1
|
Shahidi B, Anderson B, Ordaz A, Berry DB, Ruoss S, Zlomislic V, Allen RT, Garfin SR, Farshad M, Schenk S, Ward SR. Paraspinal muscles in individuals undergoing surgery for lumbar spine pathology lack a myogenic response to an acute bout of resistance exercise. JOR Spine 2024; 7:e1291. [PMID: 38222805 PMCID: PMC10782077 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Lumbar spine pathology (LSP) is a common source of low back or leg pain, and paraspinal muscle in these patients demonstrates fatty and fibrotic infiltration, and cellular degeneration that do not reverse with exercise-based rehabilitation. However, it is unclear of this lack of response is due to insufficient exercise stimulus, or an inability to mount a growth response. The purpose of this study was to compare paraspinal muscle gene expression between individuals with LSP who do and do not undergo an acute bout of resistance exercise. Methods Paraspinal muscle biopsies were obtained from 64 individuals with LSP undergoing spinal surgery. Eight participants performed an acute bout of machine-based lumbar extension resistance exercise preoperatively. Gene expression for 42 genes associated with adipogenic/metabolic, atrophic, fibrogenic, inflammatory, and myogenic pathways was measured, and differential expression between exercised and non-exercised groups was evaluated for (a) the full cohort, and (b) an age, gender, acuity, and etiology matched sub-cohort. Principal components analyses were used to identify gene expression clustering across clinical phenotypes. Results The exercised cohort demonstrated upregulation of inflammatory gene IL1B, inhibition of extracellular matrix components (increased MMP3&9, decreased TIMP1&3, COL1A1) and metabolic/adipogenic genes (FABP4, PPARD, WNT10B), and downregulation of myogenic (MYOD, ANKRD2B) and atrophic (FOXO3) genes compared to the non-exercised cohort, with similar patterns in the matched sub-analysis. There were no clinical phenotypes significantly associated with gene expression profiles. Conclusion An acute bout of moderate-high intensity resistance exercise did not result in upregulation of myogenic genes in individuals with LSP. The response was characterized by mixed metabolic and fibrotic gene expression, upregulation of inflammation, and downregulation of myogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Shahidi
- UC San Diego Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bradley Anderson
- UC San Diego Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Angel Ordaz
- UC San Diego Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - David B. Berry
- UC San Diego Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- UC San Diego Department of RadiologyLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Severin Ruoss
- UC San Diego Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vinko Zlomislic
- UC San Diego Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - R. Todd Allen
- UC San Diego Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Steven R. Garfin
- UC San Diego Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mazda Farshad
- Balgrist University HospitalUniversity of ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Simon Schenk
- UC San Diego Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Samuel R. Ward
- UC San Diego Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- UC San Diego Department of RadiologyLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- UC San Diego Department of BioengineeringLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mirzoev TM. The emerging role of Piezo1 channels in skeletal muscle physiology. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1171-1184. [PMID: 37975010 PMCID: PMC10643716 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Piezo1 channels are mechanically activated (MA) cation channels that are involved in sensing of various mechanical perturbations, such as membrane stretch and shear stress, and play a crucial role in cell mechanotransduction. In response to mechanical stimuli, these channels open up and allow cations to travel into the cell and induce biochemical reactions that can change the cell's metabolism and function. Skeletal muscle cells/fibers inherently depend upon mechanical cues in the form of fluid shear stress and contractions (physical exercise). For example, an exposure of skeletal muscles to chronic mechanical loading leads to increased anabolism and fiber hypertrophy, while prolonged mechanical unloading results in muscle atrophy. MA Piezo1 channels have recently emerged as key mechanosensors that are capable of linking mechanical signals and intramuscular signaling in skeletal muscle cells/fibers. This review will summarize the emerging role of Piezo1 channels in the development and regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue as well as in the regulation of skeletal muscle atrophy. In addition, an overview of potential Piezo1-related signaling pathways underlying anabolic and catabolic processes will be provided. A better understanding of Piezo1's role in skeletal muscle mechanotransduction may represent an important basis for the development of therapeutic strategies for maintaining muscle functions under disuse conditions and in some disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timur M. Mirzoev
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fu P, Gong L, Yang L, Tang S, Ma F. Weight bearing training alleviates muscle atrophy and pyroptosis of middle-aged rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1202686. [PMID: 37720530 PMCID: PMC10499618 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1202686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related muscle atrophy and adipose accumulation begin to occur in young and middle-aged individuals, and exercise at an early age improves body composition. Pyroptosis may play an essential role in age-related low-grade inflammation. This study aimed to explore the alleviation of muscle atrophy by weight-bearing training with increasing age via inhibition of pyroptosis. Methods Ninety 8-month-old male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: (1) normal baseline group (N group, n = 10), sacrificed after adaptive feeding; control group (C group, n = 40); and weight-bearing running group (R group, n = 40). Blood samples, adipose tissue (AT), and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were collected after 8, 16, 24, and 32-weeks intervention. Results The body weight, muscle mass, fat mass, plasma lipid, AT wet weight, adipocyte cross-sectional area (CSA), and apoptosis rates of AT and EDL were increased, while the muscle mass, wet weight, and fiber CSA of EDL were decreased by aging, which were reversed by exercise. Weight-bearing training promoted protein synthesis in EDL, inhibited protein degradation in EDL, and expression of pyroptotic key proteins in EDL and AT in rats. Conclusion Weight-bearing training improves body composition and alleviates age-related muscle atrophy in rats, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of pyroptosis in the EDL and AT and the improvement of muscle protein metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Fu
- Department of Physical Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise of Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise of Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Luyao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise of Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuning Tang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise of Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise of Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ozdemir O, Erten F, Er B, Orhan C, Komorowski JR, Sylla S, Perez Ojalvo S, Sahin K. Evaluation of pea/rice and amylopectin/chromium as an alternative protein source to improve muscle protein synthesis in rats. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2293-2302. [PMID: 37186279 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A preclinical study reported that the combination of an amylopectin/chromium complex (ACr) of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) significantly enhanced muscle protein synthesis (MPS). This study was conducted to determine the effects of the addition of ACr complex to a pea/rice (PR) protein on MPS, insulin, muslin levels, and the mTOR pathway in exercised rats. METHODS Twenty-four rats were divided into three groups: (i) exercise (Ex); (ii) Ex + PR 1:1 blend (0.465 g/kg BW); (iii) Ex + PR + ACr (0.155 g/kg BW). On the day of single-dose administration, after the animals were exercised at 26/m/min for 2 h, the supplement was given by oral gavage. The rats were injected with a bolus dose (250 mg/kg BW, 25 g/L) of deuterium-labeled phenylalanine to determine the protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) one h after consuming the study product. RESULTS The combination of PR and ACr enhanced MPS by 42.55% compared to the Ex group, while Ex + PR alone increased MPS by 30.2% over the Ex group (p < 0.0001) in exercised rats. Ex + PR plus ACr significantly enhanced phosphorylation of mTOR and S6K1 (p < 0.0001), and 4E-BP1 (p < 0.001) compared to the Ex (p < 0.0001). PR to ACr also significantly increased insulin and musclin levels (p < 0.0001) in exercised rats. Additionally, compared to Ex + PR alone, Ex + PR + ACr enhanced mTOR (p < 0.0001) and S6K1 (p < 0.0001) levels. CONCLUSION These data suggested that PR + ACr may provide an alternative to animal proteins for remodeling and repairing muscle by stimulating MPS and mTOR signaling pathways in post-exercised rats. More preclinical and clinical human studies on combining pea/rice and amylopectin/chromium complex are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oguzhan Ozdemir
- Department of Veterinary Science, Technical Sciences Vocational School, Batman University, 72000, Batman, Turkey
| | - Fusun Erten
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pertek Sakine Genc Vocational School, Munzur University, 62500, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Besir Er
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Turkish Academy of Sciences, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | | | - Sarah Sylla
- Research and Development, Nutrition21 LLC, Harrison, NY, USA
| | | | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Turkish Academy of Sciences, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gerosa L, Malvandi AM, Malavolta M, Provinciali M, Lombardi G. Exploring cellular senescence in the musculoskeletal system: Any insights for biomarkers discovery? Ageing Res Rev 2023; 88:101943. [PMID: 37142059 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The locomotor system comprises skeletal muscles and bones with active metabolism and cellular turnover. Chronic locomotor system disorders gradually arising with aging are inversely associated with the correct function of bone and muscles. Senescent cells appear more frequently in advanced ages or pathological conditions, and the accumulation of senescent cells in muscle tissue negatively correlates with muscle regeneration, which is crucial for maintaining strength and preventing frailty. Senescence in the bone microenvironment, osteoblasts, and osteocytes affects bone turnover favoring osteoporosis. It is likely that in response to injury and age-related damage over the lifetime, a subset of niche cells accumulates oxidative stress and DNA damage beyond the threshold that primes the onset of cellular senescence. These senescent cells may acquire resistance to apoptosis that, combined with the weakened immune system, results in impaired clearance of senescent cells and their accumulation. The secretory profile of senescent cells causes local inflammation, further spreading senescence in neighboring niche cells and impairing tissue homeostasis. The resulting impairment of turnover/tissue repair in the musculoskeletal system reduces the efficiency of the organ in response to environmental needs that finally lead to functional decline. Management of the musculoskeletal system at the cellular level can benefit the quality of life and reduce early aging. This work discusses current knowledge of cellular senescence of musculoskeletal tissues to conclude with biologically active biomarkers effective enough to reveal the underlying mechanisms of tissue flaws at the earliest possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gerosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Amir Mohammad Malvandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy.
