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Wang J, Wu Z, Hong S, Ye H, Zhang Y, Lin Q, Chen Z, Zheng L, Qin J. Cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation for improving balance capacity and activity of daily living in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:205. [PMID: 38879485 PMCID: PMC11179288 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in stroke patients has received increasing attention due to its neuromodulation mechanisms. However, studies on the effect and safety of cerebellar TMS to improve balance capacity and activity of daily living (ADL) for stroke patients are limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect and safety of cerebellar TMS on balance capacity and ADL in stroke patients. METHOD A systematic search of seven electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang and Chinese Scientific Journal) were conducted from their inception to October 20, 2023. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of cerebellar TMS on balance capacity and/or ADL in stroke patients were enrolled. The quality of included studies were assessed by Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. RESULTS A total of 13 studies involving 542 participants were eligible. The pooled results from 8 studies with 357 participants showed that cerebellar TMS could significantly improve the post-intervention Berg balance scale (BBS) score (MD = 4.24, 95%CI = 2.19 to 6.29, P < 0.00001; heterogeneity, I2 = 74%, P = 0.0003). The pooled results from 4 studies with 173 participants showed that cerebellar TMS could significantly improve the post-intervention Time Up and Go (TUG) (MD=-1.51, 95%CI=-2.8 to -0.22, P = 0.02; heterogeneity, I2 = 0%, P = 0.41). The pooled results from 6 studies with 280 participants showed that cerebellar TMS could significantly improve the post-intervention ADL (MD = 7.75, 95%CI = 4.33 to 11.17, P < 0.00001; heterogeneity, I2 = 56%, P = 0.04). The subgroup analysis showed that cerebellar TMS could improve BBS post-intervention and ADL post-intervention for both subacute and chronic stage stroke patients. Cerebellar high frequency TMS could improve BBS post-intervention and ADL post-intervention. Cerebellar TMS could still improve BBS post-intervention and ADL post-intervention despite of different cerebellar TMS sessions (less and more than 10 TMS sessions), different total cerebellar TMS pulse per week (less and more than 4500 pulse/week), and different cerebellar TMS modes (repetitive TMS and Theta Burst Stimulation). None of the studies reported severe adverse events except mild side effects in three studies. CONCLUSIONS Cerebellar TMS is an effective and safe technique for improving balance capacity and ADL in stroke patients. Further larger-sample, higher-quality, and longer follow-up RCTs are needed to explore the more reliable evidence of cerebellar TMS in the balance capacity and ADL, and clarify potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Zhisheng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Quan Zhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, China
| | - Honghong Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Qiuxiang Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Zehuang Chen
- Huada Street Community Health Service Center, Quanzhou, China
| | - Liling Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.
| | - Jiawei Qin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.
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Voerman S, Broersen R, Swagemakers SMA, De Zeeuw CI, van der Spek PJ. Plasticity mechanisms of genetically distinct Purkinje cells. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2400008. [PMID: 38697917 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite its uniform appearance, the cerebellar cortex is highly heterogeneous in terms of structure, genetics and physiology. Purkinje cells (PCs), the principal and sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, can be categorized into multiple populations that differentially express molecular markers and display distinctive physiological features. Such features include action potential rate, but also their propensity for synaptic and intrinsic plasticity. However, the precise molecular and genetic factors that correlate with the differential physiological properties of PCs remain elusive. In this article, we provide a detailed overview of the cellular mechanisms that regulate PC activity and plasticity. We further perform a pathway analysis to highlight how molecular characteristics of specific PC populations may influence their physiology and plasticity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Voerman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Broersen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid M A Swagemakers
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Xia Y, Wang M, Zhu Y. The Effect of Cerebellar rTMS on Modulating Motor Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders: a Systematic Review. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:954-972. [PMID: 36018543 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of cerebellar repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on motor dysfunction in patients with neurological disorders has received increasing attention because of its potential for neuromodulation. However, studies on the neuromodulatory effects, parameters, and safety of rTMS implementation in the cerebellum to alleviate motor dysfunction are limited. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of cerebellar rTMS treatment for motor dysfunction caused by neurological disorders and to review popular stimulation parameters. Five electronic databases-Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Embase-were searched for relevant research published from inception to July 2022. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that reported the effects of cerebellar rTMS combined with behavioral rating scales on motor dysfunction were eligible for enrollment. Additionally, reference lists of the enrolled studies were manually checked. Among 1156 articles screened, 21 RCTs with 666 subjects were included. rTMS conducted on the cerebellum showed an improvement in stroke (spasticity, balance, and gait), cervical dystonia, Parkinson's disease (tremor), cerebellar ataxia, and essential tremor but not in multiple sclerosis. The 8-shaped coil with a diameter of 70 mm was determined as the most common therapeutic choice. None of the studies reported severe adverse events except mild side effects in three. Therefore, rTMS appears to be a promising and safe technique for the treatment of motor dysfunction, targeting the cerebellum to induce motor behavioral improvement. Further rigorous RCTs, including more samples and longer follow-up periods, are required to precisely explore the effective stimulation parameters and possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Xia
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, No. 200 Hengren Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingqi Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, No. 200 Hengren Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulian Zhu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, No. 200 Hengren Road, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Jing'an District, No. 12 Wulumuqi road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Sclip A, Südhof TC. Combinatorial expression of neurexins and LAR-type phosphotyrosine phosphatase receptors instructs assembly of a cerebellar circuit. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4976. [PMID: 37591863 PMCID: PMC10435579 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic adhesion molecules (SAMs) shape the structural and functional properties of synapses and thereby control the information processing power of neural circuits. SAMs are broadly expressed in the brain, suggesting that they may instruct synapse formation and specification via a combinatorial logic. Here, we generate sextuple conditional knockout mice targeting all members of the two major families of presynaptic SAMs, Neurexins and leukocyte common antigen-related-type receptor phospho-tyrosine phosphatases (LAR-PTPRs), which together account for the majority of known trans-synaptic complexes. Using synapses formed by cerebellar Purkinje cells onto deep cerebellar nuclei as a model system, we confirm that Neurexins and LAR-PTPRs themselves are not essential for synapse assembly. The combinatorial deletion of both neurexins and LAR-PTPRs, however, decreases Purkinje-cell synapses on deep cerebellar nuclei, the major output pathway of cerebellar circuits. Consistent with this finding, combined but not separate deletions of neurexins and LAR-PTPRs impair motor behaviors. Thus, Neurexins and LAR-PTPRs are together required for the assembly of a functional cerebellar circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sclip
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Geminiani A, Mockevicius A, D'Angelo E, Casellato C. Cerebellum involvement in dystonia: insights from a spiking neural network model during associative learning. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:5132-5135. [PMID: 36086302 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures. This complex brain disease has usually been associated with damages to the Basal Ganglia. However, recent studies point out the potential role of the cerebellum. Indeed, motor learning is impaired in dystonic patients, e.g. during eyeblink classical conditioning, a typical cerebellum-driven associative learning protocol, and rodents with local cerebellar damages exhibit dystonic movements. Alterations in the olivocerebellar circuit connectivity have been identified as a potential neural substrate of dystonia. Here, we investigated this hypothesis through simulations of eyeblink conditioning driven by a realistic spiking model of the cerebellum. The pathological model was generated by decreasing the signal transmission from the Inferior Olive to cerebellar cortex, as observed in animal experiments. The model was able to reproduce a reduced acquisition of eyeblink motor responses, with also an unproper timing. Indeed, this pathway is fundamental to drive cerebellar cortical plasticity, which is the basis of cerebellum-driven motor learning. Exploring different levels of damage, the model predicted the possible amount of underlying impairment associated with the misbehavior observed in patients. Simulations of other debated lesions reported in mouse models of dystonia will be run to investigate the cerebellar involvement in different types of dystonia. Indeed, the eyeblink conditioning phenotype could be used to discriminate between them, identifying specific deficits in the generation of motor responses. Future studies will also include simulations of pharmacological or deep brain stimulation treatments targeting the cerebellum, to predict their impact in improving symptoms.
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Li GG, Piao CJ, Wan P, Li SY, Wei YX, Zhao GJ, Wu WY, Hong L, Chu CP, Qiu DL. Opposing actions of CRF-R1 and CB1 receptor on facial stimulation-induced MLI-PC plasticity in mouse cerebellar cortex. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:39. [PMID: 35754033 PMCID: PMC9235104 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the major neuromodulator orchestrating the stress response, and is secreted by neurons in various regions of the brain. Cerebellar CRF is released by afferents from inferior olivary neurons and other brainstem nuclei in response to stressful challenges, and contributes to modulation of synaptic plasticity and motor learning behavior via its receptors. We recently found that CRF modulates facial stimulation-evoked molecular layer interneuron-Purkinje cell (MLI-PC) synaptic transmission via CRF type 1 receptor (CRF-R1) in vivo in mice, suggesting that CRF modulates sensory stimulation-evoked MLI-PC synaptic plasticity. However, the mechanism of how CRF modulates MLI-PC synaptic plasticity is unclear. We investigated the effect of CRF on facial stimulation-evoked MLI-PC long-term depression (LTD) in urethane-anesthetized mice by cell-attached recording technique and pharmacological methods. RESULTS Facial stimulation at 1 Hz induced LTD of MLI-PC synaptic transmission under control conditions, but not in the presence of CRF (100 nM). The CRF-abolished MLI-PC LTD was restored by application of a selective CRF-R1 antagonist, BMS-763,534 (200 nM), but it was not restored by application of a selective CRF-R2 antagonist, antisauvagine-30 (200 nM). Blocking cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor abolished the facial stimulation-induced MLI-PC LTD, and revealed a CRF-triggered MLI-PC long-term potentiation (LTP) via CRF-R1. Notably, either inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) with chelerythrine (5 µM) or depletion of intracellular Ca2+ with cyclopiazonic acid (100 µM), completely prevented CRF-triggered MLI-PC LTP in mouse cerebellar cortex in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicated that CRF blocked sensory stimulation-induced opioid-dependent MLI-PC LTD by triggering MLI-PC LTP through CRF-R1/PKC and intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathway in mouse cerebellar cortex. These results suggest that activation of CRF-R1 opposes opioid-mediated cerebellar MLI-PC plasticity in vivo in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Gao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China.,Department of Osteology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Chun-Jian Piao
- Grade 2019 College Students Major in Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin, China
| | - Shu-Yu Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Wei
- Grade 2019 College Students Major in Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhao
- Grade 2019 College Students Major in Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Wu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Lan Hong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China.
