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Vieira JL, Malivoire BL, Koerner N, Sumantry D. An examination of worry and self-distancing as coping strategies for anxiety-provoking experiences in individuals high in worry. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2024; 37:515-528. [PMID: 37873941 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2270417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This preliminary online study investigated the short-term effects of self-distancing, worry, and distraction on anxiety and worry-related appraisals among individuals high in worry. DESIGN AND METHODS N = 104 community members high in trait worry were randomly assigned to think about a personally identified worry-provoking situation using self-distancing (SC), worry (WC), or distraction (DC). Participants rated their anxiety (Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety) and appraisals of the situation (Perceived Probability, Coping, and Cost Questions) at post-task and one-day follow-up. RESULTS Mixed factorial ANOVAs revealed an increase in anxiety within the WC (d = .475) and no difference in anxiety within the SC (d = .010) from pre- to post-task. There was no difference in anxiety within the DC (p = .177). Participants within the SC reported a decrease in the perceived cost associated with their identified situation from pre- to post-task (d = .424), which was maintained at one-day follow-up (d = .034). Participants reported an increase in perceived ability to cope from post-task to one-day follow-up (d = .236), and from pre-task to one-day follow-up (d = .338), regardless of condition. CONCLUSIONS Self-distancing may prevent increases in anxiety and catastrophizing while reflecting on a feared situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Vieira
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bailee L Malivoire
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Naomi Koerner
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Sumantry
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
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2
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Lackner JM. Innovative cognitive behavioral therapies for irritable bowel syndrome: processes, predictors, platforms, and outcomes. Pain 2024; 165:1464-1471. [PMID: 38323654 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Lackner
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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3
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Grossmann I, Peetz J, Dorfman A, Rotella A, Buehler R. The Wise Mind Balances the Abstract and the Concrete. Open Mind (Camb) 2024; 8:826-858. [PMID: 38974582 PMCID: PMC11226238 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We explored how individuals' mental representations of complex and uncertain situations impact their ability to reason wisely. To this end, we introduce situated methods to capture abstract and concrete mental representations and the switching between them when reflecting on social challenges. Using these methods, we evaluated the alignment of abstractness and concreteness with four integral facets of wisdom: intellectual humility, open-mindedness, perspective-taking, and compromise-seeking. Data from North American and UK participants (N = 1,151) revealed that both abstract and concrete construals significantly contribute to wise reasoning, even when controlling for a host of relevant covariates and potential response bias. Natural language processing of unstructured texts among high (top 25%) and low (bottom 25%) wisdom participants corroborated these results: semantic networks of the high wisdom group reveal greater use of both abstract and concrete themes compared to the low wisdom group. Finally, employing a repeated strategy-choice method as an additional measure, our findings demonstrated that individuals who showed a greater balance and switching between these construal types exhibited higher wisdom. Our findings advance understanding of individual differences in mental representations and how construals shape reasoning across contexts in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Johanna Peetz
- Psychology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Dorfman
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Amanda Rotella
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Buehler
- Psychology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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4
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Elnakouri A, Huynh AC, Grossmann I. Explaining contentious political issues promotes open-minded thinking. Cognition 2024; 247:105769. [PMID: 38522218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive scientists suggest that inviting people to explain contentious political issues might reduce intergroup toxicity because it exposes people to how poorly they understand the issue. However, whether providing explanations can result in more open-minded political thinking remains unclear. On one hand, inviting people to explain a political issue might make them more impartial and open-minded in their thinking. On the other hand, an invitation to explain a contentious political issue might lead to myside bias-rationalization of one's default position. Here, we address these contrasting predictions in five experiments (N = 1884; three pre-registered), conducted across a variety of contexts: with graduate students interacting with an actor in a laboratory setting, with US residents at the peak of the 2012 and 2016 U.S. presidential elections, with UK residents before the highly polarized 2019 Brexit vote, and with gun-control partisans. Across studies, we found that explaining politically contentious topics resulted in more open-minded thinking, an effect that generalized across coded (Studies 1-4) and self-report (Studies 3-4) measures. We also observed that participants who were made to feel like their explanations were welcomed felt closer to their discussion partner (Studies 3-4), an effect that generalized to all outgroup members with whom they disagreed with about the politically contentious issue (Study 4). We discuss the theoretical implications of these findings, and the potential for explanations to foster open-minded political engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex C Huynh
- California State University San Marcos, United States of America
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5
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Stephan E, Sedikides C. Mental Time Travel as Self-Affirmation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024; 28:181-208. [PMID: 37876180 DOI: 10.1177/10888683231203143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT This article integrates and advances the scope of research on the role of mental time travel in bolstering the self. We propose that imagining the self in the future (prospection) or in the past (retrospection) highlights central and positive self-aspects. Thus, bringing to mind one's future or past broadens the perceived bases of self-integrity and offers a route to self-affirmation. In reviewing corresponding research programs on self-prospection and nostalgia, we illustrate that mental time travel serves to affirm the self in terms of self-esteem, coherence, and control. Mental time travel could be implemented as a source of self-affirmation for facilitating coping and behavior change in several domains such as relationships, health, education, and organizational contexts. PUBLIC ABSTRACT People can mentally travel to their future or to their past. When people imagine what they will be like in the future, or what they were like in the past, they tend to think about themselves in terms of the important and positive attributes that they possess. Thinking about themselves in such an affirming way expands and consolidates their self-views. This broader image of themselves can increase self-esteem (the extent to which one likes who they are), coherence (the extent to which one perceives life as meaningful), and control (the extent to which one feels capable of initiating and pursuing goals or effecting desirable outcomes). Mental time travel, then, has favorable or affirming consequences for one's self-views. These consequences can be harnessed to modify one's behavior in such life domains as relationships, health, education, and work.
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6
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Kanaya Y, Kawai N. Anger is eliminated with the disposal of a paper written because of provocation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7490. [PMID: 38594343 PMCID: PMC11003969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Anger suppression is important in our daily life, as its failure can sometimes lead to the breaking down of relationships in families. Thus, effective strategies to suppress or neutralise anger have been examined. This study shows that physical disposal of a piece of paper containing one's written thoughts on the cause of a provocative event neutralises anger, while holding the paper did not. In this study, participants wrote brief opinions about social problems and received a handwritten, insulting comment consisting of low evaluations about their composition from a confederate. Then, the participants wrote the cause and their thoughts about the provocative event. Half of the participants (disposal group) disposed of the paper in the trash can (Experiment 1) or in the shredder (Experiment 2), while the other half (retention group) kept it in a file on the desk. All the participants showed an increased subjective rating of anger after receiving the insulting feedback. However, the subjective anger for the disposal group decreased as low as the baseline period, while that of the retention group was still higher than that in the baseline period in both experiments. We propose this method as a powerful and simple way to eliminate anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kanaya
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kawai
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
- Academy of Emerging Science, Chubu University, Kasugai City, 487-8501, Japan.
