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Barritt SA, DuBois-Coyne SE, Dibble CC. Coenzyme A biosynthesis: mechanisms of regulation, function and disease. Nat Metab 2024:10.1038/s42255-024-01059-y. [PMID: 38871981 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The tricarboxylic acid cycle, nutrient oxidation, histone acetylation and synthesis of lipids, glycans and haem all require the cofactor coenzyme A (CoA). Although the sources and regulation of the acyl groups carried by CoA for these processes are heavily studied, a key underlying question is less often considered: how is production of CoA itself controlled? Here, we discuss the many cellular roles of CoA and the regulatory mechanisms that govern its biosynthesis from cysteine, ATP and the essential nutrient pantothenate (vitamin B5), or from salvaged precursors in mammals. Metabolite feedback and signalling mechanisms involving acetyl-CoA, other acyl-CoAs, acyl-carnitines, MYC, p53, PPARα, PINK1 and insulin- and growth factor-stimulated PI3K-AKT signalling regulate the vitamin B5 transporter SLC5A6/SMVT and CoA biosynthesis enzymes PANK1, PANK2, PANK3, PANK4 and COASY. We also discuss methods for measuring CoA-related metabolites, compounds that target CoA biosynthesis and diseases caused by mutations in pathway enzymes including types of cataracts, cardiomyopathy and neurodegeneration (PKAN and COPAN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Barritt
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E DuBois-Coyne
- Department of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian C Dibble
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Cho H, Huh KM, Cho HJ, Kim B, Shim MS, Cho YY, Lee JY, Lee HS, Kwon YJ, Kang HC. Beyond nanoparticle-based oral drug delivery: transporter-mediated absorption and disease targeting. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3045-3067. [PMID: 38712883 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00313f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Various strategies at the microscale/nanoscale have been developed to improve oral absorption of therapeutics. Among them, gastrointestinal (GI)-transporter/receptor-mediated nanosized drug delivery systems (NDDSs) have drawn attention due to their many benefits, such as improved water solubility, improved chemical/physical stability, improved oral absorption, and improved targetability of their payloads. Their therapeutic potential in disease animal models (e.g., solid tumors, virus-infected lungs, metastasis, diabetes, and so on) has been investigated, and could be expanded to disease targeting after systemic/lymphatic circulation, although the detailed paths and mechanisms of endocytosis, endosomal escape, intracellular trafficking, and exocytosis through the epithelial cell lining in the GI tract are still unclear. Thus, this review summarizes and discusses potential GI transporters/receptors, their absorption and distribution, in vivo studies, and potential sequential targeting (e.g., oral absorption and disease targeting in organs/tissues).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bogeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Suk Shim
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
- Regulated Cell Death (RCD) Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
- Regulated Cell Death (RCD) Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
- Regulated Cell Death (RCD) Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
- Regulated Cell Death (RCD) Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
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Cronan JE. Lipoic acid attachment to proteins: stimulating new developments. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024:e0000524. [PMID: 38624243 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00005-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYLipoic acid-modified proteins are essential for central metabolism and pathogenesis. In recent years, the Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis lipoyl assembly pathways have been modified and extended to archaea and diverse eukaryotes including humans. These extensions include a new pathway to insert the key sulfur atoms of lipoate, several new pathways of lipoate salvage, and a novel use of lipoic acid in sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Other advances are the modification of E. coli LplA for studies of protein localization and protein-protein interactions in cell biology and in enzymatic removal of lipoate from lipoyl proteins. Finally, scenarios have been put forth for the evolution of lipoate assembly in archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Cronan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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4
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Van Vyve F, Mercier N, Papadopoulos J, Heijmans C, Dessy H, Monestier O, Dewulf JP, Roland D. A new case of sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter defect occurring as a life-threatening condition responsive to early vitamin supplementation and literature review. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2388. [PMID: 38407570 PMCID: PMC10847706 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biallelic pathogenic variants in SLC5A6 resulting in sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) defect have recently been described as a vitamin-responsive inborn error of metabolism mimicking biotinidase deficiency. To our knowledge, only 16 patients have been reported so far with various clinical phenotypes such as neuropathy and other neurologic impairments, gastro-intestinal dysfunction and failure to thrive, osteopenia, immunodeficiency, metabolic acidosis, hypoglycemia, and recently severe cardiac symptoms. METHODS We describe a case report of a 5-month-old girl presenting two recurrent episodes of metabolic decompensation and massive cardiac failure in the course of an infectious disease. We compare clinical, biological, and genetic findings of this patient to previous literature collected from Pubmed database (keywords: Sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT), SMVT defect/disorder/deficiency, SLC5A6 gene/mutation). RESULTS We highlight the life-threatening presentation of this disease, the stagnation of psychomotor development, the severe and persistent hypogammaglobulinemia, and additionally, the successful clinical response on early vitamin supplementation (biotin 15 mg a day and pantothenic acid 100 mg a day). Metabolic assessment showed a persistent increase of urinary 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid (3-HIA) as previously reported in this disease in literature. CONCLUSION SMVT deficiency is a vitamin-responsive inborn error of metabolism that can lead to a wide range of symptoms. Increased and isolated excretion of urinary 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid may suggest, in the absence of markedly reduced biotinidase activity, a SMVT deficiency. Prompt supplementation with high doses of biotin and pantothenic acid should be initiated while awaiting results of SLC5A6 sequencing as this condition may be life-threatening.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.‐X. Van Vyve
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of PediatricsJolimont HospitalLa LouvièreBelgium
| | - N. Mercier
- Institut de Pathologie et de GénétiqueGosselies (Charleroi)Belgium
| | - J. Papadopoulos
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of PediatricsJolimont HospitalLa LouvièreBelgium
| | - C. Heijmans
- Institut de Pathologie et de GénétiqueGosselies (Charleroi)Belgium
| | - H. Dessy
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of PediatricsJolimont HospitalLa LouvièreBelgium
| | - O. Monestier
- Department of Molecular BiologyInstitute of Pathology and GeneticsCharleroiBelgium
| | - J. P. Dewulf
- Biochemical Genetics and Newborn Screening Laboratory, Department of Clinical ChemistryCliniques Universitaires Saint‐LucBrusselsBelgium
| | - D. Roland
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Inherited Metabolic DisordersInstitute of Pathology and GeneticsCharleroiBelgium
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Mansour-Hendili L, Gitiaux C, Harion M, Latouche C, Heron B, Stojkovic T, Rama M, Smol T, Sophie Jourdain A, Mention K, Nadjar Y, Schiff M, Lemale J, Ghoumid J, Gottrand F, Talbotec C, Rötig A, Funalot B, Desguerre I. Recurrent "outsider" intronic variation in the SLC5A6 gene causes severe mixed axonal and demyelinating neuropathy, cyclic vomiting and optic atrophy in 3 families from Maghreb. Front Genet 2024; 15:1352006. [PMID: 38348452 PMCID: PMC10859498 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1352006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Sodium dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) deficiency is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by multisystemic clinical manifestations due to combined biotin, panthotenic acid and lipoic acid deficiency. About 10 families have been described so far. Accurate diagnosis is crucial because of the possibility of a supplementation treatment with proven efficacy. Here we describe 4 new patients (3 additional families) originating from the same world region (Algeria, Maghreb). All patients, born form consanguineous parents, were homozygous carriers of the same intronic variation, outside of canonical sites, in the SLC5A6 gene encoding SMVT. RNA study in one family allowed confirming the pathogenic effect of the variation and re-classifying this variant of uncertain significance as pathogenic, opening the possibility of genetic counseling and treatment. The identification of the same variation in three distinct and apparently unrelated families is suggestive of a founder effect. The phenotype of all patients was very similar, with systematic optic atrophy (initially considered as a very rare sign), severe cyclic vomiting, and rapidly progressive mixed axonal and demyelinating sensory motor neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamisse Mansour-Hendili
- Département de Biochimie-Biologie Moléculaire, Pharmacologie, Génétique Médicale, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
