sport's Theory, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.,Department of Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy Division, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - M Siewierski
- Department of Sport's Theory, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - K Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Maruszak
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.,Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - H Sozanski
- Department of Sport's Theory, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - A K Gajewski
- Department of Sport's Theory, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - C Zekanowski
- Department of Sport's Theory, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
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24
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Lopez-Leon S, Tuvblad C, Forero DA. Sports genetics: the PPARA gene and athletes' high ability in endurance sports. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sport 2015; 33:3-6. [PMID: 26985127 PMCID: PMC4786580 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1180170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was performed with the aim of re-evaluating the role of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARA) gene intron 7 G/C polymorphism (rs4253778) in athletes’ high ability in endurance sports. Design: A meta-analysis of case control studies assessing the association between the G/C polymorphisms of the PPARA gene and endurance sports was conducted. The Cochrane Review Manager software was used to compare the genotype and allele frequencies between endurance athletes and controls to determine whether a genetic variant is more common in athletes than in the general population. Five studies, encompassing 760 endurance athletes and 1792 controls, fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The pooled odds ratio (and confidence intervals, CIs) for the G allele compared to the C allele was 1.65 (95% CI 1.39-1.96). The pooled OR for the GG genotype compared to the GC genotype was 1.79 (95% CI 1.44-2.22), and for the GG genotype compared to the CC genotype 2.37 (95% CI 1.40-3.99). There was no evidence of heterogeneity (I2 =0%) or of publication bias. Athletes with high ability in endurance sports had a higher frequency of the GG genotype and G allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lopez-Leon
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover NJ, USA
| | - C Tuvblad
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, USA; School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Sweden
| | - D A Forero
- Laboratory of NeuroPsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
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25
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Landers JG, Esch T. Sport physiology, dopamine and nitric oxide - Some speculations and hypothesis generation. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:905-9. [PMID: 26474929 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Elite Spanish professional soccer players surprisingly showed a preponderance of an allele coding for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) that resulted in lower nitric oxide (NO) compared with Spanish endurance and power athletes and sedentary men. The present paper attempts a speculative explanation. Soccer is an "externally-paced" (EP) sport and team work dependent, requiring "executive function skills". We accept that time interval estimation skill is, in part, also an executive skill. Dopamine (DA) is prominent among the neurotransmitters with a role in such skills. Polymorphisms affecting dopamine (especially DRD2/ANKK1-Taq1a which leads to lower density of dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum, leading to increased striatal dopamine synthesis) and COMT val 158 met (which prolongs the action of dopamine in the cortex) feature both in the time interval estimation and the executive skills literatures. Our paper may be a pioneering attempt to stimulate empirical efforts to show how genotypes among soccer players may be connected via neurotransmitters to certain cognitive abilities that predict sporting success, perhaps also in some other externally-paced team sports. Graphing DA levels against time interval estimation accuracy and also against certain executive skills reveals an inverted-U relationship. A pathway from DA, via endogenous morphine and mu3 receptors on endothelia, to the generation of NO in tiny quantities has been demonstrated. Exercise up-regulates DA and this pathway. With somewhat excessive exercise, negative feedback from NO down-regulates DA, hypothetically keeping it near the peak of the inverted-U. Other research, not yet done on higher animals or humans, shows NO "fine-tuning" movement. We speculate that Caucasian men, playing soccer recreationally, would exemplify the above pattern and their nitric oxide synthase (NOS) would reflect the norm of their community, whereas professional players of soccer and perhaps other EP sports, with DA boosted by very frequent and intense practice and extra stress from public scrutiny, would potentially have their negative feedback system overwhelmed, were it not that many of them carry the C allele of the NOS3-786T/C polymorphism. Then, even very high DA would not result in so much NO as to shut the system down. We add some evolutionary speculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Esch
- Division of Integrative Health Promotion, Coburg University of Applied Sciences, Coburg, Germany; Institute for General Medicine, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York, College at Old Westbury, New York, USA