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7
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Snyder S, Milbury K, Wagner R, Cohen L. Words matter: The use of generic "you" in expressive writing in an oncology setting. J Health Psychol 2024; 29:42-51. [PMID: 37358056 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231182218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of generic "you" (GY) in writing samples fosters psychological distancing and functions as a linguistic mechanism to facilitate emotion regulation. This method of creating psychological distance from the traumatic experience of cancer may be used by patients processing emotions. We used behavioral coding to analyze expressive writing samples collected from 138 cancer patients to examine the association between the use of "you" and cancer-related symptoms and psychological outcomes. Occurrences of GY were low, but our qualitative results showed how the use of GY could create a universal experience of cancer. The use of GY was not associated with cancer-related symptoms and depressive symptoms, but longitudinal analyses revealed that those using GY had fewer intrusive thoughts and avoidance behaviors across the follow-up period of 1, 4, and 10 months after the intervention. The development of psychological self-distancing prompts to use in writing interventions or as a clinical tool for cancer patients should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Snyder
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
| | | | | | - Lorenzo Cohen
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
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8
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Assaz DA, Tyndall I, Oshiro CKB, Roche B. A Process-Based Analysis of Cognitive Defusion in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Behav Ther 2023; 54:1020-1035. [PMID: 37863583 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive defusion is among the main components of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), a contextual behavioral approach to psychotherapy. Defusion serves as a middle-level term, and, as such, may be useful for applying and disseminating behavior science, despite its lower precision. However, some authors argue that for middle-level terms in psychotherapy to be useful to clinicians, they need to be clearly linked to basic behavioral concepts, with higher precision; and that this is not currently the case with defusion. Our objective is to increase the pragmatic utility of the concept of "cognitive defusion" by providing a more nuanced, multifaceted and process-based definition of the term. In order to do this, we surveyed the ACT literature regarding defusion and critically examined it through the lens of conceptual analysis. This culminated in a revised and updated conceptualization of defusion in terms of its relationship to basic behavioral concepts, in which defusion is an outcome that may be achieved through different processes.
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9
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Hayes BK, Harikumar A, Ferguson LA, Dicker EE, Denny BT, Leal SL. Emotion regulation during encoding reduces negative and enhances neutral mnemonic discrimination in individuals with depressive symptoms. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 205:107824. [PMID: 37673391 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with depression exhibit dysfunctional emotion regulation, general episodic memory deficits, and a negativity bias, where negative experiences are better remembered. Recent work suggests that the negativity bias in depression may be driven by enhanced mnemonic discrimination, a memory measure that relies on hippocampal pattern separation - a computation that processes experiences with overlapping features as unique. Previously, we found that individuals with depressive symptoms show enhanced negative and impaired neutral mnemonic discrimination. The current study aimed to investigate emotion regulation as an approach toward modifying memory encoding of negative and neutral events in individuals with depressive symptoms. Here we show that applying psychological distancing (a cognitive reappraisal strategy characterized by taking a third-person perspective toward negative events) during encoding was associated with reduced negative and enhanced neutral mnemonic discrimination during retrieval in individuals with depressive symptoms. These results suggest that applying emotion regulation techniques during encoding may provide an effective approach toward altering dysfunctional memory in those with depressive symptoms. Given that pharmacological treatments often fail to treat depression, emotion regulation provides a powerful and practical approach toward modifying cognitive and emotional processes. Future neuroimaging studies will be important to determine how emotion regulation impacts the neural mechanisms underlying these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K Hayes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St. Houston TX 77005, United States
| | - Amritha Harikumar
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St. Houston TX 77005, United States
| | - Lorena A Ferguson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St. Houston TX 77005, United States
| | - Eva E Dicker
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St. Houston TX 77005, United States
| | - Bryan T Denny
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St. Houston TX 77005, United States
| | - Stephanie L Leal
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St. Houston TX 77005, United States.
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10
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Denny BT, Jungles ML, Goodson PN, Dicker EE, Chavez J, Jones JS, Lopez RB. Unpacking reappraisal: a systematic review of fMRI studies of distancing and reinterpretation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:nsad050. [PMID: 37757486 PMCID: PMC10561539 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsad050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, a substantial volume of work has examined the neural mechanisms of cognitive reappraisal. Distancing and reinterpretation are two frequently used tactics through which reappraisal can be implemented. Theoretical frameworks and prior evidence have suggested that the specific tactic through which one employs reappraisal entails differential neural and psychological mechanisms. Thus, we were motivated to assess the neural mechanisms of this distinction by examining the overlap and differentiation exhibited by the neural correlates of distancing (specifically via objective appraisal) and reinterpretation. We analyzed 32 published functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in healthy adults using multilevel kernel density analysis. Results showed that distancing relative to reinterpretation uniquely recruited right bilateral dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) and left posterior parietal cortex, previously associated with mentalizing, selective attention and working memory. Reinterpretation relative to distancing uniquely recruited left bilateral ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC), previously associated with response selection and inhibition. Further, distancing relative to reinterpretation was associated with greater prevalence of bilateral amygdala attenuation during reappraisal. Finally, a behavioral meta-analysis showed efficacy for both reappraisal tactics. These results are consistent with prior theoretical models for the functional neural architecture of reappraisal via distancing and reinterpretation and suggest potential future applications in region-of-interest specification and neural network analysis in studies focusing on specific reappraisal tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T Denny
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Mallory L Jungles
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Pauline N Goodson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Eva E Dicker
- Department of Psychology, Seattle University, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Julia Chavez
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jenna S Jones
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Richard B Lopez
- Department of Psychological & Cognitive Sciences, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
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11
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Li B, Ng K, Tong X, Zhou X, Ye J, Yu JJ. Physical activity and mental health in children and youth during COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2023; 17:92. [PMID: 37468975 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-023-00629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and universal mitigation strategies have fundamentally affected peoples' lives worldwide, particularly during the first two years of the pandemic. Reductions in physical activity (PA) and increased mental health (MH) problems among children and youth have been observed. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the relationship between physical activity (PA) and mental health (MH) among children and youth during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Four electronic databases (EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science) were systematically searched to identify studies that (1) examined the relationship between PA and MH among children and youth (aged 2-24 years old) and (2) were published in peer-reviewed journals in English between January 2020 and December 2021. Relationships between PA and two MH aspects (i.e., negative and positive psychological responses) among children and youth at different age ranges and those with disabilities or chronic conditions (DCC) were synthesized. Meta-analyses were also performed for eligible studies to determine the pooled effect size. RESULTS A total of 58 studies were eventually included for variable categorization, with 32 eligible for meta-analyses. Our synthesis results showed that greater PA participation was strongly related to lower negative psychological responses (i.e., anxiety, depression, stress, insomnia, fatigue, and mental health problems) and higher positive psychological responses (i.e., general well-being and vigor) in children and youth during COVID-19. The pattern and strength of relations between PA and MH outcomes varied across age ranges and health conditions, with preschoolers and those with DCC receiving less attention in the existing research. Meta-analysis results showed that the magnitude of associations of PA with negative (Fisher's z = - 0.198, p < 0.001) and positive (Fisher's z = 0.170, p < 0.001) psychological responses among children and youth was weak. These results were linked to age of participants, study quality, and reporting of PA-related information. CONCLUSIONS PA participation and MH among children and youth deteriorated during the COVID-19 pandemic and were closely associated with each other. For the post-COVID-19 era, additional research on age- and health condition-specific relationships between PA and MH outcomes from a comprehensive perspective is warranted. (Word count: 344 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kwok Ng
- Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Faculty of Education, University of Turku, Rauma, Finland
- School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Xiuhong Tong
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangchuan Ye
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jane Jie Yu
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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12
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Abedin E, Ferreira M, Reimann R, Cheong M, Grossmann I, Alfano M. Exploring intellectual humility through the lens of artificial intelligence: Top terms, features and a predictive model. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 238:103979. [PMID: 37467653 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intellectual humility (IH) is often conceived as the recognition of, and appropriate response to, your own intellectual limitations. As far as we are aware, only a handful of studies look at interventions to increase IH - e.g. through journalling - and no study so far explores the extent to which having high or low IH can be predicted. This paper uses machine learning and natural language processing techniques to develop a predictive model for IH and identify top terms and features that indicate degrees of IH. We trained our classifier on the dataset from an existing psychological study on IH, where participants were asked to journal their experiences with handling social conflicts over 30 days. We used Logistic Regression (LR) to train a classifier and the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) dictionaries for feature selection, picking out a range of word categories relevant to interpersonal relationships. Our results show that people who differ on IH do in fact systematically express themselves in different ways, including through expression of emotions (i.e., positive, negative, and specifically anger, anxiety, sadness, as well as the use of swear words), use of pronouns (i.e., first person, second person, and third person) and time orientation (i.e., past, present, and future tenses). We discuss the importance of these findings for IH and the value of using such techniques for similar psychological studies, as well as some ethical concerns and limitations with the use of such semi-automated classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Abedin
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | | - Marc Cheong
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Igor Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, The University of Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mark Alfano
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Australia
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13
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O'Hara KL, Mehl MR, Sbarra DA. Spinning Your Wheels: Psychological Overinvolvement and Actigraphy-Assessed Sleep Efficiency Following Marital Separation. Int J Behav Med 2023; 30:307-319. [PMID: 35698019 PMCID: PMC9867921 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-022-10101-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the ways in which adults reflect on their psychological experiences amid a recent marital separation and how these patterns of thought, manifest in language, are associated with self-reported negative affect and actigraphy-assessed sleep disturbance. METHODS In a sample of 138 recently separated adults assessed three times over five months, we examined within- and between-person associations among psychological overinvolvement (operationalized using verbal immediacy derived as a function of the language participants used to discuss their relationship history and divorce experience), continued attachment to an ex-partner, negative affect, and sleep efficiency. RESULTS The association between psychological overinvolvement and negative affect operated at the within-person level, whereas the associations between psychological overinvolvement and sleep disturbance, as well as negative affect and sleep disturbance, operated at the between-person level. CONCLUSIONS These findings shed light on the intraindividual processes that may explain why some people are more susceptible to poor outcomes after separation/divorce than others. Our findings suggest that individuals who express their divorce-related thoughts and feelings in a psychologically overinvolved manner may be at greatest risk for sleep disturbances after marital separation/divorce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karey L O'Hara
- Department of Psychology, REACH Institute, Arizona State University, 900 S, McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Matthias R Mehl
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - David A Sbarra
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
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14
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Bilek EL, Meyer AE, Tomlinson R, Chen C. Pilot Study of Self-Distancing Augmentation to Exposure Therapy for Youth Anxiety. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023:10.1007/s10578-023-01540-x. [PMID: 37231323 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-023-01540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This pilot examines a self-distancing augmentation to exposure. Nine youth with anxiety (ages 11-17; 67% female) completed treatment. The study employed a brief (eight session) crossover ABA/BAB design. Exposure difficulty, engagement with exposure, and treatment acceptability were examined as primary outcome variables. Visual inspection of plots indicated that youth completed more difficult exposures during augmented exposure sessions [EXSD] than classic exposure sessions [EX] by therapist- and youth-report and that therapists reported higher youth engagement during EXSD than EX sessions. There were no significant differences between EXSD and EX on exposure difficulty or engagement by therapist- or youth-report. Treatment acceptability was high, although some youth reported that self-distancing was "awkward". Self-distancing may be associated with increased exposure engagement and willingness to complete more difficult exposures, which has been linked to treatment outcomes. Future research is needed to further demonstrate this link, and link self-distancing to outcomes directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Bilek
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd., SPC 5765, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Allison E Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rachel Tomlinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carol Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd., SPC 5765, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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15
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Lau-Zhu A, Williams F, Steel C. Attachment patterns and autobiographical episodic memory functioning: A systemic review of adult studies to advance clinical psychological science. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 101:102254. [PMID: 36804184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of insecure attachment are associated with psychopathology but the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Cognitive science proposes that attachment patterns are influenced by the autobiographical memory system and in turn influence its ongoing functioning. Disturbances in autobiographical memory represent cognitive risks for later emotional difficulties. We systemically reviewed 33 studies (in 28 articles) examining the association between attachment patterns and autobiographical episodic memory (AEM) in individuals from the age of 16 (i.e., from young to older adulthood). Attachment patterns were associated with key areas of AEM phenomenology, including intensity and arousal; detail, specificity, and vividness; coherence and fragmentation; and accuracy and latency. These associations appeared to be moderated by contextual and individual factors; mediated by emotional regulation and schema-based processing; linked to mental health outcomes. Attachment patterns may also influence the impact of certain AEM-based manipulations. We conclude by providing a critical discussion and a research agenda for bringing together attachment, memory, and emotion, with a view to promote mechanism-driven treatment innovation in clinical psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lau-Zhu
- Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - F Williams
- Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C Steel
- Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Moffitt RL, Neumann DL, Gersh HE, van Poppel EJ. A brief self-compassionate reflective writing task can manage negative reactions following an eating transgression. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00050067.2023.2183109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn L. Moffitt
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David L. Neumann
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Hannah E. Gersh
