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Doran MM, Bermingham KP, Tricklebank MD, Lowry JP. Characterisation of a microelectrochemical biosensor for real-time detection of brain extracellular d-serine. Talanta 2024; 278:126458. [PMID: 38955102 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A modified development protocol and concomitant characterisation of a first generation biosensor for the detection of brain extracellular d-serine is reported. Functional parameters important for neurochemical monitoring, including sensor sensitivity, O2 interference, selectivity, shelf-life and biocompatibility were examined. Construction and development involved the enzyme d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), utilising a dip-coating immobilisation method employing a new extended drying approach. The resultant Pt-based polymer enzyme composite sensor achieved high sensitivity to d-serine (0.76 ± 0.04 nA mm-2. μM-1) and a low μM limit of detection (0.33 ± 0.02 μM). The in-vitro response time was within the solution stirring time, suggesting potential sub-second in-vivo response characteristics. Oxygen interference studies demonstrated a 1 % reduction in current at 50 μM O2 when compared to atmospheric O2 levels (200 μM), indicating that the sensor can be used for reliable neurochemical monitoring of d-serine, free from changes in current associated with physiological O2 fluctuations. Potential interference signals generated by the principal electroactive analytes present in the brain were minimised by using a permselective layer of poly(o-phenylenediamine), and although several d-amino acids are possible substrates for DAAO, their physiologically relevant signals were small relative to that for d-serine. Additionally, changing both temperature and pH over possible in vivo ranges (34-40 °C and 7.2-7.6 respectively) resulted in no significant effect on performance. Finally, the biosensor was implanted in the striatum of freely moving rats and used to monitor physiological changes in d-serine over a two-week period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Doran
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Maynooth University Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Kobi P Bermingham
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Maynooth University Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Mark D Tricklebank
- Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - John P Lowry
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Maynooth University Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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2
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Osorio N, Martineau M, Fortea M, Rouget C, Penalba V, Lee CJ, Boesmans W, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Patel AV, Mondielli G, Conrod S, Labat-Gest V, Papin A, Sasabe J, Sweedler JV, Vanden Berghe P, Delmas P, Mothet JP. d-Serine agonism of GluN1-GluN3 NMDA receptors regulates the activity of enteric neurons and coordinates gut motility. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.19.537136. [PMID: 37131687 PMCID: PMC10153202 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.19.537136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex network of diverse molecularly defined classes of neurons embedded in the gastrointestinal wall and responsible for controlling the major functions of the gut. As in the central nervous system, the vast array of ENS neurons is interconnected by chemical synapses. Despite several studies reporting the expression of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the ENS, their roles in the gut remain elusive. Here, by using an array of immunohistochemistry, molecular profiling and functional assays, we uncover a new role for d-serine (d-Ser) and non-conventional GluN1-GluN3 N-methyl d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in regulating ENS functions. We demonstrate that d-Ser is produced by serine racemase (SR) expressed in enteric neurons. By using both in situ patch clamp recording and calcium imaging, we show that d-Ser alone acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the ENS independently of the conventional GluN1-GluN2 NMDARs. Instead, d-Ser directly gates the non-conventional GluN1-GluN3 NMDARs in enteric neurons from both mouse and guinea-pig. Pharmacological inhibition or potentiation of GluN1-GluN3 NMDARs had opposite effects on mouse colonic motor activities, while genetically driven loss of SR impairs gut transit and fluid content of pellet output. Our results demonstrate the existence of native GluN1-GluN3 NMDARs in enteric neurons and open new perspectives on the exploration of excitatory d-Ser receptors in gut function and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Osorio
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), Aix-Marseille-Université, CNRS, UMR 7291, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Neurophysiologie et Neuroscience de Marseille, UMR 7286, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Marina Fortea
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Virginie Penalba
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), Aix-Marseille-Université, CNRS, UMR 7291, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Neurophysiologie et Neuroscience de Marseille, UMR 7286, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Cindy J. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Werend Boesmans
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Amit V. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Grégoire Mondielli
- Centre de Recherche en Neurophysiologie et Neuroscience de Marseille, UMR 7286, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Conrod