| | - Marco Malavolta
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Mauro Provinciali
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy; Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Morrison S, Newell KM. Strength training as a dynamical model of motor learning. J Sports Sci 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37270792 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2220177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper outlines a framework for strength training as a dynamical model of perceptual-motor learning. We show, with emphasis on fixed-point attractor dynamics, that strength training can be mapped to the general dynamical principles of motor learning that arise from the constraints on action, including the distribution of practice/training. The time scales of the respective dynamics of performance change (increment and decrement) in discrete strength training and motor learning tasks reveal superposition of exponential functions in fixed-point dynamics, but distinctive attractor and parameter dynamics in oscillatory limit cycle and more continuous tasks, together with unique timescales to process influences (including practice, learning, strength, fitness, fatigue, warm-up decrement). Increments and decrements of strength can be viewed within a dynamical model of change in motor performance that reflects the integration of practice and training processes at multiple levels of learning and skill development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Morrison
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Athanasiou N, Bogdanis GC, Mastorakos G. Endocrine responses of the stress system to different types of exercise. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:251-266. [PMID: 36242699 PMCID: PMC10023776 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity is an important part of human lifestyle although a large percentage of the population remains sedentary. Exercise represents a stress paradigm in which many regulatory endocrine systems are involved to achieve homeostasis. These endocrine adaptive responses may be either beneficial or harmful in case they exceed a certain threshold. The aim of this review is to examine the adaptive endocrine responses of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), catecholamines, cytokines, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) to a single bout or regular exercise of three distinct types of exercise, namely endurance, high-intensity interval (HIIE) and resistance exercise. In summary, a single bout of endurance exercise induces cortisol increase, while regular endurance exercise-induced activation of the HPA axis results to relatively increased basal cortisolemia; single bout or regular exercise induce similar GH peak responses; regular HIIE training lowers basal cortisol concentrations, while catecholamine response is reduced in regular HIIE compared with a single bout of HIIE. HPA axis response to resistance exercise depends on the intensity and volume of the exercise. A single bout of resistance exercise is characterized by mild HPA axis stimulation while regular resistance training in elderly results in attenuated inflammatory response and decreased resting cytokine concentrations. In conclusion, it is important to consider which type of exercise and what threshold is suitable for different target groups of exercising people. This approach intends to suggest types of exercise appropriate for different target groups in health and disease and subsequently to introduce them as medical prescription models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Athanasiou
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes mellitus and Metabolism, School of medicine, ARETAIEION hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Neofytou Vamva str 10674, Athens, Greece
- grid.414655.70000 0004 4670 4329Dermatology Department, Evangelismos General hospital, Athens, Greece Ipsilantou 45-47, 10676
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece
| | - George Mastorakos
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes mellitus and Metabolism, School of medicine, ARETAIEION hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Neofytou Vamva str 10674, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hedt C, McCulloch PC, Harris JD, Lambert BS. Blood Flow Restriction Enhances Rehabilitation and Return to Sport: The Paradox of Proximal Performance. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e51-e63. [PMID: 35141536 PMCID: PMC8811501 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of blood flow restriction (BFR) within rehabilitation is rapidly increasing as further research is performed elucidating purported benefits such as improved muscular strength and size, neuromuscular control, decreased pain, and increased bone mineral density. Interestingly, these benefits are not isolated to structures distal to the occlusive stimulus. Proximal gains are of high interest to rehabilitation professionals, especially those working with patients who are limited due to pain or postsurgical precautions. The review to follow will focus on current evidence and ongoing hypotheses regarding physiologic responses to BFR, current clinical applications, proximal responses to BFR training, potential practical applications for rehabilitation and injury prevention, and directions for future research. Interestingly, benefits have been found in musculature proximal to the occlusive stimulus, which may lend promise to a greater variety of patient populations and conditions. Furthermore, an increasing demand for BFR use in the sports world warrants further research for performance research and recovery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, expert opinion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corbin Hedt
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| | | | - Joshua D. Harris
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hicks ZM, Beer HN, Herrera NJ, Gibbs RL, Lacey TA, Grijalva PC, Most MA, Yates DT. Hindlimb tissue composition shifts between the fetal and juvenile stages in the lamb. Transl Anim Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zena M Hicks
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Haley N Beer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Nicolas J Herrera
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Rachel L Gibbs
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Taylor A Lacey
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Pablo C Grijalva
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Micah A Most
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Is Energy Expenditure or Physical Activity Considered When Energy Intake Is Measured? A Scoping Review 1975-2015. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093262. [PMID: 34579141 PMCID: PMC8465195 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The health-transitions humans have delivered during the 20th Century associated with the nutrition is that from undernutrition to obesity, which perseveres in the current years of the 21st Century. Energy intake (EI) is a contributing factor and therefore a fascination in nutritional sciences. However, energy expenditure (EE) has not been usually considered as a conjoint factor. Thus, this study aimed to review if studies on adults consider data on dietary intake, specifically EI, and included data on EE and physical activity (PA). A search of MEDLINE from 1975 to December 2015 was managed. Our scoping review consisted of keywords related to EI, dietary allowances, and nutritional requirements. From 2229 acknowledged articles, 698 articles were finally taken fulfilling inclusion and quality criteria. A total of 2,081,824 adults (53.7% females) were involved, and most studies had been conducted in EEUU (241), Canada (42), Australia (30), Japan (32), and Brazil (14). In Europe, apart from UK (64), the Netherlands (31) and France (26) led the classification, followed by Sweden (18), Denmark (17), and France (26). Mediterranean countries are represented with 27 studies. A total of 76.4% did not include EE and 93.1% did not include PA. Only 23.6% of the studies contained both EI and EE. A large methodological diversity was perceived, with more than 14 different methods regarding EI, and more than 10 for EE. PA was only analyzed in scarce articles, and scarcely considered for interpretation of data and conclusions. Moreover, PA was often measured by subjective questionnaires. Dietary surveys show a large diversity regarding methodology, which makes comparability of studies difficult. EE and PA are missing in around 80% of studies or are not included in the interpretation of results. Conclusions regarding EI or diet adequacy in adults should not be taken without analyzing EE and PA.
