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Kulkarni PM, Basagoudanavar SH, Gopinath S, Patangia H, Gupta PK, Sreenivasa BP, Senthilkumar D, Sharma R, Bhatia S, Sharma GK, Bhanuprakash V, Saikumar G, Yadav P, Singh RK, Sanyal A, Hosamani M. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein: Reactivity against Delta and Omicron BA. 1 variants. J Virol Methods 2024:115027. [PMID: 39216601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.115027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The cross-species transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection has necessitated development of specific reagents for detecting infection in various animal species. The spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, which is involved in viral entry, is a highly immunogenic protein. To develop assays targeting this protein, we generated eight monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the S1 and seven against the S1/S2 protein (ectodomain) of SARS CoV-2. Based on neutralization capability and reactivity profile observed in ELISA, the mAbs generated against the S1/S2 antigen exhibited a broader spectrum of epitope specificity than those produced against the S1 domain alone. The full-length ectodomain induced antibodies that could neutralize the two most important variants of the virus encountered during the pandemic, namely Delta and Omicron. The availability of these reagents could greatly enhance the development of precise diagnostics for detecting COVID-19 infections in various host species and contribute to the advancement of mAb-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik M Kulkarni
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru- 560024, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Shreya Gopinath
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru- 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Harshita Patangia
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru- 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - P K Gupta
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India
| | - B P Sreenivasa
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru- 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhanpal Senthilkumar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP 462021, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP 462021, India
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP 462021, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Sharma
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India
| | - V Bhanuprakash
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru- 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - G Saikumar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India
| | - Pragya Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20/ A Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune Maharashtra - 411001, India
| | - R K Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Anand Nagar, Bhopal, MP 462021, India
| | - M Hosamani
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru- 560024, Karnataka, India.
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2
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Wilson R, Kovacs D, Crosby M, Ho A. Global Epidemiology and Seasonality of Human Seasonal Coronaviruses: A Systematic Review. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae418. [PMID: 39113828 PMCID: PMC11304597 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background We characterized the global epidemiology and seasonality of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) OC43, NL63, 229E, and HKU1. Methods In this systematic review, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and backward citations for studies published until 1 September 2023. We included studies with ≥12 months of consecutive data and tested for ≥1 HCoV species. Case reports, review articles, animal studies, studies focusing on SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and/or Middle East respiratory syndrome, and those including <100 cases were excluded. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist tools. We reported the prevalence of all HCoVs and individual species. Seasonality was reported for studies that included ≥100 HCoVs annually. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022330902. Results A total of 201 studies (1 819 320 samples) from 68 countries were included. A high proportion were from China (19.4%; n = 39), whereas the Southern Hemisphere was underrepresented. Most were case series (77.1%, n = 155) with samples from secondary care (74.1%, n = 149). Seventeen (8.5%) studies included asymptomatic controls, whereas 76 (37.8%) reported results for all 4 HCoV species. Overall, OC43 was the most prevalent HCoV. Median test positivity of OC43 and NL63 was higher in children, and 229E and HKU1 in adults. Among 18 studies that described seasonality (17 from the Northern Hemisphere), circulation of all HCoVs mostly peaked during cold months. Conclusions In our comprehensive review, few studies reported the prevalence of individual HCoVs or seasonality. Further research on the burden and circulation of HCoVs is needed, particularly from Africa, South Asia, and Central/South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Wilson
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dory Kovacs
- College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mairi Crosby
- College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Antonia Ho
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Zhang Y, Anbir S, McTiernan J, Li S, Worcester M, Mishra P, Colvin ME, Gopinathan A, Mohideen U, Zandi R, Kuhlman TE. Synthesis, insertion, and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein within lipid bilayers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm7030. [PMID: 38416838 PMCID: PMC10901468 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm7030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Throughout history, coronaviruses have posed challenges to both public health and the global economy; nevertheless, methods to combat them remain rudimentary, primarily due to the absence of experiments to understand the function of various viral components. Among these, membrane (M) proteins are one of the most elusive because of their small size and challenges with expression. Here, we report the development of an expression system to produce tens to hundreds of milligrams of M protein per liter of Escherichia coli culture. These large yields render many previously inaccessible structural and biophysical experiments feasible. Using cryo-electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, we image and characterize individual membrane-incorporated M protein dimers and discover membrane thinning in the vicinity, which we validated with molecular dynamics simulations. Our results suggest that the resulting line tension, along with predicted induction of local membrane curvature, could ultimately drive viral assembly and budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhong Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Sara Anbir
- Biophysics Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Joseph McTiernan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95340, USA
| | - Siyu Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Michael Worcester
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Pratyasha Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Michael E. Colvin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95340, USA
| | - Ajay Gopinathan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95340, USA
| | - Umar Mohideen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Biophysics Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Roya Zandi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Biophysics Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Thomas E. Kuhlman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Biophysics Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Microbiology Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Bingham R, McCarthy H, Buckley N. Exploring Retrograde Trafficking: Mechanisms and Consequences in Cancer and Disease. Traffic 2024; 25:e12931. [PMID: 38415291 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Retrograde trafficking (RT) orchestrates the intracellular movement of cargo from the plasma membrane, endosomes, Golgi or endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) in an inward/ER-directed manner. RT works as the opposing movement to anterograde trafficking (outward secretion), and the two work together to maintain cellular homeostasis. This is achieved through maintaining cell polarity, retrieving proteins responsible for anterograde trafficking and redirecting proteins that become mis-localised. However, aberrant RT can alter the correct location of key proteins, and thus inhibit or indeed change their canonical function, potentially causing disease. This review highlights the recent advances in the understanding of how upregulation, downregulation or hijacking of RT impacts the localisation of key proteins in cancer and disease to drive progression. Cargoes impacted by aberrant RT are varied amongst maladies including neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, bacterial and viral infections (including SARS-CoV-2), and cancer. As we explore the intricacies of RT, it becomes increasingly apparent that it holds significant potential as a target for future therapies to offer more effective interventions in a wide range of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Bingham
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Helen McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Niamh Buckley
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Bhuiyan MSA, Sarker S, Amin Z, Rodrigues KF, Bakar AMSA, Saallah S, Md. Shaarani S, Siddiquee S. Seroprevalence and molecular characterisation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in broiler farms in Sabah, Malaysia. Vet Med Sci 2023; 10:e1153. [PMID: 38151844 PMCID: PMC10807952 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is classified as a highly contagious viral agent that causes acute respiratory, reproductive and renal system pathology in affected poultry farms. Molecular and serological investigations are crucial for the accurate diagnosis and management of IBV. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of IBV and to characterise the circulating IBV in poultry farms in Sabah Province, Malaysia. METHODS To determine IBV antibodies, a total of 138 blood samples and 50 organ samples were collected from 10 commercial broiler flocks in 3 different farms by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (IDEXX Kit) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by sequencing. RESULTS A total of 94.2% (130/138) of the samples were seropositive for IBV in the vaccinated flock, and 38% (52/138) of the birds was the IBV titre for infection. The selected seropositive samples for IBV were confirmed by RT-PCR, with 22% (11/50) being IBV positive amplified and sequenced by targeted highly conserved partial nucleocapsid (N) genes. Subsequently, phylogenetic analysis constructed using amplified sequences again exposed the presence of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Chinese QX variants circulating in poultry farms in Sabah, Malaysia. CONCLUSIONS The unexpectedly increasing mean titres in serology indicated that post infection of IBV and highly prevalent IBV in selected farms in this study. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of multiple IBV variants circulating in Malaysian chicken farms in Sabah, which further monitoring of genetic variation are needed to better understand the genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of MicrobiologyAnatomyPhysiology and PharmacologySchool of AgricultureBiomedicine and EnvironmentLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Zarina Amin
- Biotechnology Research InstituteUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota KinabaluSabahMalaysia
| | | | | | - Suryani Saallah
- Biotechnology Research InstituteUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota KinabaluSabahMalaysia
| | - Sharifudin Md. Shaarani
- Food Biotechnology ProgramFaculty of Science and TechnologyUniversitiSains Islam MalaysiaNilaiSembilanMalaysia
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Chauhan N, Xiong Y, Ren S, Dwivedy A, Magazine N, Zhou L, Jin X, Zhang T, Cunningham BT, Yao S, Huang W, Wang X. Net-Shaped DNA Nanostructures Designed for Rapid/Sensitive Detection and Potential Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20214-20228. [PMID: 35881910 PMCID: PMC9344894 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a net-shaped DNA nanostructure (called "DNA Net" herein) design strategy for selective recognition and high-affinity capture of intact SARS-CoV-2 virions through spatial pattern-matching and multivalent interactions between the aptamers (targeting wild-type spike-RBD) positioned on the DNA Net and the trimeric spike glycoproteins displayed on the viral outer surface. Carrying a designer nanoswitch, the DNA Net-aptamers release fluorescence signals upon virus binding that are easily read with a handheld fluorimeter for a rapid (in 10 min), simple (mix-and-read), sensitive (PCR equivalent), room temperature compatible, and inexpensive (∼$1.26/test) COVID-19 test assay. The DNA Net-aptamers also impede authentic wild-type SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell culture with a near 1 × 103-fold enhancement of the monomeric aptamer. Furthermore, our DNA Net design principle and strategy can be customized to tackle other life-threatening and economically influential viruses like influenza and HIV, whose surfaces carry class-I viral envelope glycoproteins like the SARS-CoV-2 spikes in trimeric forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yanyu Xiong
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shaokang Ren
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Abhisek Dwivedy