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China.,Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China. .,Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin, China.
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7
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Gagliano G, Monteverdi A, Casali S, Laforenza U, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott CAM, D’Angelo E, Mapelli L. Non-Linear Frequency Dependence of Neurovascular Coupling in the Cerebellar Cortex Implies Vasodilation-Vasoconstriction Competition. Cells 2022; 11:1047. [PMID: 35326498 PMCID: PMC8947624 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular coupling (NVC) is the process associating local cerebral blood flow (CBF) to neuronal activity (NA). Although NVC provides the basis for the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) effect used in functional MRI (fMRI), the relationship between NVC and NA is still unclear. Since recent studies reported cerebellar non-linearities in BOLD signals during motor tasks execution, we investigated the NVC/NA relationship using a range of input frequencies in acute mouse cerebellar slices of vermis and hemisphere. The capillary diameter increased in response to mossy fiber activation in the 6-300 Hz range, with a marked inflection around 50 Hz (vermis) and 100 Hz (hemisphere). The corresponding NA was recorded using high-density multi-electrode arrays and correlated to capillary dynamics through a computational model dissecting the main components of granular layer activity. Here, NVC is known to involve a balance between the NMDAR-NO pathway driving vasodilation and the mGluRs-20HETE pathway driving vasoconstriction. Simulations showed that the NMDAR-mediated component of NA was sufficient to explain the time course of the capillary dilation but not its non-linear frequency dependence, suggesting that the mGluRs-20HETE pathway plays a role at intermediate frequencies. These parallel control pathways imply a vasodilation-vasoconstriction competition hypothesis that could adapt local hemodynamics at the microscale bearing implications for fMRI signals interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gagliano
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.G.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (C.A.M.G.W.-K.)
| | - Anita Monteverdi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.G.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (C.A.M.G.W.-K.)
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Casali
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.G.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (C.A.M.G.W.-K.)
| | - Umberto Laforenza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Claudia A. M. Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.G.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (C.A.M.G.W.-K.)
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1N3 BG, UK
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.G.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (C.A.M.G.W.-K.)
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lisa Mapelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.G.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (C.A.M.G.W.-K.)
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8
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Tognolina M, Monteverdi A, D’Angelo E. Discovering Microcircuit Secrets With Multi-Spot Imaging and Electrophysiological Recordings: The Example of Cerebellar Network Dynamics. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:805670. [PMID: 35370553 PMCID: PMC8971197 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.805670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellar cortex microcircuit is characterized by a highly ordered neuronal architecture having a relatively simple and stereotyped connectivity pattern. For a long time, this structural simplicity has incorrectly led to the idea that anatomical considerations would be sufficient to understand the dynamics of the underlying circuitry. However, recent experimental evidence indicates that cerebellar operations are much more complex than solely predicted by anatomy, due to the crucial role played by neuronal and synaptic properties. To be able to explore neuronal and microcircuit dynamics, advanced imaging, electrophysiological techniques and computational models have been combined, allowing us to investigate neuronal ensembles activity and to connect microscale to mesoscale phenomena. Here, we review what is known about cerebellar network organization, neural dynamics and synaptic plasticity and point out what is still missing and would require experimental assessments. We consider the available experimental techniques that allow a comprehensive assessment of circuit dynamics, including voltage and calcium imaging and extracellular electrophysiological recordings with multi-electrode arrays (MEAs). These techniques are proving essential to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of activity and plasticity in the cerebellar network, providing new clues on how circuit dynamics contribute to motor control and higher cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Tognolina
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marialuisa Tognolina,
| | - Anita Monteverdi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Brain Connectivity Center, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Brain Connectivity Center, Pavia, Italy
- Egidio D’Angelo,
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9
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Hua JPY, Abram SV, Ford JM. Cerebellar stimulation in schizophrenia: A systematic review of the evidence and an overview of the methods. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1069488. [PMID: 36620688 PMCID: PMC9815121 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1069488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebellar structural and functional abnormalities underlie widespread deficits in clinical, cognitive, and motor functioning that are observed in schizophrenia. Consequently, the cerebellum is a promising target for novel schizophrenia treatments. Here we conducted an updated systematic review examining the literature on cerebellar stimulation efficacy and tolerability for mitigating symptoms of schizophrenia. We discuss the purported mechanisms of cerebellar stimulation, current methods for implementing stimulation, and future directions of cerebellar stimulation for intervention development with this population. METHODS Two independent authors identified 20 published studies (7 randomized controlled trials, 7 open-label studies, 1 pilot study, 4 case reports, 1 preclinical study) that describe the effects of cerebellar circuitry modulation in patients with schizophrenia or animal models of psychosis. Published studies up to October 11, 2022 were identified from a search within PubMed, Scopus, and PsycInfo. RESULTS Most studies stimulating the cerebellum used transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct-current stimulation, specifically targeting the cerebellar vermis/midline. Accounting for levels of methodological rigor across studies, these studies detected post-cerebellar modulation in schizophrenia as indicated by the alleviation of certain clinical symptoms (mainly negative and depressive symptoms), as well as increased frontal-cerebellar connectivity and augmentation of canonical neuro-oscillations known to be abnormal in schizophrenia. In contrast to a prior review, we did not find consistent evidence for cognitive improvements following cerebellar modulation stimulation. Modern cerebellar stimulation methods appear tolerable for individuals with schizophrenia, with only mild and temporary side effects. CONCLUSION Cerebellar stimulation is a promising intervention for individuals with schizophrenia that may be more relevant to some symptom domains than others. Initial results highlight the need for continued research using more methodologically rigorous designs, such as additional longitudinal and randomized controlled trials. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD42022346667].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Y Hua
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Samantha V Abram
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Judith M Ford
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Cerebellar Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation Combined with Vestibular Rehabilitation Improves Gait and Balance in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: a Preliminary Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:897-901. [PMID: 32681455 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Difficulties in gait and balance disorders are among the most common mobility limitations in multiple sclerosis (MS), mainly due to a damage of cerebellar circuits. Moreover, the cerebellum plays a critical role in promoting new motor tasks, which is an essential function for neurorehabilitation. In this study, we investigated the effects of cerebellar intermittent theta burst stimulation (c-iTBS), a high-frequency rTMS protocol able to increase cerebellar activity, on gait and balance in a sample of 20 hospitalized participants with MS, undergoing vestibular rehabilitation (VR), an exercise-based program primarily designed to reduce vertigo and dizziness, gaze instability, and/or imbalance and falls in MS. Patients were assigned to receive either c-iTBS or sham iTBS before being treated with VR during 2 weeks. VR consisted of two types of training: gaze stability and postural stability exercises. The primary outcome measure was the change from baseline in the Tinetti Balance and Gait scale (TBG). The secondary outcome measures were changes from baseline in Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Two Minute Walking Test (2MWT), and Timed 25-ft walk test (T25FW) scales. MS patients treated with c-iTBS-VR showed a significant improvement in the TBG as compared to patients treated with sham iTBS-VR. Moreover, MS patients in the c-iTBS groups showed better performances in the vestibular-ocular reflex exercises. Combined c-iTBS and VR improves gait and balance abilities more than standard VR treatment in MS patients with a high level of disability.
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11
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Intermittent Cerebellar Theta Burst Stimulation Improves Visuo-motor Learning in Stroke Patients: a Pilot Study. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:739-743. [PMID: 32462496 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a critical role in promoting learning of new motor tasks, which is an essential function for motor recovery. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the cerebellum can be used to enhance learning. In this study, we investigated the effects of cerebellar intermittent theta burst stimulation (c-iTBS), a high-frequency rTMS protocol, on visuo-motor learning in a sample of hemiparetic patients due to recent stroke in the territory of the contralateral middle cerebral artery. Eight stroke patients were enrolled for the purposes of the study in the chronic stage of recovery (i.e., at least 6 months after stroke). In two sessions, Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with real or sham c-iTBS applied over the cerebellar hemisphere ipsilateral to the affected body side. c-iTBS was applied immediately before the learning phase of a visuo-motor adaptation task. Real, but not sham, c-iTBS improved visuo-motor learning as revealed by an increased performance in of the learning phase of the visuo-moto adaptation task. Moreover, we also found that real but not sham c-iTBS induced a sustained improvement in the re-adaptation of the recently learned skill (i.e., when patients were re-tested after 30 min). Taken together, these data point to c-iTBS as a potential novel strategy to promote motor learning in patients with stroke.
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Calcium Channel-Dependent Induction of Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity at Excitatory Golgi Cell Synapses of Cerebellum. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3307-3319. [PMID: 33500277 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3013-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Golgi cells, together with granule cells and mossy fibers, form a neuronal microcircuit regulating information transfer at the cerebellum input stage. Despite theoretical predictions, little was known about long-term synaptic plasticity at Golgi cell synapses. Here, we have used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and calcium imaging to investigate long-term synaptic plasticity at excitatory synapses impinging on Golgi cells. In acute mouse cerebellar slices, mossy fiber theta-burst stimulation (TBS) could induce either long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD) at mossy fiber-Golgi cell and granule cell-Golgi cell synapses. This synaptic plasticity showed a peculiar voltage dependence, with LTD or LTP being favored when TBS induction occurred at depolarized or hyperpolarized potentials, respectively. LTP required, in addition to NMDA channels, activation of T-type Ca2+ channels, while LTD required uniquely activation of L-type Ca2+ channels. Notably, the voltage dependence of plasticity at the mossy fiber-Golgi cell synapses was inverted with respect to pure NMDA receptor-dependent plasticity at the neighboring mossy fiber-granule cell synapse, implying that the mossy fiber presynaptic terminal can activate different induction mechanisms depending on the target cell. In aggregate, this result shows that Golgi cells show cell-specific forms of long-term plasticity at their excitatory synapses, that could play a crucial role in sculpting the response patterns of the cerebellar granular layer.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This article shows for the first time a novel form of Ca2+ channel-dependent synaptic plasticity at the excitatory synapses impinging on cerebellar Golgi cells. This plasticity is bidirectional and inverted with respect to NMDA receptor-dependent paradigms, with long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) being favored at depolarized and hyperpolarized potentials, respectively. Furthermore, LTP and LTD induction requires differential involvement of T-type and L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels rather than the NMDA receptors alone. These results, along with recent computational predictions, support the idea that Golgi cell plasticity could play a crucial role in controlling information flow through the granular layer along with cerebellar learning and memory.