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Kikuchi N, Miyamoto-Mikami E, Murakami H, Nakamura T, Min SK, Mizuno M, Naito H, Miyachi M, Nakazato K, Fuku N. ACTN3 R577X genotype and athletic performance in a large cohort of Japanese athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 16:694-701. [PMID: 26324221 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1071879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Recent meta-analyses of the literature confirmed the association between the RR+RX genotype of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and elite sprint/power athletic status in Europeans but not in Asians and Africans, while the association between the R577X genotype and elite endurance athlete status is less convincing. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the ACTN3 R577X genotype and elite athlete status in a large Asian (Japanese) cohort of track and field athletes. METHODS One-thousand fifty-seven Japanese track and field athletes (627 sprint/power athletes and 430 endurance athletes) and 810 Japanese controls were genotyped for the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) by using the TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assay. RESULTS Elite sprint/power athletes had a higher frequency of the RR+RX genotype than the controls (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.16-2.18; P = .003). A significant linear correlation was found between the RR + RX genotype and athlete status (i.e. regional < national < international) in sprint/power athletes (regional: 71%, national: 81%, international: 84%; P = .001 for trend) and long-distance runners (regional: 65%, national: 72%, international: 82%; P = .030 for trend). CONCLUSIONS The data obtained for this large Asian (Japanese) cohort of track and field athletes served to confirm the association between the RR + RX genotype of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and elite sprint/power athlete status and also the association between the ACTN3 RR + RX genotype and long-distance running athletic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kikuchi
- a Sports Training Center , Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Eri Miyamoto-Mikami
- b Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Shiga , Japan.,c Japan Society for the Promotion of Science , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Haruka Murakami
- d Department of Health Promotion and Exercise , National Institute of Health and Nutrition , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakamura
- e Graduate School of Health and Sports Science , Juntendo University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Seok-Ki Min
- f Korea Institute of Sport Science , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Masuhiko Mizuno
- g Department of Physical Education , Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- e Graduate School of Health and Sports Science , Juntendo University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- d Department of Health Promotion and Exercise , National Institute of Health and Nutrition , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- h Department of Health and Medicine , Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Noriyuki Fuku
- e Graduate School of Health and Sports Science , Juntendo University , Chiba , Japan
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Dos Santos FK, Nevill A, Gomes TNQF, Chaves R, Daca T, Madeira A, Katzmarzyk PT, Prista A, Maia JAR. Differences in motor performance between children and adolescents in Mozambique and Portugal: impact of allometric scaling. Ann Hum Biol 2015. [PMID: 26207594 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2015.1024738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children from developed and developing countries have different anthropometric characteristics which may affect their motor performance (MP). AIM To use the allometric approach to model the relationship between body size and MP in youth from two countries differing in socio-economic status-Portugal and Mozambique. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 2946 subjects, 1280 Mozambicans (688 girls) and 1666 Portuguese (826 girls), aged 10-15 years were sampled. Height and weight were measured and the reciprocal ponderal index (RPI) was computed. MP included handgrip strength, 1-mile run/walk, curl-ups and standing long jump tests. A multiplicative allometric model was adopted to adjust for body size differences across countries. RESULTS Differences in MP between Mozambican and Portuguese children exist, invariably favouring the latter. The allometric models used to adjust MP for differences in body size identified the optimal body shape to be either the RPI or even more linear, i.e. approximately (height/mass(0.25)). Having adjusted the MP variables for differences in body size, the differences between Mozambican and Portuguese children were invariably reduced and, in the case of grip strength, reversed. CONCLUSION These results reinforce the notion that significant differences exist in MP across countries, even after adjusting for differences in body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Karina Dos Santos
- a CIFI2D, Kinanthropometry Lab, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal .,b CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil , Brasília - DF , Brazil
| | - Allan Nevill
- c School of Sport, Performing Arts and Leisure, University of Wolverhampton , Walsall , UK