- IMRB Equipe Pirenne, Laboratoire d’excellence LABEX GRex, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Cyril Gitiaux
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence des Pathologies Neuromusculaires, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Madeleine Harion
- Université de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, APHP, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Céline Latouche
- Département de Biochimie-Biologie Moléculaire, Pharmacologie, Génétique Médicale, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Bénédicte Heron
- Université de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, APHP, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Tanya Stojkovic
- Centre de Référence des maladies Neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France Institut de Myologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | - Thomas Smol
- Institut de Génétique, CHU Lille, Lille, France
- University of Lille, ULR7364-RADEME, Lille, France
| | - Anne Sophie Jourdain
- University of Lille, ULR7364-RADEME, Lille, France
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karine Mention
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service Néphrologie, Endocrinologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Hématologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, France
| | - Yann Nadjar
- Département de Neurologie UF Neuro-Métabolisme, Centre de Référence des maladies Métaboliques et Lysosomales à expression Neurologique (CRML-Neuro), APHP-SU, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Schiff
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Reference Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders (CARAMMEL), Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (MaMea), Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, APHP, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Genetics of Mitochondrial Disorders, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Julie Lemale
- Department of Paediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Reference Centre for Rare Digestive Diseases, Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Jamal Ghoumid
- University of Lille, ULR7364-RADEME, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Clinique de Génétique, Guy Fontaine, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- University Lille, CHU Lille, Infinite U1286 Inserm, Lille, France
- Service de gastroentérologie, hépatologie et Nutrition Pédiatrique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cécile Talbotec
- Pediatric Gastroenterology-Hepatology-Nutrition, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Rötig
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Genetics of Mitochondrial Disorders, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Funalot
- Département de Biochimie-Biologie Moléculaire, Pharmacologie, Génétique Médicale, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - Isabelle Desguerre
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Paediatric Neurology Department, Necker-Enfants malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Freire CM, King NR, Dzieciatkowska M, Stephenson D, Moura PL, Dobbe JGG, Streekstra GJ, D'Alessandro A, Toye AM, Satchwell TJ. Complete absence of GLUT1 does not impair human terminal erythroid differentiation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.10.574621. [PMID: 38293086 PMCID: PMC10827085 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.10.574621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is one of the most abundant proteins within the erythrocyte membrane and is required for glucose and dehydroascorbic acid (Vitamin C precursor) transport. It is widely recognized as a key protein for red cell structure, function, and metabolism. Previous reports highlighted the importance of GLUT1 activity within these uniquely glycolysis-dependent cells, in particular for increasing antioxidant capacity needed to avoid irreversible damage from oxidative stress in humans. However, studies of glucose transporter roles in erythroid cells are complicated by species-specific differences between humans and mice. Here, using CRISPR-mediated gene editing of immortalized erythroblasts and adult CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells, we generate committed human erythroid cells completely deficient in expression of GLUT1. We show that absence of GLUT1 does not impede human erythroblast proliferation, differentiation, or enucleation. This work demonstrates for the first-time generation of enucleated human reticulocytes lacking GLUT1. The GLUT1-deficient reticulocytes possess no tangible alterations to membrane composition or deformability in reticulocytes. Metabolomic analyses of GLUT1-deficient reticulocytes reveal hallmarks of reduced glucose import, downregulated metabolic processes and upregulated AMPK-signalling, alongside alterations in antioxidant metabolism, resulting in increased osmotic fragility and metabolic shifts indicative of higher oxidant stress. Despite detectable metabolic changes in GLUT1 deficient reticulocytes, the absence of developmental phenotype, detectable proteomic compensation or impaired deformability comprehensively alters our understanding of the role of GLUT1 in red blood cell structure, function and metabolism. It also provides cell biological evidence supporting clinical consensus that reduced GLUT1 expression does not cause anaemia in GLUT1 deficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Freire
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - N R King
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - D Stephenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - P L Moura
- Center for Haematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine (MedH), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - J G G Dobbe
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G J Streekstra
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - A M Toye
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - T J Satchwell
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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7
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Tripathi R, Guglani A, Ghorpade R, Wang B. Biotin conjugates in targeted drug delivery: is it mediated by a biotin transporter, a yet to be identified receptor, or (an)other unknown mechanism(s)? J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2276663. [PMID: 37955285 PMCID: PMC10653662 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2276663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugation of drugs with biotin is a widely studied strategy for targeted drug delivery. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies through H3-biotin competition experiments conclude with the presence of a free carboxylic acid being essential for its uptake via the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT, the major biotin transporter). However, biotin conjugation with a payload requires modification of the carboxylic acid to an amide or ester group. Then, there is the question as to how/whether the uptake of biotin conjugates goes through the SMVT. If not, then what is the mechanism? Herein, we present known uptake mechanisms of biotin and its applications reported in the literature. We also critically analyse possible uptake mechanism(s) of biotin conjugates to address the disconnect between the results from SMVT-based SAR and "biotin-facilitated" targeted drug delivery. We believe understanding the uptake mechanism of biotin conjugates is critical for their future applications and further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anchala Guglani
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rujuta Ghorpade
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Begines P, Bonardi A, Nocentini A, Gratteri P, Giovannuzzi S, Ronca R, Tavani C, Luisa Massardi M, López Ó, Supuran CT. Design and synthesis of sulfonamides incorporating a biotin moiety: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitory effects, antiproliferative activity and molecular modeling studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 94:117467. [PMID: 37722299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamides constitute an important class of classical carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors. Herein we have accomplished the conjugation of biotin with an ample number of sulfonamide motifs with the aim of testing them in vitro as inhibitors of the human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isoforms I and II (cytosolic isozymes), as well as hCA IX and XII (transmembrane, tumor-associated enzymes). Most of these newly synthesized compounds exhibited interesting inhibition profiles, with activities in the nanomolar range. The presence of a 4-F-C6H4 moiety, also found in SLC-0111, afforded an excellent selectivity towards the tumor-associated hypoxia-induced hCA isoform XII with an inhibition constant (KI) of 4.5 nM. The 2-naphthyl derivative was the most potent inhibitor against hCA IX (KI = 6.2 nM), 4-fold stronger than AAZ (KI = 25 nM) with very good selectivity. Some compounds were chosen for antiproliferative activity testing against a panel of 3 human tumor cell lines, one compound showing anti-proliferative activity on glioblastoma, triple-negative breast cancer, and pancreatic carcinoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Begines
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Florence 50019, Italy; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, Seville E-41071, Spain
| | - Alessandro Bonardi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Florence 50019, Italy; NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Florence 50019, Italy; NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Gratteri
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simone Giovannuzzi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Camilla Tavani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Massardi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, Seville E-41071, Spain.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Florence 50019, Italy.