Collapse
|
11
|
Murphy CH, McGlory C. Fish Oil for Healthy Aging: Potential Application to Master Athletes. Sports Med 2021; 51:31-41. [PMID: 34515971 PMCID: PMC8566636 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Master athletes perform high volumes of exercise training yet display lower levels of physical functioning and exercise performance when compared with younger athletes. Several reports in the clinical literature show that long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC n-3 PUFA) ingestion promotes skeletal muscle anabolism and strength in untrained older persons. There is also evidence that LC n-3 PUFA ingestion improves indices of muscle recovery following damaging exercise in younger persons. These findings suggest that LC n-3 PUFA intake could have an ergogenic effect in master athletes. However, the beneficial effect of LC n-3 PUFA intake on skeletal muscle in response to exercise training in both older and younger persons is inconsistent and, in some cases, generated from low-quality studies or those with a high risk of bias. Other factors such as the choice of placebo and health status of participants also confound interpretation of existing reports. As such, when considered on balance, the available evidence does not indicate that ingestion of LC n-3 PUFAs above current population recommendations (250–500 mg/day; 2 portions of oily fish per week) enhances exercise performance or recovery from exercise training in master athletes. Further work is now needed related to how the dose, duration, and co-ingestion of LC n-3 PUFAs with other nutrients such as amino acids impact the adaptive response to exercise training. This work should also consider how LC n-3 PUFA supplementation may differentially alter the lipid profile of cellular membranes of key regulatory sites such as the sarcolemma, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caoileann H Murphy
- Department of Agrifood Business & Spatial Analysis, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Chris McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division St, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
van Ingen MJA, Kirby TJ. LINCing Nuclear Mechanobiology With Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:690577. [PMID: 34368139 PMCID: PMC8335485 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.690577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle demonstrates a high degree of adaptability in response to changes in mechanical input. The phenotypic transformation in response to mechanical cues includes changes in muscle mass and force generating capabilities, yet the molecular pathways that govern skeletal muscle adaptation are still incompletely understood. While there is strong evidence that mechanotransduction pathways that stimulate protein synthesis play a key role in regulation of muscle mass, there are likely additional mechano-sensitive mechanisms important for controlling functional muscle adaptation. There is emerging evidence that the cell nucleus can directly respond to mechanical signals (i.e., nuclear mechanotransduction), providing a potential additional level of cellular regulation for controlling skeletal muscle mass. The importance of nuclear mechanotransduction in cellular function is evident by the various genetic diseases that arise from mutations in proteins crucial to the transmission of force between the cytoskeleton and the nucleus. Intriguingly, these diseases preferentially affect cardiac and skeletal muscle, suggesting that nuclear mechanotransduction is critically important for striated muscle homeostasis. Here we discuss our current understanding for how the nucleus acts as a mechanosensor, describe the main cytoskeletal and nuclear proteins involved in the process, and propose how similar mechanoresponsive mechanisms could occur in the unique cellular environment of a myofiber. In addition, we examine how nuclear mechanotransduction fits into our current framework for how mechanical stimuli regulates skeletal muscle mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J A van Ingen
- Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tyler J Kirby
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Roschel H, Hayashi AP, Fernandes AL, Jambassi-Filho JC, Hevia-Larraín V, de Capitani M, Santana DA, Gonçalves LS, de Sá-Pinto AL, Lima FR, Sapienza MT, Duarte AJS, Pereira RMR, Phillips SM, Gualano B. Supplement-based nutritional strategies to tackle frailty: A multifactorial, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:4849-4858. [PMID: 34358827 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia plays a central role in the development of frailty syndrome. Nutrition and exercise are cornerstone strategies to mitigate the transition to frailty; however, there is a paucity of evidence for which dietary and exercise strategies are effective. OBJECTIVE This large, multifactorial trial investigated the efficacy of different dietary strategies to enhance the adaptations to resistance training in pre-frail and frail elderly. METHODS This was a single-site 16-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted at the Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine - University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Four integrated, sub-investigations were conducted to compare: 1) leucine vs. placebo; 2) whey vs. soy vs. placebo; 3) creatine vs. whey vs. creatine plus whey vs. placebo; 4) women vs. men in response to whey. Sub-investigations 1 to 3 were conducted in women, only. Two-hundred participants (154 women/46 men, mean age 72 ± 6 years) underwent a twice-a-week, resistance training program. The main outcomes were muscle function (assessed by dynamic and isometric strength and functional tests) and lean mass (assessed by DXA). Muscle cross-sectional area, health-related quality of life, bone and fat mass, and biochemical markers were also assessed. RESULTS We observed that leucine supplementation was ineffective to improve muscle mass and function. Supplementation with whey and soy failed to enhance resistance-training effects. Similarly, supplementation with neither whey nor creatine potentiated the adaptations to resistance training. Finally, no sex-based differences were found in response to whey supplementation. Resistance exercise per se increased muscle mass and function in all sub-investigations. There were no adverse effects. CONCLUSION Neither protein (whey and soy), leucine, nor creatine supplementation enhanced resistance training-induced adaptations in pre-frail and frail elderly, regardless of sex. These findings do not support the notion that some widely used supplement-based interventions can add to the already potent effects of resistance exercise to counteract frailty-related muscle wasting and dynapenia. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NCT01890382; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01890382. DATA SHARING Data described in the manuscript will be made available upon request pending application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rhematology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Disciplina de Reumatologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Hayashi
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rhematology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Disciplina de Reumatologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alan L Fernandes
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Claudio Jambassi-Filho
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Victoria Hevia-Larraín
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Capitani
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Davi A Santana
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lívia S Gonçalves
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia de Sá-Pinto
- Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rhematology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Disciplina de Reumatologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Lima
- Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rhematology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Disciplina de Reumatologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Sapienza
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Disciplina de Radiologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto J S Duarte
- Divisão de Laboratório Central do Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosa M R Pereira
- Laboratory of Bone Metabolism, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Disciplina de Reumatologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- McMaster University, Department of Kinesiology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rhematology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Disciplina de Reumatologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Solsona R, Pavlin L, Bernardi H, Sanchez AMJ. Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Growth and Organelle Biosynthesis: Practical Recommendations for Exercise Training. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2741. [PMID: 33800501 PMCID: PMC7962973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of skeletal muscle mass and organelle homeostasis is dependent on the capacity of cells to produce proteins and to recycle cytosolic portions. In this investigation, the mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle mass regulation-especially those associated with proteosynthesis and with the production of new organelles-are presented. Thus, the critical roles of mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway and its regulators are reviewed. In addition, the importance of ribosome biogenesis, satellite cells involvement, myonuclear accretion, and some major epigenetic modifications related to protein synthesis are discussed. Furthermore, several studies conducted on the topic of exercise training have recognized the central role of both endurance and resistance exercise to reorganize sarcomeric proteins and to improve the capacity of cells to build efficient organelles. The molecular mechanisms underlying these adaptations to exercise training are presented throughout this review and practical recommendations for exercise prescription are provided. A better understanding of the aforementioned cellular pathways is essential for both healthy and sick people to avoid inefficient prescriptions and to improve muscle function with emergent strategies (e.g., hypoxic training). Finally, current limitations in the literature and further perspectives, notably on epigenetic mechanisms, are provided to encourage additional investigations on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Solsona
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, UR 4640, 7 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120 Font-Romeu, France;
| | - Laura Pavlin
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE UMR866, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; (L.P.); (H.B.)
| | - Henri Bernardi
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE UMR866, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; (L.P.); (H.B.)