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nicholas Magazine
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Lifeng Zhou
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Brian T. Cunningham
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Hua RH, Zhang SJ, Niu B, Ge JY, Lan T, Bu ZG. A Novel Conserved Linear Neutralizing Epitope on the Receptor-Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0119023. [PMID: 37306579 PMCID: PMC10433833 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01190-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous emergence of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made it challenging to develop broad-spectrum prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. Here, we have identified a broad-spectrum neutralizing antibody and its highly conserved epitope in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein (S) S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2. First, nine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the RBD or S1 were generated; of these, one RBD-specific MAb, 22.9-1, was selected for its broad RBD-binding abilities and neutralizing activities against SARS-CoV-2 variants. An epitope of 22.9-1 was fine-mapped with overlapping and truncated peptide fusion proteins. The core sequence of the epitope, 405D(N)EVR(S)QIAPGQ414, was identified on the internal surface of the up-state RBD. The epitope was conserved in nearly all variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2. MAb 22.9-1 and its novel epitope could be beneficial for research on broad-spectrum prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic antibody drugs. IMPORTANCE The continuous emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 has caused great challenge in vaccine design and therapeutic antibody development. In this study, we selected a broad-spectrum neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibody which recognized a conserved linear B-cell epitope located on the internal surface of RBD. This MAb could neutralize all variants until now. The epitope was conserved in all variants. This work provides new insights in developing broad-spectrum prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Hong Hua
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Bei Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jin-Ying Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ting Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Gao Bu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Popovic M. SARS-CoV-2 strain wars continues: Chemical and thermodynamic characterization of live matter and biosynthesis of Omicron BN.1, CH.1.1 and XBC variants. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2023; 24:100260. [PMID: 36974134 PMCID: PMC10032061 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2023.100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has during the last 3 years mutated several dozen times. Most mutations in the newly formed variants have been chemically and thermodynamically characterized. New variants have been declared as variants under monitoring. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control has suggested the hypothesis that the new BN.1, CH.1.1 and XBC variants could have properties similar to those of VOC. Thermodynamic properties of new variants have been reported in this manuscript for the first time. Gibbs energy of biosynthesis, as the driving force for viral multiplication, is less negative for the new variants than for the earlier variants. This indicates that the virus has evolved towards decrease in pathogenicity, which leads to less severe forms of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Popovic
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Popovic M, Pantović Pavlović M, Pavlović M. Ghosts of the past: Elemental composition, biosynthesis reactions and thermodynamic properties of Zeta P.2, Eta B.1.525, Theta P.3, Kappa B.1.617.1, Iota B.1.526, Lambda C.37 and Mu B.1.621 variants of SARS-CoV-2. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2023; 24:100263. [PMID: 37234934 PMCID: PMC10199755 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2023.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
From the perspectives of molecular biology, genetics and biothermodynamics, SARS-CoV-2 is the among the best characterized viruses. Research on SARS-CoV-2 has shed a new light onto driving forces and molecular mechanisms of viral evolution. This paper reports results on empirical formulas, biosynthesis reactions and thermodynamic properties of biosynthesis (multiplication) for the Zeta P.2, Eta B.1.525, Theta P.3, Kappa B.1.617.1, Iota B.1.526, Lambda C.37 and Mu B.1.621 variants of SARS-CoV-2. Thermodynamic analysis has shown that the physical driving forces for evolution of SARS-CoV-2 are Gibbs energy of biosynthesis and Gibbs energy of binding. The driving forces have led SARS-CoV-2 through the evolution process from the original Hu-1 to the newest variants in accordance with the expectations of the evolution theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Popovic
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marijana Pantović Pavlović
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- University of Belgrade, Centre of Excellence in Chemistry and Environmental Engineering - ICTM, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Pavlović
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- University of Belgrade, Centre of Excellence in Chemistry and Environmental Engineering - ICTM, Belgrade, Serbia
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Gu X, Cao T, Mou J, Liu J. Water bath is more efficient than hot air oven at thermal inactivation of coronavirus. Virol J 2023; 20:84. [PMID: 37131169 PMCID: PMC10153051 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermal inactivation is a conventional and effective method of eliminating the infectivity of pathogens from specimens in clinical and biological laboratories, and reducing the risk of occupational exposure and environmental contamination. During the COVID-19 pandemic, specimens from patients and potentially infected individuals were heat treated and processed under BSL-2 conditions in a safe, cost-effective, and timely manner. The temperature and duration of heat treatment are optimized and standardized in the protocol according to the susceptibility of the pathogen and the impact on the integrity of the specimens, but the heating device is often undefined. Devices and medium transferring the thermal energy vary in heating rate, specific heat capacity, and conductivity, resulting in variations in efficiency and inactivation outcome that may compromise biosafety and downstream biological assays. METHODS We evaluated the water bath and hot air oven in terms of pathogen inactivation efficiency, which are the most commonly used inactivation devices in hospitals and biological laboratories. By evaluating the temperature equilibrium and viral titer elimination under various conditions, we studied the devices and their inactivation outcomes under identical treatment protocol, and to analyzed the factors, such as energy conductivity, specific heat capacity, and heating rate, underlying the inactivation efficiencies. RESULTS We compared thermal inactivation of coronavirus using different devices, and have found that the water bath was more efficient at reducing infectivity, with higher heat transfer and thermal equilibration than a forced hot air oven. In addition to the efficiency, the water bath showed relative consistency in temperature equilibration of samples of different volumes, reduced the need for prolonged heating, and eliminated the risk of pathogen spread by forced airflow. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the proposal to define the heating device in the thermal inactivation protocol and in the specimen management policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxia Gu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 88 Keyuan S. Rd, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 88 Keyuan S. Rd, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun Mou
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 88 Keyuan S. Rd, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 88 Keyuan S. Rd, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Popovic ME. XBB.1.5 Kraken cracked: Gibbs energies of binding and biosynthesis of the XBB.1.5 variant of SARS-CoV-2. Microbiol Res 2023; 270:127337. [PMID: 36804126 PMCID: PMC9928726 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Hydra with many heads (variants) has been causing the COVID-19 pandemic for 3 years. The appearance of every new head (SARS-CoV-2 variant) causes a new pandemic wave. The last in the series is the XBB.1.5 "Kraken" variant. In the general public (social media) and in the scientific community (scientific journals), during the last several weeks since the variant has appeared, the question was raised of whether the infectivity of the new variant will be greater. This article attempts to provide the answer. Analysis of thermodynamic driving forces of binding and biosynthesis leads to the conclusion that infectivity of the XBB.1.5 variant could be increased to a certain extent. The pathogenicity of the XBB.1.5 variant seems to be unchanged compared to the other Omicron variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko E Popovic
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Popovic M. The SARS-CoV-2 Hydra, a tiny monster from the 21st century: Thermodynamics of the BA.5.2 and BF.7 variants. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2023; 23:100249. [PMID: 36777924 PMCID: PMC9898946 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2023.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 resembles the ancient mythical creature Hydra. Just like with the Hydra, when one head is cut, it is followed by appearance of two more heads, suppression of one SARS-CoV-2 variant causes appearance of newer variants. Unlike Hydra that grows identical heads, newer SARS-CoV-2 variants are usually more infective, which can be observed as time evolution of the virus at hand, which occurs through acquisition of mutations during time. The appearance of new variants is followed by appearance of new COVID-19 pandemic waves. With the appearance of new pandemic waves and determining of sequences, in the scientific community and general public the question is always raised of whether the new variant will be more virulent and more pathogenic. The two variants characterized in this paper, BA.5.2 and BF.7, have caused a pandemic wave during the late 2022. This paper gives full chemical and thermodynamic characterization of the BA.5.2 and BF.7 variants of SARS-CoV-2. Having in mind that Gibbs energy of binding and biosynthesis represent the driving forces for the viral life cycle, based on the calculated thermodynamic properties we can conclude that the newer variants are more infective than earlier ones, but that their pathogenicity has not changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Popovic
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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13
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Popovic M. Never ending story? Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 monitored through Gibbs energies of biosynthesis and antigen-receptor binding of Omicron BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB and XBB.1 variants. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2023; 23:100250. [PMID: 36777740 PMCID: PMC9896887 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2023.100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses exhibit a great tendency to mutate. Mutations occur in the parts of the genome that encode the spike glycoprotein and less often in the rest of the genome. This is why Gibbs energy of binding changes more than that of biosynthesis. Starting from 2019, the wild type that was labeled Hu-1 has during the last 3 years evolved to produce several dozen new variants, as a consequence of mutations. Mutations cause changes in empirical formulas of new virus strains, which lead to change in thermodynamic properties of biosynthesis and binding. These changes cause changes in the rate of reactions of binding of virus antigen to the host cell receptor and the rate of virus multiplication in the host cell. Changes in thermodynamic and kinetic parameters lead to changes in biological parameters of infectivity and pathogenicity. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has been evolving towards increase in infectivity and maintaining constant pathogenicity, or for some variants a slight decrease in pathogenicity. In the case of Omicron BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB and XBB.1 variants pathogenicity is identical as in the Omicron BA.2.75 variant. On the other hand, infectivity of the Omicron BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB and XBB.1 variants is greater than those of previous variants. This will most likely result in the phenomenon of asymmetric coinfection, that is circulation of several variants in the population, some being dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Popovic