- Psychology, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily J. van Poppel
- Psychology, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Kross E, Ong M, Ayduk O. Self-Reflection at Work: Why It Matters and How to Harness Its Potential and Avoid Its Pitfalls. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031921-024406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to fathom how an organization could be successful without its employees engaging in self-reflection. Gone would be its personnel's capacity to problem-solve, learn from past experiences, and engage in countless other introspective activities that are vital to success. Indeed, a large body of research highlights the positive value of reflection. Yet, as both common experience and a wealth of findings demonstrate, engaging in this introspective process while focusing on negative experiences often backfires, undermining people's health, well-being, performance, and relationships. Here we synthesize research on the benefits and costs of self-reflection in organizational contexts and discuss the role that psychological distance plays in allowing people to harness the potential of self-reflection while avoiding its common pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Kross
- Management & Organizations Area, Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Psychology Department, School of Literature Science and Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Madeline Ong
- Management Department, Mays Business School, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ozlem Ayduk
- Psychology Department, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Deleuil S, Mussap AJ. Evaluating an online self-distancing intervention to promote emotional regulation and posttraumatic growth during the COVID-19 pandemic. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2023; 36:18-37. [PMID: 36469741 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2022.2150177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Three online studies were conducted to elucidate the role of emotional regulation (ER) in posttraumatic growth (PTG), evaluate the ability of an online self-distancing intervention to achieve ER, and test whether increasing the use of ER strategies promotes PTG. DESIGN Cross-sectional (Study 1) and longitudinal randomized controlled trials (RCT) (Studies 2 and 3). METHOD In Study 1, 626 adults completed measures of ER, PTG, and psychosocial functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Study 2, 149 adults participated in a five-week RCT comparing self-immersed, spatially self-distanced, and temporally self-distanced reflection in their ability to regulate negative affect. In Study 3, 117 adults replicated the RCT of Study 2 and completed the measures from Study 1 a week pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS Path analyses confirmed that ER strategies were relevant to COVID-19-related PTG. MANOVAs revealed that self-distancing was effective in regulating state negative affect. However, ANOVAs suggest that this was not due to increased use of ER strategies and did not improve PTG or psychosocial functioning. CONCLUSIONS These findings support further research into the relevance of ER to PTG, and provide a foundation to understand PTG and develop PTG-promoting interventions within a broader stress-coping framework.
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Küçüktaş S, St Jacques PL. How shifting visual perspective during autobiographical memory retrieval influences emotion: A change in retrieval orientation. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:928583. [PMID: 36226260 PMCID: PMC9549757 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.928583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual perspective during autobiographical memory (AM) retrieval influences how people remember the emotional aspects of memories. Prior research in emotion regulation has also shown that shifting from an own eyes to an observer-like perspective is an efficient way of regulating the affect elicited by emotional AMs. However, the impact of shifting visual perspective is also dependent on the nature of the emotion associated with the event. The current review synthesizes behavioral and functional neuroimaging findings from the event memory and emotion regulation literature that examine how adopting particular visual perspectives and actively shifting across them during retrieval alters emotional experience, by primarily focusing on emotional intensity. We review current theories explaining why shifts in perspectives may or may not change the emotional characteristics of memories, then propose a new theory, suggesting that the own eyes and observer-like perspectives are two different retrieval orientations supported by differential neural activations that lead episodic details to be reconstructed in specific ways.
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Hollar SM, Siegel JT. Increasing help-seeking among people with depression by self-distancing using mental time-travel. J Ment Health 2022; 32:575-581. [DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2022.2118684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Hollar
- Department of Behavioral and Organizational Studies, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, USA
| | - Jason T. Siegel
- Department of Behavioral and Organizational Studies, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, USA
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Approaching or Decentering? Differential Neural Networks Underlying Experiential Emotion Regulation and Cognitive Defusion. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091215. [PMID: 36138951 PMCID: PMC9496919 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the bottom-up experiential emotion regulation in comparison to the cognitiveve top down-approach of cognitive defusion. Rooted in an experiential- and client-centered psychotherapeutic approach, experiential emotion regulation involves an active, non-intervening, accepting, open and welcoming approach towards the bodily felt affective experience in a welcoming, compassionate way, expressed in ‘experiential awareness’ in a first phase, and its verbalization or ‘experiential expression’ in a second phase. Defusion refers to the ability to observe one’s thoughts and feelings in a detached manner. Nineteen healthy participants completed an emotion regulation task during fMRI scanning by processing highly arousing negative events by images. Both experiential emotion regulation and cognitive defusion resulted in higher negative emotion compared to a ‘watch’ control condition. On the neurophysiological level, experiential emotion regulation recruited brain areas that regulate attention towards affective- and somatosensorial experience such as the anterior cingulate cortex, the paracingulate gyrus, the inferior frontal gyrus, and the prefrontal pole, areas underlying multisensory information integration (e.g., angular gyrus), and linking body states to emotion recognition and awareness (e.g., postcentral gyrus). Experiential emotion regulation, relative to the control condition, also resulted in a higher interaction between the anterior insular cortex and left amygdala while participants experienced less negative emotion. Cognitive defusion decreased activation in the subcortical areas such as the brainstem, the thalamus, the amygdala, and the hippocampus. In contrast to cognitive defusion, experiential emotion regulation relative to demonstrated greater activation in the left angular gyrus, indicating more multisensory information integration. These findings provide insight into different and specific neural networks underlying psychotherapy-based experiential emotion regulation and cognitive defusion.
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22
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McGregor I, Tran A, Auger E, Britton E, Hayes J, Elnakouri A, Eftekhari E, Sharpinskyi K, Arbiv OA, Nash K. Higher power dynamics: How meaning search and self-transcendence inspire approach motivation and magnanimity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Patient perspectives on chronic kidney disease and decision-making about treatment. Discourse of participants in the French CKD-REIN cohort study. J Nephrol 2022; 35:1387-1397. [PMID: 35696043 PMCID: PMC9217839 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-022-01345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Little is known about psychological issues in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) facing transition to kidney failure and the involvement of their family in decision-making about kidney replacement therapy (KRT). This study investigated patients’ experience of their illness, their views on KRT choice and their perception of the influence of their relatives. Methods We conducted a qualitative study nested in the CKD-REIN prospective cohort study which included non-dialysis CKD patients from 40 nationally representative nephrology clinics. Among 1555 patients who returned a self-administered questionnaire, we used purposive sampling to select 50 participants who underwent semi-structured phone interviews with a psychologist. Results The patients' mean age was 62.2 ± 12 years, 42% were women, and 68% had CKD stage 4–5. The analysis yielded four lexical classes: “illness rhythm”, “considering dialysis”, “family and transplantation”, and “disease, treatment choice and introspection”. When experiencing few or mild symptoms, patients tended to avoid thinking about CKD, for the prospect of dialysis was the most stressful part of their experience. Surprisingly, the importance of family appeared when they talked about transplantation decision-making, but not about choice of dialysis modality. Conclusions Cognitive avoidance seems common in patients with advanced CKD. Transplantation and dialysis decision-making appear to be two distinct processes, with different levels of family involvement. More research is needed to better understand the frequency and impact of cognitive avoidance on patients’ well-being and decision-making. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40620-022-01345-6.