| | - Anthony MJ Sanchez
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, UR 4640, 7 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120 Font-Romeu, France;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Duchateau J, Stragier S, Baudry S, Carpentier A. Strength Training: In Search of Optimal Strategies to Maximize Neuromuscular Performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:2-14. [PMID: 33044332 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Training with low-load exercise performed under blood flow restriction can augment muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength to a similar extent as the classical high-load strength training method. However, the blood flow restriction method elicits only minor neural adaptations. In an attempt to maximize training-related gains, we propose using other protocols that combine high voluntary activation, mechanical tension, and metabolic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alain Carpentier
- Laboratory for Biometry and Exercise Nutrition, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bellissimo MP, Bettermann EL, Tran PH, Crain BH, Ferranti EP, Binongo JN, Hartman TJ, Jones DP, Ziegler TR, Alvarez JA. Physical Fitness but Not Diet Quality Distinguishes Lean and Normal Weight Obese Adults. J Acad Nutr Diet 2020; 120:1963-1973.e2. [PMID: 33011149 PMCID: PMC7686254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with normal weight obesity (NWO) have increased cardiometabolic disease and mortality risk, but factors contributing to NWO development are unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether diet quality scores and physical fitness levels differed between adults classified as lean, NWO, and overweight-obese. Secondary objectives of the study were to compare clinical biomarkers and food groups and macronutrient intakes between the three groups, and to test for associations between body composition components with diet quality scores and physical fitness levels. DESIGN This is a secondary data analysis from a cross-sectional study that included metropolitan university and health care system employees. Body composition was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Individuals with a body mass index <25 kg/m2 and body fat >23% for men and >30% for women were classified as having NWO. Alternate Healthy Eating Index, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score, and Mediterranean Diet Score were calculated from Block food frequency questionnaires. Physical fitness was assessed by measuring maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 maximum) during treadmill testing. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING This study included 693 adults (65% women, mean age 48.9 ± 11.5 years) enrolled between 2007 and 2013 in Atlanta, GA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measures were Alternate Healthy Eating Index, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, and Mediterranean Diet Score diet quality scores and maximal oxygen uptake. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Multiple linear regression analyses with post hoc comparisons were used to investigate group differences in fitness, diet quality, and biomarkers. Regression analyses were also used to examine relationships between diet quality scores and fitness with body composition. RESULTS VO2 maximum was significantly lower in the NWO compared with the lean group (36.2 ± 0.8 mL/min/kg vs 40.2 ± 1.0 mL/min/kg; P < 0.05). Individuals with NWO reported similar diet quality to lean individuals and more favorable Alternate Healthy Eating Index and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension scores than individuals with overweight-obesity (P < 0.05). Diet quality scores and physical fitness levels were inversely associated with percent body fat and visceral adipose tissue (P < 0.05), regardless of weight status. Individuals with NWO exhibited higher fasting blood insulin concentrations, insulin resistance, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, and significantly lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than lean individuals (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Physical fitness was significantly decreased in individuals with NWO compared with lean individuals. Higher diet quality was associated with decreased total and visceral fat but did not distinguish individuals with NWO from lean individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moriah P. Bellissimo
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Doctoral Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erika L. Bettermann
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Phong H. Tran
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Crain
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erin P. Ferranti
- Nell Hodgson School of Nursing, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jose N. Binongo
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terryl J. Hartman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, USA
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas R. Ziegler
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, USA
- Section of Endocrinology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Jessica A. Alvarez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Santos PC, Libardi CA, Nóbrega SR, de Carvalho MB, Galan BSM, de Freitas EC. Effect of Protein and Carbohydrate Combined with Resistance Training on Muscular Adaptation. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:259-263. [PMID: 33063309 DOI: 10.1055/a-1263-1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to compare the effects of protein (whey protein) and carbohydrate supplementation and protein alone both combined with resistance training on muscle strength, muscle mass and total training volume progression in untrained young men. Resistance training was performed using the leg press and knee extension until concentric failure (8-12 repetition maximum), three times a week for eight weeks. Muscle strength and muscle cross-sectional area were assessed before and after training. Total training volume progression was calculated considering the first and eighth week. Seventeen men completed the study (protein and carbohydrate, n=9, age 23.44 ± 4.56 years, weight: 62.13±6.17 kg, height: 1.75±0.02 m, body mass index: 20.29±2.08 kg/m2; protein, n=8, age 24.63±2.39 years, weight: 69.01±5.57 kg, height: 1.77±0.07 m; body mass index: 21.64±1.05 kg/m2. Both protocols showed similar increases in muscle strength (effect size: protein and carbohydrate=1.28; protein=0.97; p<0.001), muscle cross sectional area (effect size: protein and carbohydrate=0.66; protein=0.47; p<0.001) and total training volume progression (effect size: protein and carbohydrate=2.68; protein=1.63; p<0.001) after training. No differences were found between groups p>0.05). Protein and carbohydrate supplementation combined with resistance training does not induce greater gains in muscle strength, hypertrophy and total training volume compared to resistance training combined with protein alone in untrained individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Carvalho Santos
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleiton Augusto Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sanmy Rocha Nóbrega
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Milena Barbon de Carvalho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Steve Martinez Galan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristini de Freitas
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sase K, Kido K, Ato S, Fujita S. Effect of resistance training on rat skeletal muscle during severe food restriction. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sase
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| | - Kohei Kido
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| | - Satoru Ato
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bisciotti GN, Eirale C, Corsini A, Baudot C, Saillant G, Chalabi H. Return to football training and competition after lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic: medical recommendations. Biol Sport 2020; 37:313-319. [PMID: 32879554 PMCID: PMC7433324 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.96652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic represents a great unknown regarding the physiological changes induced in elite football players. Although it will differ from country to country, the return to sport for professional football players will follow a forced lockdown never experienced and longer than the normal annual season break. Moreover, in addition to an obvious decrease in performance, the lockdown will possibly lead to an increase of the injury risk. In fact, preseason is always a period with a specific football injury epidemiology, with an increase in the incidence and prevalence of overuse injuries. Therefore, it seems appropriate to recommend that specific training and injury prevention programmes be developed, with careful load monitoring. Training sessions should include specific aerobic, resistance, speed and flexibility training programmes. The aerobic, resistance and speed training should respect some specific phases based on the progressiveness of the training load and the consequent physiological adaptation response. These different phases, based on the current evidence found in the literature, are described in their practical details. Moreover, injury prevention exercises should be incorporated, especially focusing on overuse injuries such as tendon and muscle lesions. The aim of this paper is to provide practical recommendations for the preparation of training sessions for professional footballers returning to sport after the lockdown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristiano Eirale
- Paris Saint Germain FC, France
- Aspetar Sports and Orthopedics Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | - Hakim Chalabi
- Paris Saint Germain FC, France
- Aspetar Sports and Orthopedics Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kirk B, Feehan J, Lombardi G, Duque G. Muscle, Bone, and Fat Crosstalk: the Biological Role of Myokines, Osteokines, and Adipokines. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:388-400. [PMID: 32529456 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Skeletal muscle and bone are connected anatomically and physiologically, and play a crucial role in human locomotion and metabolism. Historically, the coupling between muscle and bone has been viewed in light of mechanotransduction, which dictates that the mechanical forces applied to muscle are transmitted to the skeleton to initiate bone formation. However, these organs also communicate through the endocrine system, orchestrated by a family of cytokines namely myokines (derived from myocytes) and osteokines (derived from bone cells). A third player in this biochemical crosstalk is adipose tissue and the secretion of adipokines (derived from adipocytes). In this review, we discuss the bidirectional effects of myokines and osteokines on muscle and bone metabolism, and the impact of adipokines on both of these secretory organs. RECENT FINDINGS Several myokines, notably, IL6, irisin, IGF-1, BDNF, myostatin, and FGF2 exert anabolic/catabolic effects on bone, while the osteokines osteocalcin and sclerostin have shown to induce muscle anabolism and catabolism, respectively. Adipokines, such as leptin, resistin, adiponectin, and TNFα (released from adipose tissue), can also modulate muscle and bone metabolism. Contrarily, exercise-mediated release of lipolytic myokines (IL6, irisin, and LIF) stimulates thermogenesis by promoting the browning of adipocytes. Myokines, osteokines, and adipokines exert autocrine/paracrine effects locally as well as through the endocrine system, to regulate muscle, bone, and fat metabolism. Reductions in physical activity and increases in energy intake, both linked with aging, leads to adipocyte hypertrophy and the recruitment of immunological cells (macrophages). In turn, this releases pro-inflammatory adipokines which induces chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI), a key player in the pathology of several diseases. However, exercise-induced stimulation of bioactive cytokines, through muscle-bone-fat crosstalk, increases muscle anabolism, bone formation, mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose utilization, and fatty acid oxidation, and attenuates chronic LGI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Kirk
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack Feehan
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Using smartphone accelerometer data to obtain scientific mechanical-biological descriptors of resistance exercise training. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235156. [PMID: 32667945 PMCID: PMC7363108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Single repetition, contraction-phase specific and total time-under-tension (TUT) are crucial mechano-biological descriptors associated with distinct morphological, molecular and metabolic muscular adaptations in response to exercise, rehabilitation and/or fighting sarcopenia. However, to date, no simple, reliable and valid method has been developed to measure these descriptors. Objective In this study we aimed to test whether accelerometer data obtained from a standard smartphone placed on the weight stack can be used to extract single repetition, contraction-phase specific and total TUT. Methods Twenty-two participants performed two sets of ten repetitions of their 60% one repetition maximum with a self-paced velocity on nine commonly used resistance exercise machines. Two identical smartphones were attached on the resistance exercise weight stacks and recorded all user-exerted accelerations. An algorithm extracted the number of repetitions, single repetition, contraction-phase specific and total TUT. All exercises were video-recorded. The TUT determined from the algorithmically-derived mechano-biological descriptors was compared with the video recordings that served as the gold standard. The agreement between the methods was examined using Limits of Agreement (LoA). The association was calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficients and interrater reliability was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 2.1). Results The error rate of the algorithmic detection of single repetitions derived from two smartphones accelerometers was 0.16%. Comparing algorithmically-derived, contraction-phase specific TUT against video, showed a high degree of correlation (r>0.93) for all exercise machines. Agreement between the two methods was high on all exercise machines as follows: LoA ranged from -0.3 to 0.3 seconds for single repetition TUT (0.1% of mean TUT), from -0.6 to 0.3 seconds for concentric contraction TUT (7.1% of mean TUT), from -0.3 to 0.5 seconds for eccentric contraction TUT (4.1% of mean TUT) and from -1.9 to 1.1 seconds for total TUT (0.5% of mean TUT). Interrater reliability for single repetition, contraction-phase specific TUT was high (ICC > 0.99). Conclusion Data from smartphone accelerometer derived resistance exercise can be used to validly and reliably extract crucial mechano-biological descriptors. Moreover, the presented multi-analytical algorithmic approach enables researchers and clinicians to reliably and validly report missing mechano-biological descriptors.