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Behura A, Naik L, Patel S, Das M, Kumar A, Mishra A, Nayak DK, Manna D, Mishra A, Dhiman R. Involvement of epigenetics in affecting host immunity during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166634. [PMID: 36577469 PMCID: PMC9790847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is caused by a highly contagious RNA virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), originated in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Since then, it has become a global public health concern and leads the disease table with the highest mortality rate, highlighting the necessity for a thorough understanding of its biological properties. The intricate interaction between the virus and the host immune system gives rise to diverse implications of COVID-19. RNA viruses are known to hijack the host epigenetic mechanisms of immune cells to regulate antiviral defence. Epigenetics involves processes that alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence, leading to heritable phenotypic changes. The epigenetic landscape consists of reversible modifications like chromatin remodelling, DNA/RNA methylation, and histone methylation/acetylation that regulates gene expression. The epigenetic machinery contributes to many aspects of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, like global DNA methylation and receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) methylation determines the viral entry inside the host, viral replication, and infection efficiency. Further, it is also reported to epigenetically regulate the expression of different host cytokines affecting antiviral response. The viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2 interact with various host epigenetic enzymes like histone deacetylases (HDACs) and bromodomain-containing proteins to antagonize cellular signalling. The central role of epigenetic factors in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis is now exploited as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets against COVID-19. This review article highlights the ability of SARS-CoV-2 in regulating the host epigenetic landscape during infection leading to immune evasion. It also discusses the ongoing therapeutic approaches to curtail and control the viral outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assirbad Behura
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Lincoln Naik
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Salina Patel
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Mousumi Das
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Abtar Mishra
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Dev Kiran Nayak
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Debraj Manna
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342011, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
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Wang D, Chen Y, Xiang S, Hu H, Zhan Y, Yu Y, Zhang J, Wu P, Liu FY, Kai T, Ding P. Recent advances in immunoassay technologies for the detection of human coronavirus infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1040248. [PMID: 36683684 PMCID: PMC9845787 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the seventh coronavirus (CoV) that has spread in humans and has become a global pandemic since late 2019. Efficient and accurate laboratory diagnostic methods are one of the crucial means to control the development of the current pandemic and to prevent potential future outbreaks. Although real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is the preferred laboratory method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for diagnosing and screening SARS-CoV-2 infection, the versatile immunoassays still play an important role for pandemic control. They can be used not only as supplemental tools to identify cases missed by rRT-PCR, but also for first-line screening tests in areas with limited medical resources. Moreover, they are also indispensable tools for retrospective epidemiological surveys and the evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccination. In this review, we summarize the mainstream immunoassay methods for human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and address their benefits, limitations, and applications. Then, technical strategies based on bioinformatics and advanced biosensors were proposed to improve the performance of these methods. Finally, future suggestions and possibilities that can lead to higher sensitivity and specificity are provided for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Wang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuejun Chen
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Xiang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiting Hu
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujuan Zhan
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pian Wu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Yue Liu
- Department of Economics and Management, ChangSha University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tianhan Kai
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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16
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Chen TH, Tsai MJ, Chang CS, Xu L, Fu YS, Weng CF. The exploration of phytocompounds theoretically combats SARS-CoV-2 pandemic against virus entry, viral replication and immune evasion. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:42-54. [PMID: 36470006 PMCID: PMC9675089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) that emerged in China, is an extremely contagious and pathogenic viral infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has sparked a global pandemic. The few and limited availability of approved therapeutic agents or vaccines is of great concern. Urgently, Remdesivir, Nirmatrelvir, Molnupiravir, and some phytochemicals including polyphenol, flavonoid, alkaloid, and triterpenoid are applied to develop as repurposing drugs against the SARS-CoV-2 invasion. METHODS This study was conducted to perform molecular docking and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) analysis of the potential phytocompounds and repurposing drugs against three targets of SARS-CoV-2 proteins (RNA dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp, Endoribonclease, S-protein of ACE2-RBD). RESULTS The docking data illustrated Arachidonic acid, Rutin, Quercetin, and Curcumin were highly bound with coronavirus polyprotein replicase and Ebolavirus envelope protein. Furthermore, anti- Ebolavirus molecule Remedesivir, anti-HIV molecule Chloroquine, and Darunavir were repurposed with coronavirus polyprotein replicase as well as Ebolavirus envelope protein. The strongest binding interaction of each targets are Rutin with RdRp, Endoribonclease with Amentoflavone, and ACE2-RBD with Epigallocatechin gallate. CONCLUSIONS Taken altogether, these results shed a light on that phytocompounds have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 may base on multi-target effects or cocktail formulation for blocking viral infection through invasion/activation, transcription/reproduction, and posttranslational cleavage to battle COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hsu Chen
- Functional Physiology Section, Department of Basic Medical Science, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, Fujian, China
| | - May-Jywan Tsai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Neurological Institute, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Sheng Chang
- Department of biotechnology and food technology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Yungkang City 701, Taiwan
| | - Linxi Xu
- Functional Physiology Section, Department of Basic Medical Science, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, Fujian, China
| | - Yaw-Syan Fu
- Functional Physiology Section, Department of Basic Medical Science, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, Fujian, China,Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Basic Medical Science, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, Fujian, China,Corresponding author
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Functional Physiology Section, Department of Basic Medical Science, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, Fujian, China,Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Basic Medical Science, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, Fujian, China,Corresponding author
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Chechetkin VR, Lobzin VV. Evolving ribonucleocapsid assembly/packaging signals in the genomes of the human and animal coronaviruses: targeting, transmission and evolution. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:11239-11263. [PMID: 34338591 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1958061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A world-wide COVID-19 pandemic intensified strongly the studies of molecular mechanisms related to the coronaviruses. The origin of coronaviruses and the risks of human-to-human, animal-to-human and human-to-animal transmission of coronaviral infections can be understood only on a broader evolutionary level by detailed comparative studies. In this paper, we studied ribonucleocapsid assembly-packaging signals (RNAPS) in the genomes of all seven known pathogenic human coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 and compared them with RNAPS in the genomes of the related animal coronaviruses including SARS-Bat-CoV, MERS-Camel-CoV, MHV, Bat-CoV MOP1, TGEV and one of camel alphacoronaviruses. RNAPS in the genomes of coronaviruses were evolved due to weakly specific interactions between genomic RNA and N proteins in helical nucleocapsids. Combining transitional genome mapping and Jaccard correlation coefficients allows us to perform the analysis directly in terms of underlying motifs distributed over the genome. In all coronaviruses, RNAPS were distributed quasi-periodically over the genome with the period about 54 nt biased to 57 nt and to 51 nt for the genomes longer and shorter than that of SARS-CoV, respectively. The comparison with the experimentally verified packaging signals for MERS-CoV, MHV and TGEV proved that the distribution of particular motifs is strongly correlated with the packaging signals. We also found that many motifs were highly conserved in both characters and positioning on the genomes throughout the lineages that make them promising therapeutic targets. The mechanisms of encapsidation can affect the recombination and co-infection as well.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir R Chechetkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily V Lobzin
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Popovic M. Strain wars 3: Differences in infectivity and pathogenicity between Delta and Omicron strains of SARS-CoV-2 can be explained by thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of binding and growth. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2022; 22:100217. [PMID: 35434234 PMCID: PMC9001013 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2022.100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, for the first time, empirical formulas have been reported of the Delta and Omicron strains of SARS-CoV-2. The empirical formula of the Delta strain entire virion was found to be CH1.6383O0.2844N0.2294P0.0064S0.0042, while its nucleocapsid has the formula CH1.5692O0.3431N0.3106P0.0060S0.0043. The empirical formula of the Omicron strain entire virion was found to be CH1.6404O0.2842N0.2299P0.0064S0.0038, while its nucleocapsid has the formula CH1.5734O0.3442N0.3122P0.0060S0.0033. Based on the empirical formulas, standard thermodynamic properties of formation and growth have been calculated and reported for the Delta and Omicron strains. Moreover, standard thermodynamic properties of binding have been reported for Wild type (Hu-1), Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron strains. For all the strains, binding phenomenological coefficients and antigen-receptor (SGP-ACE2) binding rates have been determined and compared, which are proportional to infectivity. The results show that the binding rate of the Omicron strain is between 1.5 and 2.5 times greater than that of the Delta strain. The Omicron strain is characterized by a greater infectivity, based on the epidemiological data available in the literature. The increased infectivity was explained in this paper using Gibbs energy of binding. However, no indications exist for decreased pathogenicity of the Omicron strain. Pathogenicity is proportional to the virus multiplication rate, while Gibbs energies of multiplication are very similar for the Delta and Omicron strains. Thus, multiplication rate and pathogenicity are similar for the Delta and Omicron strains. The lower number of severe cases caused by the Omicron strain can be explained by increased number of immunized people. Immunization does not influence the possibility of occurrence of infection, but influences the rate of immune response, which is much more efficient in immunized people. This leads to prevention of more severe Omicron infection cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Popovic
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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19
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Contributions of vibrational spectroscopy to virology: A review. CLINICAL SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 4:100022. [PMCID: PMC9093054 DOI: 10.1016/j.clispe.2022.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopic techniques, both infrared absorption and Raman scattering, are high precision, label free analytical techniques which have found applications in fields as diverse as analytical chemistry, pharmacology, forensics and archeometrics and, in recent times, have attracted increasing attention for biomedical applications. As analytical techniques, they have been applied to the characterisation of viruses as early as the 1970 s, and, in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, have been explored in response to the World Health Organisation as novel methodologies to aid in the global efforts to implement and improve rapid screening of viral infection. This review considers the history of the application of vibrational spectroscopic techniques to the characterisation of the morphology and chemical compositions of viruses, their attachment to, uptake by and replication in cells, and their potential for the detection of viruses in population screening, and in infection response monitoring applications. Particular consideration is devoted to recent efforts in the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and monitoring COVID-19.