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9
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Lintao RCV, Kammala AK, Vora N, Yaklic JL, Menon R. Fetal membranes exhibit similar nutrient transporter expression profiles to the placenta. Placenta 2023; 135:33-42. [PMID: 36913807 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During pregnancy, the growth of the fetus is supported by the exchange of nutrients, waste, and other molecules between maternal and fetal circulations in the utero-placental unit. Nutrient transfer, in particular, is mediated by solute transporters such as solute carrier (SLC) and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) proteins. While nutrient transport has been extensively studied in the placenta, the role of human fetal membranes (FM), which was recently reported to have a role in drug transport, in nutrient uptake remains unknown. OBJECTIVES This study determined nutrient transport expression in human FM and FM cells and compared expression with placental tissues and BeWo cells. METHODS RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of placental and FM tissues and cells was done. Genes of major solute transporter groups, such as SLC and ABC, were identified. Proteomic analysis of cell lysates was performed via nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) to confirm expression at a protein level. RESULTS We determined that FM tissues and cells derived from the fetal membrane tissues express nutrient transporter genes, and their expression is similar to that seen in the placenta or BeWo cells. In particular, transporters involved in macronutrient and micronutrient transfer were identified in both placental and FM cells. Consistent with RNA-Seq findings, carbohydrate transporters (3), vitamin transport-related proteins (8), amino acid transporters (21), fatty acid transport-related proteins (9), cholesterol transport-related proteins (6) and nucleoside transporters (3) were identified in BeWo and FM cells, with both groups sharing similar nutrient transporter expression. CONCLUSION This study determined the expression of nutrient transporters in human FMs. This knowledge is the first step in improving our understanding of nutrient uptake kinetics during pregnancy. Functional studies are required to determine the properties of nutrient transporters in human FMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C V Lintao
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555-1062, USA; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, 547 Pedro Gil St., Manila, 1000, Philippines
| | - Ananth Kumar Kammala
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555-1062, USA.
| | - Natasha Vora
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555-1062, USA; John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555-1062, USA
| | - Jerome L Yaklic
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555-1062, USA
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555-1062, USA.
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10
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He P, Li Z, Zhou J, Yang J, Wei X, Wu P, Chen W, Cheng J, Yang L, Tang J, Li Q, Zhang Q, Jiang J. Sq-2, a biotinylated annonaceous acetogenin, induces apoptosis, autophagy and S-phase arrest by activating the MAPK pathway in breast cancer cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023. [PMID: 36762500 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamocin, an annonaceous acetogenin isolated from plants in the Annonaceae family, has antitumour activity. In this study, we report that Sq-2, a biotinylated squamocin monomer, has a favorable antitumour effect on MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3 breast cancer cells in vitro. MTT assays show that Sq-2 has a better antitumour effect on MDA-MB-231 cells than Sq-5 and Sq-6. Furthermore, RNA-Seq and KEGG enrichment analyses reveal that Sq-2 activates the MAPK signaling pathway, and results of western blot analysis demonstrate that Sq-2 activates the JNK and p38 pathways in MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3 cells. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis reveal that Sq-2 induces cell apoptosis by increasing the expressions of cleaved Caspase-3 and cleaved PARP as well as the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. Inhibition of the Caspase family by Z-VAD-FMK attenuates the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells, indicating that Sq-2 induces apoptosis in a Caspase-dependent manner. Additionally, pretreatment with the p38 inhibitor SB203580 or JNK inhibitor SP600125 partially reverses the increase in the apoptosis rate and decrease in cell viability prompted by Sq-2. Furthermore, Sq-2 treatment decreases the expression level of CyclinD1 and increases the expression levels of p21, p27, CyclinA1, and CDK2, causing S-phase arrest in MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3 cells. Further study indicates that Sq-2 stimulates autophagy in MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3 cells, and inhibition of autophagy by bafilomycin A1 increases cell viability and promotes cell survival. Sq-2, a novel biotin-squamocin compound, shows a significant inhibitory effect on the propagation of SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Furthermore, Sq-2 treatment not only induces S-phase arrest and activates the JNK and p38 pathways to trigger apoptosis but also causes autophagy to promote apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3 cells. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyan He
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ziyu Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Junzhen Zhou
- of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Wendan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinxia Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Oncology, Liyang People's Hospital, Liyang 213300, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jianwei Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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11
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Zhang Z, Chen D, Yu J, Su X, Li L. Metabolic perturbations in human hepatocytes induced by bis (2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate exposure: Insights from high-coverage quantitative metabolomics. Anal Biochem 2022; 657:114887. [PMID: 36150471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bis (2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) is an extensively used novel brominated flame retardant that is present ubiquitously in the environment and in biota. However, there is inadequate data on its potential hepatotoxicity to humans. In this study, high-coverage quantitative metabolomics based on 12C-/13C-dansylation labeling LC-MS was performed for the first time to assess the metabolic perturbations and underlying mechanisms of TBPH on human hepatocytes. HepG2 cells were exposed to TBPH at dosages of 0.1,1,10 μM for 24 or 72 h. Overall, 1887 and 1364 amine/phenol-containing metabolites were relatively quantified in cells and culture supernatant. Our results revealed that exposure to 0.1 μM TBPH showed little adverse effects, whereas exposure to 10 μM TBPH for 24 h enhanced intracellular protein catabolism and disrupted energy and lipid homeostasis-related pathways such as histidine metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism. Nevertheless, most of these perturbations returned to the same levels as controls after 72 h of exposure. Additionally, prolonged TBPH exposure increased oxidative stress, as reflected by marked disturbances in taurine metabolism. This study sensitively revealed the dysregulations of intracellular and extracellular metabolome induced by TBPH, providing a comprehensive understanding of metabolic responses of cells to novel brominated flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Deying Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiaoling Su
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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12
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Salmin VV, Morgun AV, Olovyannikova RY, Kutyakov VA, Lychkovskaya EV, Brusina EB, Salmina AB. Atmospheric Reactive Oxygen Species and Some Aspects of the Antiviral Protection at the Respiratory Epithelium. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES B: BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2022; 16:79-90. [PMID: 35601461 PMCID: PMC9113385 DOI: 10.1134/s1990750822020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. V. Salmin
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, ul. Partizana Zheleznyaka 1, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - A. V. Morgun