Collapse
|
22
|
Martinelli A, Andreo L, Alves AN, Terena SML, Santos TC, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KPS, Mesquita-Ferrari RA. Photobiomodulation modulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines during the compensatory hypertrophy process in skeletal muscle. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 36:791-802. [PMID: 32638240 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Compensatory hypertrophy (CH) occurs due to excessive mechanical load on a muscle, promoting an increase in the size of muscle fibers. In clinical practice, situations such as partial nerve injuries, denervation, and muscle imbalance caused by trauma to muscles and nerves or diseases that promote the loss of nerve conduction can induce CH in muscle fibers. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has demonstrated beneficial effects on muscle tissue during CH. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of PBM on the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as well as type 2 metalloproteinases (MMP-2) during the process of CH due to excessive load on the plantaris muscle in rats. Forty-five Wistar rats weighing 250 g were divided into three groups: control group (n = 10), hypertrophy (H) group (n = 40), and H + PBM group (n = 40). CH was induced through the ablation of synergist muscles of the plantaris muscle. The tendons of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were isolated and sectioned to enable the partial removal of each of muscle. The preserved plantaris muscle below the removed muscles was submitted to excessive functional load. PBM was performed with low-level laser (AsGaAl, λ = 780 nm; 40 mW; energy density: 10 J/cm2; 10 s on each point, 8 points; 3.2 J). Animals from each group were euthanized after 7 and 14 days. The plantaris muscles were carefully removed and sent for analysis of the gene and protein expression of IL-6 and TNF-α using qPCR and ELISA, respectively. MMP-2 activity was analyzed using zymography. The results were submitted to statistical analysis (ANOVA + Tukey's test, p < 0.05). The protein expression analysis revealed an increase in IL-6 levels in the H + PBM group compared to the H group and a reduction in the H group compared to the control group. A reduction in TNF-α was found in the H and H + PBM groups compared to the control group at 7 days. The gene expression analysis revealed an increase in IL-6 in the H + PBM group compared to the H group at 14 days as well as an increase in TNF-α in the H + PBM group compared to the H group at 7 days. Increases in MMP-2 were found in the H and H + PBM groups compared to the control group at both 7 and 14 days. Based on findings in the present study, it is concluded that PBM was able to modulate pro-inflammatory cytokines that are essential for the compensatory hypertrophy process. However, it has not shown a modulation effect directly in MMP-2 activity during the same period evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Martinelli
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 349, São Paulo, SP, 01504001, Brazil
| | - L Andreo
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 349, São Paulo, SP, 01504001, Brazil
| | - A N Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 349, São Paulo, SP, 01504001, Brazil
| | - S M L Terena
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 349, São Paulo, SP, 01504001, Brazil
| | - T C Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 349, São Paulo, SP, 01504001, Brazil
| | - S K Bussadori
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 349, São Paulo, SP, 01504001, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 349, São Paulo, SP, 01504001, Brazil
| | - K P S Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 349, São Paulo, SP, 01504001, Brazil
| | - Raquel Agnelli Mesquita-Ferrari
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 349, São Paulo, SP, 01504001, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 349, São Paulo, SP, 01504001, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Polito R, Monda V, Nigro E, Messina A, Di Maio G, Giuliano MT, Orrù S, Imperlini E, Calcagno G, Mosca L, Mollica MP, Trinchese G, Scarinci A, Sessa F, Salerno M, Marsala G, Buono P, Mancini A, Monda M, Daniele A, Messina G. The Important Role of Adiponectin and Orexin-A, Two Key Proteins Improving Healthy Status: Focus on Physical Activity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:356. [PMID: 32390865 PMCID: PMC7188914 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise represents the most important integrative therapy in metabolic, immunologic and chronic diseases; it represents a valid strategy in the non-pharmacological intervention of lifestyle linked diseases. A large body of evidence indicates physical exercise as an effective measure against chronic non-communicable diseases. The worldwide general evidence for health benefits are both for all ages and skill levels. In a dysregulated lifestyle such as in the obesity, there is an imbalance in the production of different cytokines. In particular, we focused on Adiponectin, an adipokine producted by adipose tissue, and on Orexin-A, a neuropeptide synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus. The production of both Adiponectin and Orexin-A increases following regular and structured physical activity and both these hormones have similar actions. Indeed, they improve energy and glucose metabolism, and also modulate energy expenditure and thermogenesis. In addition, a relevant biological role of Adiponectin and Orexin A has been recently highlighted in the immune system, where they function as immune-suppressor factors. The strong connection between these two cytokines and healthy status is mediated by physical activity and candidates these hormones as potential biomarkers of the beneficial effects induced by physical activity. For these reasons, this review aims to underly the interconnections among Adiponectin, Orexin-A, physical activity and healthy status. Furthermore, it is analyzed the involvement of Adiponectin and Orexin-A in physical activity as physiological factors improving healthy status through physical exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Polito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Girolamo Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Giuliano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Orrù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute "Vincenzo Tiberio", Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Laura Mosca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Scarinci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Psicologia, Comunicazione, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Medical, Surgery Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marsala
- Struttura Complessa di Farmacia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria - Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Mancini
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
A focused review of myokines as a potential contributor to muscle hypertrophy from resistance-based exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:941-959. [PMID: 32144492 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance exercise induces muscle growth and is an important treatment for age-related losses in muscle mass and strength. Myokines are hypothesized as a signal conveying physiological information to skeletal muscle, possibly to "fine-tune" other regulatory pathways. While myokines are released from skeletal muscle following contraction, their role in increasing muscle mass and strength in response to resistance exercise or training is not established. Recent research identified both local and systemic release of myokines after an acute bout of resistance exercise. However, it is not known whether myokines with putative anabolic function are mechanistically involved in producing muscle hypertrophy after resistance exercise. Further, nitric oxide (NO), an important mediator of muscle stem cell activation, upregulates the expression of certain myokine genes in skeletal muscle. METHOD In the systemic context of complex hypertrophic signaling, this review: (1) summarizes literature on several well-recognized, representative myokines with anabolic potential; (2) explores the potential mechanistic role of myokines in skeletal muscle hypertrophy; and (3) identifies future research required to advance our understanding of myokine anabolism specifically in skeletal muscle. RESULT This review establishes a link between myokines and NO production, and emphasizes the importance of considering systemic release of potential anabolic myokines during resistance exercise as complementary to other signals that promote hypertrophy. CONCLUSION Investigating adaptations to resistance exercise in aging opens a novel avenue of interdisciplinary research into myokines and NO metabolites during resistance exercise, with the longer-term goal to improve muscle health in daily living, aging, and rehabilitation.