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Billeri L, Naro A. A narrative review on non-invasive stimulation of the cerebellum in neurological diseases. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:2191-2209. [PMID: 33759055 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The cerebellum plays an important role in motor, cognitive, and affective functions owing to its dense interconnections with basal ganglia and cerebral cortex. This review aimed at summarizing the non-invasive cerebellar stimulation (NICS) approaches used to modulate cerebellar output and treat cerebellar dysfunction in the motor domain. OBSERVATION The utility of NICS in the treatment of cerebellar and non-cerebellar neurological diseases (including Parkinson's disease, dementia, cerebellar ataxia, and stroke) is discussed. NICS induces meaningful clinical effects from repeated sessions alone in both cerebellar and non-cerebellar diseases. However, there are no conclusive data on this issue and several concerns need to be still addressed before NICS could be considered a valuable, standard therapeutic tool. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Even though some challenges must be overcome to adopt NICS in a wider clinical setting, this tool might become a useful strategy to help patients with lesions in the cerebellum and cerebral areas that are connected with the cerebellum whether one could enhance cerebellar activity with the intention of facilitating the cerebellum and the entire, related network, rather than attempting to facilitate a partially damaged cortical region or inhibiting the homologs' contralateral area. The different outcome of each approach would depend on the residual functional reserve of the cerebellum, which is confirmed as a critical element to be probed preliminary in order to define the best patient-tailored NICS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Billeri
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, via Palermo, SS113, Ctr. Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, via Palermo, SS113, Ctr. Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy.
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Rizza MF, Locatelli F, Masoli S, Sánchez-Ponce D, Muñoz A, Prestori F, D'Angelo E. Stellate cell computational modeling predicts signal filtering in the molecular layer circuit of cerebellum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3873. [PMID: 33594118 PMCID: PMC7886897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional properties of cerebellar stellate cells and the way they regulate molecular layer activity are still unclear. We have measured stellate cells electroresponsiveness and their activation by parallel fiber bursts. Stellate cells showed intrinsic pacemaking, along with characteristic responses to depolarization and hyperpolarization, and showed a marked short-term facilitation during repetitive parallel fiber transmission. Spikes were emitted after a lag and only at high frequency, making stellate cells to operate as delay-high-pass filters. A detailed computational model summarizing these physiological properties allowed to explore different functional configurations of the parallel fiber-stellate cell-Purkinje cell circuit. Simulations showed that, following parallel fiber stimulation, Purkinje cells almost linearly increased their response with input frequency, but such an increase was inhibited by stellate cells, which leveled the Purkinje cell gain curve to its 4 Hz value. When reciprocal inhibitory connections between stellate cells were activated, the control of stellate cells over Purkinje cell discharge was maintained only at very high frequencies. These simulations thus predict a new role for stellate cells, which could endow the molecular layer with low-pass and band-pass filtering properties regulating Purkinje cell gain and, along with this, also burst delay and the burst-pause responses pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Francesca Rizza
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Locatelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Masoli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Diana Sánchez-Ponce
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica (CTB), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica (CTB), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Prestori
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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15
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Zhu S, Sai X, Lin J, Deng G, Zhao M, Nasser MI, Zhu P. Mechanisms of perioperative brain damage in children with congenital heart disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110957. [PMID: 33254442 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease, particularly cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD), may lead to a neurodevelopmental delay through central nervous system injury, more unstable central nervous system development, and increased vulnerability of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental disease is the most serious disorder of childhood, affecting the quality of life of children and their families. Therefore, the monitoring and optimization of nerve damage treatments are important. The factors contributing to neurodevelopmental disease are primarily related to preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative, genetic, and environmental causes, with intraoperative causes being the most influential. Nevertheless, few studies have examined these factors, particularly the influencing factors during early postoperative care. Children with congenital heart disease may experience brain damage during early heart intensive care due to unstable haemodynamics and total body oxygen transfer, particularly early postoperative inflammatory reactions in the brain, blood glucose levels, and other factors that potentially influence long-term neural development. This study analyses the forms of structural and functional brain damage in the early postoperative period, along with the recent evolution of research on its contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoji Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China
| | - Xiyalatu Sai
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianxin Lin
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China
| | - Gang Deng
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China
| | - Mingyi Zhao
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China.
| | - M I Nasser
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China.
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Lopes GO, Martins Ferreira MK, Davis L, Bittencourt LO, Bragança Aragão WA, Dionizio A, Rabelo Buzalaf MA, Crespo-Lopez ME, Maia CSF, Lima RR. Effects of Fluoride Long-Term Exposure over the Cerebellum: Global Proteomic Profile, Oxidative Biochemistry, Cell Density, and Motor Behavior Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7297. [PMID: 33023249 PMCID: PMC7582550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the literature does not provide evidence of health risks from exposure to fluoride (F) in therapeutic doses, questions remain about the effects of long-term and high-dose use on the function of the central nervous system. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term exposure to F at levels similar to those found in areas of artificial water fluoridation and in areas of endemic fluorosis on biochemical, proteomic, cell density, and functional parameters associated with the cerebellum. For this, mice were exposed to water containing 10 mg F/L or 50 mg F/L (as sodium fluoride) for 60 days. After the exposure period, the animals were submitted to motor tests and the cerebellum was evaluated for fluoride levels, antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and nitrite levels (NO). The proteomic profile and morphological integrity were also evaluated. The results showed that the 10 mg F/L dose was able to decrease the ACAP levels, and the animals exposed to 50 mg F/L presented lower levels of ACAP and higher levels of MDA and NO. The cerebellar proteomic profile in both groups was modulated, highlighting proteins related to the antioxidant system, energy production, and cell death, however no neuronal density change in cerebellum was observed. Functionally, the horizontal exploratory activity of both exposed groups was impaired, while only the 50 mg F/L group showed significant changes in postural stability. No motor coordination and balance impairments were observed in both groups. Our results suggest that fluoride may impair the cerebellar oxidative biochemistry, which is associated with the proteomic modulation and, although no morphological impairment was observed, only the highest concentration of fluoride was able to impair some cerebellar motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géssica Oliveira Lopes
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil; (G.O.L.); (M.K.M.F.); (L.D.); (L.O.B.); (W.A.B.A.)
| | - Maria Karolina Martins Ferreira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil; (G.O.L.); (M.K.M.F.); (L.D.); (L.O.B.); (W.A.B.A.)
| | - Lodinikki Davis
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil; (G.O.L.); (M.K.M.F.); (L.D.); (L.O.B.); (W.A.B.A.)
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil; (G.O.L.); (M.K.M.F.); (L.D.); (L.O.B.); (W.A.B.A.)
| | - Walessa Alana Bragança Aragão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil; (G.O.L.); (M.K.M.F.); (L.D.); (L.O.B.); (W.A.B.A.)
| | - Aline Dionizio
- Bauru School of Dentistry, Department of Biological Sciences, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP 17012-90, Brazil; (A.D.); (M.A.R.B.)
| | - Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf
- Bauru School of Dentistry, Department of Biological Sciences, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP 17012-90, Brazil; (A.D.); (M.A.R.B.)
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Cristiane Socorro Ferraz Maia
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Behavior Pharmacology, Pharmacy Faculty, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil; (G.O.L.); (M.K.M.F.); (L.D.); (L.O.B.); (W.A.B.A.)
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17
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Spampinato D, Celnik P. Multiple Motor Learning Processes in Humans: Defining Their Neurophysiological Bases. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:246-267. [PMID: 32713291 PMCID: PMC8151555 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420939552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Learning new motor behaviors or adjusting previously learned actions to account for dynamic changes in our environment requires the operation of multiple distinct motor learning processes, which rely on different neuronal substrates. For instance, humans are capable of acquiring new motor patterns via the formation of internal model representations of the movement dynamics and through positive reinforcement. In this review, we will discuss how changes in human physiological markers, assessed with noninvasive brain stimulation techniques from distinct brain regions, can be utilized to provide insights toward the distinct learning processes underlying motor learning. We will summarize the findings from several behavioral and neurophysiological studies that have made efforts to understand how distinct processes contribute to and interact when learning new motor behaviors. In particular, we will extensively review two types of behavioral processes described in human sensorimotor learning: (1) a recalibration process of a previously learned movement and (2) acquiring an entirely new motor control policy, such as learning to play an instrument. The selected studies will demonstrate in-detail how distinct physiological mechanisms contributions change depending on the time course of learning and the type of behaviors being learned.