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Henke W, Waisner H, Arachchige SP, Kalamvoki M, Stephens E. The envelope proteins from SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV potently reduce the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Retrovirology 2022; 19:25. [PMID: 36403071 PMCID: PMC9675205 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viroporins are virally encoded ion channels involved in virus assembly and release. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and influenza A virus encode for viroporins. The human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 encodes for at least two viroporins, a small 75 amino acid transmembrane protein known as the envelope (E) protein and a larger 275 amino acid protein known as Orf3a. Here, we compared the replication of HIV-1 in the presence of four different β-coronavirus E proteins. RESULTS We observed that the SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV E proteins reduced the release of infectious HIV-1 yields by approximately 100-fold while MERS-CoV or HCoV-OC43 E proteins restricted HIV-1 infectivity to a lesser extent. Mechanistically, neither reverse transcription nor mRNA synthesis was involved in the restriction. We also show that all four E proteins caused phosphorylation of eIF2-α at similar levels and that lipidation of LC3-I could not account for the differences in restriction. However, the level of caspase 3 activity in transfected cells correlated with HIV-1 restriction in cells. Finally, we show that unlike the Vpu protein of HIV-1, the four E proteins did not significantly down-regulate bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that while viroporins from homologous viruses can enhance virus release, we show that a viroporin from a heterologous virus can suppress HIV-1 protein synthesis and release of infectious virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt Henke
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and ImmunologyUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, 2000 Hixon Hall 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas, KS 66160 USA
| | - Hope Waisner
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and ImmunologyUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, 2000 Hixon Hall 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas, KS 66160 USA
| | - Sachith Polpitiya Arachchige
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and ImmunologyUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, 2000 Hixon Hall 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas, KS 66160 USA
| | - Maria Kalamvoki
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and ImmunologyUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, 2000 Hixon Hall 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas, KS 66160 USA
| | - Edward Stephens
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and ImmunologyUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, 2000 Hixon Hall 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas, KS 66160 USA
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Omicron BA.2.75 Sublineage (Centaurus) Follows the Expectations of the Evolution Theory: Less Negative Gibbs Energy of Biosynthesis Indicates Decreased Pathogenicity. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the group of RNA viruses with a pronounced tendency to mutate. Omicron BA.2.75 is a subvariant believed to be able to suppress the currently dominant BA.5 and cause a new winter wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Omicron BA.2.75 is characterized by a greater infectivity compared to earlier Omicron variants. However, the Gibbs energy of the biosynthesis of virus particles is slightly less negative compared to those of other variants. Thus, the multiplication rate of Omicron BA.2.75 is lower than that of other SARS-CoV-2 variants. This leads to slower accumulation of newly formed virions and less damage to host cells, indicating evolution of SARS-CoV-2 toward decreasing pathogenicity.
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22
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Henke W, Waisner H, Arachchige SP, Kalamvoki M, Stephens E. The Envelope Proteins from SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Potently Reduce the Infectivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-2175808. [PMID: 36324807 PMCID: PMC9628187 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2175808/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Viroporins are virally encoded ion channels involved in virus assembly and release. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and influenza A virus encode for viroporins. The human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 encodes for at least two viroporins, a small 75 amino acid transmembrane protein known as the envelope (E) protein and a larger 275 amino acid protein known as Orf3a. Here, we compared the replication of HIV-1 in the presence of four different β-coronavirus E proteins. Results We observed that the SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV E proteins reduced the release of infectious HIV-1 yields by approximately 100-fold while MERS-CoV or HCoV-OC43 E proteins restricted HIV-1 infectivity to a lesser extent. Mechanistically, neither reverse transcription nor mRNA synthesis was involved in the restriction. We also show that all four E proteins caused phosphorylation of eIF2-α at similar levels and that lipidation of LC3-I could not account for the differences in restriction. However, the level of caspase 3 activity in transfected cells correlated with HIV-1 restriction in cells. Finally, we show that unlike the Vpu protein of HIV-1, the four E proteins did not significantly down-regulate bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2). Conclusions The results of this study indicate that while viroporins from homologous viruses can enhance virus release, we show that a viroporin from a heterologous virus can suppress HIV-1 protein synthesis and release of infectious virus.
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Omicron BA.2.75 Subvariant of SARS-CoV-2 Is Expected to Have the Greatest Infectivity Compared with the Competing BA.2 and BA.5, Due to Most Negative Gibbs Energy of Binding. BIOTECH (BASEL (SWITZERLAND)) 2022; 11:biotech11040045. [PMID: 36278557 PMCID: PMC9589998 DOI: 10.3390/biotech11040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Omicron BA.2.75 may become the next globally dominant strain of COVID-19 in 2022. The BA.2.75 sub-variant has acquired more mutations (9) in spike protein and other genes of SARS-CoV-2 than any other variant. Thus, its chemical composition and thermodynamic properties have changed compared with earlier variants. In this paper, the Gibbs energy of the binding and antigen-receptor binding rate was reported for the BA.2.75 variant. Gibbs energy of the binding of the Omicron BA.2.75 variant is more negative than that of the competing variants BA.2 and BA.5.
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Li S, Zandi R. Biophysical Modeling of SARS-CoV-2 Assembly: Genome Condensation and Budding. Viruses 2022; 14:2089. [PMID: 36298645 PMCID: PMC9611094 DOI: 10.3390/v14102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spurred unprecedented and concerted worldwide research to curtail and eradicate this pathogen. SARS-CoV-2 has four structural proteins: Envelope (E), Membrane (M), Nucleocapsid (N), and Spike (S), which self-assemble along with its RNA into the infectious virus by budding from intracellular lipid membranes. In this paper, we develop a model to explore the mechanisms of RNA condensation by structural proteins, protein oligomerization and cellular membrane-protein interactions that control the budding process and the ultimate virus structure. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we have deciphered how the positively charged N proteins interact and condense the very long genomic RNA resulting in its packaging by a lipid envelope decorated with structural proteins inside a host cell. Furthermore, considering the length of RNA and the size of the virus, we find that the intrinsic curvature of M proteins is essential for virus budding. While most current research has focused on the S protein, which is responsible for viral entry, and it has been motivated by the need to develop efficacious vaccines, the development of resistance through mutations in this crucial protein makes it essential to elucidate the details of the viral life cycle to identify other drug targets for future therapy. Our simulations will provide insight into the viral life cycle through the assembly of viral particles de novo and potentially identify therapeutic targets for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Li
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Roya Zandi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Popovic M. Strain wars 4 - Darwinian evolution through Gibbs' glasses: Gibbs energies of binding and growth explain evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from Hu-1 to BA.2. Virology 2022; 575:36-42. [PMID: 36057159 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
All processes in nature are driven by negative Gibbs energy. Gibbs energy is used by various viruses and their strains to hijack host cell metabolic machinery. The analysis was made by using the atom counting method to obtain elemental compositions and Gibbs energy of growth of the BA.2 strain of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, Gibbs energy of binding was determined for the BA.2 strain. The properties of BA.2 were compared to those of Hu-1, Delta and Omicron strains. It is concluded that SARS-CoV-2 has evolved by making its Gibbs energy of binding more negative. Hence, it seems that the change in Gibbs energy of binding plays the major role in SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Therefore, Gibbs energy difference between various strains represents the possible mechanism of Darwinian evolution of viruses. In particular, a virus evolves through mutations, resulting in change in information content, elemental composition, increase in infectivity and decrease in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Popovic
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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Popovic M, Popovic M. Strain Wars: Competitive interactions between SARS-CoV-2 strains are explained by Gibbs energy of antigen-receptor binding. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2022; 21:100202. [PMID: 35155724 PMCID: PMC8816792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2022.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has mutated several times into new strains, with an increased infectivity. Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 strains depends on binding affinity of the virus to its host cell receptor. In this paper, we quantified the binding affinity using Gibbs energy of binding and analyzed the competition between SARS-CoV-2 strains as an interference phenomenon. Gibbs energies of binding were calculated for several SARS-SoV-2 strains, including Hu-1 (wild type), B.1.1.7 (alpha), B.1.351 (beta), P.1 (Gamma), B.1.36 and B.1.617 (Delta). The least negative Gibbs energy of binding is that of Hu-1 strain, -37.97 kJ/mol. On the other hand, the most negative Gibbs energy of binding is that of the Delta strain, -49.50 kJ/mol. We used the more negative Gibbs energy of binding to explain the increased infectivity of newer SARS-CoV-2 strains compared to the wild type. Gibbs energies of binding was found to decrease chronologically, with appearance of new strains. The ratio of Gibbs energies of binding of mutated strains and wild type was used to define a susceptibility coefficient, which is an indicator of viral interference, where a virus can prevent or partially inhibit infection with another virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Popovic
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Marta Popovic
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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27
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Rafael Ciges-Tomas J, Franco ML, Vilar M. Identification of a guanine-specific pocket in the protein N of SARS-CoV-2. Commun Biol 2022; 5:711. [PMID: 35842466 PMCID: PMC9288159 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N) is responsible for RNA binding. Here we report the crystal structure of the C-terminal domain (NCTD) in open and closed conformations and in complex with guanine triphosphate, GTP. The crystal structure and biochemical studies reveal a specific interaction between the guanine, a nucleotide enriched in the packaging signals regions of coronaviruses, and a highly conserved tryptophan residue (W330). In addition, EMSA assays with SARS-CoV-2 derived RNA hairpin loops from a putative viral packaging sequence showed the preference interaction of the N-CTD to RNA oligonucleotides containing G and the loss of the specificity in the mutant W330A. Here we propose that this interaction may facilitate the viral assembly process. In summary, we have identified a specific guanine-binding pocket in the N protein that may be used to design viral assembly inhibitors. The molecular basis of GTP binding to the N protein from SARS-CoV-2 is presented, providing a framework for drug design and disruption of the RNA packing function in the N protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rafael Ciges-Tomas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-CSIC Spanish National Research Council, C/Jaime Roig, 11, 46010, Valencia, Spain. .,Structural Molecular Biology Group, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3-B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - María Luisa Franco