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, ul. Partizana Zheleznyaka 1, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - R. Ya. Olovyannikova
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, ul. Partizana Zheleznyaka 1, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - V. A. Kutyakov
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, ul. Partizana Zheleznyaka 1, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - E. V. Lychkovskaya
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, ul. Partizana Zheleznyaka 1, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - E. B. Brusina
- Kemerovo State Medical University, ul. Voroshilova 22A, 650056 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - A. B. Salmina
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, ul. Partizana Zheleznyaka 1, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe shosse 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia
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13
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Holling T, Nampoothiri S, Tarhan B, Schneeberger PE, Vinayan KP, Yesodharan D, Roy AG, Radhakrishnan P, Alawi M, Rhodes L, Girisha KM, Kang PB, Kutsche K. Novel biallelic variants expand the SLC5A6-related phenotypic spectrum. Eur J Hum Genet 2022; 30:439-449. [PMID: 35013551 PMCID: PMC8747999 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-021-01033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium (Na+):multivitamin transporter (SMVT), encoded by SLC5A6, belongs to the sodium:solute symporter family and is required for the Na+-dependent uptake of biotin (vitamin B7), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), the vitamin-like substance α-lipoic acid, and iodide. Compound heterozygous SLC5A6 variants have been reported in individuals with variable multisystemic disorder, including failure to thrive, developmental delay, seizures, cerebral palsy, brain atrophy, gastrointestinal problems, immunodeficiency, and/or osteopenia. We expand the phenotypic spectrum associated with biallelic SLC5A6 variants affecting function by reporting five individuals from three families with motor neuropathies. We identified the homozygous variant c.1285 A > G [p.(Ser429Gly)] in three affected siblings and a simplex patient and the maternally inherited c.280 C > T [p.(Arg94*)] variant and the paternally inherited c.485 A > G [p.(Tyr162Cys)] variant in the simplex patient of the third family. Both missense variants were predicted to affect function by in silico tools. 3D homology modeling of the human SMVT revealed 13 transmembrane helices (TMs) and Tyr162 and Ser429 to be located at the cytoplasmic facing region of TM4 and within TM11, respectively. The SLC5A6 missense variants p.(Tyr162Cys) and p.(Ser429Gly) did not affect plasma membrane localization of the ectopically expressed multivitamin transporter suggesting reduced but not abolished function, such as lower catalytic activity. Targeted therapeutic intervention yielded clinical improvement in four of the five patients. Early molecular diagnosis by exome sequencing is essential for timely replacement therapy in affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Holling
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Cochin, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Bedirhan Tarhan
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Pauline E Schneeberger
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Amedes MVZ Wagnerstibbe für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Hämostaseologie, Humangenetik und Mikrobiologie Hannover, 30159, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Dhanya Yesodharan
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Cochin, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Arun Grace Roy
- Department of Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Cochin, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Periyasamy Radhakrishnan
- Suma Genomics Pvt. Ltd, Manipal Universal Technology Business Incubator (MUTBI), Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Malik Alawi
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Katta Mohan Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Peter B Kang
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Kerstin Kutsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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14
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Salmin VV, Morgun AV, Olovyannikova RY, Kutyakov VA, Lychkovskaya EV, Brusina EB, Salmina AB. [Atmospheric reactive oxygen species and some aspects of the antiviral protection of the respiratory epithelium]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2021; 67:383-393. [PMID: 34730551 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216705383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review focuses on molecular and biochemical mechanisms of nonspecific protection of respiratory epithelium. The authors provide a comprehensive analysis of up-to-date data on the activity of the lactoperoxidase system expressed on the surface of the respiratory epithelium which provides the generation of hypothiocyanate and hypoiodite in the presence of locally produced or inhaled hydrogen peroxide. Molecular mechanisms of production of active compounds with antiviral and antibacterial effects, expression profiles of enzymes, transporters and ion channels involved in the generation of hypothiocyanite and hypoiodate in the mucous membrane of the respiratory system in physiological and pathological conditions (inflammation) are discussed. In the context of antibacterial and antiviral defense special attention is paid to recent data confirming the effects of atmospheric air composition on the efficiency of hypothiocyanite and hypoiodate synthesis in the respiratory epithelium. The causes and outcomes of lactoperoxidase system impairment due to the action of atmospheric factors are discussed in the context of controlling the sensitivity of the epithelium to the action of bacterial agents and viruses. Restoration of the lactoperoxidase system activity can be achieved by application of pharmacological agents aimed to compensate for the lack of halides in tissues, and by the control of chemical composition of the inhaled air.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Salmin
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - A V Morgun
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - R Ya Olovyannikova
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - V A Kutyakov
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - E V Lychkovskaya
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - E B Brusina
- Kemerovo State Medical University, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - A B Salmina
- Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Jones AE, Arias NJ, Acevedo A, Reddy ST, Divakaruni AS, Meriwether D. A Single LC-MS/MS Analysis to Quantify CoA Biosynthetic Intermediates and Short-Chain Acyl CoAs. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080468. [PMID: 34436409 PMCID: PMC8401288 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is an essential cofactor for dozens of reactions in intermediary metabolism. Dysregulation of CoA synthesis or acyl CoA metabolism can result in metabolic or neurodegenerative disease. Although several methods use liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify acyl CoA levels in biological samples, few allow for simultaneous measurement of intermediates in the CoA biosynthetic pathway. Here we describe a simple sample preparation and LC-MS/MS method that can measure both short-chain acyl CoAs and biosynthetic precursors of CoA. The method does not require use of a solid phase extraction column during sample preparation and exhibits high sensitivity, precision, and accuracy. It reproduces expected changes from known effectors of cellular CoA homeostasis and helps clarify the mechanism by which excess concentrations of etomoxir reduce intracellular CoA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E. Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.E.J.); (N.J.A.); (A.A.); (S.T.R.)
| | - Nataly J. Arias
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.E.J.); (N.J.A.); (A.A.); (S.T.R.)
| | - Aracely Acevedo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.E.J.); (N.J.A.); (A.A.); (S.T.R.)
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.E.J.); (N.J.A.); (A.A.); (S.T.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ajit S. Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.E.J.); (N.J.A.); (A.A.); (S.T.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.D.); (D.M.)
| | - David Meriwether
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: (A.S.D.); (D.M.)