Collapse
|
25
|
Cadegiani FA, Kater CE. Enhancement of hypothalamic-pituitary activity in male athletes: evidence of a novel hormonal mechanism of physical conditioning. BMC Endocr Disord 2019; 19:117. [PMID: 31675953 PMCID: PMC6824116 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-019-0443-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise is known to induce multiple beneficial conditioning processes. Conversely, although exercise may generate several hormonal effects, an intrinsic hormonal conditioning process has not been reported. In the Endocrine and Metabolic Responses on Overtraining Syndrome (EROS) study, we observed inherent and independent conditioning processes of the hypothalamic-pituitary axes in athletes. Our objective is to describe the theory of the novel hormonal conditioning mechanism using the findings from the EROS study. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we selected 25 healthy athletes (ATL) and 12 non-physically active healthy controls (NPAC), 18-50 years old, males, with BMI 20-30 kg/m2, with similar baseline characteristics, who underwent gold-standard exercise-independent tests: cosyntropin stimulation test (CST) and insulin tolerance test (ITT), to evaluate cortisol response to CST, and ACTH, cortisol, GH, and prolactin responses to an ITT. RESULTS Responses to ITT were significantly earlier and higher in ATL than NPAC for cortisol [Mean ± SD: 21.7 ± 3.1 vs 16.9 ± 4.1 μg/dL; p < 0.001], GH [Median (95% CI): 12.73 (1.1-38.1) vs 4.80 (0.33-27.36) μg/L; p = 0.015], and prolactin [24.3 (10.5-67.45) vs 10.50 (6.21-43.44) ng/mL; p = 0.002]. Cortisol response to CST was similar between ATL and NPAC. During ITT, cortisol, GH, and ACTH mean increase in ATL were 52.2, 265.2, and 18.6% higher than NPAC, respectively. Prolactin response was absent in NPAC, while present in ATL. CONCLUSIONS We found sufficient evidence to propose the existence of a diffuse enhancement of the hypothalamic-pituitary activity in athletes, not restricted to any axis, showing an intrinsic and independent process of "hormonal conditioning" in athletes, similar to those observed in the cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems. This novel conditioning process may be the missing link for understanding the improved responses observed in athletes to harmful situations, traumas, infections, inflammations, and psychiatric conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio A Cadegiani
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 781 - 13th floor, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil.
| | - Claudio E Kater
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 781 - 13th floor, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kirby TJ. Mechanosensitive pathways controlling translation regulatory processes in skeletal muscle and implications for adaptation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:608-618. [PMID: 31295035 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01031.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of myofibers to sense and respond appropriately to mechanical signals is one of the primary determinants of the skeletal muscle phenotype. In response to a change in mechanical load, muscle cells alter their protein metabolism, primarily through the regulation of protein synthesis rate. Protein synthesis rates are determined by both translation efficiency and translational capacity within the muscle. Translational capacity is strongly determined by the ribosome content of the muscle; thus the regulation of ribosomal biogenesis by mechanical inputs has been an area of recent interest. Despite the clear association between mechanical signals and changes in protein metabolism, the molecular pathways that link these events are still not fully elucidated. This review focuses on recent studies looking at how mechanosignaling impacts translational events. The role of impaired mechanotransduction in aging is discussed, as is the connection between age-dependent signaling defects and compromised ribosomal biogenesis during mechanical overload. Finally, emerging evidence suggests that the nucleus can act as a mechanosensitive element and that this mode of mechanotransduction may have an important role in skeletal muscle physiology and adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Kirby
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Brightwell CR, Markofski MM, Moro T, Fry CS, Porter C, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise improves skeletal muscle quality in older adults. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2019; 2:109-119. [PMID: 31123725 PMCID: PMC6518946 DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, age-associated involuntary loss of muscle and strength, can progress to clinically relevant functional decline. Resistance exercise attenuates muscle and strength loss but may not be feasible for some older adults. Aerobic exercise training (AET) improves cardiopulmonary health; however, effects on protein turnover, muscle mass, and strength are less clear. We aimed to determine whether AET improves basal myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) and capillarization, promoting hypertrophy and strength. We hypothesized that AET improves strength with increased MPS and capillarization. Older adults were randomized to non-exercise (NON; n = 11, 71.4 ± 4.18 years) or exercise (EX; n = 12, 73.7 ± 4.05 years). EX completed 24 weeks of AET (walking 3×/week, 45 minutes, 70% heart rate reserve); NON remained sedentary. A stable isotope tracer was infused. MPS and capillarization were analyzed from vastus lateralis muscle biopsies. Strength was measured via isokinetic dynamometry. Lean mass was determined with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Basal MPS increased in EX (+50.7%, P = 0.01) along with capillary density (+66.4%, P = 0.03), peak oxygen consumption (+15.8%, P = 0.01), quadriceps strength (+15.1%, P = 0.01), and muscle quality (peak torque divided by leg lean mass, +15.5%, P = 0.01). Lean mass did not change (P > 0.05). AET increases muscle protein turnover and capillarization in older adults, improving muscle quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille R. Brightwell
- Department of Nutrition and MetabolismUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Division of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and AnatomyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
| | | | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Nutrition and MetabolismUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Sealy Center on AgingUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Center for RecoveryPhysical Activity, and NutritionUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
| | - Christopher S. Fry
- Department of Nutrition and MetabolismUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Center for RecoveryPhysical Activity, and NutritionUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
| | - Craig Porter
- Center for RecoveryPhysical Activity, and NutritionUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Metabolism UnitShriners Hospitals for ChildrenGalvestonTexas
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on AgingUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Center for RecoveryPhysical Activity, and NutritionUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
| | - Blake B. Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and MetabolismUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Sealy Center on AgingUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Center for RecoveryPhysical Activity, and NutritionUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Giolo De Carvalho F, Sparks LM. Targeting White Adipose Tissue with Exercise or Bariatric Surgery as Therapeutic Strategies in Obesity. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:E16. [PMID: 30875990 PMCID: PMC6466059 DOI: 10.3390/biology8010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is critical to whole-body energy metabolism and has become recognized as a bona fide endocrine organ rather than an inert lipid reservoir. As such, adipose tissue is dynamic in its ability to secrete cytokines, free fatty acids, lipokines, hormones and other factors in response to changes in environmental stimuli such as feeding, fasting and exercise. While excess adipose tissue, as in the case of obesity, is associated with metabolic complications, mass itself is not the only culprit in obesity-driven metabolic abnormalities, highlighting the importance of healthy and metabolically adaptable adipose tissue. In this review, we discuss the fundamental cellular processes of adipose tissue that become perturbed in obesity and the impact of exercise on these processes. While both endurance and resistance exercise can promote positive physiological adaptations in adipose tissue, endurance exercise has a more documented role in remodeling adipocytes, increasing adipokine secretion and fatty acid mobilization and oxidation during post-exercise compared with resistance exercise. Exercise is considered a viable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of obesity to optimize body composition, in particular as an adjuvant therapy to bariatric surgery; however, there is a gap in knowledge of the molecular underpinnings of these exercise-induced adaptations, which could provide more insight and opportunity for precision-based treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Giolo De Carvalho
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-907, Brazil.