| | | | - Raquel Chaves
- d Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UFTFPR), Campus Curitiba , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Timóteo Daca
- e Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Pedagogical University , Maputo , Mozambique , and
| | - Aspacia Madeira
- e Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Pedagogical University , Maputo , Mozambique , and
| | - Peter T Katzmarzyk
- f Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - António Prista
- e Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Pedagogical University , Maputo , Mozambique , and
| | - José A R Maia
- a CIFI2D, Kinanthropometry Lab, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Antero-Jacquemin J, Rey G, Marc A, Dor F, Haïda A, Marck A, Berthelot G, Calmat A, Latouche A, Toussaint JF. Mortality in female and male French Olympians: a 1948-2013 cohort study. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43:1505-12. [PMID: 25813868 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515574691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas intense physical activity has been associated with deleterious effects on elite athletes' health, in particular due to cardiovascular anomalies, long-term follow-ups have suggested lower mortality rates among elite athletes. Causes of death for French Olympic athletes and female elite athletes have not been studied. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE We aimed to measure overall and disease-specific mortality of French female and male Olympians compared with the French general population. We hypothesize that Olympians, both women and men, have lower mortality rates. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS French elite athletes (601 women and 1802 men) participating in summer or winter Olympic Games from 1948 to 2010 had their vital status verified by national sources and were followed until 2013. Causes of death were obtained via the National Death registry from 1968 to 2012. Overall and disease-specific mortalities of Olympians were compared with those of the French general population through standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% CIs. Olympians' observed and expected survivals were illustrated by Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS At the endpoint of the study, 13 women and 222 men had died. Overall mortality in Olympians compared with that of their compatriots was 51% lower (SMR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.26-0.85) among women and 49% lower (SMR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.45-0.59) among men. Olympic athletes' survival is significantly superior to that of the French general population (women, P = .03; men, P < .001). According to the total deaths occurring from 1968 to 2012 (12 among women, 202 among men), female Olympians died from neoplasm (50.0%), external causes (33.3%), and cardiovascular diseases (16.6%). The main causes of death among men were related to neoplasms (36.1%), cardiovascular diseases (24.3%), and external causes (14.4%). Regarding the main causes of mortality among male Olympic athletes, the SMRs were as follows: 0.55 for neoplasms (95% CI, 0.43-0.69), 0.55 for cardiovascular diseases (95% CI, 0.41-0.73), and 0.66 for external causes (95% CI, 0.44-0.94). CONCLUSION French Olympians live longer than their compatriots: A lower overall mortality of similar magnitude is observed among male and female athletes compared with the general population. The main causes of death in French Olympians are neoplasms, cardiovascular diseases, and external causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Antero-Jacquemin
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Rey
- INSERM, Centre for Epidemiology on Medical Causes of Death (CépiDc), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Andy Marc
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Dor
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Amal Haïda
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France Université de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Adrien Marck
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Geoffroy Berthelot
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Alain Calmat
- Comité National Olympique Sportif Français (CNOSF), Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France Centre d'investigations en médécine du sport (CIMS), Paris, France
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Goodlin GT, Roos AK, Roos TR, Hawkins C, Beache S, Baur S, Kim SK. Applying personal genetic data to injury risk assessment in athletes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122676. [PMID: 25919592 PMCID: PMC4412532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified genetic markers associated with risk for certain sports-related injuries and performance-related conditions, with the hope that these markers could be used by individual athletes to personalize their training and diet regimens. We found that we could greatly expand the knowledge base of sports genetic information by using published data originally found in health and disease studies. For example, the results from large genome-wide association studies for low bone mineral density in elderly women can be re-purposed for low bone mineral density in young endurance athletes. In total, we found 124 single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with: anterior cruciate ligament tear, Achilles tendon injury, low bone mineral density and stress fracture, osteoarthritis, vitamin/mineral deficiencies, and sickle cell trait. Of these single nucleotide polymorphisms, 91% have not previously been used in sports genetics. We conducted a pilot program on fourteen triathletes using this expanded knowledge base of genetic variants associated with sports injury. These athletes were genotyped and educated about how their individual genetic make-up affected their personal risk profile during an hour-long personal consultation. Overall, participants were favorable of the program, found it informative, and most acted upon their genetic results. This pilot program shows that recent genetic research provides valuable information to help reduce sports injuries and to optimize nutrition. There are many genetic studies for health and disease that can be mined to provide useful information to athletes about their individual risk for relevant injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle T Goodlin