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-CSIC Spanish National Research Council, C/Jaime Roig, 11, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marçal Vilar
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-CSIC Spanish National Research Council, C/Jaime Roig, 11, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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28
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Abdelkader A, Elzemrany AA, El-Nadi M, Elsabbagh SA, Shehata MA, Eldehna WM, El-Hadidi M, Ibrahim TM. In-Silico targeting of SARS-CoV-2 NSP6 for drug and natural products repurposing. Virology 2022; 573:96-110. [PMID: 35738174 PMCID: PMC9212324 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Non-Structural Protein 6 (NSP6) has a protecting role for SARS-CoV-2 replication by inhibiting the expansion of autophagosomes inside the cell. NSP6 is involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response by binding to Sigma receptor 1 (SR1). Nevertheless, NSP6 crystal structure is not solved yet. Therefore, NSP6 is considered a challenging target in Structure-Based Drug Discovery. Herein, we utilized the high quality NSP6 model built by AlphaFold in our study. Targeting a putative NSP6 binding site is believed to inhibit the SR1-NSP6 protein-protein interactions. Three databases were virtually screened, namely FDA-approved drugs (DrugBank), Northern African Natural Products Database (NANPDB) and South African Natural Compounds Database (SANCDB) with a total of 8158 compounds. Further validation for 9 candidates via molecular dynamics simulations for 100 ns recommended potential binders to the NSP6 binding site. The proposed candidates are recommended for biological testing to cease the rapidly growing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelkader
- Bioinformatics Group, Center for Informatics Sciences (CIS), School of Information Technology and Computer Science (ITCS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amal A Elzemrany
- Bioinformatics Group, Center for Informatics Sciences (CIS), School of Information Technology and Computer Science (ITCS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mennatullah El-Nadi
- Bioinformatics Group, Center for Informatics Sciences (CIS), School of Information Technology and Computer Science (ITCS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Sherif A Elsabbagh
- Biochemistry Department, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Moustafa A Shehata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Hadidi
- Bioinformatics Group, Center for Informatics Sciences (CIS), School of Information Technology and Computer Science (ITCS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tamer M Ibrahim
- Bioinformatics Group, Center for Informatics Sciences (CIS), School of Information Technology and Computer Science (ITCS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
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29
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Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate TGEV Individual Virions Structure Survival under Harsh Physicochemical Environments. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111759. [PMID: 35681454 PMCID: PMC9179875 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective airborne transmission of coronaviruses via liquid microdroplets requires a virion structure that must withstand harsh environmental conditions. Due to the demanding biosafety requirements for the study of human respiratory viruses, it is important to develop surrogate models to facilitate their investigation. Here we explore the mechanical properties and nanostructure of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) virions in liquid milieu and their response to different chemical agents commonly used as biocides. Our data provide two-fold results on virus stability: First, while particles with larger size and lower packing fraction kept their morphology intact after successive mechanical aggressions, smaller viruses with higher packing fraction showed conspicuous evidence of structural damage and content release. Second, monitoring the structure of single TGEV particles in the presence of detergent and alcohol in real time revealed the stages of gradual degradation of the virus structure in situ. These data suggest that detergent is three orders of magnitude more efficient than alcohol in destabilizing TGEV virus particles, paving the way for optimizing hygienic protocols for viruses with similar structure, such as SARS-CoV-2.
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30
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Strain wars 2: Binding constants, enthalpies, entropies, Gibbs energies and rates of binding of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Virology 2022; 570:35-44. [PMID: 35366482 PMCID: PMC8961312 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus is the cause of COVID-19 pandemic and belongs to RNA viruses, showing great tendency to mutate. Several dozens of mutations have been observed on the SARS-CoV-2 virus, during the last two years. Some of the mutated strains show a greater infectivity and are capable of suppressing the earlier strains, through interference. In this work, kinetic and thermodynamic properties were calculated for strains characterized by various numbers and locations of mutations. It was shown that mutations lead to changes in chemical composition, thermodynamic properties and infectivity. Through competition, the phenomenon of interference of various SARS-CoV-2 strains was explained, which results in suppression of the wild type by mutant strains. Standard Gibbs energy of binding and binding constant for the Omicron (B.1.1.529) strain were found to be ΔBG⁰ = −45.96 kJ/mol and KB = 1.13 ∙ 10+8 M−1, respectively.
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31
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Liang Z, Peng T, Jiao X, Zhao Y, Xie J, Jiang Y, Meng B, Fang X, Yu X, Dai X. Latex Microsphere-Based Bicolor Immunochromatography for Qualitative Detection of Neutralizing Antibody against SARS-CoV-2. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020103. [PMID: 35200362 PMCID: PMC8869495 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody (NAb) is a family of antibodies with special functions, which afford a degree of protection against infection and/or reduce the risk of clinically severe infection. Receptor binding domain (RBD) in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, a portion of the S1 subunit, can stimulate the immune system to produce NAb after infection and vaccination. The detection of NAb against SARS-CoV-2 is a simple and direct approach for evaluating a vaccine's effectiveness. In this study, a direct, rapid, and point-of-care bicolor lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) was developed for NAb against SARS-CoV-2 detection without sample pretreatment, and which was based on the principle of NAb-mediated blockage of the interaction between RBD and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. In the bicolor LFIA, red and blue latex microspheres (LMs) were used to locate the test and control lines, leading to avoidance of erroneous interpretations of one-colored line results. Under the optimal conditions, NAb against SARS-CoV-2 detection carried out using the bicolor LFIA could be completed within 9 min, and the visible limit of detection was about 48 ng/mL. Thirteen serum samples were analyzed, and the results showed that the NAb levels in three positive serum samples were equal to, or higher than, 736 ng/mL. The LM-based bicolor LFIA allows one-step, rapid, convenient, inexpensive, and user-friendly determination of NAb against SARS-CoV-2 in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwei Liang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Z.L.); (X.J.)
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (B.M.); (X.F.)
| | - Tao Peng
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (B.M.); (X.F.)
| | - Xueshima Jiao
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Z.L.); (X.J.)
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (B.M.); (X.F.)
| | - Yang Zhao
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (B.M.); (X.F.)
| | - Jie Xie
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (B.M.); (X.F.)
| | - You Jiang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (B.M.); (X.F.)
| | - Bo Meng
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (B.M.); (X.F.)
| | - Xiang Fang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (B.M.); (X.F.)
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Z.L.); (X.J.)
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (X.D.); Tel./Fax: +86-010-645-24962 (X.D.)
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (T.P.); (Y.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.J.); (B.M.); (X.F.)
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (X.D.); Tel./Fax: +86-010-645-24962 (X.D.)
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32
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Saravanan UB, Namachivayam M, Jeewon R, Huang JD, Durairajan SSK. Animal models for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 pathogenesis, transmission and therapeutic evaluation. World J Virol 2022; 11:40-56. [PMID: 35117970 PMCID: PMC8788210 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need to develop animal models to alleviate vaccine and drug development difficulties against zoonotic viral infections. The coronavirus family, which includes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, crossed the species barrier and infected humans, causing a global outbreak in the 21st century. Because humans do not have pre-existing immunity against these viral infections and with ethics governing clinical trials, animal models are therefore being used in clinical studies to facilitate drug discovery and testing efficacy of vaccines. The ideal animal models should reflect the viral replication, clinical signs, and pathological responses observed in humans. Different animal species should be tested to establish an appropriate animal model to study the disease pathology, transmission and evaluation of novel vaccine and drug candidates to treat coronavirus disease 2019. In this context, the present review summarizes the recent progress in developing animal models for these two pathogenic viruses and highlights the utility of these models in studying SARS-associated coronavirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhaya Bharathy Saravanan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Mayurikaa Namachivayam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Rajesh Jeewon
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit 80837, Mauritius
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, China
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A Comparative and Comprehensive Review of Antibody Applications in the Treatment of Lung Disease. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12010130. [PMID: 35054524 PMCID: PMC8778790 DOI: 10.3390/life12010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are a type of protein produced by active B cells in response to antigen stimulation. A series of monoclonal antibodies and neutralizing antibodies have been invented and put into clinical use because of their high therapeutic effect and bright developing insight. Patients with cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases can all benefit from antibody therapy. However, the targeting aspects and potential mechanisms for treating these diseases differ. In the treatment of patients with infectious diseases such as COVID-19, neutralizing antibodies have been proposed as reliable vaccines against COVID-19, which target the ACE2 protein by preventing virus entry into somatic cells. Monoclonal antibodies can target immune checkpoints (e.g., PD-L1 and CTLA-4), tyrosine kinase and subsequent signaling pathways (e.g., VEGF), and cytokines in cancer patients (e.g. IL-6 and IL-1β). It is debatable whether there is any connection between the use of antibodies in these diseases. It would be fantastic to discover the related points and explain the burden for the limitation of cross-use of these techniques. In this review, we provided a comprehensive overview of the use of antibodies in the treatment of infectious disease and cancer patients. There are also discussions of their mechanisms and history. In addition, we discussed our future outlook on the use of antibodies.