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18
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Nagao S. Ocular Reflex Adaptation as an Experimental Model of Cerebellar Learning -- In Memory of Masao Ito -. Neuroscience 2020; 462:191-204. [PMID: 32710914 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Masao Ito proposed a cerebellar learning hypothesis with Marr and Albus in the early 1970s. He suggested that cerebellar flocculus (FL) Purkinje cells (PCs), which directly inhibit the vestibular nuclear neurons driving extraocular muscle motor neurons, adaptively control the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (HVOR) through the modification of mossy and parallel fiber-mediated vestibular responsiveness by visual climbing fiber (CF) inputs. Later, it was suggested that the same FL PCs adaptively control the horizontal optokinetic response (HOKR) in the same manner through the modification of optokinetic responsiveness in rodents and rabbits. In 1982, Ito and his colleagues discovered the plasticity of long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber (PF)-PC synapses after conjunctive stimulation of mossy or parallel fibers with CFs. Long-term potentiation (LTP) at PF-PC synapses by weak PF stimulation alone was found later. Many lines of experimental evidence have supported their hypothesis using various experimental methods and materials for the past 50 years by many research groups. Although several controversial findings were presented regarding their hypothesis, the reasons underlying many of them were clarified. Today, their hypothesis is considered as a fundamental mechanism of cerebellar learning. Furthermore, it was found that the memory of adaptation is transferred from the FL to vestibular nuclei for consolidation by repetition of adaptation through the plasticity of vestibular nuclear neurons. In this article, after overviewing their cerebellar learning hypothesis, I discuss possible roles of LTD and LTP in gain-up and gain-down HVOR/HOKR adaptations and refer to the expansion of their hypothesis to cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Nagao
- Laboratory for Integrative Brain Function, Nozomi Hospital, Komuro 3170, Ina, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan; Laboratory for Memory Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolotan Institute for Gerontology, Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
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19
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Refinement of Cerebellar Network Organization by Extracellular Signaling During Development. Neuroscience 2020; 462:44-55. [PMID: 32502568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum forms regular neural network structures consisting of a few major types of neurons, such as Purkinje cells, granule cells, and molecular layer interneurons, and receives two major inputs from climbing fibers and mossy fibers. Its regular structures consist of three well-defined layers, with each type of neuron designated to a specific location and forming specific synaptic connections. During the first few weeks of postnatal development in rodents, the cerebellum goes through dynamic changes via proliferation, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, and maturation, to create such a network structure. The development of this organized network structure presumably relies on the communication between developing elements in the network, including not only individual neurons, but also their dendrites, axons, and synapses. Therefore, it is reasonable that extracellular signaling via synaptic transmission, secreted molecules, and cell adhesion molecules, plays important roles in cerebellar network development. Although it is not yet clear as to how overall cerebellar development is orchestrated, there is indeed accumulating lines of evidence that extracellular signaling acts toward the development of individual elements in the cerebellar networks. In this article, we introduce what we have learned from many studies regarding the extracellular signaling required for cerebellar network development, including our recent study suggesting the importance of unbiased synaptic inputs from parallel fibers.
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20
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Caldani S, Atzori P, Peyre H, Delorme R, Bucci MP. Short rehabilitation training program may improve postural control in children with autism spectrum disorders: preliminary evidences. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7917. [PMID: 32404919 PMCID: PMC7221071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders subjects (ASD) is characterized by postural control deficits. This study aimed to explore the effect of a short postural rehabilitation training program on postural capabilities in children with ASD. Two groups (G1 and G2) of twenty children with ASD of IQ-, sex- and age- matched (mean age 11.7 ± 2.4 years) were included in this study. Posture was recorded by using the Balance Quest from Framiral on unstable platform in three different viewing conditions. The rehabilitation program consisted in two distinct postural control training exercises. Postural recordings were performed twice at T1 and T2 for both groups of children. Between T1 and T2 a 6-minute postural training was performed by the G1 group only, while the G2 group had a 6-minute of rest. Children were allocated randomly to the G1 or G2 groups. At T1, postural instability was similar for both groups of ASD children (G1 and G2) desp+\ite viewing conditions. At T2, we observed an improvement of postural control related to a mixed effect of training rehabilitation but also of test-retest. Knowing the potential of new rehabilitation strategies, the impact of postural control deficit in ASD children needs to be reconsidered. Well design case-control studies are requested to ensure scientific validity of postural rehabilitation training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Caldani
- UMR 1141 NeuroDiderot Inserm, Paris University, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.
- Pediatric Balance Evaluation center, ENT Department, APHP, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Paola Atzori
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, APHP, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- High Functioning Autism Expert Centre, Fundamental Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Peyre
- UMR 1141 NeuroDiderot Inserm, Paris University, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, APHP, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- High Functioning Autism Expert Centre, Fundamental Foundation, Paris, France
- Human Genetics & Cognitive Functions, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, APHP, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- High Functioning Autism Expert Centre, Fundamental Foundation, Paris, France
- Human Genetics & Cognitive Functions, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 1141 NeuroDiderot Inserm, Paris University, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- Pediatric Balance Evaluation center, ENT Department, APHP, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
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Yamaura H, Igarashi J, Yamazaki T. Simulation of a Human-Scale Cerebellar Network Model on the K Computer. Front Neuroinform 2020; 14:16. [PMID: 32317955 PMCID: PMC7146068 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2020.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Computer simulation of the human brain at an individual neuron resolution is an ultimate goal of computational neuroscience. The Japanese flagship supercomputer, K, provides unprecedented computational capability toward this goal. The cerebellum contains 80% of the neurons in the whole brain. Therefore, computer simulation of the human-scale cerebellum will be a challenge for modern supercomputers. In this study, we built a human-scale spiking network model of the cerebellum, composed of 68 billion spiking neurons, on the K computer. As a benchmark, we performed a computer simulation of a cerebellum-dependent eye movement task known as the optokinetic response. We succeeded in reproducing plausible neuronal activity patterns that are observed experimentally in animals. The model was built on dedicated neural network simulation software called MONET (Millefeuille-like Organization NEural neTwork), which calculates layered sheet types of neural networks with parallelization by tile partitioning. To examine the scalability of the MONET simulator, we repeatedly performed simulations while changing the number of compute nodes from 1,024 to 82,944 and measured the computational time. We observed a good weak-scaling property for our cerebellar network model. Using all 82,944 nodes, we succeeded in simulating a human-scale cerebellum for the first time, although the simulation was 578 times slower than the wall clock time. These results suggest that the K computer is already capable of creating a simulation of a human-scale cerebellar model with the aid of the MONET simulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamaura
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Igarashi
- Head Office for Information Systems and Cybersecurity, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Improving visuo-motor learning with cerebellar theta burst stimulation: Behavioral and neurophysiological evidence. Neuroimage 2020; 208:116424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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B cells migrate into remote brain areas and support neurogenesis and functional recovery after focal stroke in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4983-4993. [PMID: 32051245 PMCID: PMC7060723 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913292117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation occurs immediately after stroke onset in the ischemic infarct, but whether neuroinflammation occurs in remote regions supporting plasticity and functional recovery remains unknown. We used advanced imaging to quantify whole-brain diapedesis of B cells, an immune cell capable of producing neurotrophins. We identify bilateral B cell diapedesis into remote regions, outside of the injury, that support motor and cognitive recovery in young male mice. Poststroke depletion of B cells confirms a positive role in neurogenesis, neuronal survival, and recovery of motor coordination, spatial learning, and anxiety. More than 80% of stroke survivors have long-term disability uniquely affected by age and lifestyle factors. Thus, identifying beneficial neuroinflammation during long-term recovery increases the opportunity of therapeutic interventions to support functional recovery. Lymphocytes infiltrate the stroke core and penumbra and often exacerbate cellular injury. B cells, however, are lymphocytes that do not contribute to acute pathology but can support recovery. B cell adoptive transfer to mice reduced infarct volumes 3 and 7 d after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo), independent of changing immune populations in recipient mice. Testing a direct neurotrophic effect, B cells cocultured with mixed cortical cells protected neurons and maintained dendritic arborization after oxygen-glucose deprivation. Whole-brain volumetric serial two-photon tomography (STPT) and a custom-developed image analysis pipeline visualized and quantified poststroke B cell diapedesis throughout the brain, including remote areas supporting functional recovery. Stroke induced significant bilateral B cell diapedesis into remote brain regions regulating motor and cognitive functions and neurogenesis (e.g., dentate gyrus, hypothalamus, olfactory areas, cerebellum) in the whole-brain datasets. To confirm a mechanistic role for B cells in functional recovery, rituximab was given to human CD20+ (hCD20+) transgenic mice to continuously deplete hCD20+-expressing B cells following tMCAo. These mice experienced delayed motor recovery, impaired spatial memory, and increased anxiety through 8 wk poststroke compared to wild type (WT) littermates also receiving rituximab. B cell depletion reduced stroke-induced hippocampal neurogenesis and cell survival. Thus, B cell diapedesis occurred in areas remote to the infarct that mediated motor and cognitive recovery. Understanding the role of B cells in neuronal health and disease-based plasticity is critical for developing effective immune-based therapies for protection against diseases that involve recruitment of peripheral immune cells into the injured brain.
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Sanger TD, Yamashita O, Kawato M. Expansion coding and computation in the cerebellum: 50 years after the Marr–Albus codon theory. J Physiol 2020; 598:913-928. [DOI: 10.1113/jp278745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Terence D. Sanger
- Departments of Biomedical EngineeringNeurology, and BiokinesiologyUniversity of Southern California 1042 Downey Way, DRB 140 Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Okito Yamashita
- Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory GroupAdvanced Telecommunications Research Institutes International (ATR) Hikaridai 2‐2‐2, ‘Keihanna Science City’ Kyoto 619‐0288 Japan
- Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP)RIKEN Nihonbashi 1‐chome Mitsui Building, 15th floor, 1‐4‐1 Nihonbashi Chuo‐ku Tokyo 103‐0027 Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kawato
- Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory GroupAdvanced Telecommunications Research Institutes International (ATR) Hikaridai 2‐2‐2, ‘Keihanna Science City’ Kyoto 619‐0288 Japan
- Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP)RIKEN Nihonbashi 1‐chome Mitsui Building, 15th floor, 1‐4‐1 Nihonbashi Chuo‐ku Tokyo 103‐0027 Japan
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Antonietti A, Orza V, Casellato C, D'Angelo E, Pedrocchi A. Implementation of an Advanced Frequency-Based Hebbian Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:3005-3009. [PMID: 31946521 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8856489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The brain is provided with an enormous computing capability and exploits neural plasticity to store and elaborate complex information. One of the multiple mechanisms that neural circuits express is the Spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), a form of long-term synaptic plasticity exploiting the time relationship between pre- and post-synaptic action potentials (i.e., neuron spikes). It has been found that in certain cases, for instance at the input stage of the cerebellum, between mossy fibers and granular neurons, the plasticity is not only driven by the timing of the spikes, but also by the oscillation frequency of the inputs. This complex behaviour has been implemented in this work, where we developed a novel form of advanced synaptic plasticity model to be used in a well-established neural network simulator (NEST). The subsequent tests proved the proper functioning of the plasticity and its range of applicability, demonstrating the possibility to adopt it in noisy and variable conditions, similar to the biological settings.