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, 301 East Princeton Street, Orlando, FL 32804, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Snijders T, Trommelen J, Kouw IWK, Holwerda AM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. The Impact of Pre-sleep Protein Ingestion on the Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Response to Exercise in Humans: An Update. Front Nutr 2019; 6:17. [PMID: 30895177 PMCID: PMC6415027 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an update on recent research assessing the effect of pre-sleep protein ingestion on muscle protein synthesis rates during overnight sleep and the skeletal muscle adaptive response to exercise training. Protein ingested prior to sleep is effectively digested and absorbed during overnight sleep, thereby increasing overnight muscle protein synthesis rates. Protein consumption prior to sleep does not appear to reduce appetite during breakfast the following day and does not change resting energy expenditure. When applied over a prolonged period of resistance-type exercise training, pre-sleep protein supplementation has a beneficial effect on the increase in muscle mass and strength. Protein ingestion before sleep is hypothesized to represent an effective nutritional strategy to preserve muscle mass in the elderly, especially when combined with physical activity or muscle contraction by means of neuromuscular electrical stimulation. In conclusion, protein ingestion prior to sleep is an effective interventional strategy to increase muscle protein synthesis rates during overnight sleep and can be applied to support the skeletal muscle adaptive response to resistance-type exercise training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Snijders
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Aguiar SS, Sousa CV, Simões HG, Neves RVP, Costa F, de Souza MK, de Moraes MR, Prestes J, Sales MM, Haro AS, Willardson JM, Rosa TDS. Acute metabolic responses following different resistance exercise protocols. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:838-843. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Resistance exercise (RE) can be an excellent modality for glycemic control. Studies have demonstrated that a single RE session can reduce glycemia in subjects with or without diabetes. Little is known about the dose–response effect of RE on glycemic control. This study aimed to investigate the acute metabolic responses after different RE protocols. Eighty-nine males were separated into six groups that completed RE protocols: 2 sets of 18 repetitions (2 × 18 at 50% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM); n = 19); 3 sets of 12 repetitions (3 × 12 at 70% of 1RM; n = 14); 4 sets of 9 repetitions (4 × 9 at 80% of 1RM; n = 13); 6 sets of 6 repetitions (6 × 6 at 90% of 1RM; n = 19); circuit (2 × 18 at 50% of 1RM; n = 12); and a control session (n = 12). The exercise sequence consisted of 8 exercises. An oral glucose tolerance test was conducted with metabolic measurements immediately after each RE protocol and every 15 min until 120 min of recovery. All groups exhibited significantly lower values (p < 0.05) in the glucose area under the curve (AUC) when compared with control over a 120 min monitoring period. The 6 × 6 group showed a significantly lower glucose AUC versus the 3 × 12 and 4 × 9 groups (p = 0.004; p = 0.001, respectively). As for blood lactate, the control and 6 × 6 groups exhibited lower AUC values versus all other groups (p < 0.05), and AUC for glucose and lactate concentration showed a negative and significant correlation (r = –0.46; p < 0.0001). It appears that a combination of 9–12 repetitions per set and 3–4 sets per muscle group might be optimal for acute postprandial glucose control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Silva Aguiar
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Taguatinga-DF, Brazil
| | - Caio Victor Sousa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Taguatinga-DF, Brazil
| | - Herbert Gustavo Simões
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Taguatinga-DF, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Vanerson Passos Neves
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Taguatinga-DF, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Costa
- Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Michel Kendy de Souza
- Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Milton Rocha de Moraes
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Taguatinga-DF, Brazil
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Taguatinga-DF, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson Sola Haro
- Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey M. Willardson
- Health and Human Performance Department, Montana State University Billings, Billings, MT, USA
| | - Thiago dos Santos Rosa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Taguatinga-DF, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in Muscle Damage and Function. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050552. [PMID: 29710835 PMCID: PMC5986432 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional supplementation not only helps in improving and maintaining performance in sports and exercise, but also contributes in reducing exercise fatigue and in recovery from exhaustion. Fish oil contains large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3). It is widely known that omega-3 fatty acids are effective for improving cardiac function, depression, cognitive function, and blood as well as lowering blood pressure. In the relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and exercise performance, previous studies have been predicted improved endurance performance, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, and effectivity against delayed-onset muscle soreness. However, the optimal dose, duration, and timing remain unclear. This review focuses on the effects of omega-3 fatty acid on muscle damage and function as evaluated by human and animal studies and summarizes its effects on muscle and nerve damage, and muscle mass and strength.
Collapse
|
32
|
Theodorakopoulos C, Jones J, Bannerman E, Greig CA. Effectiveness of nutritional and exercise interventions to improve body composition and muscle strength or function in sarcopenic obese older adults: A systematic review. Nutr Res 2017; 43:3-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
33
|
Tang L, Zhang J, Zhao X, Li N, Jian W, Sun S, Guo J, Sun L, Ta D. Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Promotes Exercise-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2017; 43:1411-1420. [PMID: 28461063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) promotes exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy. Twenty-four adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 8 per group): normal control group (NC), treadmill exercise group (TE) and treadmill exercise + LIPUS group (TE + LIPUS). The TE + LIPUS group received a LIPUS treatment (1 MHz, 30 mW/cm2) at the gastrocnemius for 20 min/d after treadmill exercise. The TE group was sham-treated. Eight weeks of treadmill training successfully established the exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy model. Muscle strength, muscle mass and muscle fiber cross-sectional area were significantly increased in the TE + LIPUS group compared with the TE group. Moreover, LIPUS treatment significantly upregulated the expression of Akt, mTOR, p-Akt and p-mTOR and significantly downregulated the expression of MSTN, ActRIIB, FoxO1 and its phosphorylation. The results indicated that LIPUS promotes exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy by facilitating protein synthesis and inhibiting the protein catabolism pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tang
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinjuan Zhao
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenqi Jian
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuxin Sun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhong Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Dean Ta
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Intramuscular Anabolic Signaling and Endocrine Response Following Resistance Exercise: Implications for Muscle Hypertrophy. Sports Med 2017; 46:671-85. [PMID: 26666743 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining skeletal muscle mass and function is critical for disease prevention, mobility and quality of life, and whole-body metabolism. Resistance exercise is known to be a major regulator for promoting muscle protein synthesis and muscle mass accretion. Manipulation of exercise intensity, volume, and rest elicit specific muscular adaptations that can maximize the magnitude of muscle growth. The stimulus of muscle contraction that occurs during differing intensities of resistance exercise results in varying biochemical responses regulating the rate of protein synthesis, known as mechanotransduction. At the cellular level, skeletal muscle adaptation appears to be the result of the cumulative effects of transient changes in gene expression following acute bouts of exercise. Thus, maximizing the resistance exercise-induced anabolic response produces the greatest potential for hypertrophic adaptation with training. The mechanisms involved in converting mechanical signals into the molecular events that control muscle growth are not completely understood; however, skeletal muscle protein synthesis appears to be regulated by the multi-protein phosphorylation cascade, mTORC1 (mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1). The purpose of this review is to examine the physiological response to resistance exercise, with particular emphasis on the endocrine response and intramuscular anabolic signaling through mTORC1. It appears that resistance exercise protocols that maximize muscle fiber recruitment, time-under-tension, and metabolic stress will contribute to maximizing intramuscular anabolic signaling; however, the resistance exercise parameters for maximizing the anabolic response remain unclear.
Collapse
|
35
|
What is the Optimal Amount of Protein to Support Post-Exercise Skeletal Muscle Reconditioning in the Older Adult? Sports Med 2017; 46:1205-12. [PMID: 26894275 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyperaminoacidemia following protein ingestion enhances the anabolic effect of resistance-type exercise by increasing the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis and attenuating the exercise-mediated increase in muscle protein breakdown rates. Although factors such as the source of protein ingested and the timing of intake relative to exercise can impact post-exercise muscle protein synthesis rates, the amount of protein ingested after exercise appears to be the key nutritional factor dictating the magnitude of the muscle protein synthetic response during post-exercise recovery. In younger adults, muscle protein synthesis rates after resistance-type exercise respond in a dose-dependent manner to ingested protein and are maximally stimulated following ingestion of ~20 g of protein. In contrast to younger adults, older adults are less sensitive to smaller doses of ingested protein (less than ~20 g) after exercise, as evidenced by an attenuated increase in muscle protein synthesis rates during post-exercise recovery. However, older muscle appears to retain the capacity to display a robust stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in response to the ingestion of greater doses of protein (~40 g), and such an amount may be required for older adults to achieve a robust stimulation of muscle protein synthesis during post-exercise recovery. The aim of this article is to discuss the current state of evidence regarding the dose-dependent relationship between dietary protein ingestion and changes in skeletal muscle protein synthesis during recovery from resistance-type exercise in older adults. We provide recommendations on the amount of protein that may be required to maximize skeletal muscle reconditioning in response to resistance-type exercise in older adults.