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Popovic M. Atom counting method for determining elemental composition of viruses and its applications in biothermodynamics and environmental science. Comput Biol Chem 2022; 96:107621. [PMID: 34998080 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative physicochemical perspective on life processes has been a great asset, in bioengineering and biotechnology. The quantitative physicochemical approach can be applied to practically all organisms, including viruses, if their chemical composition and thermodynamic properties are known. In this paper, a new method is suggested for determining elemental composition of viruses, based on atom counting. The atom counting method requires knowledge of genetic sequence, protein sequences and protein copy numbers. An algorithm was suggested for a program that finds elemental composition of various viruses (DNA or RNA, enveloped or non-enveloped). Except for the nucleic acid, capsid proteins, lipid bilayer and carbohydrates, this method includes membrane proteins, as well as spike proteins. The atom counting method has been compared with the existing molecular composition and geometric methods on 5 viruses of different morphology, as well as experimentally determined composition of the poliovirus. The atom counting method was found to be more accurate in most cases. The three methods were found to be complementary, since they require different kind of input information. Moreover, since the 3 methods rest on different assumptions, results of one model can be compared to those of the other two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Popovic
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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35
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Public health and management. HEALTHCARE STRATEGIES AND PLANNING FOR SOCIAL INCLUSION AND DEVELOPMENT 2022. [PMCID: PMC8607884 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90446-9.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This chapter explains how hospital community health centers and nurseries home provide preventive curative, rehabilitation care for public health management. In this connection, it is explained how security professions, fire, ambulance providers and emergency medical services can be closely coordinated to increase the efficacy of health services. The authors want to develop awareness among doctors to mobilize other health service processions to manage the system under extreme climatic and disaster conditions to save life and social health stability. The last part of the chapter gives insight on systemic management of disease classification and under what circumstance a disease outbreak becomes epidemic and pandemic at the global level if inadequate management is taken. In this connection, the authors try to explain it with the example of the COVID-19 challenge and bring to the attention of the public to either eradicate or bring stability with the passing of time. So, it is necessary to develop a well-organized health-care system either temporarily or upgrade the existing health-care system to meet the demand in an emergency.
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36
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Chechetkin VR, Lobzin VV. Ribonucleocapsid assembly/packaging signals in the genomes of the coronaviruses SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2: detection, comparison and implications for therapeutic targeting. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:508-522. [PMID: 32901577 PMCID: PMC7544952 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1815581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The genomic ssRNA of coronaviruses is packaged within a helical nucleocapsid. Due to transitional symmetry of a helix, weakly specific cooperative interaction between ssRNA and nucleocapsid proteins leads to the natural selection of specific quasi-periodic assembly/packaging signals in the related genomic sequence. Such signals coordinated with the nucleocapsid helical structure were detected and reconstructed in the genomes of the coronaviruses SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. The main period of the signals for both viruses was about 54 nt, that implies 6.75 nt per N protein. The complete coverage of the ssRNA genome of length about 30,000 nt by the nucleocapsid would need 4.4 × 103 N proteins, that makes them the most abundant among the structural proteins. The repertoires of motifs for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 were divergent but nearly coincided for different isolates of SARS-CoV-2. We obtained the distributions of assembly/packaging signals over the genomes with nonoverlapping windows of width 432 nt. Finally, using the spectral entropy, we compared the load from point mutations and indels during virus age for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. We found the higher mutational load on SARS-CoV. In this sense, SARS-CoV-2 can be treated as a 'newborn' virus. These observations may be helpful in practical medical applications and are of basic interest. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir R. Chechetkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow,
Russia
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37
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Simons P, Rinaldi DA, Bondu V, Kell AM, Bradfute S, Lidke DS, Buranda T. Integrin activation is an essential component of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20398. [PMID: 34650161 PMCID: PMC8516859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on binding its spike (S) protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The S protein expresses an RGD motif, suggesting that integrins may be co-receptors. Here, we UV-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and fluorescently labeled the envelope membrane with octadecyl rhodamine B (R18) to explore the role of integrin activation in mediating cell entry and productive infection. We used flow cytometry and confocal microscopy to show that SARS-CoV-2R18 particles engage basal-state integrins. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Mn2+, which induces integrin extension, enhances cell entry of SARS-CoV-2R18. We also show that one class of integrin antagonist, which binds to the αI MIDAS site and stabilizes the inactive, closed conformation, selectively inhibits the engagement of SARS-CoV-2R18 with basal state integrins, but is ineffective against Mn2+-activated integrins. RGD-integrin antagonists inhibited SARS-CoV-2R18 binding regardless of integrin activation status. Integrins transmit signals bidirectionally: 'inside-out' signaling primes the ligand-binding function of integrins via a talin-dependent mechanism, and 'outside-in' signaling occurs downstream of integrin binding to macromolecular ligands. Outside-in signaling is mediated by Gα13. Using cell-permeable peptide inhibitors of talin and Gα13 binding to the cytoplasmic tail of an integrin's β subunit, we demonstrate that talin-mediated signaling is essential for productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Simons
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Derek A Rinaldi
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Virginie Bondu
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Alison M Kell
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Steven Bradfute
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Tione Buranda
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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38
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Adamczyk Z, Batys P, Barbasz J. SARS-CoV-2 virion physicochemical characteristics pertinent to abiotic substrate attachment. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 55:101466. [PMID: 34093061 PMCID: PMC8169569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The structure, size, and main physicochemical characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 virion with the spike transmembrane protein corona were discussed. Using these data, diffusion coefficients of the virion in aqueous media and in air were calculated. The structure and dimensions of the spike protein derived from molecular dynamic modeling and thorough cryo-electron microscopy measurements were also analyzed. The charge distribution over the molecule was calculated and shown to be largely heterogeneous. Although the stalk part is negatively charged, the top part of the spike molecule, especially the receptor binding domain, remains positively charged for a broad range of pH. It is underlined that such a charge distribution promotes the spike corona stability and enhances the virion attachment to receptors and surfaces, mostly negatively charged. The review is completed by the analysis of experimental data pertinent to the spike protein adsorption at abiotic surfaces comprising nanoparticle carrier particles. It is argued that these theoretical and experimental data can be used for developing quantitative models of virus attachment to surfaces, facilitating adequate analysis of future experimental results.
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39
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Sequences in the cytoplasmic tail of SARS-CoV-2 Spike facilitate expression at the cell surface and syncytia formation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5333. [PMID: 34504087 PMCID: PMC8429659 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds ACE2 to direct fusion with host cells. S comprises a large external domain, a transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail. Understanding the intracellular trafficking of S is relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and to vaccines expressing full-length S from mRNA or adenovirus vectors. Here we report a proteomic screen for cellular factors that interact with the cytoplasmic tail of S. We confirm interactions with the COPI and COPII vesicle coats, ERM family actin regulators, and the WIPI3 autophagy component. The COPII binding site promotes exit from the endoplasmic reticulum, and although binding to COPI should retain S in the early Golgi where viral budding occurs, there is a suboptimal histidine residue in the recognition motif. As a result, S leaks to the surface where it accumulates and can direct the formation of multinucleate syncytia. Thus, the trafficking signals in the tail of S indicate that syncytia play a role in the SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle.
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40
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Abstract
Bats are a key reservoir of coronaviruses (CoVs), including the agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the recent deadly viral pneumonia pandemic. However, understanding how bats can harbor several microorganisms without developing illnesses is still a matter under discussion. Viruses and other pathogens are often studied as stand-alone entities, despite that, in nature, they mostly live in multispecies associations called biofilms-both externally and within the host. Microorganisms in biofilms are enclosed by an extracellular matrix that confers protection and improves survival. Previous studies have shown that viruses can secondarily colonize preexisting biofilms, and viral biofilms have also been described. In this review, we raise the perspective that CoVs can persistently infect bats due to their association with biofilm structures. This phenomenon potentially provides an optimal environment for nonpathogenic and well-adapted viruses to interact with the host, as well as for viral recombination. Biofilms can also enhance virion viability in extracellular environments, such as on fomites and in aquatic sediments, allowing viral persistence and dissemination. Moreover, understanding the biofilm lifestyle of CoVs in reservoirs might contribute to explaining several burning questions as to persistence and transmissibility of highly pathogenic emerging CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gomes Von Borowski
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR) UMR6290, Rennes, France
| | - Danielle Silva Trentin
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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41
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Simons P, Rinaldi DA, Bondu V, Kell AM, Bradfute S, Lidke D, Buranda T. Integrin activation is an essential component of SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34312625 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.20.453118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular entry of coronaviruses depends on binding of the viral spike (S) protein to a specific cellular receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Furthermore, the viral spike protein expresses an RGD motif, suggesting that cell surface integrins may be attachment co-receptors. However, using infectious SARS-CoV-2 requires a biosafety level 3 laboratory (BSL-3), which limits the techniques that can be used to study the mechanism of cell entry. Here, we UV-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and fluorescently labeled the envelope membrane with octadecyl rhodamine B (R18) to explore the role of integrin activation in mediating both cell entry and productive infection. We used flow cytometry and confocal fluorescence microscopy to show that fluorescently labeled SARS-CoV-2 R18 particles engage basal-state integrins. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Mn 2+ , which activates integrins and induces integrin extension, enhances cell binding and entry of SARS-CoV-2 R18 in proportion to the fraction of integrins activated. We also show that one class of integrin antagonist, which binds to the αI MIDAS site and stabilizes the inactive, closed conformation, selectively inhibits the engagement of SARS-CoV-2 R18 with basal state integrins, but is ineffective against Mn 2+ -activated integrins. At the same time, RGD-integrin antagonists inhibited SARS-CoV-2 R18 binding regardless of integrin activity state. Integrins transmit signals bidirectionally: 'inside-out' signaling primes the ligand binding function of integrins via a talin dependent mechanism and 'outside-in' signaling occurs downstream of integrin binding to macromolecular ligands. Outside-in signaling is mediated by Gα 13 and induces cell spreading, retraction, migration, and proliferation. Using cell-permeable peptide inhibitors of talin, and Gα 13 binding to the cytoplasmic tail of an integrin's β subunit, we further demonstrate that talin-mediated signaling is essential for productive infection by SARS-CoV-2.