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Stairways to the brain: Transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) modulates a cerebellar-cortical network enhancing verb recovery. Brain Res 2020; 1727:146564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Koch G, Bonnì S, Casula EP, Iosa M, Paolucci S, Pellicciari MC, Cinnera AM, Ponzo V, Maiella M, Picazio S, Sallustio F, Caltagirone C. Effect of Cerebellar Stimulation on Gait and Balance Recovery in Patients With Hemiparetic Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol 2019; 76:170-178. [PMID: 30476999 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.3639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Importance Gait and balance impairment is associated with poorer functional recovery after stroke. The cerebellum is known to be strongly implicated in the functional reorganization of motor networks in patients with stroke, especially for gait and balance functions. Objective To determine whether cerebellar intermittent θ-burst stimulation (CRB-iTBS) can improve balance and gait functions in patients with hemiparesis due to stroke. Design, Setting, Participants This randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled phase IIa trial investigated efficacy and safety of a 3-week treatment of CRB-iTBS coupled with physiotherapy in promoting gait and balance recovery in patients with stroke. Thirty-six patients with consecutive ischemic chronic stroke in the territory of the contralateral middle cerebral artery with hemiparesis were recruited from a neuro-rehabilitation hospital. Participants were screened and enrolled from March 2013 to June 2017. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed. Interventions Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with CRB-iTBS or sham iTBS applied over the cerebellar hemisphere ipsilateral to the affected body side immediately before physiotherapy daily during 3 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the between-group difference in change from baseline in the Berg Balance Scale. Secondary exploratory measures included the between-group difference in change from baseline in Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale, Barthel Index, and locomotion assessment with gait analysis and cortical activity measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation in combination with electroencephalogram. Results A total of 34 patients (mean [SD] age, 64 [11.3] years; 13 women [38.2%]) completed the study. Patients treated with CRB-iTBS, but not with sham iTBS, showed an improvement of gait and balance functions, as revealed by a pronounced increase in the mean (SE) Berg Balance Scale score (baseline: 34.5 [3.4]; 3 weeks after treatment: 43.4 [2.6]; 3 weeks after the end of treatment: 47.5 [1.8]; P < .001). No overall treatment-associated differences were noted in the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (mean [SE], baseline: 163.8 [6.8]; 3 weeks after treatment: 171.1 [7.2]; 3 weeks after the end of treatment: 173.5 [6.9]; P > .05) and Barthel Index scores (mean [SE], baseline: 71.1 [4.92]; 3 weeks after treatment: 88.8 [2.1]; 3 weeks after the end of treatment: 92.2 [2.4]; P > .05). Patients treated with CRB-iTBS, but not sham iTBS, showed a reduction of step width at the gait analysis (mean [SE], baseline: 16.8 [4.8] cm; 3 weeks after treatment: 14.3 [6.2] cm; P < .05) and an increase of neural activity over the posterior parietal cortex. Conclusions and Relevance Cerebellar intermittent θ-burst stimulation promotes gait and balance recovery in patients with stroke by acting on cerebello-cortical plasticity. These results are important to increase the level of independent walking and reduce the risk of falling. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03456362.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Koch
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Stroke Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata Policlinic, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Bonnì
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elias Paolo Casula
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Iosa
- Clinical Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Paolucci
- Clinical Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Pellicciari
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alex Martino Cinnera
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Ponzo
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Maiella
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Picazio
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sallustio
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata Policlinic, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Prestori F, Mapelli L, D'Angelo E. Diverse Neuron Properties and Complex Network Dynamics in the Cerebellar Cortical Inhibitory Circuit. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:267. [PMID: 31787879 PMCID: PMC6854908 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal inhibition can be defined as a spatiotemporal restriction or suppression of local microcircuit activity. The importance of inhibition relies in its fundamental role in shaping signal processing in single neurons and neuronal circuits. In this context, the activity of inhibitory interneurons proved the key to endow networks with complex computational and dynamic properties. In the last 50 years, the prevailing view on the functional role of cerebellar cortical inhibitory circuits was that excitatory and inhibitory inputs sum spatially and temporally in order to determine the motor output through Purkinje cells (PCs). Consequently, cerebellar inhibition has traditionally been conceived in terms of restricting or blocking excitation. This assumption has been challenged, in particular in the cerebellar cortex where all neurons except granule cells (and unipolar brush cells in specific lobules) are inhibitory and fire spontaneously at high rates. Recently, a combination of electrophysiological recordings in vitro and in vivo, imaging, optogenetics and computational modeling, has revealed that inhibitory interneurons play a much more complex role in regulating cerebellar microcircuit functions: inhibition shapes neuronal response dynamics in the whole circuit and eventually regulate the PC output. This review elaborates current knowledge on cerebellar inhibitory interneurons [Golgi cells, Lugaro cells (LCs), basket cells (BCs) and stellate cells (SCs)], starting from their ontogenesis and moving up to their morphological, physiological and plastic properties, and integrates this knowledge with that on the more renown granule cells and PCs. We will focus on the circuit loops in which these interneurons are involved and on the way they generate feed-forward, feedback and lateral inhibition along with complex spatio-temporal response dynamics. In this perspective, inhibitory interneurons emerge as the real controllers of cerebellar functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Prestori
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lisa Mapelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Geminiani A, Pedrocchi A, D'Angelo E, Casellato C. Response Dynamics in an Olivocerebellar Spiking Neural Network With Non-linear Neuron Properties. Front Comput Neurosci 2019; 13:68. [PMID: 31632258 PMCID: PMC6779816 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2019.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor signals are integrated and processed by the cerebellar circuit to predict accurate control of actions. In order to investigate how single neuron dynamics and geometrical modular connectivity affect cerebellar processing, we have built an olivocerebellar Spiking Neural Network (SNN) based on a novel simplification algorithm for single point models (Extended Generalized Leaky Integrate and Fire, EGLIF) capturing essential non-linear neuronal dynamics (e.g., pacemaking, bursting, adaptation, oscillation and resonance). EGLIF models specifically tuned for each neuron type were embedded into an olivocerebellar scaffold reproducing realistic spatial organization and physiological convergence and divergence ratios of connections. In order to emulate the circuit involved in an eye blink response to two associated stimuli, we modeled two adjacent olivocerebellar microcomplexes with a common mossy fiber input but different climbing fiber inputs (either on or off). EGLIF-SNN model simulations revealed the emergence of fundamental response properties in Purkinje cells (burst-pause) and deep nuclei cells (pause-burst) similar to those reported in vivo. The expression of these properties depended on the specific activation of climbing fibers in the microcomplexes and did not emerge with scaffold models using simplified point neurons. This result supports the importance of embedding SNNs with realistic neuronal dynamics and appropriate connectivity and anticipates the scale-up of EGLIF-SNN and the embedding of plasticity rules required to investigate cerebellar functioning at multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Geminiani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,NEARLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- NEARLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Casellato
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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30
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Agustina F, Sofro ZM, Partadiredja G. Subchronic Administration of High-Dose Sodium Fluoride Causes Deficits in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells But Not Motor Coordination of Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 188:424-433. [PMID: 29951727 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride is frequently added to drinking water supplies, various food products, toothpaste, and mouth rinses to prevent tooth damage. However, at high concentrations, fluoride can cause fluorosis and damage to the brain tissue due to its excitotoxicity and oxidative stress effects. The damage of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum can lead to motor coordination disorders. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of sodium fluoride on the motor coordination and the number of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum of rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, namely a control group which received reverse osmosis distilled water and three treated groups which received sodium fluoride at doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg bw. The treatment lasted for 30 days. The motor coordination of the rats was examined using a rotarod prior and subsequent to the treatments. The number of Purkinje cells was estimated using physical fractionator design. The numbers of Purkinje cells of the F10 and F20 groups were significantly lower than that of the control group. No significant differences in the results of the motor coordination test were found. The administration of sodium fluoride at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg bw caused a decrease in the number of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitriani Agustina
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
- Al-Ma'arif Nursing Academy, Baturaja, South Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Zaenal Muttaqien Sofro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ginus Partadiredja
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
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Yamazaki T, Lennon W. Revisiting a theory of cerebellar cortex. Neurosci Res 2019; 148:1-8. [PMID: 30922970 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-term depression at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses plays a principal role in learning in the cerebellum, which acts as a supervised learning machine. Recent experiments demonstrate various forms of synaptic plasticity at different sites within the cerebellum. In this article, we take into consideration synaptic plasticity at parallel fiber-molecular layer interneuron synapses as well as at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses, and propose that the cerebellar cortex performs reinforcement learning, another form of learning that is more capable than supervised learning. We posit that through the use of reinforcement learning, the need for explicit teacher signals for learning in the cerebellum is eliminated; instead, learning can occur via responses from evaluative feedback. We demonstrate the learning capacity of cerebellar reinforcement learning using simple computer simulations of delay eyeblink conditioning and the cart-pole balancing task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Japan.