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Lamarche VM, James-Hawkins L. It Happened to a Friend of Mine: The Influence of Perspective-taking on the Acknowledgment of Sexual Assault Following Ambiguous Sexual Encounters. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP7343-NP7368. [PMID: 32990164 PMCID: PMC9092921 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520957678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Failure to acknowledge that one has been the victim of sexual violence is an important, yet understudied, barrier that prevents women from seeking appropriate support following sexual violence. Drawing from a literature of demonstrating the benefits of self-distancing when evaluating emotionally charged personal information, the effects of self-distancing on acknowledgment of sexual assault were tested. Four experimental studies (Ntotal = 1,609) manipulated perspective-taking, either by asking women to imagine a series of hypothetical sexual encounters as experiences that happened to themselves or to their friends, or by asking women to describe a sexual experience from a first- or third-person perspective. Findings from the studies suggest that taking another person's perspective can help women to label ambiguous sexual experiences as more inappropriate and coercive. Notably, this did not seem to stem from women downplaying or dismissing experiences when they imagined themselves, as they reported anticipating more negative and less positive emotions in the scenarios where they imagined themselves compared to a friend. Nonetheless, in spite of the stronger anticipated negative emotional response when imagining themselves, women were less open to information about resources associated with sexual assault and support when they imagined themselves compared to a friend. This pattern of findings replicated for own, past sexual experiences but only to the extent that women spontaneously engaged in distanced perspective-taking themselves. This research suggests in addition to using contextual information to disambiguate and determine whether a sexual experience was inappropriate, taking a distanced perspective might provide a route through which women can come to terms with the experience and open up to the use of community-based services and sexual assault resources.
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Abstract
Nostalgia, a sentimental longing for one's past, has been garnering keen empirical attention in the psychological literature over the last two decades. After providing a historical overview, we place the emotion in cross-cultural context. Laypeople in many cultures conceptualize nostalgia similarly: as a past-oriented, social, self-relevant, and bittersweet emotion, but more sweet (positively toned) than bitter (negatively toned). That is, the nostalgizer reflects on a fond and personally important event—often their childhood or valued relationships—relives the event through rose-colored glasses, yearns for that time or relationship, and may even wish to return briefly to the past. Also, triggers of nostalgia (e.g., adverts, food, cold temperatures, loneliness) are similar across cultures. Moreover, across cultures nostalgia serves three key functions: it elevates social connectedness (a sense of belongingness or acceptance), meaning in life (a sense that one's life is significant, purposeful, and coherent), and self-continuity (a sense of connection between one's past and present self). Further, nostalgia acts as a buffer against discomforting psychological states (e.g., loneliness) similarly in varied cultural contexts. For example, (1) loneliness is positively related to, or intensifies, nostalgia; (2) loneliness is related to, or intensifies, adverse outcomes such as unhappiness or perceived lack of social support; and (3) nostalgia suppresses the relation between loneliness and adverse outcomes. Additionally, nostalgia facilitates one's acculturation to a host culture. Specifically, (1) nostalgia (vs. control) elicits a positive acculturation orientation toward a host culture; (2) nostalgia (vs. control) amplifies bicultural identity integration; and (3) positive acculturation orientation mediates the effect of host-culture nostalgia on bicultural identity integration. We conclude by identifying lacunae in the literature and calling for follow-up research.
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26
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Ferguson LA, Leal SL. Interactions of Emotion and Memory in the Aging Brain: Neural and Psychological Correlates. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-021-00245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gainsburg I, Sowden WJ, Drake B, Herold W, Kross E. Distanced self-talk increases rational self-interest. Sci Rep 2022; 12:511. [PMID: 35017562 PMCID: PMC8752811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Does stepping back to evaluate a situation from a distanced perspective lead us to be selfish or fair? This question has been of philosophical interest for centuries, and, more recently, the focus of extensive empirical inquiry. Yet, extant research reveals a puzzle: some studies suggest that adopting a distanced perspective will produce more rationally self-interested behavior, whereas others suggest that it will produce more impartial behavior. Here we adjudicate between these perspectives by testing the effects of adopting a third-person perspective on decision making in a task that pits rational self-interest against impartiality: the dictator game. Aggregating across three experiments (N = 774), participants who used third-person (i.e., distanced) vs. first-person (i.e., immersed) self-talk during the dictator game kept more money for themselves. We discuss these results in light of prior research showing that psychological distance can promote cooperation and fairmindedness and how the effect of psychological distance on moral decision-making may be sensitive to social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzy Gainsburg
- Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. .,Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. .,Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Walter J Sowden
- Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.,Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, USA
| | | | | | - Ethan Kross
- Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.,Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Seah THS, Almahmoud S, Coifman KG. Feel to Heal: Negative Emotion Differentiation Promotes Medication Adherence in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Psychol 2022; 12:687497. [PMID: 35082708 PMCID: PMC8784965 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.687497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that results in lower quality of life. Medication adherence is important for reducing relapse, disease progression, and MS-related symptoms, particularly during the early stages of MS. However, adherence may be impacted by negative emotional states. Therefore, it is important to identify protective factors. Past research suggests that the ability to discriminate between negative emotional states, also known as negative emotion differentiation (NED), may be protective against enactment of maladaptive risk-related behaviors. However, less is known as to how NED may promote adaptive health behaviors such as medication adherence. Utilizing weekly diaries, we investigated whether NED moderates the association between negative affect and medication adherence rates across 58 weeks among patients (n = 27) newly diagnosed with MS (following McDonald criteria). Results revealed that NED significantly moderated the relationship between negative affect and medication adherence. Specifically, greater negative affect was associated with lower adherence only for individuals reporting low NED. However, this link disappeared for those reporting moderate to high NED. Building upon past research, our findings suggest that NED may promote adaptive health behaviors and have important clinical implications for the treatment and management of chronic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. H. Stanley Seah
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
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29
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Powers JP, Kako N, McIntosh DN, McRae K. Competitive interactions between cognitive reappraisal and mentalizing. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 174:17-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Weststrate NM, Jayawickreme E, Wrzus C. Advancing a Three-Tier Personality Framework for Posttraumatic Growth. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211062327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adversity has been assumed to foster positive personality change under certain conditions. In this article, we examine this assumption within the context of the three-tier personality framework integrating traits, characteristic adaptations, and narrative identity to provide a comprehensive understanding of personality growth. We first review findings on how adverse events affect personality on each of these three levels. Second, we summarize knowledge on event-based and person-based predictors of personality change in the face of adversity. Third, we specify affective, behavioral, and cognitive processes that explain personality change across levels of personality. Innovatively, our proposed process model addresses change at all three levels of personality, as well as similarities and differences in processes across the levels. We conclude by discussing unresolved issues, asking critical questions, and posing challenging hypotheses for testing this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nic M. Weststrate
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eranda Jayawickreme
- Department of Psychology & Program for Leadership and Character, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cornelia Wrzus