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
| | - Andrew K Roos
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
| | - Thomas R Roos
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
| | - Claire Hawkins
- Department of Human Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
| | - Sydney Beache
- Department of Human Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
| | - Stephen Baur
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
| | - Stuart K Kim
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
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30
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Abstract
Understanding the genetic architecture of athletic performance is an important step in the development of methods for talent identification in sport. Research concerned with molecular predictors has highlighted a number of potentially important DNA polymorphisms contributing to predisposition to success in certain types of sport. This review summarizes the evidence and mechanistic insights on the associations between DNA polymorphisms and athletic performance. A literature search (period: 1997-2014) revealed that at least 120 genetic markers are linked to elite athlete status (77 endurance-related genetic markers and 43 power/strength-related genetic markers). Notably, 11 (9%) of these genetic markers (endurance markers: ACE I, ACTN3 577X, PPARA rs4253778 G, PPARGC1A Gly482; power/strength markers: ACE D, ACTN3 Arg577, AMPD1 Gln12, HIF1A 582Ser, MTHFR rs1801131 C, NOS3 rs2070744 T, PPARG 12Ala) have shown positive associations with athlete status in three or more studies, and six markers (CREM rs1531550 A, DMD rs939787 T, GALNT13 rs10196189 G, NFIA-AS1 rs1572312 C, RBFOX1 rs7191721 G, TSHR rs7144481 C) were identified after performing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of African-American, Jamaican, Japanese, and Russian athletes. On the other hand, the significance of 29 (24%) markers was not replicated in at least one study. Future research including multicenter GWAS, whole-genome sequencing, epigenetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic profiling and performing meta-analyses in large cohorts of athletes is needed before these findings can be extended to practice in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildus I Ahmetov
- Sport Technology Research Center, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Olga N Fedotovskaya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Thomson CJ, Power RJ, Carlson SR, Rupert JL, Michel G. A comparison of genetic variants between proficient low- and high-risk sport participants. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:1861-70. [PMID: 25751253 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1020841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Athletes participating in high-risk sports consistently report higher scores on sensation-seeking measures than do low-risk athletes or non-athletic controls. To determine whether genetic variants commonly associated with sensation seeking were over-represented in such athletes, proficient practitioners of high-risk (n = 141) and low-risk sports (n = 132) were compared for scores on sensation seeking and then genotyped at 33 polymorphic loci in 14 candidate genes. As expected, athletes participating in high-risk sports score higher on sensation seeking than did low-risk sport athletes (P < .01). Genotypes were associated with high-risk sport participation for two genes (stathmin, (P = .004) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (P = .03)) as well as when demographically matched subsets of the sport cohorts were compared (P < .05); however, in all cases, associations did not survive correction for multiple testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J Thomson
- a School of Kinesiology , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
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32