| | - William Lennon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, United States
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Moscato L, Montagna I, De Propris L, Tritto S, Mapelli L, D'Angelo E. Long-Lasting Response Changes in Deep Cerebellar Nuclei in vivo Correlate With Low-Frequency Oscillations. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:84. [PMID: 30894802 PMCID: PMC6414422 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) have been suggested to play a critical role in sensorimotor learning and some forms of long-term synaptic plasticity observed in vitro have been proposed as a possible substrate. However, till now it was not clear whether and how DCN neuron responses manifest long-lasting changes in vivo. Here, we have characterized DCN unit responses to tactile stimulation of the facial area in anesthetized mice and evaluated the changes induced by theta-sensory stimulation (TSS), a 4 Hz stimulation pattern that is known to induce plasticity in the cerebellar cortex in vivo. DCN units responded to tactile stimulation generating bursts and pauses, which reflected combinations of excitatory inputs most likely relayed by mossy fiber collaterals, inhibitory inputs relayed by Purkinje cells, and intrinsic rebound firing. Interestingly, initial bursts and pauses were often followed by stimulus-induced oscillations in the peri-stimulus time histograms (PSTH). TSS induced long-lasting changes in DCN unit responses. Spike-related potentiation and suppression (SR-P and SR-S), either in units initiating the response with bursts or pauses, were correlated with stimulus-induced oscillations. Fitting with resonant functions suggested the existence of peaks in the theta-band (burst SR-P at 9 Hz, pause SR-S at 5 Hz). Optogenetic stimulation of the cerebellar cortex altered stimulus-induced oscillations suggesting that Purkinje cells play a critical role in the circuits controlling DCN oscillations and plasticity. This observation complements those reported before on the granular and molecular layers supporting the generation of multiple distributed plasticities in the cerebellum following naturally patterned sensory entrainment. The unique dependency of DCN plasticity on circuit oscillations discloses a potential relationship between cerebellar learning and activity patterns generated in the cerebellar network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Moscato
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ileana Montagna
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Licia De Propris
- Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Tritto
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lisa Mapelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
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33
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Portaro S, Russo M, Bramanti A, Leo A, Billeri L, Manuli A, La Rosa G, Naro A, Calabrò RS. The role of robotic gait training and tDCS in Friedrich ataxia rehabilitation: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14447. [PMID: 30813143 PMCID: PMC6407999 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Friedrich ataxia (FA) is the most common inherited neurodegenerative cerebellar ataxic syndrome. In patients with FA, physiotherapy is highly recommended to improve motor function outcome. Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been demonstrated to be effective in improving symptoms by modulating cerebellar excitability. Recently, robotic rehabilitation with Lokomat-Pro has been used to treat motor impairment in ataxic syndromes by "modulating" cortical plasticity and cerebello-motor connectivity. PATIENT CONCERNS A 29-year-old Italian male with FA, come to our Institute to undergo intensive rehabilitation training. He presented a moderate-to-severe spastic tetraparesis, brisk deep tendon reflexes, moderate dysarthria, occasional difficulty in speaking, and mild delay in swallowing. He was able to stand for at least 10 seconds in the natural position with constant support, and thus he used a wheelchair. DIAGNOSIS Tetraparesis in a young patient with FA. INTERVENTIONS The effects of a stand-alone robotic gait training with Lokomat-Pro preceded by cerebellar anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) versus Lokomat-Pro preceded by cathodal-tDCS (c-tDCS) are compared. OUTCOMES The coupled approach (i.e., tDCS and Lokomat) demonstrated better improvement in functional motor outcomes on the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA). LESSONS Although only a single case is described, we found that the combined neuromodulation-neurorobotic approach could become a promising tool in the rehabilitation of cerebellar ataxias, possibly by shaping cerebello-cerebral plasticity and connectivity.
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Hyperexcitability and Hyperplasticity Disrupt Cerebellar Signal Transfer in the IB2 KO Mouse Model of Autism. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2383-2397. [PMID: 30696733 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1985-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are pervasive neurodevelopmental conditions that often involve mutations affecting synaptic mechanisms. Recently, the involvement of cerebellum in ASDs has been suggested, but the underlying functional alterations remained obscure. We investigated single-neuron and microcircuit properties in IB2 (Islet Brain-2) KO mice of either sex. The IB2 gene (chr22q13.3 terminal region) deletion occurs in virtually all cases of Phelan-McDermid syndrome, causing autistic symptoms and a severe delay in motor skill acquisition. IB2 KO granule cells showed a larger NMDA receptor-mediated current and enhanced intrinsic excitability, raising the excitatory/inhibitory balance. Furthermore, the spatial organization of granular layer responses to mossy fibers shifted from a "Mexican hat" to a "stovepipe hat" profile, with stronger excitation in the core and weaker inhibition in the surround. Finally, the size and extension of long-term synaptic plasticity were remarkably increased. These results show for the first time that hyperexcitability and hyperplasticity disrupt signal transfer in the granular layer of IB2 KO mice, supporting cerebellar involvement in the pathogenesis of ASD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This article shows for the first time a complex set of alterations in the cerebellum granular layer of a mouse model [IB2 (Islet Brain-2) KO] of autism spectrum disorders. The IB2 KO in mice mimics the deletion of the corresponding gene in the Phelan-McDermid syndrome in humans. The changes reported here are centered on NMDA receptor hyperactivity, hyperplasticity, and hyperexcitability. These, in turn, increase the excitatory/inhibitory balance and alter the shape of center/surround structures that emerge in the granular layer in response to mossy fiber activity. These results support recent theories suggesting the involvement of cerebellum in autism spectrum disorders.
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35
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Suvrathan A, Raymond JL. Depressed by Learning-Heterogeneity of the Plasticity Rules at Parallel Fiber Synapses onto Purkinje Cells. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 17:747-755. [PMID: 30069835 PMCID: PMC6550343 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Climbing fiber-driven long-term depression (LTD) of parallel fiber synapses onto cerebellar Purkinje cells has long been investigated as a putative mechanism of motor learning. We recently discovered that the rules governing the induction of LTD at these synapses vary across different regions of the cerebellum. Here, we discuss the design of LTD induction protocols in light of this heterogeneity in plasticity rules. The analytical advantages of the cerebellum provide an opportunity to develop a deeper understanding of how the specific plasticity rules at synapses support the implementation of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Suvrathan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Pediatrics, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Raymond
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Zandvliet SB, Meskers CGM, Kwakkel G, van Wegen EEH. Short-Term Effects of Cerebellar tDCS on Standing Balance Performance in Patients with Chronic Stroke and Healthy Age-Matched Elderly. THE CEREBELLUM 2018; 17:575-589. [PMID: 29797226 PMCID: PMC6132826 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may serve as an adjunct approach in stroke rehabilitation. The cerebellum could be a target during standing balance training due to its role in motor adaptation. We tested whether cerebellar tDCS can lead to short-term effects on standing balance performance in patients with chronic stroke. Fifteen patients with a chronic stroke were stimulated with anodal stimulation on the contra-lesional cerebellar hemisphere, ipsi-lesional cerebellar hemisphere, or sham stimulation, for 20 min with 1.5 mA in three sessions in randomized order. Ten healthy controls participated in two sessions with cerebellar stimulation ipsi-lateral to their dominant leg or sham stimulation. During stimulation, subjects performed a medio-lateral postural tracking task on a force platform. Standing balance performance was measured directly before and after each training session in several standing positions. Outcomes were center of pressure (CoP) amplitude and its standard deviation, and velocity and its standard deviation and range, subsequently combined into a CoP composite score (comp-score) as a qualitative outcome parameter. In the patient group, a decrease in comp-score in the tandem position was found after contra-lesional tDCS: β = − 0.25, CI = − 0.48 to − 0.03, p = 0.03. No significant differences in demographics and clinical characteristics were found between patients who responded (N = 10) and patients who did not respond (N = 5) to the stimulation. Contra-lesional cerebellar tDCS shows promise for improving standing balance performance. Exploration of optimal timing, dose, and the relation between qualitative parameters and clinical improvements are needed to establish whether tDCS can augment standing balance performance after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Zandvliet
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carel G M Meskers
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gert Kwakkel
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Neurorehabilitation, Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Centre, Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin E H van Wegen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Cerebellar Theta-Burst Stimulation Impairs Memory Consolidation in Eyeblink Classical Conditioning. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:6856475. [PMID: 30402087 PMCID: PMC6198564 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6856475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Associative learning of sensorimotor contingences, as it occurs in eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC), is known to involve the cerebellum, but its mechanism remains controversial. EBCC involves a sequence of learning processes which are thought to occur in the cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei. Recently, the extinction phase of EBCC has been shown to be modulated after one week by cerebellar continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS). Here, we asked whether cerebellar cTBS could affect retention and reacquisition of conditioned responses (CRs) tested immediately after conditioning. We also investigated a possible lateralized cerebellar control of EBCC by applying cTBS on both the right and left cerebellar hemispheres. Both right and left cerebellar cTBSs induced a statistically significant impairment in retention and new acquisition of conditioned responses (CRs), the disruption effect being marginally more effective when the left cerebellar hemisphere was stimulated. These data support a model in which cTBS impairs retention and reacquisition of CR in the cerebellum, possibly by interfering with the transfer of memory to the deep cerebellar nuclei.
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38
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Rodríguez-Díaz JC, Velázquez-Pérez L, Rodríguez Labrada R, Aguilera Rodríguez R, Laffita Pérez D, Canales Ochoa N, Medrano Montero J, Estupiñán Rodríguez A, Osorio Borjas M, Góngora Marrero M, Reynaldo Cejas L, González Zaldivar Y, Almaguer Gotay D. Neurorehabilitation therapy in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2: A 24-week, rater-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1481-1487. [PMID: 30132999 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurorehabilitation has become in a widely used approach in spinocerebellar ataxias, but there are scarce powerful clinical studies supporting this notion. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a 24-week neurorehabilitative treatment in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 patients. METHODS A total of 38 spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 patients were enrolled in a rater-blinded, 1:1 randomized, controlled trial using neurorehabilitation for 24 weeks. The treated group received 6 hours of neurorehabilitation therapy, emphasizing on balance, coordination, and muscle strengthening on weekdays, whereas the control group did not receive this intervention. Primary outcome measure was the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia score, whereas secondary outcome measures included the count of Inventory of Non-Ataxia Symptoms and saccadic eye movement variables. RESULTS The rehabilitated group had high levels of adherence and retention to the therapy and showed a significant decrease of Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia score at 24 weeks when compared with the controls, mainly for the gait, stance, sitting, finger chase, and heel-shin test items. Changes in Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia scores were inversely correlated with the mutation size in the rehabilitated group. The nonataxia symptom count and saccadic measures were unchanged during the study. CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive 24-week rehabilitation program significantly improves the motor cerebellar symptoms of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 patients as assessed by the ataxia rating score likely as result of the partial preservation of motor learning and neural plasticity mechanisms. These findings provide evidence in support of this therapeutic approach as palliative treatment in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 suggesting its use in combination with other symptomatic or neuroprotective drugs and in prodromal stages. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Velázquez-Pérez
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias, Holguín, Cuba.,Cuban Academy of Sciences, Havana, Cuba.,School of Physical Culture and Sport, University of Holguín, Holguín, Cuba
| | - Roberto Rodríguez Labrada
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias, Holguín, Cuba.,Cuban Academy of Sciences, Havana, Cuba.,School of Physical Culture and Sport, University of Holguín, Holguín, Cuba
| | | | | | - Nalia Canales Ochoa
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias, Holguín, Cuba
| | - Jacqueline Medrano Montero
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias, Holguín, Cuba.,School of Physical Culture and Sport, University of Holguín, Holguín, Cuba
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The role of the cerebellum in multiple sclerosis—150 years after Charcot. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 89:85-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ezra-Nevo G, Volk N, Ramot A, Kuehne C, Tsoory M, Deussing J, Chen A. Inferior olive CRF plays a role in motor performance under challenging conditions. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:107. [PMID: 29802362 PMCID: PMC5970254 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A well-coordinated stress response is pivotal for an organisms' survival. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is an essential component of the emotional and neuroendocrine stress response, however its role in cerebellar functions is poorly understood. Here, we explore the role of CRF in the inferior olive (IO) nucleus, which is a major source of input to the cerebellum. Using a CRF reporter line, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate very high levels of the CRF neuropeptide expression throughout the IO sub-regions. By generating and characterizing IO-specific CRF knockdown and partial IO-CRF knockout, we demonstrate that reduction in IO-CRF levels is sufficient to induce motor deficiency under challenging conditions, irrespective of basal locomotion or anxiety-like behavior. Furthermore, we show that chronic social defeat stress induces a persistent decrease in IO-CRF levels, and that IO-CRF mRNA is upregulated shortly following stressful situations that demand a complex motor response. Taken together our results indicate a role for IO-CRF in challenge-induced motor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gili Ezra-Nevo
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Naama Volk
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Assaf Ramot
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Kuehne
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Tsoory
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jan Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany.