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16
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Prokaryotic Solute/Sodium Symporters: Versatile Functions and Mechanisms of a Transporter Family. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041880. [PMID: 33668649 PMCID: PMC7918813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute/sodium symporter family (SSS family; TC 2.A.21; SLC5) consists of integral membrane proteins that use an existing sodium gradient to drive the uphill transport of various solutes, such as sugars, amino acids, vitamins, or ions across the membrane. This large family has representatives in all three kingdoms of life. The human sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) and the sodium/glucose transporter (SGLT1) are involved in diseases such as iodide transport defect or glucose-galactose malabsorption. Moreover, the bacterial sodium/proline symporter PutP and the sodium/sialic acid symporter SiaT play important roles in bacteria–host interactions. This review focuses on the physiological significance and structural and functional features of prokaryotic members of the SSS family. Special emphasis will be given to the roles and properties of proteins containing an SSS family domain fused to domains typically found in bacterial sensor kinases.
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17
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Coenzyme A levels influence protein acetylation, CoAlation and 4'-phosphopantetheinylation: Expanding the impact of a metabolic nexus molecule. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118965. [PMID: 33450307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is a key molecule in cellular metabolism including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis and lipid metabolism. Moreover, CoA is required for biological processes like protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) including acylation. CoA levels affect the amount of histone acetylation and thereby modulate gene expression. A direct influence of CoA levels on other PTMs, like CoAlation and 4'-phosphopantetheinylation has been relatively less addressed and will be discussed here. Increased CoA levels are associated with increased CoAlation, whereas decreased 4'-phosphopantetheinylation is observed under circumstances of decreased CoA levels. We discuss how these two PTMs can positively or negatively influence target proteins depending on CoA levels. This review highlights the impact of CoA levels on post-translational modifications, their counteractive interplay and the far-reaching consequences thereof.
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18
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Gyimesi G, Pujol-Giménez J, Kanai Y, Hediger MA. Sodium-coupled glucose transport, the SLC5 family, and therapeutically relevant inhibitors: from molecular discovery to clinical application. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1177-1206. [PMID: 32767111 PMCID: PMC7462921 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02433-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sodium glucose transporters (SGLTs) belong to the mammalian solute carrier family SLC5. This family includes 12 different members in human that mediate the transport of sugars, vitamins, amino acids, or smaller organic ions such as choline. The SLC5 family belongs to the sodium symporter family (SSS), which encompasses transporters from all kingdoms of life. It furthermore shares similarity to the structural fold of the APC (amino acid-polyamine-organocation) transporter family. Three decades after the first molecular identification of the intestinal Na+-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 by expression cloning, many new discoveries have evolved, from mechanistic analysis to molecular genetics, structural biology, drug discovery, and clinical applications. All of these advances have greatly influenced physiology and medicine. While SGLT1 is essential for fast absorption of glucose and galactose in the intestine, the expression of SGLT2 is largely confined to the early part of the kidney proximal tubules, where it reabsorbs the bulk part of filtered glucose. SGLT2 has been successfully exploited by the pharmaceutical industry to develop effective new drugs for the treatment of diabetic patients. These SGLT2 inhibitors, termed gliflozins, also exhibit favorable nephroprotective effects and likely also cardioprotective effects. In addition, given the recent finding that SGLT2 is also expressed in tumors of pancreas and prostate and in glioblastoma, this opens the door to potential new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment by specifically targeting SGLT2. Likewise, further discoveries related to the functional association of other SGLTs of the SLC5 family to human pathologies will open the door to potential new therapeutic strategies. We furthermore hope that the herein summarized information about the physiological roles of SGLTs and the therapeutic benefits of the gliflozins will be useful for our readers to better understand the molecular basis of the beneficial effects of these inhibitors, also in the context of the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The detailed mechanisms underlying the clinical benefits of SGLT2 inhibition by gliflozins still warrant further investigation that may serve as a basis for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Gyimesi
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Kinderklinik, Office D845, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonai Pujol-Giménez
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Kinderklinik, Office D845, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Matthias A Hediger
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Kinderklinik, Office D845, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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19
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Cong H, Wang K, Zhou Z, Yang J, Piao Y, Yu B, Shen Y, Zhou Z. Tuning the Brightness and Photostability of Organic Dots for Multivalent Targeted Cancer Imaging and Surgery. ACS NANO 2020; 14:5887-5900. [PMID: 32356972 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Specific labeling of biomarkers with bright and high photostable fluorophores is vital in fluorescent imaging applications. Here, we report a general strategy to develop single-molecule dendritic nanodots with finely tunable optical properties for in vivo fluorescent imaging. The well-defined nanodots are based on the divergent growth of biodegradable polylysine dendrimers with a fluorophore as the core. By tuning the size and surface chemistry, we obtained fluorescent nanodots with excellent brightness and photostability, favorable pharmacokinetics, and multivalent tumor-targeting capability. The nanodots provided robust, stable, long-lasting, and specific fluorescence enhancement in tumor tissue with an in situ tumor-to-normal ratio (TNR) of ∼3 and lasting over 5 days and an ex vivo TNR up to ∼17, holding considerable promise for cancer imaging and image-guided surgery. This strategy significantly improves the in vivo performance of fluorophores and can be applied to other modality imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kaiqi Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhuha Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, East Qingchun Road 3, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ying Piao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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20
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Naquet P, Kerr EW, Vickers SD, Leonardi R. Regulation of coenzyme A levels by degradation: the 'Ins and Outs'. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 78:101028. [PMID: 32234503 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is the predominant acyl carrier in mammalian cells and a cofactor that plays a key role in energy and lipid metabolism. CoA and its thioesters (acyl-CoAs) regulate a multitude of metabolic processes at different levels: as substrates, allosteric modulators, and via post-translational modification of histones and other non-histone proteins. Evidence is emerging that synthesis and degradation of CoA are regulated in a manner that enables metabolic flexibility in different subcellular compartments. Degradation of CoA occurs through distinct intra- and extracellular pathways that rely on the activity of specific hydrolases. The pantetheinase enzymes specifically hydrolyze pantetheine to cysteamine and pantothenate, the last step in the extracellular degradation pathway for CoA. This reaction releases pantothenate in the bloodstream, making this CoA precursor available for cellular uptake and de novo CoA synthesis. Intracellular degradation of CoA depends on specific mitochondrial and peroxisomal Nudix hydrolases. These enzymes are also active against a subset of acyl-CoAs and play a key role in the regulation of subcellular (acyl-)CoA pools and CoA-dependent metabolic reactions. The evidence currently available indicates that the extracellular and intracellular (acyl-)CoA degradation pathways are regulated in a coordinated and opposite manner by the nutritional state and maximize the changes in the total intracellular CoA levels that support the metabolic switch between fed and fasted states in organs like the liver. The objective of this review is to update the contribution of these pathways to the regulation of metabolism, physiology and pathology and to highlight the many questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Naquet
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.
| | - Evan W Kerr
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States of America
| | - Schuyler D Vickers
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States of America
| | - Roberta Leonardi
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States of America.