Collapse
|
36
|
Kirk B, Mitchell J, Jackson M, Amirabdollahian F, Alizadehkhaiyat O, Clifford T. A2 Milk Enhances Dynamic Muscle Function Following Repeated Sprint Exercise, a Possible Ergogenic Aid for A1-Protein Intolerant Athletes? Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9020094. [PMID: 28134840 PMCID: PMC5331525 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperaminoacidemia following ingestion of cows-milk may stimulate muscle anabolism and attenuate exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). However, as dairy-intolerant athletes do not obtain the reported benefits from milk-based products, A2 milk may offer a suitable alternative as it lacks the A1-protein. This study aimed to determine the effect of A2 milk on recovery from a sports-specific muscle damage model. Twenty-one male team sport players were allocated to three independent groups: A2 milk (n = 7), regular milk (n = 7), and placebo (PLA) (n = 7). Immediately following muscle-damaging exercise, participants consumed either A2 milk, regular milk or PLA (500 mL each). Visual analogue scale (muscle soreness), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), countermovement jump (CMJ) and 20-m sprint were measured prior to and 24, 48, and 72 h post EIMD. At 48 h post-EIMD, CMJ and 20-m sprint recovered quicker in A2 (33.4 ± 6.6 and 3.3 ± 0.1, respectively) and regular milk (33.1 ± 7.1 and 3.3 ± 0.3, respectively) vs. PLA (29.2 ± 3.6 and 3.6 ± 0.3, respectively) (p < 0.05). Relative to baseline, decrements in 48 h CMJ and 20-m sprint were minimised in A2 (by 7.2 and 5.1%, respectively) and regular milk (by 6.3 and 5.2%, respectively) vs. PLA. There was a trend for milk treatments to attenuate decrements in MVIC, however statistical significance was not reached (p = 0.069). Milk treatments had no apparent effect on muscle soreness (p = 0.152). Following muscle-damaging exercise, ingestion of 500 mL of A2 or regular milk can limit decrements in dynamic muscle function in male athletes, thus hastening recovery and improving subsequent performance. The findings propose A2 milk as an ergogenic aid following EIMD, and may offer an alternative to athletes intolerant to the A1 protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Kirk
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Hope Park, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK.
| | - Jade Mitchell
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Matthew Jackson
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Hope Park, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK.
| | | | - Omid Alizadehkhaiyat
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Hope Park, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK.
| | - Tom Clifford
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lancha AH, Zanella R, Tanabe SGO, Andriamihaja M, Blachier F. Dietary protein supplementation in the elderly for limiting muscle mass loss. Amino Acids 2016; 49:33-47. [PMID: 27807658 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Supplementation with whey and other dietary protein, mainly associated with exercise training, has been proposed to be beneficial for the elderly to gain and maintain lean body mass and improve health parameters. The main objective of this review is to examine the evidence provided by the scientific literature indicating benefit from such supplementation and to define the likely best strategy of protein uptake for optimal objectified results in the elderly. Overall, it appears that an intake of approximately 0.4 g protein/kg BW per meal thus representing 1.2-1.6 g protein/kg BW/day may be recommended taking into account potential anabolic resistance. The losses of the skeletal muscle mass contribute to lower the capacity to perform activities in daily living, emphasizing that an optimal protein consumption may represent an important parameter to preserve independence and contribute to health status. However, it is worth noting that the maximal intake of protein with no adverse effect is not known, and that high levels of protein intake is associated with increased transfer of protein to the colon with potential deleterious effects. Thus, it is important to examine in each individual case the benefit that can be expected from supplementation with whey protein, taking into account the usual protein dietary intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Herbert Lancha
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo, EEFE-USP, R. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Rudyard Zanella
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo, EEFE-USP, R. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Stefan Gleissner Ohara Tanabe
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo, EEFE-USP, R. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Mireille Andriamihaja
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Francois Blachier
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gonzalez AM. Acute Anabolic Response and Muscular Adaptation After Hypertrophy-Style and Strength-Style Resistance Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2959-64. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
39
|
Camera DM, Smiles WJ, Hawley JA. Exercise-induced skeletal muscle signaling pathways and human athletic performance. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:131-143. [PMID: 26876650 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly malleable tissue capable of altering its phenotype in response to external stimuli including exercise. This response is determined by the mode, (endurance- versus resistance-based), volume, intensity and frequency of exercise performed with the magnitude of this response-adaptation the basis for enhanced physical work capacity. However, training-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle are variable and unpredictable between individuals. With the recent application of molecular techniques to exercise biology, there has been a greater understanding of the multiplicity and complexity of cellular networks involved in exercise responses. This review summarizes the molecular and cellular events mediating adaptation processes in skeletal muscle in response to exercise. We discuss established and novel cell signaling proteins mediating key physiological responses associated with enhanced exercise performance and the capacity for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to modulate training adaptation responses. We also examine the molecular bases underpinning heterogeneous responses to resistance and endurance exercise and the dissociation between molecular 'markers' of training adaptation and subsequent exercise performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donny M Camera
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic. 3065, Australia
| | - William J Smiles
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic. 3065, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic. 3065, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Intramuscular MAPK signaling following high volume and high intensity resistance exercise protocols in trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1663-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
41
|
Jones N, Kiely J, Suraci B, Collins DJ, de Lorenzo D, Pickering C, Grimaldi KA. A genetic-based algorithm for personalized resistance training. Biol Sport 2016; 33:117-26. [PMID: 27274104 PMCID: PMC4885623 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1198210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Association studies have identified dozens of genetic variants linked to training responses and sport-related traits. However, no intervention studies utilizing the idea of personalised training based on athlete's genetic profile have been conducted. Here we propose an algorithm that allows achieving greater results in response to high- or low-intensity resistance training programs by predicting athlete's potential for the development of power and endurance qualities with the panel of 15 performance-associated gene polymorphisms. To develop and validate such an algorithm we performed two studies in independent cohorts of male athletes (study 1: athletes from different sports (n = 28); study 2: soccer players (n = 39)). In both studies athletes completed an eight-week high- or low-intensity resistance training program, which either matched or mismatched their individual genotype. Two variables of explosive power and aerobic fitness, as measured by the countermovement jump (CMJ) and aerobic 3-min cycle test (Aero3) were assessed pre and post 8 weeks of resistance training. In study 1, the athletes from the matched groups (i.e. high-intensity trained with power genotype or low-intensity trained with endurance genotype) significantly increased results in CMJ (P = 0.0005) and Aero3 (P = 0.0004). Whereas, athletes from the mismatched group (i.e. high-intensity trained with endurance genotype or low-intensity trained with power genotype) demonstrated non-significant improvements in CMJ (P = 0.175) and less prominent results in Aero3 (P = 0.0134). In study 2, soccer players from the matched group also demonstrated significantly greater (P < 0.0001) performance changes in both tests compared to the mismatched group. Among non- or low responders of both studies, 82% of athletes (both for CMJ and Aero3) were from the mismatched group (P < 0.0001). Our results indicate that matching the individual's genotype with the appropriate training modality leads to more effective resistance training. The developed algorithm may be used to guide individualised resistance-training interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Jones
- DNA Sports Performance Ltd, Manchester, UK
| | - J Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - B Suraci
- Suraci Consultancy, Portsmouth, UK
| | - D J Collins
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - D de Lorenzo
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CEXS-UPF-PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Estudios en Genómica y Nutrición-CESGEN, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida-PCiTAL, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - C Pickering
- Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd, London, UK
| | - K A Grimaldi
- Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|