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Geminiani A, Casellato C, Antonietti A, D’Angelo E, Pedrocchi A. A Multiple-Plasticity Spiking Neural Network Embedded in a Closed-Loop Control System to Model Cerebellar Pathologies. Int J Neural Syst 2018; 28:1750017. [DOI: 10.1142/s0129065717500174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a crucial role in sensorimotor control and cerebellar disorders compromise adaptation and learning of motor responses. However, the link between alterations at network level and cerebellar dysfunction is still unclear. In principle, this understanding would benefit of the development of an artificial system embedding the salient neuronal and plastic properties of the cerebellum and operating in closed-loop. To this aim, we have exploited a realistic spiking computational model of the cerebellum to analyze the network correlates of cerebellar impairment. The model was modified to reproduce three different damages of the cerebellar cortex: (i) a loss of the main output neurons (Purkinje Cells), (ii) a lesion to the main cerebellar afferents (Mossy Fibers), and (iii) a damage to a major mechanism of synaptic plasticity (Long Term Depression). The modified network models were challenged with an Eye-Blink Classical Conditioning test, a standard learning paradigm used to evaluate cerebellar impairment, in which the outcome was compared to reference results obtained in human or animal experiments. In all cases, the model reproduced the partial and delayed conditioning typical of the pathologies, indicating that an intact cerebellar cortex functionality is required to accelerate learning by transferring acquired information to the cerebellar nuclei. Interestingly, depending on the type of lesion, the redistribution of synaptic plasticity and response timing varied greatly generating specific adaptation patterns. Thus, not only the present work extends the generalization capabilities of the cerebellar spiking model to pathological cases, but also predicts how changes at the neuronal level are distributed across the network, making it usable to infer cerebellar circuit alterations occurring in cerebellar pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Geminiani
- NeuroEngineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Casellato
- NeuroEngineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Antonietti
- NeuroEngineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
- Brain Connectivity Center, Istituto Neurologico, IRCCS Fondazione C. Mondino Via, Mondino 2, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Traut N, Beggiato A, Bourgeron T, Delorme R, Rondi-Reig L, Paradis AL, Toro R. Cerebellar Volume in Autism: Literature Meta-analysis and Analysis of the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange Cohort. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:579-588. [PMID: 29146048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuroanatomical bases of autism spectrum disorder remain largely unknown. Among the most widely discussed candidate endophenotypes, differences in cerebellar volume have been often reported as statistically significant. METHODS We aimed at objectifying this possible alteration by performing a systematic meta-analysis of the literature and an analysis of the ABIDE (Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange) cohort. Our meta-analysis sought to determine a combined effect size of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis on different measures of the cerebellar anatomy as well as the effect of possible factors of variability across studies. We then analyzed the cerebellar volume of 328 patients and 353 control subjects from the ABIDE project. RESULTS The meta-analysis of the literature suggested a weak but significant association between autism spectrum disorder diagnosis and increased cerebellar volume (p = .049, uncorrected), but the analysis of ABIDE did not show any relationship. The studies meta-analyzed were generally underpowered; however, the number of statistically significant findings was larger than expected. CONCLUSIONS Although we could not provide a conclusive explanation for this excess of significant findings, our analyses would suggest publication bias as a possible reason. Finally, age, sex, and IQ were important sources of cerebellar volume variability, although independent of autism diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Traut
- Unité de Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Département de Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France; Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Unité Mixte de Recherche 3571, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Anita Beggiato
- Unité de Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Département de Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Département de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Hôpital Robert Debré, L'Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Unité de Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Département de Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Unité Mixte de Recherche 3571, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Foundation Fondamentale, Créteil, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Unité de Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Département de Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Département de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Hôpital Robert Debré, L'Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laure Rondi-Reig
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Lise Paradis
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Toro
- Unité de Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Département de Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Unité Mixte de Recherche 3571, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Guerra G, Lucariello A, Perna A, Botta L, De Luca A, Moccia F. The Role of Endothelial Ca 2+ Signaling in Neurovascular Coupling: A View from the Lumen. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E938. [PMID: 29561829 PMCID: PMC5979341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurovascular coupling (NVC) is the mechanism whereby an increase in neuronal activity (NA) leads to local elevation in cerebral blood flow (CBF) to match the metabolic requirements of firing neurons. Following synaptic activity, an increase in neuronal and/or astrocyte Ca2+ concentration leads to the synthesis of multiple vasoactive messengers. Curiously, the role of endothelial Ca2+ signaling in NVC has been rather neglected, although endothelial cells are known to control the vascular tone in a Ca2+-dependent manner throughout peripheral vasculature. METHODS We analyzed the literature in search of the most recent updates on the potential role of endothelial Ca2+ signaling in NVC. RESULTS We found that several neurotransmitters (i.e., glutamate and acetylcholine) and neuromodulators (e.g., ATP) can induce dilation of cerebral vessels by inducing an increase in endothelial Ca2+ concentration. This, in turn, results in nitric oxide or prostaglandin E2 release or activate intermediate and small-conductance Ca2+-activated K⁺ channels, which are responsible for endothelial-dependent hyperpolarization (EDH). In addition, brain endothelial cells express multiple transient receptor potential (TRP) channels (i.e., TRPC3, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPA1), which induce vasodilation by activating EDH. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to conclude that endothelial Ca2+ signaling is an emerging pathway in the control of NVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, via F. De Santis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Angela Lucariello
- Department of Mental Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100 Naples, Italy.
| | - Angelica Perna
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, via F. De Santis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Laura Botta
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Mental Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Abstract
The cerebellum is a central brain structure deeply integrated into major loops with the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. The cerebellum shows a complex regional organization consisting of modules with sagittal orientation. The cerebellum takes part in motor control and its lesions cause a movement incoordination syndrome called ataxia. Recent observations also imply involvement of the cerebellum in cognition and executive control, with an impact on pathologies like dyslexia and autism. The cerebellum operates as a forward controller learning to predict the precise timing of correlated events. The physiologic mechanisms of cerebellar functioning are still the object of intense research. The signals entering the cerebellum through the mossy fibers are processed in the granular layer and transmitted to Purkinje cells, while a collateral pathway activates the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN). Purkinje cells in turn inhibit DCN, so that the cerebellar cortex operates as a side loop controlling the DCN. Learning is now known to occur through synaptic plasticity at multiple synapses in the granular layer, molecular layer, and DCN, extending the original concept of the Motor Learning Theory that predicted a single form of plasticity at the synapse between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells under the supervision of climbing fibers deriving from the inferior olive. Coordination derives from the precise regulation of timing and gain in the different cerebellar modules. The investigation of cerebellar dynamics using advanced physiologic recordings and computational models is now providing new clues on how the cerebellar network performs its internal computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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45
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Antonietti A, Casellato C, D'Angelo E, Pedrocchi A. Model-Driven Analysis of Eyeblink Classical Conditioning Reveals the Underlying Structure of Cerebellar Plasticity and Neuronal Activity. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS AND LEARNING SYSTEMS 2017; 28:2748-2762. [PMID: 27608482 DOI: 10.1109/tnnls.2016.2598190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a critical role in sensorimotor control. However, how the specific circuits and plastic mechanisms of the cerebellum are engaged in closed-loop processing is still unclear. We developed an artificial sensorimotor control system embedding a detailed spiking cerebellar microcircuit with three bidirectional plasticity sites. This proved able to reproduce a cerebellar-driven associative paradigm, the eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC), in which a precise time relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (US) and a conditioned stimulus (CS) is established. We challenged the spiking model to fit an experimental data set from human subjects. Two subsequent sessions of EBCC acquisition and extinction were recorded and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied on the cerebellum to alter circuit function and plasticity. Evolutionary algorithms were used to find the near-optimal model parameters to reproduce the behaviors of subjects in the different sessions of the protocol. The main finding is that the optimized cerebellar model was able to learn to anticipate (predict) conditioned responses with accurate timing and success rate, demonstrating fast acquisition, memory stabilization, rapid extinction, and faster reacquisition as in EBCC in humans. The firing of Purkinje cells (PCs) and deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) changed during learning under the control of synaptic plasticity, which evolved at different rates, with a faster acquisition in the cerebellar cortex than in DCN synapses. Eventually, a reduced PC activity released DCN discharge just after the CS, precisely anticipating the US and causing the eyeblink. Moreover, a specific alteration in cortical plasticity explained the EBCC changes induced by cerebellar TMS in humans. In this paper, for the first time, it is shown how closed-loop simulations, using detailed cerebellar microcircuit models, can be successfully used to fit real experimental data sets. Thus, the changes of the model parameters in the different sessions of the protocol unveil how implicit microcircuit mechanisms can generate normal and altered associative behaviors.The cerebellum plays a critical role in sensorimotor control. However, how the specific circuits and plastic mechanisms of the cerebellum are engaged in closed-loop processing is still unclear. We developed an artificial sensorimotor control system embedding a detailed spiking cerebellar microcircuit with three bidirectional plasticity sites. This proved able to reproduce a cerebellar-driven associative paradigm, the eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC), in which a precise time relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (US) and a conditioned stimulus (CS) is established. We challenged the spiking model to fit an experimental data set from human subjects. Two subsequent sessions of EBCC acquisition and extinction were recorded and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied on the cerebellum to alter circuit function and plasticity. Evolutionary algorithms were used to find the near-optimal model parameters to reproduce the behaviors of subjects in the different sessions of the protocol. The main finding is that the optimized cerebellar model was able to learn to anticipate (predict) conditioned responses with accurate timing and success rate, demonstrating fast acquisition, memory stabilization, rapid extinction, and faster reacquisition as in EBCC in humans. The firing of Purkinje cells (PCs) and deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) changed during learning under the control of synaptic plasticity, which evolved at different rates, with a faster acquisition in the cerebellar cortex than in DCN synapses. Eventually, a reduced PC activity released DCN discharge just after the CS, precisely anticipating the US and causing the eyeblink. Moreover, a specific alteration in cortical plasticity explained the EBCC changes induced by cerebellar TMS in humans. In this paper, for the first time, it is shown how closed-loop simulations, using detailed cerebellar microcircuit models, can be successfully used to fit real experimental data sets. Thus, the changes of the model parameters in the different sessions of the protocol unveil how implicit microcircuit mechanisms can generate normal and altered associative behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Antonietti