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Slater M, Banakou D. The Golden Rule as a Paradigm for Fostering Prosocial Behavior With Virtual Reality. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/09637214211046954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Golden Rule of ethics in its negative form states that you should not do to others what you would not want others to do to you, and in its positive form states that you should do to others as you would want them to do to you. The Golden Rule is an ethical principle, but in virtual reality (VR), it can also be thought of as a paradigm for the promotion of prosocial behavior. This is because in VR, you can directly experience harm that you inflicted or were complicit in inflicting from the embodied perspective of the victim. This use of what we refer to as the Golden Rule Embodiment Paradigm (GREP) relies on participants in VR having the illusion of body ownership over a virtual body. In this article, we introduce virtual embodiment and the consequent illusion of ownership over the virtual body, and describe how this phenomenon has been utilized to influence implicit attitudes. We then introduce the GREP and give examples of studies in which it enhanced helping behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Slater
- Event Lab, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences of the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona
| | - Domna Banakou
- Event Lab, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences of the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona
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Pugh M. Single-session chairwork: overview and case illustration of brief dialogical psychotherapy. BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2021.1984395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Pugh
- Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Shahane AD, Pham DC, Lopez RB, Denny BT. Novel computational algorithms to index lexical markers of psychological distancing and their relationship to emotion regulation efficacy over time. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2021; 2:262-272. [PMID: 35494407 PMCID: PMC9053392 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-021-00053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The degree to which one employs an objective or spatially/temporally distant perspective via language, i.e., linguistic distancing, has previously been shown to be positively associated with well-being. We sought to further elucidate relationships among language and emotion over time as a function of the implementation of sub-tactics of psychological distancing. In Study 1, we developed novel deep machine learning algorithms to identify the degree to which linguistic patterns reflect two types of psychological distancing, namely objective (OBJ) and spatial/temporal (FAR) distancing. In Study 2, in an expressive writing-based longitudinal emotion regulation training task, participants transcribed their thoughts while viewing negative or neutral stimuli over 5 sessions in one of three ways: by implementing objective language (Objective group), by implementing spatially/temporally distant language (Far group), or by responding naturally. We found that the OBJ and FAR algorithms significantly predicted changes in task-based self-reported negative affect in the Objective group and found no significant associations in the Far group. The relationship between the algorithm scores and self-reported negative affect was stronger in the Objective group compared to the Far group. These findings describe sensitive linguistic distancing algorithms that are capable of tracking changes in self-reported negative affect. These results may be useful in developing novel, unobtrusive emotion regulation assessments and interventions that utilize natural language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoushka D. Shahane
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, BioScience Research Collaborative, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Daniel C. Pham
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, BioScience Research Collaborative, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | | | - Bryan T. Denny
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, BioScience Research Collaborative, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Petrova K, Nevarez MD, Waldinger RJ, Preacher KJ, Schulz MS. Self-distancing and Avoidance Mediate the Links Between Trait Mindfulness and Responses to Emotional Challenges. Mindfulness (N Y) 2021; 12:947-958. [PMID: 34149956 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-020-01559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Mindfulness has been linked to better emotion regulation and more adaptive responses to stress across a number of studies, but the mechanisms underlying these links remain to be fully understood. The present study examines links between trait mindfulness (Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire; FFMQ) and participants' responses to common emotional challenges, focusing specifically on the roles of reduced avoidance and more self-distanced engagement as key potential mechanisms driving the adaptive benefits of trait mindfulness. Methods Adults (n = 305, age range: 40-72) from the Second Generation Study of the Harvard Study of Adult Development completed two laboratory-based challenges - public speaking combined with difficult math tasks (the Trier Social Stress Test) and writing about a memory of a difficult moment. State anxiety and sadness were assessed immediately before and after the two stressors. To capture different ways of engaging, measures of self-distancing, avoidance, and persistent worry were collected during the lab session. Results As predicted, individuals who scored higher on the FFMQ experienced less anxiety and persistent worry in response to the social stressors. The FFMQ was also linked to less anxiety and sadness when writing about a difficult moment. The links between mindfulness and negative emotions after the writing task were independently mediated by self-distanced engagement and lower avoidance. Conclusions Affective benefits of trait mindfulness under stress are associated with both the degree and the nature of emotional engagement. Specifically, reduced avoidance and self-distanced engagement may facilitate reflection on negative experiences that is less affectively aversive.
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Dorfman A, Moscovitch DA, Chopik WJ, Grossmann I. None the wiser: Year-long longitudinal study on effects of adversity on wisdom. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211014057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Research on consequences of adversity appears inconclusive. Adversity can be detriment to mental health, promoting maladaptive patterns of thoughts. At the same time, posttraumatic growth studies suggest that overcoming major adversity facilitates growth in wisdom-related patterns of thoughts. We address this puzzle by examining how distinct types of adversity impact wisdom over time and how individual differences in self-distanced (rather than self-immersed) reflection on adversity relate to different wisdom trajectories. In a four-wave prospective year-long study, participants ( N = 499) recalled and reflected every three months on the most significant recent adverse event in their life. They reported how much they engaged in wise reasoning—intellectual humility, open-mindedness to diverse perspectives and change, search for compromises and resolution—as well as self-distancing during reflections. Independent raters identified seven distinct adversity types (e.g. social conflict, economic hardship, major trauma) in open-ended descriptions. Growth curve analyses revealed little evidence of positive change in wise-reasoning over the course of a year, and some evidence of negative change for health-related adversity. Although self-distancing was associated with stability in wisdom, self-immersing was associated with negative change in wisdom in reflections on social conflicts over time. We discuss implications these results have for adversity, change vs. resilience in character strengths, and self-distancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dorfman
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | | | | | - Igor Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Canada
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36
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How perceived Australian sexual norms shape sexual practices of East Asian and sub-Saharan African international students in Sydney. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:395. [PMID: 33622290 PMCID: PMC7903731 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual norms, real or perceived, shape young people's sexual behaviour and may constitute one of the greatest challenges in HIV/STIs prevention among this population. This study used sexual script theory to explore how international students in Sydney, Australia - from traditional cultures of East Asian and sub-Saharan African countries - construct home backgrounds and Australian sexual norms and how this may shape their sexual practices during their studies in Australia. METHODS The study involved face-to-face and telephone semi-structured in-depth interviews. Data were provided by 20 international students who are enrolled in various universities in Sydney. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, coded into NVivo and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS Identified patterns in the data showed three themes through which participants perceive sexual norms in Australia as distinctly different from their home country norms. First, participants stated that unlike their home country norms, sexual norms in Australia are permissive. Second, participants hold the view that compared to their home country norms, sex in Australia is largely casual as it is not always attached to love. Some participants revealed that this could shape their own sexual practices during their studies in Australia. Finally, participants noted that compared to their home countries' norm of sex talk taboo, Australia has an open sexual communication norm; which they believe, enables young people in western societies to easily acquire sexual health information. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide evidence to support a need for contextualized and effective sexual health services for international students that take account of perceptions around sexual norms and how they can be modified to ensure that sexual practices which these students may engage in, will be managed in a safe and responsible manner.