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Ahmetov I, Kulemin N, Popov D, Naumov V, Akimov E, Bravy Y, Egorova E, Galeeva A, Generozov E, Kostryukova E, Larin A, Mustafina L, Ospanova E, Pavlenko A, Starnes L, Żmijewski P, Alexeev D, Vinogradova O, Govorun V. Genome-wide association study identifies three novel genetic markers associated with elite endurance performance. Biol Sport 2014; 32:3-9. [PMID: 25729143 PMCID: PMC4314597 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1124568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the association between multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), aerobic performance and elite endurance athlete status in Russians. By using GWAS approach, we examined the association between 1,140,419 SNPs and relative maximal oxygen consumption rate (V.O2max) in 80 international-level Russian endurance athletes (46 males and 34 females). To validate obtained results, we further performed case-control studies by comparing the frequencies of the most significant SNPs (with P < 10−5-10−8) between 218 endurance athletes and opposite cohorts (192 Russian controls, 1367 European controls, and 230 Russian power athletes). Initially, six ‘endurance alleles’ were identified showing discrete associations with V.O2max both in males and females. Next, case-control studies resulted in remaining three SNPs (NFIA-AS2 rs1572312, TSHR rs7144481, RBFOX1 rs7191721) associated with endurance athlete status. The C allele of the most significant SNP, rs1572312, was associated with high values of V.O2max (males: P = 0.0051; females: P = 0.0005). Furthermore, the frequency of the rs1572312 C allele was significantly higher in elite endurance athletes (95.5%) in comparison with non-elite endurance athletes (89.8%, P = 0.0257), Russian (88.8%, P = 0.007) and European (90.6%, P = 0.0197) controls and power athletes (86.2%, P = 0.0005). The rs1572312 SNP is located on the nuclear factor I A antisense RNA 2 (NFIA-AS2) gene which is supposed to regulate the expression of the NFIA gene (encodes transcription factor involved in activation of erythropoiesis and repression of the granulopoiesis). Our data show that the NFIA-AS2 rs1572312, TSHR rs7144481 and RBFOX1 rs7191721 polymorphisms are associated with aerobic performance and elite endurance athlete status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ii Ahmetov
- Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Sport Technology Research Centre, Kazan, Russia ; Kazan State Medical University, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan, Russia ; Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Na Kulemin
- Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Moscow, Russia ; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Dv Popov
- SSC RF Institute for Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Va Naumov
- Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eb Akimov
- Centre for Sports Innovation Technologies and National Teams of the Moscow Department of Physical Culture and Sport, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yr Bravy
- SSC RF Institute for Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Es Egorova
- Kazan State Medical University, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan, Russia
| | - Aa Galeeva
- Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Sport Technology Research Centre, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ev Generozov
- Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Es Kostryukova
- Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ak Larin
- Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lj Mustafina
- Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Sport Technology Research Centre, Kazan, Russia ; Kazan State Medical University, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ea Ospanova
- Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Av Pavlenko
- Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lm Starnes
- University of Copenhagen, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Żmijewski
- Institute of Sport, Department of Physiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dg Alexeev
- Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ol Vinogradova
- SSC RF Institute for Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vm Govorun
- Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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Mustafina LJ, Naumov VA, Cieszczyk P, Popov DV, Lyubaeva EV, Kostryukova ES, Fedotovskaya ON, Druzhevskaya AM, Astratenkova IV, Glotov AS, Alexeev DG, Mustafina MM, Egorova ES, Maciejewska-Karłowska A, Larin AK, Generozov EV, Nurullin RE, Jastrzębski Z, Kulemin NA, Ospanova EA, Pavlenko AV, Sawczuk M, Akimov EB, Danilushkina AA, Zmijewski P, Vinogradova OL, Govorun VM, Ahmetov II. AGTR2 gene polymorphism is associated with muscle fibre composition, athletic status and aerobic performance. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:1042-52. [PMID: 24887114 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.079335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Muscle fibre type is a heritable trait and can partly predict athletic success. It has been proposed that polymorphisms of genes involved in the regulation of muscle fibre characteristics may predispose the muscle precursor cells of a given individual to be predominantly fast or slow. In the present study, we examined the association between 15 candidate gene polymorphisms and muscle fibre type composition of the vastus lateralis muscle in 55 physically active, healthy men. We found that rs11091046 C allele carriers of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor gene (AGTR2; involved in skeletal muscle development, metabolism and circulatory homeostasis) had a significantly higher percentage of slow-twitch fibres than A allele carriers [54.2 (11.1) versus 45.2 (10.2)%; P = 0.003]. These data indicate that 15.2% of the variation in muscle fibre composition of the vastus lateralis muscle can be explained by the AGTR2 genotype. Next, we investigated the frequencies of the AGTR2 alleles in 2178 Caucasian athletes and 1220 control subjects. The frequency of the AGTR2 C allele was significantly higher in male and female endurance athletes compared with power athletes (males, 62.7 versus 51.7%, P = 0.0038; females, 56.6 versus 48.1%, P = 0.0169) and control subjects (males, 62.7 versus 51.0%, P = 0.0006; elite female athletes, 65.1 versus 55.2%, P = 0.0488). Furthermore, the frequency of the AGTR2 A allele was significantly over-represented in female power athletes (51.9%) in comparison to control subjects (44.8%, P = 0.0069). We also found that relative maximal oxygen consumption was significantly greater in male endurance athletes with the AGTR2 C allele compared with AGTR2 A allele carriers [n = 28; 62.3 (4.4) versus 57.4 (6.0) ml min(-1) kg(-1); P = 0.0197]. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the AGTR2 gene C allele is associated with an increased proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibres, endurance athlete status and aerobic performance, while the A allele is associated with a higher percentage of fast-twitch fibres and power-oriented disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leysan J Mustafina