- Department of Electronics, Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Casellato
- Department of Electronics, Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Brain Connectivity Center, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico and the Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C. Mondino, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- Department of Electronics, Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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46
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Parasuram H, Nair B, Naldi G, D'Angelo E, Diwakar S. Understanding Cerebellum Granular Layer Network Computations through Mathematical Reconstructions of Evoked Local Field Potentials. Ann Neurosci 2017; 25:11-24. [PMID: 29887679 DOI: 10.1159/000481905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cerebellar granular layer input stage of cerebellum receives information from tactile and sensory regions of the body. The somatosensory activity in the cerebellar granular layer corresponds to sensory and tactile input has been observed by recording Local Field Potential (LFP) from the Crus-IIa regions of cerebellum in brain slices and in anesthetized animals. Purpose In this paper, a detailed biophysical model of Wistar rat cerebellum granular layer network model and LFP modelling schemas were used to simulate circuit's evoked response. Methods Point Source Approximation and Line Source Approximation were used to reconstruct the network LFP. The LFP mechanism in in vitro was validated in network model and generated the in vivo LFP using the same mechanism. Results The network simulations distinctly displayed the Trigeminal and Cortical (TC) wave components generated by 2 independent bursts implicating the generation of TC waves by 2 independent granule neuron populations. Induced plasticity was simulated to estimate granule neuron activation related population responses. As a prediction, cerebellar dysfunction (ataxia) was also studied using the model. Dysfunction at individual neurons in the network was affected by the population response. Conclusion Our present study utilizes available knowledge on known mechanisms in a single cell and associates network function to population responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harilal Parasuram
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University), Kollam, India
| | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University), Kollam, India
| | - Giovanni Naldi
- Department of Mathematics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Shyam Diwakar
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University), Kollam, India
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Hallett M, Di Iorio R, Rossini PM, Park JE, Chen R, Celnik P, Strafella AP, Matsumoto H, Ugawa Y. Contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation to assessment of brain connectivity and networks. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:2125-2139. [PMID: 28938143 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to show how transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) techniques can make a contribution to the study of brain networks. Brain networks are fundamental in understanding how the brain operates. Effects on remote areas can be directly observed or identified after a period of stimulation, and each section of this review will discuss one method. EEG analyzed following TMS is called TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs). A conditioning TMS can influence the effect of a test TMS given over the motor cortex. A disynaptic connection can be tested also by assessing the effect of a pre-conditioning stimulus on the conditioning-test pair. Basal ganglia-cortical relationships can be assessed using electrodes placed in the process of deep brain stimulation therapy. Cerebellar-cortical relationships can be determined using TMS over the cerebellum. Remote effects of TMS on the brain can be found as well using neuroimaging, including both positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The methods complement each other since they give different views of brain networks, and it is often valuable to use more than one technique to achieve converging evidence. The final product of this type of work is to show how information is processed and transmitted in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hallett
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Riccardo Di Iorio
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Neurology, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Catholic University, Policlinic A. Gemelli Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Neurology, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Catholic University, Policlinic A. Gemelli Foundation, Rome, Italy; Brain Connectivity Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Jung E Park
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Chen
- Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pablo Celnik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, USA
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit & E.J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Canada; Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan; Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
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Litwin-Kumar A, Harris KD, Axel R, Sompolinsky H, Abbott LF. Optimal Degrees of Synaptic Connectivity. Neuron 2017; 93:1153-1164.e7. [PMID: 28215558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic connectivity varies widely across neuronal types. Cerebellar granule cells receive five orders of magnitude fewer inputs than the Purkinje cells they innervate, and cerebellum-like circuits, including the insect mushroom body, also exhibit large divergences in connectivity. In contrast, the number of inputs per neuron in cerebral cortex is more uniform and large. We investigate how the dimension of a representation formed by a population of neurons depends on how many inputs each neuron receives and what this implies for learning associations. Our theory predicts that the dimensions of the cerebellar granule-cell and Drosophila Kenyon-cell representations are maximized at degrees of synaptic connectivity that match those observed anatomically, showing that sparse connectivity is sometimes superior to dense connectivity. When input synapses are subject to supervised plasticity, however, dense wiring becomes advantageous, suggesting that the type of plasticity exhibited by a set of synapses is a major determinant of connection density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Litwin-Kumar
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | | | - Richard Axel
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Haim Sompolinsky
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - L F Abbott
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Hebbian Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity at the Cerebellar Input Stage. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2809-2823. [PMID: 28188217 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2079-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) is a form of long-term synaptic plasticity exploiting the time relationship between postsynaptic action potentials (APs) and EPSPs. Surprisingly enough, very little was known about STDP in the cerebellum, although it is thought to play a critical role for learning appropriate timing of actions. We speculated that low-frequency oscillations observed in the granular layer may provide a reference for repetitive EPSP/AP phase coupling. Here we show that EPSP-spike pairing at 6 Hz can optimally induce STDP at the mossy fiber-granule cell synapse in rats. Spike timing-dependent long-term potentiation and depression (st-LTP and st-LTD) were confined to a ±25 ms time-window. Because EPSPs led APs in st-LTP while APs led EPSPs in st-LTD, STDP was Hebbian in nature. STDP occurred at 6-10 Hz but vanished >50 Hz or <1 Hz (where only LTP or LTD occurred). STDP disappeared with randomized EPSP/AP pairing or high intracellular Ca2+ buffering, and its sign was inverted by GABA-A receptor activation. Both st-LTP and st-LTD required NMDA receptors, but st-LTP also required reinforcing signals mediated by mGluRs and intracellular calcium stores. Importantly, st-LTP and st-LTD were significantly larger than LTP and LTD obtained by modulating the frequency and duration of mossy fiber bursts, probably because STDP expression involved postsynaptic in addition to presynaptic mechanisms. These results thus show that a Hebbian form of STDP occurs at the cerebellum input stage, providing the substrate for phase-dependent binding of mossy fiber spikes to repetitive theta-frequency cycles of granule cell activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Long-term synaptic plasticity is a fundamental property of the brain, causing persistent modifications of neuronal communication thought to provide the cellular basis of learning and memory. The cerebellum is critical for learning the appropriate timing of sensorimotor behaviors, but whether and how appropriate spike patterns could drive long-term synaptic plasticity remained unknown. Here, we show that this can actually occur through a form of spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) at the cerebellar inputs stage. Pairing presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes at 6-10 Hz reliably induced STDP at the mossy fiber-granule cell synapse, with potentiation and depression symmetrically distributed within a ±25 ms time window. Thus, STDP can bind plasticity to the mossy fiber burst phase with high temporal precision.
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Cerebellar-M1 Connectivity Changes Associated with Motor Learning Are Somatotopic Specific. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2377-2386. [PMID: 28137969 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2511-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the functions of the cerebellum in motor learning is to predict and account for systematic changes to the body or environment. This form of adaptive learning is mediated by plastic changes occurring within the cerebellar cortex. The strength of cerebellar-to-cerebral pathways for a given muscle may reflect aspects of cerebellum-dependent motor adaptation. These connections with motor cortex (M1) can be estimated as cerebellar inhibition (CBI): a conditioning pulse of transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the cerebellum before a test pulse over motor cortex. Previously, we have demonstrated that changes in CBI for a given muscle representation correlate with learning a motor adaptation task with the involved limb. However, the specificity of these effects is unknown. Here, we investigated whether CBI changes in humans are somatotopy specific and how they relate to motor adaptation. We found that learning a visuomotor rotation task with the right hand changed CBI, not only for the involved first dorsal interosseous of the right hand, but also for an uninvolved right leg muscle, the tibialis anterior, likely related to inter-effector transfer of learning. In two follow-up experiments, we investigated whether the preparation of a simple hand or leg movement would produce a somatotopy-specific modulation of CBI. We found that CBI changes only for the effector involved in the movement. These results indicate that learning-related changes in cerebellar-M1 connectivity reflect a somatotopy-specific interaction. Modulation of this pathway is also present in the context of interlimb transfer of learning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Connectivity between the cerebellum and motor cortex is a critical pathway for the integrity of everyday movements and understanding the somatotopic specificity of this pathway in the context of motor learning is critical to advancing the efficacy of neurorehabilitation. We found that adaptive learning with the hand affects cerebellar-motor cortex connectivity, not only for the trained hand, but also for an untrained leg muscle, an effect likely related to intereffector transfer of learning. Furthermore, we introduce a novel method to measure cerebellar-motor cortex connectivity during movement preparation. With this technique, we show that, outside the context of learning, modulation of cerebellar-motor cortex connectivity is somatotopically specific to the effector being moved.
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