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Pradeepkiran JA, Baig J, Islam MA, Kshirsagar S, Reddy PH. Amyloid-β and Phosphorylated Tau are the Key Biomarkers and Predictors of Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0286. [PMID: 38739937 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a age-related neurodegenerative disease and is a major public health concern both in Texas, US and Worldwide. This neurodegenerative disease is mainly characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) accumulation in the brains of patients with AD and increasing evidence suggests that these are key biomarkers in AD. Both Aβ and p-tau can be detected through various imaging techniques (such as positron emission tomography, PET) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. The presence of these biomarkers in individuals, who are asymptomatic or have mild cognitive impairment can indicate an increased risk of developing AD in the future. Furthermore, the combination of Aβ and p-tau biomarkers is often used for more accurate diagnosis and prediction of AD progression. Along with AD being a neurodegenerative disease, it is associated with other chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, depression, and diabetes because studies have shown that these comorbid conditions make people more vulnerable to AD. In the first part of this review, we discuss that biofluid-based biomarkers such as Aβ, p-Tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and Aβ & p-Tau in plasma could be used as an alternative sensitive technique to diagnose AD. In the second part, we discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms of chronic conditions linked with AD and how they affect the patients in clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javaria Baig
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Md Ariful Islam
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Sudhir Kshirsagar
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Pharmacology & Neuroscience Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Neurology Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Departments, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Public Health Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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2
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Azargoonjahromi A, Abutalebian F. Unraveling the therapeutic efficacy of resveratrol in Alzheimer's disease: an umbrella review of systematic evidence. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:15. [PMID: 38504306 PMCID: PMC10953289 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Resveratrol (RV), a natural compound found in grapes, berries, and peanuts, has been extensively studied for its potential in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). RV has shown promise in inhibiting the formation of beta-amyloid plaques (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), protecting against neuronal damage and oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, promoting neuroprotection, and improving the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, conflicting results have been reported, necessitating a comprehensive umbrella review of systematic reviews to provide an unbiased conclusion on the therapeutic effectiveness of RV in AD. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to systematically synthesize and evaluate systematic and meta-analysis reviews investigating the role of RV in AD using data from both human and animal studies. DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION Of the 34 systematic and meta-analysis reviews examining the association between RV and AD that were collected, six were included in this study based on specific selection criteria. To identify pertinent studies, a comprehensive search was conducted in English-language peer-reviewed journals without any restrictions on the publication date until October 15, 2023. The search was carried out across multiple databases, including Embase, MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, utilizing appropriate terms relevant to the specific research field. The AMSTAR-2 and ROBIS tools were also used to evaluate the quality and risk of bias of the included systematic reviews, respectively. Two researchers independently extracted and analyzed the data, resolving any discrepancies through consensus. Of note, the study adhered to the PRIOR checklist. DATA ANALYSIS This umbrella review presented robust evidence supporting the positive impacts of RV in AD, irrespective of the specific mechanisms involved. It indeed indicated that all six systematic and meta-analysis reviews unanimously concluded that the consumption of RV can be effective in the treatment of AD. CONCLUSION RV exhibits promising potential for benefiting individuals with AD through various mechanisms. It has been observed to enhance cognitive function, reduce Aβ accumulation, provide neuroprotection, protect the BBB, support mitochondrial function, facilitate synaptic plasticity, stabilize tau proteins, mitigate oxidative stress, and reduce neuroinflammation commonly associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Abutalebian
- Department of Biotechnology and Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Tehran Central Branch, Tehran, Iran
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Gobom J, Brinkmalm A, Brinkmalm G, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Alzheimer's Disease Biomarker Analysis Using Targeted Mass Spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100721. [PMID: 38246483 PMCID: PMC10926085 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by several neuropathological changes, mainly extracellular amyloid aggregates (plaques), intraneuronal inclusions of phosphorylated tau (tangles), as well as neuronal and synaptic degeneration, accompanied by tissue reactions to these processes (astrocytosis and microglial activation) that precede neuronal network disturbances in the symptomatic phase of the disease. A number of biomarkers for these brain tissue changes have been developed, mainly using immunoassays. In this review, we discuss how targeted mass spectrometry (TMS) can be used to validate and further characterize classes of biomarkers reflecting different AD pathologies, such as tau- and amyloid-beta pathologies, synaptic dysfunction, lysosomal dysregulation, and axonal damage, and the prospect of using TMS to measure these proteins in