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42
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Huang YK, Li YJ, Li B, Wang P, Wang QH. Dysregulated liver function in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Current understanding and perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4358-4370. [PMID: 34366609 PMCID: PMC8316914 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i27.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since it was first reported in December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has spread rapidly around the world to cause the ongoing pandemic. Although the clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection are predominantly in the respiratory system, liver enzyme abnormalities exist in around half of the cases, which indicate liver injury, and raise clinical concern. At present, there is no consensus whether the liver injury is directly caused by viral replication in the liver tissue or indirectly by the systemic inflammatory response. This review aims to summarize the clinical manifestations and to explore the underlying mechanisms of liver dysfunction in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ke Huang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu-Jia Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan Province, China
- Joint laboratory on Transfusion-transmitted Diseases between Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Nanning Blood Center, Nanning 530007, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Bin Li
- Joint laboratory on Transfusion-transmitted Diseases between Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Nanning Blood Center, Nanning 530007, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Emergency, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qing-Hua Wang
- Department of Emergency, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China
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43
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Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Grywalska E, Hrynkiewicz R, Bębnowska D, Wołącewicz M, Majchrzak A, Parczewski M. Interplay between Neutrophils, NETs and T-Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection-A Missing Piece of the Puzzle in the COVID-19 Pathogenesis? Cells 2021; 10:1817. [PMID: 34359987 PMCID: PMC8304299 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, a new, dangerous virus has caused the deaths of more than 3 million people. Efforts to fight the disease remain multifaceted and include prophylactic strategies (vaccines), the development of antiviral drugs targeting replication, and the mitigation of the damage associated with exacerbated immune responses (e.g., interleukin-6-receptor inhibitors). However, numerous uncertainties remain, making it difficult to lower the mortality rate, especially among critically ill patients. While looking for a new means of understanding the pathomechanisms of the disease, we asked a question-is our immunity key to resolving these uncertainties? In this review, we attempt to answer this question, and summarize, interpret, and discuss the available knowledge concerning the interplay between neutrophils, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and T-cells in COVID-19. These are considered to be the first line of defense against pathogens and, thus, we chose to emphasize their role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although immunologic alterations are the subject of constant research, they are poorly understood and often underestimated. This review provides background information for the expansion of research on the novel, immunity-oriented approach to diagnostic and treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Rafał Hrynkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Dominika Bębnowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Mikołaj Wołącewicz
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Adam Majchrzak
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Independent Public Regional Hospital in Szczecin, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Miłosz Parczewski
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland;
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44
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Mondeja B, Valdes O, Resik S, Vizcaino A, Acosta E, Montalván A, Paez A, Mune M, Rodríguez R, Valdés J, Gonzalez G, Sanchez D, Falcón V, González Y, Kourí V, Díaz A, Guzmán M. SARS-CoV-2: preliminary study of infected human nasopharyngeal tissue by high resolution microscopy. Virol J 2021; 18:149. [PMID: 34275492 PMCID: PMC8286443 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01620-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of COVID-19. This virus has become one of the most dangerous in recent times with a very high rate of transmission. At present, several publications show the typical crown-shape of the novel coronavirus grown in cell cultures. However, an integral ultramicroscopy study done directly from clinical specimens has not been published. METHODS Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 12 Cuban individuals, six asymptomatic and RT-PCR negative (negative control) and six others from a COVID-19 symptomatic and RT-PCR positive for SARS CoV-2. Samples were treated with an aldehyde solution and processed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal microscopy (CM) and, atomic force microscopy. Improvement and segmentation of coronavirus images were performed by a novel mathematical image enhancement algorithm. RESULTS The images of the negative control sample showed the characteristic healthy microvilli morphology at the apical region of the nasal epithelial cells. As expected, they do not display virus-like structures. The images of the positive sample showed characteristic coronavirus-like particles and evident destruction of microvilli. In some regions, virions budding through the cell membrane were observed. Microvilli destruction could explain the anosmia reported by some patients. Virus-particles emerging from the cell-surface with a variable size ranging from 80 to 400 nm were observed by SEM. Viral antigen was identified in the apical cells zone by CM. CONCLUSIONS The integral microscopy study showed that SARS-CoV-2 has a similar image to SARS-CoV. The application of several high-resolution microscopy techniques to nasopharyngeal samples awaits future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Mondeja
- Center for Advanced Studies of Cuba (CEA), La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Odalys Valdes
- Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Sonia Resik
- Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Emilio Acosta
- Center for Advanced Studies of Cuba (CEA), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Amira Paez
- Center for Advanced Studies of Cuba (CEA), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Mayra Mune
- Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Roberto Rodríguez
- Institute of Cybernetics, Mathematics, and Physics of Cuba (ICIMAF), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Juan Valdés
- Center for Advanced Studies of Cuba (CEA), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Guelsys Gonzalez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Daisy Sanchez
- Center for Advanced Studies of Cuba (CEA), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Viviana Falcón
- Center of Genetic Engineer and Biotechnology of Cuba (CIGB), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Vivian Kourí
- Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Angelina Díaz
- Center for Advanced Studies of Cuba (CEA), La Habana, Cuba
| | - María Guzmán
- Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), La Habana, Cuba
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45
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Van Puyvelde B, Van Uytfanghe K, Tytgat O, Van Oudenhove L, Gabriels R, Bouwmeester R, Daled S, Van Den Bossche T, Ramasamy P, Verhelst S, De Clerck L, Corveleyn L, Willems S, Debunne N, Wynendaele E, De Spiegeleer B, Judak P, Roels K, De Wilde L, Van Eenoo P, Reyns T, Cherlet M, Dumont E, Debyser G, t'Kindt R, Sandra K, Gupta S, Drouin N, Harms A, Hankemeier T, Jones DJL, Gupta P, Lane D, Lane CS, El Ouadi S, Vincendet JB, Morrice N, Oehrle S, Tanna N, Silvester S, Hannam S, Sigloch FC, Bhangu-Uhlmann A, Claereboudt J, Anderson NL, Razavi M, Degroeve S, Cuypers L, Stove C, Lagrou K, Martens GA, Deforce D, Martens L, Vissers JPC, Dhaenens M. Cov-MS: A Community-Based Template Assay for Mass-Spectrometry-Based Protein Detection in SARS-CoV-2 Patients. JACS AU 2021. [PMID: 34254058 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.18.20231688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rising population density and global mobility are among the reasons why pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, spread so rapidly across the globe. The policy response to such pandemics will always have to include accurate monitoring of the spread, as this provides one of the few alternatives to total lockdown. However, COVID-19 diagnosis is currently performed almost exclusively by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Although this is efficient, automatable, and acceptably cheap, reliance on one type of technology comes with serious caveats, as illustrated by recurring reagent and test shortages. We therefore developed an alternative diagnostic test that detects proteolytically digested SARS-CoV-2 proteins using mass spectrometry (MS). We established the Cov-MS consortium, consisting of 15 academic laboratories and several industrial partners to increase applicability, accessibility, sensitivity, and robustness of this kind of SARS-CoV-2 detection. This, in turn, gave rise to the Cov-MS Digital Incubator that allows other laboratories to join the effort, navigate, and share their optimizations and translate the assay into their clinic. As this test relies on viral proteins instead of RNA, it provides an orthogonal and complementary approach to RT-PCR using other reagents that are relatively inexpensive and widely available, as well as orthogonally skilled personnel and different instruments. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD022550.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Van Puyvelde
- ProGenTomics, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katleen Van Uytfanghe
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Tytgat
- ProGenTomics, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Life Science Technologies, Imec, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ralf Gabriels
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Robbin Bouwmeester
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Simon Daled
- ProGenTomics, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Den Bossche
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Pathmanaban Ramasamy
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, ULB/VUB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Verhelst
- ProGenTomics, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura De Clerck
- ProGenTomics, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Corveleyn
- ProGenTomics, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sander Willems
- ProGenTomics, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathan Debunne
- Drug Quality and Registration Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and Registration Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Judak
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Roels
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurie De Wilde
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Reyns
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Cherlet
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmie Dumont
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Griet Debyser
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Ruben t'Kindt
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Surya Gupta
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Nicolas Drouin
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 G Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Harms
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 G Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 G Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Donald J L Jones
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, RKCSB, University of Leicester, U.K., and John and Lucille van Geest Biomarker Facility, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- The Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Diseases, Level 4, Sandringham Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Lane
- The Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Diseases, Level 4, Sandringham Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Said El Ouadi
- AB Sciex, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nick Morrice
- AB Sciex, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Oehrle
- Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Nikunj Tanna
- Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Steve Silvester
- Alderley Analytical, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Hannam
- Alderley Analytical, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - N Leigh Anderson
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Washington, D.C. 20009, United States
| | - Morteza Razavi
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Washington, D.C. 20009, United States
| | - Sven Degroeve
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Lize Cuypers
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert A Martens
- AZ Delta Medical Laboratories, AZ Delta General Hospital, 8800 Roeselare, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- ProGenTomics, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lennart Martens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | | | - Maarten Dhaenens
- ProGenTomics, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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46
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Van Puyvelde B, Van Uytfanghe K, Tytgat O, Van Oudenhove L, Gabriels R, Bouwmeester R, Daled S, Van Den Bossche T, Ramasamy P, Verhelst S, De Clerck L, Corveleyn L, Willems S, Debunne N, Wynendaele E, De Spiegeleer B, Judak P, Roels K, De Wilde L, Van Eenoo P, Reyns T, Cherlet M, Dumont E, Debyser G, t’Kindt R, Sandra K, Gupta S, Drouin N, Harms A, Hankemeier T, Jones DJL, Gupta P, Lane D, Lane CS, El Ouadi S, Vincendet JB, Morrice N, Oehrle S, Tanna N, Silvester S, Hannam S, Sigloch FC, Bhangu-Uhlmann A, Claereboudt J, Anderson NL, Razavi M, Degroeve S, Cuypers L, Stove C, Lagrou K, Martens GA, Deforce D, Martens L, Vissers JPC, Dhaenens M. Cov-MS: A Community-Based Template Assay for Mass-Spectrometry-Based Protein Detection in SARS-CoV-2 Patients. JACS AU 2021; 1:750-765. [PMID: 34254058 PMCID: PMC8230961 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rising population density and global mobility are among the reasons why pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, spread so rapidly across the globe. The policy response to such pandemics will always have to include accurate monitoring of the spread, as this provides one of the few alternatives to total lockdown. However, COVID-19 diagnosis is currently performed almost exclusively by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Although this is efficient, automatable, and acceptably cheap, reliance on one type of technology comes with serious caveats, as illustrated by recurring reagent and test shortages. We therefore developed an alternative diagnostic test that detects proteolytically digested SARS-CoV-2 proteins using mass spectrometry (MS). We established the Cov-MS consortium, consisting of 15 academic laboratories and several industrial partners to increase applicability, accessibility, sensitivity, and robustness of this kind of SARS-CoV-2 detection. This, in turn, gave rise to the Cov-MS Digital Incubator that allows other laboratories to join the effort, navigate, and share their optimizations and translate the assay into their clinic. As this test relies on viral proteins instead of RNA, it provides an orthogonal and complementary approach to RT-PCR using other reagents that are relatively inexpensive and widely available, as well as orthogonally skilled personnel and different instruments. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD022550.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Van Puyvelde