- Centre de Recherche en Neurophysiologie et Neuroscience de Marseille, UMR 7286, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Amandine Papin
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), Aix-Marseille-Université, CNRS, UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Delmas
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), Aix-Marseille-Université, CNRS, UMR 7291, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Neurophysiologie et Neuroscience de Marseille, UMR 7286, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Mothet
- Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM UMR U862, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Recherche en Neurophysiologie et Neuroscience de Marseille, UMR 7286, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn UMR9024, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
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3
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de Dios SMR, Hass JL, Graham DL, Kumar N, Antony AE, Morton MD, Berkowitz DB. Information-Rich, Dual-Function 13C/ 2H-Isotopic Crosstalk NMR Assay for Human Serine Racemase (hSR) Provides a PLP-Enzyme "Partitioning Fingerprint" and Reveals Disparate Chemotypes for hSR Inhibition. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3158-3174. [PMID: 36696670 PMCID: PMC11103274 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The first dual-function assay for human serine racemase (hSR), the only bona fide racemase in human biology, is reported. The hSR racemization function is essential for neuronal signaling, as the product, d-serine (d-Ser), is a potent N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) coagonist, important for learning and memory, with dysfunctional d-Ser-signaling being observed in some neuronal disorders. The second hSR function is β-elimination and gives pyruvate; this activity is elevated in colorectal cancer. This new NMR-based assay allows one to monitor both α-proton-exchange chemistry and β-elimination using only the native l-Ser substrate and hSR and is the most sensitive such assay. The assay judiciously employs segregated dual 13C-labeling and 13C/2H crosstalk, exploiting both the splitting and shielding effects of deuterium. The assay is deployed to screen a 1020-compound library and identifies an indolo-chroman-2,4-dione inhibitor family that displays allosteric site binding behavior (noncompetitive inhibition vs l-Ser substrate; competitive inhibition vs adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)). This assay also reveals important mechanistic information for hSR; namely, that H/D exchange is ∼13-fold faster than racemization, implying that K56 protonates the carbanionic intermediate on the si-face much faster than does S84 on the re-face. Moreover, the 13C NMR peak pattern seen is suggestive of internal return, pointing to K56 as the likely enamine-protonating residue for β-elimination. The 13C/2H-isotopic crosstalk assay has also been applied to the enzyme tryptophan synthase and reveals a dramatically different partition ratio in this active site (β-replacement: si-face protonation ∼6:1 vs β-elimination: si-face protonation ∼1:3.6 for hSR), highlighting the value of this approach for fingerprinting the pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) enzyme mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nivesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Aina E. Antony
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Martha D. Morton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
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4
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Suntornsuk L, Anurukvorakun O. Sensitivity enhancement in capillary electrophoresis and their applications for analyses of pharmaceutical and related biochemical substances. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:939-954. [PMID: 34902168 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to illustrate sensitivity enhancement methods in capillary electrophoresis (CE) and their applications for pharmaceutical and related biochemical substance analyses. The first two parts of the article describe the introduction and principle of CE. The main part focuses on strategies for sensitivity improvement in CE including detector and capillary technologies and pre-concentration techniques. Applications of these techniques for pharmaceutical and biomedical substance analyses are surveyed during the years 2018-2021. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Suntornsuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Oraphan Anurukvorakun
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Phranakorn Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10220, Thailand
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5
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Mothet JP, Billard JM, Pollegioni L, Coyle JT, Sweedler JV. Investigating brain d-serine: Advocacy for good practices. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13257. [PMID: 30650253 PMCID: PMC6462235 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed remarkable advance in our understanding the role of d-amino acids in the mammalian nervous system: from the unknown, to known molecules with unknown functions, to potential central players in health and disease. d-Amino acids have emerged as an important class of signaling molecules. In particular, the exploration of the roles of d-serine in brain physiopathology is a vibrant field that is growing at an accelerating pace. However, disentangling the functions of a chiral molecule in a complex chemical matrice as the brain requires specific measurement and detection methods but is also a challenging task as many molecular tools and models investigators are using can lead to confounded observations. Thus, study of d-amino acids demands accurate methodologies and specific controls, and these have often been lacking. Here we outline best practices for d-amino acid research, with a special emphasis on d-serine. We hope these concepts help move the field to greater rigor and reproducibility, allowing the field to advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Mothet