clinical research and diagnosis. TMS advantages and disadvantages in relation to immunoassays are discussed, and complementary aspects of the technologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gobom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Tuckey AN, Brandon A, Eslaamizaad Y, Siddiqui W, Nawaz T, Clarke C, Sutherland E, Williams V, Spadafora D, Barrington RA, Alvarez DF, Mulekar MS, Simmons JD, Fouty BW, Audia JP. Amyloid-β and caspase-1 are indicators of sepsis and organ injury. ERJ Open Res 2024; 10:00572-2023. [PMID: 38410714 PMCID: PMC10895426 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00572-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that results from a dysregulated host response to infection, leading to organ dysfunction. Despite the prevalence and associated socioeconomic costs, treatment of sepsis remains limited to antibiotics and supportive care, and a majority of intensive care unit (ICU) survivors develop long-term cognitive complications post-discharge. The present study identifies a novel regulatory relationship between amyloid-β (Aβ) and the inflammasome-caspase-1 axis as key innate immune mediators that define sepsis outcomes. Methods Medical ICU patients and healthy individuals were consented for blood and clinical data collection. Plasma cytokine, caspase-1 and Aβ levels were measured. Data were compared against indices of multiorgan injury and other clinical parameters. Additionally, recombinant proteins were tested in vitro to examine the effect of caspase-1 on a functional hallmark of Aβ, namely aggregation. Results Plasma caspase-1 levels displayed the best predictive value in discriminating ICU patients with sepsis from non-infected ICU patients (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.7080). Plasma caspase-1 and the Aβ isoform Aβx-40 showed a significant positive correlation and Aβx-40 associated with organ injury. Additionally, Aβ plasma levels continued to rise from time of ICU admission to 7 days post-admission. In silico, Aβ harbours a predicted caspase-1 cleavage site, and in vitro studies demonstrated that caspase-1 cleaved Aβ to inhibit its auto-aggregation, suggesting a novel regulatory relationship. Conclusions Aβx-40 and caspase-1 are potentially useful early indicators of sepsis and its attendant organ injury. Additionally, Aβx-40 has emerged as a potential culprit in the ensuing development of post-ICU syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Tuckey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
| | - Arcole Brandon
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
| | - Yasaman Eslaamizaad
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
| | - Waqar Siddiqui
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
| | - Talha Nawaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
| | - Christopher Clarke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
| | - Erica Sutherland
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
| | - Veronica Williams
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of South Alabama University Hospital
| | - Domenico Spadafora
- Flow Cytometry Shared Resources Laboratory, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
| | - Robert A. Barrington
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
- Flow Cytometry Shared Resources Laboratory, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
| | - Diego F. Alvarez
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
- Department of Pharmacology College of Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
| | - Madhuri S. Mulekar
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of South Alabama College of Arts and Sciences
| | - Jon D. Simmons
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
- Department of Pharmacology College of Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
- Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
| | - Brian W. Fouty
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
- Department of Pharmacology College of Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
| | - Jonathon P. Audia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine
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Haut F, Argyrousi EK, Arancio O. Re-Arranging the Puzzle between the Amyloid-Beta and Tau Pathology: An APP-Centric Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:259. [PMID: 38203429 PMCID: PMC10779219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
After several years of research in the field of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is still unclear how amyloid-beta (Aβ) and Tau, two key hallmarks of the disease, mediate the neuropathogenic events that lead to AD. Current data challenge the "Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis" that has prevailed in the field of AD, stating that Aβ precedes and triggers Tau pathology that will eventually become the toxic entity in the progression of the disease. This perspective also led the field of therapeutic approaches towards the development of strategies that target Aβ or Tau. In the present review, we discuss recent literature regarding the neurotoxic role of both Aβ and Tau in AD, as well as their physiological function in the healthy brain. Consequently, we present studies suggesting that Aβ and Tau act independently of each other in mediating neurotoxicity in AD, thereafter, re-evaluating the "Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis" that places Tau pathology downstream of Aβ. More recent studies have confirmed that both Aβ and Tau could propagate the disease and induce synaptic and memory impairments via the amyloid precursor protein (APP). This finding is not only interesting from a mechanistic point of view since it provides better insights into the AD pathogenesis but also from a therapeutic point of view since it renders APP a common downstream effector for both Aβ and Tau. Subsequently, therapeutic strategies that act on APP might provide a more viable and physiologically relevant approach for targeting AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Haut
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, 630 West 168th Street, P&S, New York, NY 10032, USA; (F.H.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Elentina K. Argyrousi
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, 630 West 168th Street, P&S, New York, NY 10032, USA; (F.H.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, 630 West 168th Street, P&S, New York, NY 10032, USA; (F.H.); (E.K.A.)