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Grossmann I, Dorfman A, Oakes H, Santos HC, Vohs KD, Scholer AA. Training for Wisdom: The Distanced-Self-Reflection Diary Method. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:381-394. [PMID: 33539229 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620969170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How can people wisely navigate social conflict? Two preregistered longitudinal experiments (Study 1: Canadian adults; Study 2: American and Canadian adults; total N = 555) tested whether encouraging distanced (i.e., third-person) self-reflection would help promote wisdom. Both experiments measured wise reasoning (i.e., intellectual humility, open-mindedness about how situations could unfold, consideration of and attempts to integrate diverse viewpoints) about challenging interpersonal events. In a month-long experiment (Study 1), participants used either a third- or first-person perspective in diary reflections on each day's most significant experience. Compared with preintervention assessments, assessments made after the intervention revealed that participants reflecting in the third person showed a significant increase in wise reasoning about interpersonal challenges. These effects were statistically accounted for by shifts in diary-based reflections toward a broader self-focus. A week-long experiment (Study 2) replicated the third-person self-reflection effect on wise reasoning (vs. first-person and no-pronoun control conditions). These findings suggest an efficient and evidence-based method for fostering wise reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Dorfman
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo
| | | | - Henri C Santos
- Behavioral Insights Team, Steele Institute for Health Innovation, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania
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Dahl CJ, Wilson-Mendenhall CD, Davidson RJ. The plasticity of well-being: A training-based framework for the cultivation of human flourishing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32197-32206. [PMID: 33288719 PMCID: PMC7768706 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014859117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Research indicates that core dimensions of psychological well-being can be cultivated through intentional mental training. Despite growing research in this area and an increasing number of interventions designed to improve psychological well-being, the field lacks a unifying framework that clarifies the dimensions of human flourishing that can be cultivated. Here, we integrate evidence from well-being research, cognitive and affective neuroscience, and clinical psychology to highlight four core dimensions of well-being-awareness, connection, insight, and purpose. We discuss the importance of each dimension for psychological well-being, identify mechanisms that underlie their cultivation, and present evidence of their neural and psychological plasticity. This synthesis highlights key insights, as well as important gaps, in the scientific understanding of well-being and how it may be cultivated, thus highlighting future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortland J Dahl
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53703;
| | | | - Richard J Davidson
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53703;
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719
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Rueda J, Lara F. Virtual Reality and Empathy Enhancement: Ethical Aspects. Front Robot AI 2020; 7:506984. [PMID: 33501297 PMCID: PMC7805945 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2020.506984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of humankind is full of examples that indicate a constant desire to make human beings more moral. Nowadays, technological breakthroughs might have a significant impact on our moral character and abilities. This is the case of Virtual Reality (VR) technologies. The aim of this paper is to consider the ethical aspects of the use of VR in enhancing empathy. First, we will offer an introduction to VR, explaining its fundamental features, devices and concepts. Then, we will approach the characterization of VR as an "empathy machine," showing why this medium has aroused so much interest and why, nevertheless, we do not believe it is the ideal way to enhance empathy. As an alternative, we will consider fostering empathy-related abilities through virtual embodiment in avatars. In the conclusion, however, we will examine some of the serious concerns related to the ethical relevance of empathy and will defend the philosophical case for a reason-guided empathy, also suggesting specific guidelines for possible future developments of empathy enhancement projects through VR embodied experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Rueda
- FiloLab Scientific Unit of Excellence, Department of Philosophy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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40
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Krishnamoorthy G, Davis P, O'Donovan A, McDermott B, Mullens A. Through Benevolent Eyes: the Differential Efficacy of Perspective Taking and Cognitive Reappraisal on the Regulation of Shame. Int J Cogn Ther 2020; 14:263-288. [PMID: 32904830 PMCID: PMC7462113 DOI: 10.1007/s41811-020-00085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Difficulties in regulating feelings of shame is a risk factor for the onset and recurrence of mental health disorders. The present research investigated the impact of the individual differences in propensity to experience shame (or shame-proneness) on two emotion regulation strategies-perspective taking and positive reappraisal. A total of 228 participants, undergraduate students, were allocated randomly to one of the eight experimental conditions. The results revealed that for high shame-prone participants, the use of perspective taking, without positive reappraisal, led to a heightened experience of shame. In contrast, the combination of perspective taking and positive reappraisal led to reductions in shame among high shame-prone participants. The findings highlight the relationship between individual differences, and the separate and combined effects of affect regulation strategies on the experience of shame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind Krishnamoorthy
- University of Southern Queensland, 11 Salisbury Road, Ipswich, Queensland 4305 Australia
| | - Penelope Davis
- Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, Queensland 4122 Australia
| | - Analise O'Donovan
- Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, Queensland 4122 Australia
| | - Brett McDermott
- James Cook University, James Cook Drive, Douglas, Queensland 4814 Australia
| | - Amy Mullens
- University of Southern Queensland, 11 Salisbury Road, Ipswich, Queensland 4305 Australia
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Madjar S. Emotion regulation and evaluative understanding. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2020.1751102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Grossmann I, Weststrate NM, Ferrari M, Brienza JP. A Common Model Is Essential for a Cumulative Science of Wisdom. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2020.1750920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Nic M. Weststrate
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michel Ferrari
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Justin P. Brienza
- UQ Business School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Grossmann I, Weststrate NM, Ardelt M, Brienza JP, Dong M, Ferrari M, Fournier MA, Hu CS, Nusbaum HC, Vervaeke J. The Science of Wisdom in a Polarized World: Knowns and Unknowns. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2020.1750917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Nic M. Weststrate
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Monika Ardelt
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Justin P. Brienza
- UQ Business School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mengxi Dong
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michel Ferrari
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc A. Fournier
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chao S. Hu
- Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Howard C. Nusbaum
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John Vervaeke
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Slavich GM. Social Safety Theory: A Biologically Based Evolutionary Perspective on Life Stress, Health, and Behavior. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2020; 16:265-295. [PMID: 32141764 PMCID: PMC7213777 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Social Safety Theory hypothesizes that developing and maintaining friendly social bonds is a fundamental organizing principle of human behavior and that threats to social safety are a critical feature of psychological stressors that increase risk for disease. Central to this formulation is the fact that the human brain and immune system are principally designed to keep the body biologically safe, which they do by continually monitoring and responding to social, physical, and microbial threats in the environment. Because situations involving social conflict, isolation, devaluation, rejection, and exclusion historically increased risk for physical injury and infection, anticipatory neural-immune reactivity to social threat was likely highly conserved. This neurocognitive and immunologic ability for humans to symbolically represent and respond to potentially dangerous social situations is ultimately critical for survival. When sustained, however, this multilevel biological threat response can increase individuals' risk for viral infections and several inflammation-related disease conditions that dominate present-day morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Slavich