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21
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Wirtz L, Eder M, Schipper K, Rohrer S, Jung H. Transport and kinase activities of CbrA of Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5400. [PMID: 32214184 PMCID: PMC7096432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The CbrA/CbrB system is a two-component signal transduction system known to participate in the regulation of the cellular carbon/nitrogen balance and to play a central role in carbon catabolite repression in Pseudomonas species. CbrA is composed of a domain with similarity to proteins of the solute/sodium symporter family (SLC5) and domains typically found in bacterial sensor kinases. Here, the functional properties of the sensor kinase CbrA and its domains are analyzed at the molecular level using the system of the soil bacterium P. putida KT2440 as a model. It is demonstrated that CbrA can bind and transport L-histidine. Transport is specific for L-histidine and probably driven by an electrochemical proton gradient. The kinase domain is not required for L-histidine uptake by the SLC5 domain of CbrA, and has no significant impact on transport kinetics. Furthermore, it is shown that the histidine kinase can autophosphorylate and transfer the phosphoryl group to the response regulator CbrB. The SLC5 domain is not essential for these activities but appears to modulate the autokinase activity. A phosphatase activity of CbrA is not detected. None of the activities is significantly affected by L-histidine. The results demonstrate that CbrA functions as a L-histidine transporter and sensor kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Wirtz
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology 1, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michelle Eder
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology 1, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schipper
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology 1, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Rohrer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology 1, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, D-80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Heinrich Jung
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology 1, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany.
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22
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Identification and targeted management of a neurodegenerative disorder caused by biallelic mutations in SLC5A6. NPJ Genom Med 2019; 4:28. [PMID: 31754459 PMCID: PMC6856110 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-019-0103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a sibling pair displaying an early infantile-onset, progressive neurodegenerative phenotype, with symptoms of developmental delay and epileptic encephalopathy developing from 12 to 14 months of age. Using whole exome sequencing, compound heterozygous variants were identified in SLC5A6, which encodes the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) protein. SMVT is an important transporter of the B-group vitamins biotin, pantothenate, and lipoate. The protein is ubiquitously expressed and has major roles in vitamin uptake in the digestive system, as well as transport of these vitamins across the blood–brain barrier. Pathogenicity of the identified variants was demonstrated by impaired biotin uptake of mutant SMVT. Identification of this vitamin transporter as the genetic basis of this disorder guided targeted therapeutic intervention, resulting clinically in improvement of the patient’s neurocognitive and neuromotor function. This is the second report of biallelic mutations in SLC5A6 leading to a neurodegenerative disorder due to impaired biotin, pantothenate and lipoate uptake. The genetic and phenotypic overlap of these cases confirms mutations in SLC5A6 as the genetic cause of this disease phenotype. Recognition of the genetic disorder caused by SLC5A6 mutations is essential for early diagnosis and to facilitate timely intervention by triple vitamin (biotin, pantothenate, and lipoate) replacement therapy.
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23
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Liu X, Pan G. Roles of Drug Transporters in Blood-Retinal Barrier. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:467-504. [PMID: 31571172 PMCID: PMC7120327 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) includes inner BRB (iBRB) and outer BRB (oBRB), which are formed by retinal capillary endothelial (RCEC) cells and by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in collaboration with Bruch's membrane and the choriocapillaris, respectively. Functions of the BRB are to regulate fluids and molecular movement between the ocular vascular beds and retinal tissues and to prevent leakage of macromolecules and other potentially harmful agents into the retina, keeping the microenvironment of the retina and retinal neurons. These functions are mainly attributed to absent fenestrations of RCECs, tight junctions, expression of a great diversity of transporters, and coverage of pericytes and glial cells. BRB existence also becomes a reason that systemic administration for some drugs is not suitable for the treatment of retinal diseases. Some diseases (such as diabetes and ischemia-reperfusion) impair BRB function via altering tight junctions, RCEC death, and transporter expression. This chapter will illustrate function of BRB, expressions and functions of these transporters, and their clinical significances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Guoyu Pan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, Shanghai China
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24
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Schwantje M, de Sain‐van der Velden M, Jans J, van Gassen K, Dorrepaal C, Koop K, Visser G. Genetic defect of the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter: A treatable disease, mimicking biotinidase deficiency. JIMD Rep 2019; 48:11-14. [PMID: 31392107 PMCID: PMC6606985 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter that facilitates the uptake of the water-soluble vitamins biotin, pantothenic acid, and the vitamin-like substance lipoate is coded by the SLC5A6 gene. Variants in this gene cause a relatively novel treatable metabolic disorder. Here we describe the second case. A 17-month-old girl presented with hypoglycemia (2.0 mmol/L) and severe metabolic acidosis (pH 6.87), leading to resuscitation. Her history revealed feeding problems from birth and poor weight gain. Metabolic investigation showed elevated plasma C3-carnitine and C5-OH-carnitine. Urine analysis showed persistently elevated excretion of 3-OH-isovaleric acid. Biochemically, the combination of elevated C5-OH-carnitine and increased excretion of 3-OH-isovaleric acid seemed compatible with biotinidase deficiency. Supplementation with biotin was started. Biotinidase activity in plasma showed only marginally decreased activity, which was considered insufficient explanation for her clinical symptoms. Subsequent trio-based whole exome sequencing revealed compound heterozygosity for variants in the SLC5A6 gene. Upon increasing the dosage of biotin supplementation and introduction of pantothenic acid supplementation, a striking clinical improvement was seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Schwantje
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Metabolic DiseasesWilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | | | - Judith Jans
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Koen van Gassen
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Klaas Koop
- Department of Metabolic DiseasesWilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Gepke Visser
- Department of Metabolic DiseasesWilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
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25
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Patassini S, Begley P, Xu J, Church SJ, Kureishy N, Reid SJ, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RLM, Snell RG, Unwin RD, Cooper GJS. Cerebral Vitamin B5 (D-Pantothenic Acid) Deficiency as a Potential Cause of Metabolic Perturbation and Neurodegeneration in Huntington's Disease. Metabolites 2019; 9:E113. [PMID: 31212603 PMCID: PMC6630497 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9060113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in exon 1 of the HTT gene. HD usually manifests in mid-life with loss of GABAergic projection neurons from the striatum accompanied by progressive atrophy of the putamen followed by other brain regions, but linkages between the genetics and neurodegeneration are not understood. We measured metabolic perturbations in HD-human brain in a case-control study, identifying pervasive lowering of vitamin B5, the obligatory precursor of coenzyme A (CoA) that is essential for normal intermediary metabolism. Cerebral pantothenate deficiency is a newly-identified metabolic defect in human HD that could potentially: (i) impair neuronal CoA biosynthesis; (ii) stimulate polyol-pathway activity; (iii) impair glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity; and (iv) modify brain-urea metabolism. Pantothenate deficiency could lead to neurodegeneration/dementia in HD that might be preventable by treatment with vitamin B5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Patassini
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M19 9NT, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- Owlstone Medical, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK.
| | - Paul Begley
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M19 9NT, UK.
| | - Jingshu Xu
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M19 9NT, UK.