- Team Gliotransmission & Synaptopathies, Aix Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille UMR7286 CNRS, Marseille, France
| | | | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Joseph T Coyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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6
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Prior A, van de Nieuwenhuijzen E, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Enantioselective micellar electrokinetic chromatography of dl-amino acids using (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)-ethyl chloroformate derivatization and UV-induced fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2983-2992. [PMID: 29785784 PMCID: PMC6099287 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chiral analysis of dl-amino acids was achieved by micellar electrokinetic chromatography coupled with UV-excited fluorescence detection. The fluorescent reagent (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate was employed as chiral amino acid derivatizing agent and sodium dodecyl sulfate served as pseudo-stationary phase for separating the formed amino acid diastereomers. Sensitive analysis of (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate-amino acids was achieved applying a xenon-mercury lamp for ultraviolet excitation, and a spectrograph and charge-coupled device for wavelength-resolved emission detection. Applying signal integration over a 30 nm emission wavelength interval, signal-to-noise ratios for derivatized amino acids were up to 23 times higher as obtained using a standard photomultiplier for detection. The background electrolyte composition (electrolyte, pH, sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration, and organic solvent) was studied in order to attain optimal chemo- and enantioseparation. Enantioseparation of 12 proteinogenic dl-amino acids was achieved with chiral resolutions between 1.2 and 7.9, and detection limits for most derivatized amino acids in the 13-60 nM range (injected concentration). Linearity (coefficients of determination > 0.985) and peak-area and migration-time repeatabilities (relative standard deviations lower than 2.6 and 1.9%, respectively) were satisfactory. The employed fluorescence detection system provided up to 100-times better signal-to-noise ratios for (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate-amino acids than ultraviolet absorbance detection, showing good potential for d-amino acid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Prior
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and SystemsVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Erik van de Nieuwenhuijzen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and SystemsVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Govert W. Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and SystemsVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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7
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Chiral capillary electrophoresis with UV-excited fluorescence detection for the enantioselective analysis of 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-derivatized amino acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4979-4990. [PMID: 29808298 PMCID: PMC6061710 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The potential of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with ultraviolet (UV)-excited fluorescence detection for sensitive chiral analysis of amino acids (AAs) was investigated. DL-AAs were derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (FMOC)-Cl to allow their fluorescence detection and enhance enantioseparation. Fluorescence detection was achieved employing optical fibers, leading UV excitation light (< 300 nm) from a Xe-Hg lamp to the capillary window, and fluorescence emission to a spectrograph equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD). Signal averaging over time and emission wavelength intervals was carried out to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the FMOC-AAs. A background electrolyte (BGE) of 40 mM sodium tetraborate (pH 9.5), containing 15% isopropanol (v/v), 30 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 30 mM β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), was found optimal for AA chemo- and enantioseparation. Enantioresolutions of 1.0 or higher were achieved for 16 proteinogenic DL-AAs. Limits of detection (LODs) were in the 10-100-nM range (injected concentration) for the D-AA enantiomers, except for FMOC-D-tryptophan (536 nM) which showed intramolecular fluorescence quenching. Linearity (R2 > 0.997) and repeatability for peak height (relative standard deviations (RSDs) < 7.0%; n = 5) and electrophoretic mobility (RSDs < 0.6%; n = 5) of individual AA enantiomers were established for chiral analysis of DL-AA mixtures. The applicability of the method was investigated by the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Next to L-AAs, endogenous levels of D-glutamine and D-aspartic acid could be measured in CSF revealing enantiomeric ratios of 0.35 and 19.6%, respectively. This indicates the method's potential for the analysis of low concentrations of D-AAs in presence of abundant L-AAs.