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-7076, USA;
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45
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Gainsburg I, Kross E. Distanced self-talk changes how people conceptualize the self. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chella A, Pipitone A, Morin A, Racy F. Developing Self-Awareness in Robots via Inner Speech. Front Robot AI 2020; 7:16. [PMID: 33501185 PMCID: PMC7805855 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2020.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The experience of inner speech is a common one. Such a dialogue accompanies the introspection of mental life and fulfills essential roles in human behavior, such as self-restructuring, self-regulation, and re-focusing on attentional resources. Although the underpinning of inner speech is mostly investigated in psychological and philosophical fields, the research in robotics generally does not address such a form of self-aware behavior. Existing models of inner speech inspire computational tools to provide a robot with this form of self-awareness. Here, the widespread psychological models of inner speech are reviewed, and a cognitive architecture for a robot implementing such a capability is outlined in a simplified setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Chella
- RoboticsLab, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto di Calcolo e Reti ad Alte Prestazioni (ICAR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Arianna Pipitone
- RoboticsLab, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alain Morin
- Department of Psychology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Famira Racy
- Researcher, Mount Royal University, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Barnes DM, Jarlais DD. Feasibility of a simple and scalable cognitive-behavioral intervention to treat problem substance use. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2019; 24:693-695. [PMID: 31692875 DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2019.1657190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our proof-of-concept study tested a simple cognitive-behavioral strategy based on experimental psychology research that draws on the concept of self-distancing and is consistent with mindfulness principles - using non-first person self-talk when facing substance use cues or cravings -- to help people achieve substance use goals. We evaluated participants' understanding, use, and utility of the intervention at follow-up. METHOD We recruited 17 New York City residents who used drugs. At baseline, we collected demographic and substance use data and conducted the intervention. At one-week follow-up, participants were asked about their understanding, use, and perceived utility of the intervention, and asked to complete an anonymous five-item assessment of the intervention. RESULTS Sixteen participants completed follow-up. Understanding was judged "acceptable" or better for 15; 11 used their scripts during follow-up; four described their scripts as very useful, one as moderately, five as a little, and one as not useful. Nine returned assessments; ratings were strongly favorable. CONCLUSIONS Results from our pilot are encouraging and point to further research on this intervention. The intervention is suitable for integration into longer-term therapy and we envision non-first person self-talk as one strategy alongside others individuals can employ to moderate their substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 39 Broadway, Suite 530, New York, NY 10006, U.S.A.,Permanent address: Department of Epidemiology, College of Global Public Health, New York University, 665 Broadway, 8 floor, New York, NY 10012, U.S.A
| | - Don Des Jarlais
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 39 Broadway, Suite 530, New York, NY 10006, U.S.A.,Permanent address: Department of Epidemiology, College of Global Public Health, New York University, 665 Broadway, 8 floor, New York, NY 10012, U.S.A
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Weidman AC, Sowden WJ, Berg MK, Kross E. Punish or Protect? How Close Relationships Shape Responses to Moral Violations. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019; 46:693-708. [PMID: 31535954 DOI: 10.1177/0146167219873485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People have fundamental tendencies to punish immoral actors and treat close others altruistically. What happens when these tendencies collide—do people punish or protect close others who behave immorally? Across 10 studies ( N = 2,847), we show that people consistently anticipate protecting close others who commit moral infractions, particularly highly severe acts of theft and sexual harassment. This tendency emerged regardless of gender, political orientation, moral foundations, and disgust sensitivity and was driven by concerns about self-interest, loyalty, and harm. We further find that people justify this tendency by planning to discipline close others on their own. We also identify a psychological mechanism that mitigates the tendency to protect close others who have committed severe (but not mild) moral infractions: self-distancing. These findings highlight the role that relational closeness plays in shaping people’s responses to moral violations, underscoring the need to consider relational closeness in future moral psychology work.
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Cova F, Garcia F, Oyanadel C, Villagran L, Páez D, Inostroza C. Adaptive Reflection on Negative Emotional Experiences: Convergences and Divergence Between the Processing-Mode Theory and the Theory of Self-Distancing Reflection. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1943. [PMID: 31551854 PMCID: PMC6734160 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reflecting on negative emotional experiences can be adaptive but it can also maintain or intensify detrimental emotional states. Which factors determine whether reflection can have one consequence or another is unclear. This study focused on two research programs that have concentrated on this topic in the last decades: processing-mode theory (PMT) and self-distancing theory (SDT). The article described and contrasted both programs and their findings. The promising results that PMT and SDT have achieved in identifying the differences between the forms of adaptive and maladaptive reflection are highlighted. Likewise, the disconcerting contradictions observed between both programs that make integrating the findings difficult are indicated. The PMT states that adaptive reflection is concrete, and it is focused on the how of the experience. The SDT states that adaptive reflection is self-distanced and focused on the global meaning of the experience. The article finishes by indicating possible explanations for these apparent contradictions and outlines the challenges to be solved to improve comprehension of the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Cova
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Comunicación, Universidad Santo Tomas, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian Oyanadel
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Loreto Villagran
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Dario Páez
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
- Facultad de Educación y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Andres Bello, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carolina Inostroza
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Orvell A, Ayduk Ö, Moser JS, Gelman SA, Kross E. Linguistic Shifts: A Relatively Effortless Route to Emotion Regulation? CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721419861411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prior research indicates that psychological distance facilitates emotion regulation. Here, we propose that the ability to transcend one’s immersed perspective may be hidden in plain sight, within the very structure of language. We review evidence regarding two linguistic mechanisms, distanced self-talk and generic “you,” that promote emotion regulation by allowing speakers to shift from an immersed to a more distanced perspective through the words they use to reflect on the self (e.g., shifting from “I” to their own name or other non-first-person-singular pronouns). We conclude by suggesting that these linguistic shifts occur relatively seamlessly and thus may provide a less effortful route to emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Özlem Ayduk
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
| | | | | | - Ethan Kross
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
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