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK.
| | - Stephanie J Church
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M19 9NT, UK.
| | - Nina Kureishy
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M19 9NT, UK.
| | - Suzanne J Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Russell G Snell
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Richard D Unwin
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M19 9NT, UK.
| | - Garth J S Cooper
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M19 9NT, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK.
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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26
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Yoshii K, Hosomi K, Sawane K, Kunisawa J. Metabolism of Dietary and Microbial Vitamin B Family in the Regulation of Host Immunity. Front Nutr 2019; 6:48. [PMID: 31058161 PMCID: PMC6478888 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamins are micronutrients that have physiological effects on various biological responses, including host immunity. Therefore, vitamin deficiency leads to increased risk of developing infectious, allergic, and inflammatory diseases. Since B vitamins are synthesized by plants, yeasts, and bacteria, but not by mammals, mammals must acquire B vitamins from dietary or microbial sources, such as the intestinal microbiota. Similarly, some intestinal bacteria are unable to synthesize B vitamins and must acquire them from the host diet or from other intestinal bacteria for their growth and survival. This suggests that the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota may affect host B vitamin usage and, by extension, host immunity. Here, we review the immunological functions of B vitamins and their metabolism by intestinal bacteria with respect to the control of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yoshii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kento Sawane
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Innovation Center, Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd., Atsugi, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan.,Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Popova TV, Khan H, Chubarov AS, Lisitskiy VA, Antonova NM, Akulov AE, Shevelev OB, Zavjalov EL, Silnikov VN, Ahmad S, Godovikova TS. Biotin-decorated anti-cancer nucleotide theranostic conjugate of human serum albumin: Where the seed meets the soil? Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 28:260-264. [PMID: 29305188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human serum albumin is playing an increasing role as a drug carrier in clinical settings. Biotin molecules are often used as suitable tags in targeted anti-tumor drug delivery systems. We report on the synthesis and properties of a new multimodal theranostic conjugate based on an anti-cancer fluorinated nucleotide conjugated with a biotinylated dual-labeled albumin. Interestingly, in vitro and in vivo study revealed stronger anti-tumor activity of the non-tagged theranostic conjugate than that of the biotin-tagged conjugate, which can be explained by decreased binding of the biotin-tagged conjugate to cellular receptors. Our study sheds light on the importance of site-specific albumin modification for the design of albumin-based drugs with desirable pharmaceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Popova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Hamda Khan
- Integral Research Centre-I, Integral University, Dasauli, P.O. Bas-ha Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, U.P., India; Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Dasauli, P.O. Bas-ha Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, U.P., India
| | - Alexey S Chubarov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Lisitskiy
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Natalya M Antonova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Andrey E Akulov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Oleg B Shevelev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Evgenii L Zavjalov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Silnikov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Saheem Ahmad
- Integral Research Centre-I, Integral University, Dasauli, P.O. Bas-ha Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, U.P., India; Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Dasauli, P.O. Bas-ha Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, U.P., India
| | - Tatyana S Godovikova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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28
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Biofortification of crops with nutrients: factors affecting utilization and storage. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 44:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Subramanian VS, Constantinescu AR, Benke PJ, Said HM. Mutations in SLC5A6 associated with brain, immune, bone, and intestinal dysfunction in a young child. Hum Genet 2016; 136:253-261. [PMID: 27904971 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The human sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (hSMVT) is a product of the SLC5A6 gene and mediates biotin, pantothenic acid, and lipoate uptake in a variety of cellular systems. We report here the identification of mutations R94X, a premature termination, and R123L, a dysfunctional amino acid change, both in exon 3 of the SLC5A6 gene in a child using whole genome-scanning. At 15 months of age, the child showed failure to thrive, microcephaly and brain changes on MRI, cerebral palsy and developmental delay, variable immunodeficiency, and severe gastro-esophageal reflux requiring a gastrostomy tube/fundoplication, osteoporosis, and pathologic bone fractures. After identification of the SLC5A6 mutations, he responded clinically to supplemental administration of excess biotin, pantothenic acid, and lipoate with improvement in clinical findings. Functionality of the two mutants was examined by 3H-biotin uptake assay following expression of the mutants in human-derived intestinal HuTu-80 and brain U87 cells. The results showed severe impairment in biotin uptake in cells expressing the mutants compared to those expressing wild-type hSMVT. Live cell confocal imaging of cells expressing the mutants showed the R94X mutant to be poorly tolerated and localized in the cytoplasm, while the R123L mutant was predominantly retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. This is the first reporting of mutations in the SLC5A6 gene in man, and suggests that this gene is important for brain development and a wide variety of clinical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veedamali S Subramanian
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822
| | - Alexandru R Constantinescu
- Divisions of Nephrology, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital and the Charles E Schmidt College of Medicine, Hollywood, FL 33021
| | - Paul J Benke
- Divisions of Genetics, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital and the Charles E Schmidt College of Medicine, Hollywood, FL 33021
| | - Hamid M Said
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822
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30
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Bracher S, Schmidt CC, Dittmer SI, Jung H. Core Transmembrane Domain 6 Plays a Pivotal Role in the Transport Cycle of the Sodium/Proline Symporter PutP. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26208-26215. [PMID: 27793991 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystal structures of transporters with a LeuT-type structural fold assign core transmembrane domain 6 (TM6') a central role in substrate binding and translocation. Here, the function of TM6' in the sodium/proline symporter PutP, a member of the solute/sodium symporter family, was investigated. A complete scan of TM6' identified eight amino acids as particularly important for PutP function. Of these residues, Tyr-248, His-253, and Arg-257 impact sodium binding, whereas Arg-257 and Ala-260 may participate in interactions leading to closure of the inner gate. Furthermore, the previous suggestion of an involvement of Trp-244, Tyr-248, and Pro-252 in proline binding is further supported. In addition, substitution of Gly-245, Gly-247, and Gly-250 affects the amount of PutP in the membrane. A Cys accessibility analysis suggests an involvement of the inner half of TM6' in the formation of a hydrophilic pathway that is open to the inside in the absence of ligands and closed in the presence of sodium and proline. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that TM6' plays a central role in substrate binding and release on the inner side of the membrane also in PutP and extend the knowledge on functionally relevant amino acids in transporters with a LeuT-type structural fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bracher