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8
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D-serine, a novel uremic toxin, induces senescence in human renal tubular cells via GCN2 activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11168. [PMID: 28894140 PMCID: PMC5593843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), characterized by progressive renal dysfunction with tubulointerstitial fibrosis, is increasing because of societal aging. Uremic toxins, accumulated during renal dysfunction, cause kidney damage, leading to renal deterioration. A recent metabolomic analysis revealed that plasma D-serine accumulation is associated with faster progression of renal dysfunction in CKD patients. However, the causal relationship and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we demonstrated that D-serine markedly induced cellular senescence and apoptosis in a human proximal tubular cell line, HK-2, and primary culture of human renal tubular cells. The former was accompanied by G2/M cell cycle arrest and senescence-associated secretory phenotype, including pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory factors, contributing to tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Integrated stress response mediated by the general control nonderepressible 2 played an important role in D-serine-induced tubular cell toxicity and pro-fibrotic phenotypes, accelerating CKD progression and kidney aging. D-serine upregulated the L-serine synthesis pathway. Furthermore, D-serine-induced suppression of tubular cell proliferation was ameliorated by L-serine administration, indicating that D-serine exposure induced an L-serine-deprived state in tubular cells, compensated by L-serine synthesis. Thus, this study unveils molecular mechanisms underlying D-serine-induced tubular damage and pro-fibrotic phenotypes, suggesting that D-serine is a uremic toxin involved in CKD pathogenesis.
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9
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Chiral separations for d -amino acid analysis in biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:100-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sun Y, Bi Q, Zhang X, Wang L, Zhang X, Dong S, Zhao L. Graphene quantum dots as additives in capillary electrophoresis for separation cinnamic acid and its derivatives. Anal Biochem 2016; 500:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Singh NS, Rutkowska E, Plazinska A, Khadeer M, Moaddel R, Jozwiak K, Bernier M, Wainer IW. Ketamine Metabolites Enantioselectively Decrease Intracellular D-Serine Concentrations in PC-12 Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149499. [PMID: 27096720 PMCID: PMC4838237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
D-Serine is an endogenous NMDA receptor co-agonist that activates synaptic NMDA receptors modulating neuronal networks in the cerebral cortex and plays a key role in long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission. D-serine is associated with NMDA receptor neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration and elevated D-serine concentrations have been associated with Alzheimer's and Parkinsons' diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that the ketamine metabolites (rac)-dehydronorketamine and (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine decrease intracellular D-serine concentrations in a concentration dependent manner in PC-12 cells. In the current study, PC-12 cells were incubated with a series of ketamine metabolites and the IC50 values associated with attenuated intracellular D-serine concentrations were determined. The results demonstrate that structural and stereochemical features of the studied compounds contribute to the magnitude of the inhibitory effect with (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine and (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine displaying the most potent inhibition with IC50 values of 0.18 ± 0.04 nM and 0.68 ± 0.09 nM. The data was utilized to construct a preliminary 3D-QSAR/pharmacophore model for use in the design of new and more efficient modulators of D-serine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra S. Singh
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States of America
| | - Ewelina Rutkowska
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anita Plazinska
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mohammed Khadeer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States of America
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States of America
| | - Krzysztof Jozwiak
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States of America
| | - Irving W. Wainer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Fico D, Pennetta A, De Benedetto GE. Bioanalytical Application of Amino Acid Detection by Capillary Electrophoresis. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1483:249-276. [PMID: 27645741 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6403-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This chapter illustrates the usefulness of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the analysis of amino acids, and both normal and chiral separations are covered. In order to provide a general description of the main results and challenges in the biomedical field, some relevant applications and reviews on CE of amino acids are tabulated. Furthermore, some detailed experimental procedures are shown, regarding the CE analysis of amino acids in body fluids, in microdialysate, and released upon hydrolysis of proteins. In particular, the protocols will deal with the following compounds: (1) underivatized aminoacids in blood; (2) γ-Aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and L-Aspartate derivatized with Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde; (3) hydrolysate from bovine serum albumine derivatized with phenylisothiocyanate. By examining these applications on real matrices, the capillary electrophoresis efficiency as tool for Amino Acid analysis can be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fico
- Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica ed Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi del Salento, Edificio M, Campus Ecotekne, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Antonio Pennetta
- Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica ed Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi del Salento, Edificio M, Campus Ecotekne, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe E De Benedetto
- Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica ed Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi del Salento, Edificio M, Campus Ecotekne, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy.