- Sport Technology Research Centre, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Pawel Cieszczyk
- Department of Tourism and Recreation, Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Daniil V Popov
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, SSC RF Institute for Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Lyubaeva
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, SSC RF Institute for Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Olga N Fedotovskaya
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasiya M Druzhevskaya
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina V Astratenkova
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Dmitry G Alexeev
- Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Emiliya S Egorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Andrey K Larin
- Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ruslan E Nurullin
- Sport Technology Research Centre, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia
| | - Zbigniew Jastrzębski
- Department of Tourism and Recreation, Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Elena A Ospanova
- Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Marek Sawczuk
- Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Egor B Akimov
- Centre for Sports Innovation Technologies and National Teams of the Moscow Department of Physical Culture and Sport, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Danilushkina
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Piotr Zmijewski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga L Vinogradova
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, SSC RF Institute for Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim M Govorun
- Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Sport Technology Research Centre, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia
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Voisin S, Cieszczyk P, Pushkarev VP, Dyatlov DA, Vashlyayev BF, Shumaylov VA, Maciejewska-Karlowska A, Sawczuk M, Skuza L, Jastrzebski Z, Bishop DJ, Eynon N. EPAS1 gene variants are associated with sprint/power athletic performance in two cohorts of European athletes. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:382. [PMID: 24884370 PMCID: PMC4035083 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1) activates genes that are involved in erythropoiesis and angiogenesis, thus favoring a better delivery of oxygen to the tissues and is a plausible candidate to influence athletic performance. Using innovative statistical methods we compared genotype distributions and interactions of EPAS1 SNPs rs1867785, rs11689011, rs895436, rs4035887 and rs1867782 between sprint/power athletes (n=338), endurance athletes (n=254), and controls (603) in Polish and Russian samples. We also examined the association between these SNPs and the athletes' competition level ('elite' and 'sub-elite' level). Genotyping was performed by either Real-Time PCR or by Single-Base Extension (SBE) method. RESULTS In the pooled cohort of Polish and Russian athletes, 1) rs1867785 was associated with sprint/power athletic status; the AA genotype in rs1867785 was underrepresented in the sprint/power athletes, 2) rs11689011 was also associated with sprint/power athletic status; the TT genotype in rs11689011 was underrepresented sprint/power athletes, and 3) the interaction between rs1867785, rs11689011, and rs4035887 was associated with sprint/power athletic performance; the combinations of the AA genotype in rs4035887 with either the AG or GG genotypes in rs1867785, or with the CT or CC genotypes in rs11689011, were underrepresented in two cohorts of sprint/power athletes. CONCLUSIONS Based on the unique statistical model rs1867785/rs11689011 are strong predictors of sprint/power athletic status, and the interaction between rs1867785, rs11689011, and rs4035887 might contribute to success in sprint/power athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Voisin
- />Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pawel Cieszczyk
- />Department of Tourism and Recreation, Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
- />Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Dmitry A Dyatlov
- />Ural State University of Physical Culture, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Marek Sawczuk
- />Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Lidia Skuza
- />Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Jastrzebski
- />Department of Tourism and Recreation, Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - David J Bishop
- />Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- />Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- />Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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