- From the Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology 1, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Claudia C Schmidt
- From the Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology 1, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sophie I Dittmer
- From the Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology 1, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Heinrich Jung
- From the Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology 1, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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31
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Gominak SC. Vitamin D deficiency changes the intestinal microbiome reducing B vitamin production in the gut. The resulting lack of pantothenic acid adversely affects the immune system, producing a "pro-inflammatory" state associated with atherosclerosis and autoimmunity. Med Hypotheses 2016; 94:103-7. [PMID: 27515213 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Vitamin D blood levels of 60-80ng/ml promote normal sleep. The present study was undertaken to explore why this beneficial effect waned after 2years as arthritic pain increased. Pantothenic acid becomes coenzyme A, a cofactor necessary for cortisol and acetylcholine production. 1950s experiments suggested a connection between pantothenic acid deficiency, autoimmune arthritis and insomnia. The B vitamins have been shown to have an intestinal bacterial source and a food source, suggesting that the normal intestinal microbiome may have always been the primary source of B vitamins. Review of the scientific literature shows that pantothenic acid does not have a natural food source, it is supplied by the normal intestinal bacteria. In order to test the hypothesis that vitamin D replacement slowly induced a secondary pantothenic acid deficiency, B100 (100mg of all B vitamins except 100mcg of B12 and biotin and 400mcg of folate) was added to vitamin D supplementation. METHODS Vitamin D and B100 were recommended to over 1000 neurology patients. Sleep characteristics, pain levels, neurologic symptoms, and bowel complaints were recorded by the author at routine appointments. RESULTS Three months of vitamin D plus B100 resulted in improved sleep, reduced pain and unexpected resolution of bowel symptoms. These results suggest that the combination of vitamin D plus B100 creates an intestinal environment that favors the return of the four specific species, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria that make up the normal human microbiome. HYPOTHESES 1) Seasonal fluctuations in vitamin D levels have normally produced changes in the intestinal microbiome that promoted weight gain in winter. Years of vitamin D deficiency, however, results in a permanently altered intestinal environment that no longer favors the "healthy foursome". 2) Humans have always had a commensal relationship with their intestinal microbiome. We supplied them vitamin D, they supplied us B vitamins. 3) The four species that make up the normal microbiome are also commensal, each excretes at least one B vitamin that the other three need but cannot make. 4) Improved sleep and more cellular repairs eventually depletes body stores of pantothenic acid, causing reduced cortisol production, increased arthritic pain and widespread "pro-inflammatory" effects on the immune system. 5) Pantothenic acid deficiency also decreases available acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic nervous system. Unopposed, increased sympathetic tone then produces hypertension, tachycardia, atrial arrhythmias and a "hyper-adrenergic" state known to predispose to heart disease and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Gominak
- 1635 NE Fremont St., Portland, OR 97212, United States.
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He L, Hamm JA, Reddy A, Sams D, Peliciari-Garcia RA, McGinnis GR, Bailey SM, Chow CW, Rowe GC, Chatham JC, Young ME. Biotinylation: a novel posttranslational modification linking cell autonomous circadian clocks with metabolism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1520-32. [PMID: 27084392 PMCID: PMC4935513 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00959.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks are critical modulators of metabolism. However, mechanistic links between cell autonomous clocks and metabolic processes remain largely unknown. Here, we report that expression of the biotin transporter slc5a6 gene is decreased in hearts of two distinct genetic mouse models of cardiomyocyte-specific circadian clock disruption [i.e., cardiomyocyte-specific CLOCK mutant (CCM) and cardiomyocyte-specific BMAL1 knockout (CBK) mice]. Biotinylation is an obligate posttranslational modification for five mammalian carboxylases: acetyl-CoA carboxylase α (ACCα), ACCβ, pyruvate carboxylase (PC), methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC), and propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC). We therefore hypothesized that the cardiomyocyte circadian clock impacts metabolism through biotinylation. Consistent with decreased slc5a6 expression, biotinylation of all carboxylases is significantly decreased (10-46%) in CCM and CBK hearts. In association with decreased biotinylated ACC, oleate oxidation rates are increased in both CCM and CBK hearts. Consistent with decreased biotinylated MCC, leucine oxidation rates are significantly decreased in both CCM and CBK hearts, whereas rates of protein synthesis are increased. Importantly, feeding CBK mice with a biotin-enriched diet for 6 wk normalized myocardial 1) ACC biotinylation and oleate oxidation rates; 2) PCC/MCC biotinylation (and partially restored leucine oxidation rates); and 3) net protein synthesis rates. Furthermore, data suggest that the RRAGD/mTOR/4E-BP1 signaling axis is chronically activated in CBK and CCM hearts. Finally we report that the hepatocyte circadian clock also regulates both slc5a6 expression and protein biotinylation in the liver. Collectively, these findings suggest that biotinylation is a novel mechanism by which cell autonomous circadian clocks influence metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan He
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - J Austin Hamm
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Alex Reddy
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David Sams
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Graham R McGinnis
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shannon M Bailey
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Chi-Wing Chow
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Glenn C Rowe
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - John C Chatham
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Martin E Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;
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Biotin-Conjugated Multilayer Poly [D,L-lactide-co-glycolide]-Lecithin-Polyethylene Glycol Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of Doxorubicin. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2949-2958. [PMID: 27209461 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer nanoparticle combining the merits of liposome and polymer nanoparticle has been designed for the targeted delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer treatment. In this study, DOX-PLGA-lecithin-PEG-biotin nanoparticles (DOX-PLPB-NPs) were fabricated and functionalized with biotin for specific tumor targeting. Under the transmission electron microscopy observation, the lipid layer was found to be coated on the polymer core. The physical characteristics of PLPB-NPs were also evaluated. The confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed the cellular uptake of nanoparticles and targeted delivery PLPB-NPs. The in vitro release experiment demonstrated a pH-depending release of DOX from drug-loaded PLPB-NPs. Cytotoxicity studies in HepG2 cells and in vivo antitumor experiment in tumor-bearing mice both proved DOX-PLPB-NPs showed the best inhibition effect of tumor proliferation. In biodistribution studies, DOX-PLPB-NPs showed a higher DOX concentration than free DOX and DOX-PLGA-lecithin-PEG nanoparticles (DOX-PLP-NPs) in tumor site, especially in 24 h, and the lowest DOX level in normal organs. The results were coincident with the strongest antitumor ability showed among in vivo antitumor experiment. Histopathology analysis demonstrated that DOX-PLPB-NPs exhibited the strongest antitumor ability and lowest cardiotoxicity. In brief, the PLPB-NPs were proved to be an efficient delivery system for tumor-targeting treatment.
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