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13
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Singh NS, Bernier M, Camandola S, Khadeer MA, Moaddel R, Mattson MP, Wainer IW. Enantioselective inhibition of d-serine transport by (S)-ketamine. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4546-4559. [PMID: 26140427 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Patients with major depressive disorder receiving racemic ketamine, (R,S)-ketamine, experience transient increases in Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale scores and a coincident drop in plasma d-serine levels. The results suggest that (R,S)-ketamine produces an immediate, concentration-dependent pharmacological effect on d-serine plasma concentrations. One potential source of this effect is (R,S)-ketamine-induced inhibition of the transporter ASCT2, which regulates intracellular d-serine concentrations. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by examining the effect of (S)- and (R)-ketamine on ASCT2-mediated transport of d-serine in PC-12 and 1321N1 cells and primary neuronal cells in culture. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Intracellular and extracellular d-serine levels were determined using capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry respectively. Expression of ASCT2, Asc-1 and serine racemase was determined utilizing Western blotting. KEY RESULTS (S)-Ketamine produced a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular d-serine and reduced extracellular d-serine accumulation. In contrast, (R)-ketamine decreased both intracellular and extracellular d-serine levels. The ASCT2 inhibitor, benzyl-d-serine (BDS), and ASCT2 gene knockdown mimicked the action of (S)-ketamine on d-serine in PC-12 cells, while the Asc-1 agonist d-isoleucine reduced intracellular d-serine and increased extracellular d-serine accumulation. This response to d-isoleucine was not affected by BDS or (S)-ketamine. Primary cultures of rat neuronal cells expressed ASCT2 and were responsive to (S)-ketamine and BDS. (S)- and (R)-ketamine increased the expression of monomeric serine racemase in all the cells studied, with (S)-ketamine having the greatest effect. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS (S)-Ketamine decreased cellular export of d-serine via selective inhibition of ASCT2, and this could represent a possible source of dissociative effects observed with (R,S)-ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra S Singh
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Simonetta Camandola
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohammed A Khadeer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irving W Wainer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Deáková Z, Ďuračková Z, Armstrong DW, Lehotay J. Two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography for determination of homocysteine, methionine and cysteine enantiomers in human serum. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1408:118-24. [PMID: 26169904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional HPLC system with electrochemical detection was used for determination of homocysteine, methionine and cysteine enantiomers in biological samples. The amino acid separations were not possible only by using a chiral column. The compounds were separated from each other on an achiral column (Purospher RP-18 endcapped 250-4mm, 5μm) and their enantiomers were separated on Chirobiotic TAG (250-4.6mm, 5μm) column in an on-line system. The mobile phase composition and a choice of electrode potentials for detection were investigated. The l-enantiomers always eluted before the d-enantiomers. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of human serum of healthy volunteers and patients with multiple sclerosis. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were defined as the concentration that produced a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3 and 10. The method LOD values were found to be between 0.05 and 0.50μgmL(-1). The range of LOQ values were between 0.17 and 1.67μgmL(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Deáková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zdeňka Ďuračková
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Jozef Lehotay
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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15
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Moaddel R, Luckenbaugh DA, Xie Y, Villaseñor A, Brutsche NE, Machado-Vieira R, Ramamoorthy A, Lorenzo MP, Garcia A, Bernier M, Torjman MC, Barbas C, Zarate CA, Wainer IW. D-serine plasma concentration is a potential biomarker of (R,S)-ketamine antidepressant response in subjects with treatment-resistant depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:399-409. [PMID: 25056852 PMCID: PMC5990001 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE (R,S)-ketamine is a rapid and effective antidepressant drug that produces a response in two thirds of patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The underlying biochemical differences between a (R,S)-ketamine responder (KET-R) and non-responder (KET-NR) have not been definitively identified but may involve serine metabolism. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between baseline plasma concentrations of D-serine and its precursor L-serine and antidepressant response to (R,S)-ketamine in TRD patients. METHODS Plasma samples were obtained from 21 TRD patients at baseline, 60 min before initiation of the (R,S)-ketamine infusion. Patients were classified as KET-Rs (n = 8) or KET-NRs (n = 13) based upon the difference in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores at baseline and 230 min after infusion, with response defined as a ≥50 % decrease in MADRS score. The plasma concentrations of D-serine and L-serine were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Baseline D-serine plasma concentrations were significantly lower in KET-Rs (3.02 ± 0.21 μM) than in KET-NRs (4.68 ± 0.81 μM), p < 0.001. A significant relationship between baseline D-serine plasma concentrations and percent change in MADRS at 230 min was determined using a Pearson correlation, r = 0.77, p < 0.001, with baseline D-serine explaining 60 % of the variance in (R,S)-ketamine response. The baseline concentrations of L-serine (L-Ser) in KET-Rs were also significantly lower than those measured in KET-NRs (66.2 ± 9.6 μM vs 242.9 ± 5.6 μM, respectively; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the baseline D-serine plasma concentrations were significantly lower in KET-Rs than in KET-NRs and suggest that this variable can be used to predict an antidepressant response following (R,S)-ketamine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruin Moaddel
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Xie Y, Alexander GM, Schwartzman RJ, N Singh, Torjman MC, Goldberg ME, Wainer IW, Moaddel R. Development and validation of a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of D-serine in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 89:1-5. [PMID: 24247087 PMCID: PMC3874881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A validated LC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of d -Serine in human plasma. The method was fully validated for use with human plasma samples and was linear from 0.19 nmol/ml to 25 nmol/ml. The coefficient of variation was ≤5% for the high QC standards and ≤8% for the low QC standards in plasma. d -Serine and l -serine were resolved by pre-column derivatization using (R)-1-Boc-2-piperidine carbonyl chloride as the derivatizating agent. The method was used to determine the concentration of d-serine in plasma samples obtained in patients receiving a continuous 5-day intravenous infusion of (R,S)-ketamine. The changes in d-Ser levels varied in the six patients, with circulating d-Ser levels increasing as much as 35% in a patient, while decreasing 20% in a patient. While only preliminary data, the results suggests the potential importance in determining the d-Ser levels in plasma and their potential role in physiological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xie
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - G M Alexander
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102l, USA
| | - R J Schwartzman
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102l, USA
| | - N Singh
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - M C Torjman
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - M E Goldberg
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - I W Wainer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - R Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Singh NS, Paul RK, Ramamoorthy A, Torjman MC, Moaddel R, Bernier M, Wainer IW. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists alter the function and expression of serine racemase in PC-12 and 1321N1 cells. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2634-45. [PMID: 24012499 PMCID: PMC3846540 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Western blot analysis demonstrated that PC-12 cells express monomeric and dimeric forms of serine racemase (m-SR, d-SR) and that 1321N1 cells express m-SR. Quantitative RT-PCR and functional studies demonstrated that PC-12 cells express homomeric and heteromeric forms of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) while 1321N1 cells primarily express the α7-nAChR subtype. The effect of nAChR agonists and antagonists on SR activity and expression was examined by following concentration-dependent changes in intracellular d-Ser levels and SR protein expression. Incubation with (S)-nicotine increased d-Ser levels, which were attenuated by the α7-nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA). Treatment of PC-12 cells with mecamylamine (MEC) produced a bimodal reduction of d-Ser reflecting MEC inhibition of homomeric and heteromeric nAChRs, while a unimodal curve was observed with 1321N1 cells, reflecting predominant expression of α7-nAChR. The nAChR subtype selectivity was probed using α7-nAChR selective inhibitors MLA and (R,S)-dehydronorketamine and α3β4-nAChR specific inhibitor AT-1001. The compounds reduced d-Ser in PC-12 cells, but only MLA and (R,S)-dehydronorketamine were effective in 1321N1 cells. Incubation of PC-12 and 1321N1 cells with (S)-nicotine, MEC and AT-1001 did not affect m-SR or d-SR expression, while MLA and (R,S)-dehydronorketamine increased m-SR expression but not SR mRNA levels. Treatment with cycloheximide indicated that increased m-SR was due to de novo protein synthesis associated with phospho-active forms of ERK1/2, MARCKS, Akt and rapamycin-sensitive mTOR. This effect was attenuated by treatment with the pharmacological inhibitors U0126, LY294002 and rapamycin, which selectively block the activation of ERK1/2, Akt and mTOR, respectively, and siRNAs directed against ERK1/2, Akt and mTOR. We propose that nAChR-associated changes in Ca(2+) flux affect SR activity, but not expression, and that MLA and (R,S)-dehydronorketamine bind to allosteric sites on the α7-nAChR and promote multiple signaling cascades that converge at mTOR to increase m-SR levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra S. Singh
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rajib K. Paul
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Anuradha Ramamoorthy
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marc C. Torjman
- Biostatistical Group, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Irving W. Wainer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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18