- ProGenTomics,
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katleen Van Uytfanghe
- Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Tytgat
- ProGenTomics,
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Life Science Technologies, Imec, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ralf Gabriels
- VIB-UGent
Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Robbin Bouwmeester
- VIB-UGent
Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Simon Daled
- ProGenTomics,
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Den Bossche
- VIB-UGent
Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Pathmanaban Ramasamy
- VIB-UGent
Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent Belgium
- Interuniversity
Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, ULB/VUB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Verhelst
- ProGenTomics,
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura De Clerck
- ProGenTomics,
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Corveleyn
- ProGenTomics,
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sander Willems
- ProGenTomics,
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathan Debunne
- Drug Quality and Registration Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and Registration Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Judak
- Doping
Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Roels
- Doping
Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurie De Wilde
- Doping
Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping
Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Reyns
- Department
of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University
Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Cherlet
- Department
of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Ghent University 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmie Dumont
- Research Institute for Chromatography
(RIC), 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Griet Debyser
- Research Institute for Chromatography
(RIC), 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Ruben t’Kindt
- Research Institute for Chromatography
(RIC), 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography
(RIC), 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Surya Gupta
- VIB-UGent
Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Nicolas Drouin
- Division
of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic
Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 G Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Harms
- Division
of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic
Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 G Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division
of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic
Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 G Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Donald J. L. Jones
- Leicester
Cancer Research Centre, RKCSB, University of Leicester, U.K., and
John and Lucille van Geest Biomarker Facility, Cardiovascular Research
Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- The
Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Diseases, Level 4,
Sandringham Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Lane
- The
Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Diseases, Level 4,
Sandringham Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Said El Ouadi
- AB Sciex, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nick Morrice
- AB Sciex, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Oehrle
- Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Nikunj Tanna
- Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Steve Silvester
- Alderley Analytical, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Hannam
- Alderley Analytical, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - N. Leigh Anderson
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Washington, D.C. 20009, United States
| | - Morteza Razavi
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Washington, D.C. 20009, United States
| | - Sven Degroeve
- VIB-UGent
Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Lize Cuypers
- Clinical
Department of Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Clinical
Department of Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert A. Martens
- AZ
Delta Medical Laboratories, AZ Delta General
Hospital, 8800 Roeselare, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- ProGenTomics,
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lennart Martens
- VIB-UGent
Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | | | - Maarten Dhaenens
- ProGenTomics,
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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47
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Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Viral Infection and Treatment: A Special Focus on SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126574. [PMID: 34207476 PMCID: PMC8235362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) encompass a group of glycoproteins composed of unbranched negatively charged heparan sulfate (HS) chains covalently attached to a core protein. The complex HSPG biosynthetic machinery generates an extraordinary structural variety of HS chains that enable them to bind a plethora of ligands, including growth factors, morphogens, cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, matrix proteins, and bacterial and viral pathogens. These interactions translate into key regulatory activity of HSPGs on a wide range of cellular processes such as receptor activation and signaling, cytoskeleton assembly, extracellular matrix remodeling, endocytosis, cell-cell crosstalk, and others. Due to their ubiquitous expression within tissues and their large functional repertoire, HSPGs are involved in many physiopathological processes; thus, they have emerged as valuable targets for the therapy of many human diseases. Among their functions, HSPGs assist many viruses in invading host cells at various steps of their life cycle. Viruses utilize HSPGs for the attachment to the host cell, internalization, intracellular trafficking, egress, and spread. Recently, HSPG involvement in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been established. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying HSPG/SARS-CoV-2 interaction and downstream effects, and we provide an overview of the HSPG-based therapeutic strategies that could be used to combat such a fearsome virus.
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48
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Lyonnais S, Hénaut M, Neyret A, Merida P, Cazevieille C, Gros N, Chable-Bessia C, Muriaux D. Atomic force microscopy analysis of native infectious and inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11885. [PMID: 34088957 PMCID: PMC8178396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus responsible for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Here, single viruses were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) operating directly in a level 3 biosafety (BSL3) facility, which appeared as a fast and powerful method to assess at the nanoscale level and in 3D infectious virus morphology in its native conformation, or upon inactivation treatments. AFM imaging reveals structurally intact infectious and inactivated SARS-CoV-2 upon low concentration of formaldehyde treatment. This protocol combining AFM and plaque assays allows the preparation of intact inactivated SARS-CoV-2 particles for safe use of samples out of level 3 laboratory to accelerate researches against the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, we illustrate how adapted BSL3-AFM is a remarkable toolbox for rapid and direct virus analysis based on nanoscale morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathilde Hénaut
- CEMIPAI, University of Montpellier, UAR3725 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Aymeric Neyret
- CEMIPAI, University of Montpellier, UAR3725 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Peggy Merida
- Institute of Research in Infectiology of Montpellier (IRIM), University of Montpellier, UMR9004 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Chantal Cazevieille
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (INM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Gros
- CEMIPAI, University of Montpellier, UAR3725 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Delphine Muriaux
- CEMIPAI, University of Montpellier, UAR3725 CNRS, Montpellier, France.
- Institute of Research in Infectiology of Montpellier (IRIM), University of Montpellier, UMR9004 CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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49
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Akbayrak IY, Caglayan SI, Durdagi S, Kurgan L, Uversky VN, Ulver B, Dervisoğlu H, Haklidir M, Hasekioglu O, Coskuner-Weber O. Structures of MERS-CoV macro domain in aqueous solution with dynamics: Impacts of parallel tempering simulation techniques and CHARMM36m and AMBER99SB force field parameters. Proteins 2021; 89:1289-1299. [PMID: 34008220 PMCID: PMC8242390 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) worldwide appeared in 2019. Detailed scientific knowledge of the members of the Coronaviridae family, including the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) is currently lacking. Structural studies of the MERS‐CoV proteins in the current literature are extremely limited. We present here detailed characterization of the structural properties of MERS‐CoV macro domain in aqueous solution. Additionally, we studied the impacts of chosen force field parameters and parallel tempering simulation techniques on the predicted structural properties of MERS‐CoV macro domain in aqueous solution. For this purpose, we conducted extensive Hamiltonian‐replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations and Temperature‐replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations using the CHARMM36m and AMBER99SB parameters for the macro domain. This study shows that the predicted secondary structure properties including their propensities depend on the chosen simulation technique and force field parameter. We perform structural clustering based on the radius of gyration and end‐to‐end distance of MERS‐CoV macro domain in aqueous solution. We also report and analyze the residue‐level intrinsic disorder features, flexibility and secondary structure. Furthermore, we study the propensities of this macro domain for protein‐protein interactions and for the RNA and DNA binding. Overall, results are in agreement with available nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings and present more detailed insights into the structural properties of MERS CoV macro domain in aqueous solution. All in all, we present the structural properties of the aqueous MERS‐CoV macro domain using different parallel tempering simulation techniques, force field parameters and bioinformatics tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Yagiz Akbayrak
- Materials Sciences and Technologies, College of Sciences, Turkish-German University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sule Irem Caglayan
- Molecular Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Turkish-German University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lukasz Kurgan
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia
| | - Burak Ulver
- TUBITAK, Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council, BİLGEM, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Havvanur Dervisoğlu
- TUBITAK, Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council, BİLGEM, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Haklidir
- TUBITAK, Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council, BİLGEM, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Orkun Hasekioglu
- TUBITAK, Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council, BİLGEM, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Orkid Coskuner-Weber
- Molecular Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Turkish-German University, Istanbul, Turkey
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50
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Barrantes FJ. The Contribution of Biophysics and Structural Biology to Current Advances in COVID-19. Annu Rev Biophys 2021; 50:493-523. [PMID: 33957057 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-102620-080956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Critical to viral infection are the multiple interactions between viral proteins and host-cell counterparts. The first such interaction is the recognition of viral envelope proteins by surface receptors that normally fulfil other physiological roles, a hijacking mechanism perfected over the course of evolution. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has successfully adopted this strategy using its spike glycoprotein to dock on the membrane-bound metalloprotease angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The crystal structures of several SARS-CoV-2 proteins alone or in complex with their receptors or other ligands were recently solved at an unprecedented pace. This accomplishment is partly due to the increasing availability of data on other coronaviruses and ACE2 over the past 18 years. Likewise, other key intervening actors and mechanisms of viral infection were elucidated with the aid of biophysical approaches. An understanding of the various structurally important motifs of the interacting partners provides key mechanistic information for the development of structure-based designer drugs able to inhibit various steps of the infective cycle, including neutralizing antibodies, small organic drugs, and vaccines. This review analyzes current progress and the outlook for future structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Barrantes
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina (UCA)-National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Argentina (CONICET), C1107AFF Buenos Aires, Argentina;
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