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Sánchez-Hernández L, Guijarro-Diez M, Marina ML, Crego AL. New approaches in sensitive chiral CE. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:12-27. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Miguel Guijarro-Diez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Antonio L. Crego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
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Poinsot V, Ong-Meang V, Gavard P, Couderc F. Recent advances in amino acid analysis by capillary electromigration methods, 2011-2013. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:50-68. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véréna Poinsot
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | | | - Pierre Gavard
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - François Couderc
- Laboratoire des IMRCP; Université Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
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20
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Lorenzo MP, Villaseñor A, Ramamoorthy A, Garcia A. Optimization and validation of a capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence method for amino acids determination in human plasma: application to bipolar disorder study. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1701-9. [PMID: 23512402 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of amino acids in biofluids offers relevant information in diagnosis of diseases, evaluation of nutritional state, and in elucidating metabolic influences on physiology. A simple, rapid, and robust procedure in terms of sample treatment, separation, and quantitation based on CE-LIF has been optimized for use in human plasma samples. Time required for derivatization was 15 min and analysis time was 35 min. 4-Fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) was the labeling agent used for obtaining fluorescent derivatives. Electrophoretic conditions were: 175 mM borate buffer at pH 10.25 prepared with 12.5 mM β-cyclodextrin. The voltage applied was +21 kV. Fourteen amino acids could be quantified: L-proline, L-phenylalanine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-ornithine, D-ornithine, L-glutamine, L-alanine, L-threonine, glycine, L-serine, D-serine, taurine and L-glutamate. With this chiral CE-LIF method, L- and D-amino acids are adequately separated. The method was validated for a representative group of amino acids in human plasma: L-proline, L-isoleucine, L-ornithine, L-glutamine, L-alanine L-threonine, glycine, L-serine, D-serine, and glutamate. The method has been successfully applied to human plasma from patients with bipolar disorder, all of whom were taking lithium as a mood stabilizer. Eleven amino acids were quantified in plasma from nine patients, aged 24-55 years. The results were in accordance to published values for the bipolar patients. The method is useful particularly in studies where plasma amino acid levels can be used as biomarkers for diagnosis of diseases, evaluating the disease progression, and monitoring response to drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Paz Lorenzo
- Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Singh NS, Paul RK, Torjman MC, Wainer IW. Gabapentin and (S)-pregabalin decrease intracellular D-serine concentrations in PC-12 cells. Neurosci Lett 2013; 535:90-4. [PMID: 23274708 PMCID: PMC3566374 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of gabapentin (GBP) and (S)-pregabalin (PGB) on the intracellular concentrations of d-serine and the expression of serine racemase (SR) in PC-12 cells were determined. Intracellular d-serine concentrations were determined using an enantioselective capillary electrophoresis assay with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Increasing concentrations of GBP, 0.1-20μM, produced a significant decrease in d-serine concentration relative to control, 22.9±6.7% at 20μM (*p<0.05), with an IC(50) value of 3.40±0.29μM. Increasing concentrations of PGB, 0.1-10μM, produced a significant decrease in d-serine concentration relative to control, 25.3±7.6% at 10μM (*p<0.05), with an IC(50) value of 3.38±0.21μM. The compounds had no effect on the expression of monomeric-SR or dimeric-SR as determined by Western blotting. The results suggest that incubation of PC-12 cells with GBP and PGB reduced the basal activity of SR, which is most likely a result of the decreased Ca(2+) flux produced via interaction of the drugs with the α(2)-δ subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels. d-Serine is a co-agonist of the N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and reduced d-serine concentrations have been associated with reduced NMDAR activity. Thus, GBP and PGB may act as indirect antagonists of NMDAR, a mechanism that may contribute to the clinical effects of the drugs in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra S Singh
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Kinoshita K, Jingu S, Yamaguchi JI. A surrogate analyte method to determine d-serine in mouse brain using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2013; 432:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Giuffrida A, Caruso R, Messina M, Maccarrone G, Contino A, Cifuentes A, Cucinotta V. Chiral separation of amino acids derivatised with fluorescein isothiocyanate by single isomer derivatives 3-monodeoxy-3-monoamino-β- and γ-cyclodextrins: the effect of the cavity size. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:360-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mohd Zain Z, Ab Ghani S, O’Neill RD. Amperometric microbiosensor as an alternative tool for investigation of d-serine in brain. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1887-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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