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Whitfield JF, Rennie K, Chakravarthy B. Alzheimer's Disease and Its Possible Evolutionary Origin: Hypothesis. Cells 2023; 12:1618. [PMID: 37371088 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The enormous, 2-3-million-year evolutionary expansion of hominin neocortices to the current enormity enabled humans to take over the planet. However, there appears to have been a glitch, and it occurred without a compensatory expansion of the entorhinal cortical (EC) gateway to the hippocampal memory-encoding system needed to manage the processing of the increasing volume of neocortical data converging on it. The resulting age-dependent connectopathic glitch was unnoticed by the early short-lived populations. It has now surfaced as Alzheimer's disease (AD) in today's long-lived populations. With advancing age, processing of the converging neocortical data by the neurons of the relatively small lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) inflicts persistent strain and high energy costs on these cells. This may result in their hyper-release of harmless Aβ1-42 monomers into the interstitial fluid, where they seed the formation of toxic amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) that initiate AD. At the core of connectopathic AD are the postsynaptic cellular prion protein (PrPC). Electrostatic binding of the negatively charged AβOs to the positively charged N-terminus of PrPC induces hyperphosphorylation of tau that destroys synapses. The spread of these accumulating AβOs from ground zero is supported by Aβ's own production mediated by target cells' Ca2+-sensing receptors (CaSRs). These data suggest that an early administration of a strongly positively charged, AβOs-interacting peptide or protein, plus an inhibitor of CaSR, might be an effective AD-arresting therapeutic combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Whitfield
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Kerry Rennie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Balu Chakravarthy
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
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Advances in sample preparation and HPLC-MS/MS methods for determining amyloid-β peptide in biological samples: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04631-9. [PMID: 36877264 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurological disorder, is a major public health concern and the most common form of dementia. Its typical symptoms include memory loss, confusion, changes in personality, and cognitive impairment, which result in patients gradually losing independence. Over the last decades, some studies have focused on searching for effective biomarkers as early diagnostic indicators of AD. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides have been consolidated as reliable AD biomarkers and have been incorporated into modern diagnostic research criteria. However, quantitative analysis of Aβ peptides in biological samples remains a challenge because both the sample and the physical-chemical properties of these peptides are complex. During clinical routine, Aβ peptides are measured in the cerebrospinal fluid by immunoassays, but the availability of a specific antibody is critical-in some cases, an antibody may not exist, or its specificity may be inadequate, leading to low sensitivity and false results. HPLC-MS/MS has been reported as a sensitive and selective method for determining different fragments of Aβ peptides in biological samples simultaneously. Developments in sample preparation techniques (preconcentration platforms) such as immunoprecipitation, 96-well plate SPME, online SPME, and fiber-in-tube SPME have enabled not only effective enrichment of Aβ peptides present at trace levels in biological samples, but also efficient exclusion of interferents from the sample matrix (sample cleanup). This high extraction efficiency has provided MS platforms with higher sensitivity. Recently, methods affording LLOQ values as low as 5 pg mL-1 have been reported. Such low LLOQ values are adequate for quantifying Aβ peptides in complex matrixes including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples. This review summarizes the advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for quantifying Aβ peptides and covers the period 1992-2022. Important considerations regarding the development of the HPLC-MS/MS method such as the sample preparation step, optimization of the HPLC-MS/MS parameters, and matrix effects are described. Clinical applications, difficulties related to analysis of plasma samples, and future trends of these MS/MS-based methods are also discussed.
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Sanchez-Sanchez JL, Giudici KV, Guyonnet S, Delrieu J, Li Y, Bateman RJ, Parini A, Vellas B, de Souto Barreto P, Vellas B, Guyonnet S, Carrié I, Brigitte L, Faisant C, Lala F, Delrieu J, Villars H, Combrouze E, Badufle C, Zueras A, Andrieu S, Cantet C, Morin C, Van Kan GA, Dupuy C, Rolland Y, Caillaud C, Ousset PJ, Lala F, Willis S, Belleville S, Gilbert B, Fontaine F, Dartigues JF, Marcet I, Delva F, Foubert A, Cerda S, Marie-Noëlle-Cuffi, Costes C, Rouaud O, Manckoundia P, Quipourt V, Marilier S, Franon E, Bories L, Pader ML, Basset MF, Lapoujade B, Faure V, Tong MLY, Malick-Loiseau C, Cazaban-Campistron E, Desclaux F, Blatge C, Dantoine T, Laubarie-Mouret C, Saulnier I, Clément JP, Picat MA, Bernard-Bourzeix L, Willebois S, Désormais I, Cardinaud N, Bonnefoy M, Livet P, Rebaudet P, Gédéon C, Burdet C, Terracol F, Pesce A, Roth S, Chaillou S, Louchart S, Sudres K, Lebrun N, Barro-Belaygues N, Touchon J, Bennys K, Gabelle A, Romano A, Touati L, Marelli C, Pays C, Robert P, Le Duff F, Gervais C, Gonfrier S, Gasnier Y, Bordes S, Begorre D, Carpuat C, Khales K, Lefebvre JF, El Idrissi SM, Skolil P, Salles JP, Dufouil C, Lehéricy S, Chupin M, Mangin JF, Bouhayia A, Allard M, Ricolfi F, Dubois D, Martel MPB, Cotton F, Bonafé A, Chanalet S, Hugon F, Bonneville F, Cognard C, Chollet F, Payoux P, Voisin T, Peiffer S, Hitzel A, Zanca M, Monteil J, Darcourt J, Molinier L, Derumeaux H, Costa N, Perret B, Vinel C, Caspar-Bauguil S, Olivier-Abbal P, Coley N. Plasma MCP-1 and changes on cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:5. [PMID: 34996522 PMCID: PMC8742409 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), a glial-derived chemokine, mediates neuroinflammation and may regulate memory outcomes among older adults. We aimed to explore the associations of plasma MCP-1 levels (alone and in combination with β-amyloid deposition—Aβ42/40) with overall and domain-specific cognitive evolution among older adults. Methods Secondary analyses including 1097 subjects (mean age = 75.3 years ± 4.4; 63.8% women) from the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT). MCP-1 (higher is worse) and Aβ42/40 (lower is worse) were measured in plasma collected at year 1. MCP-1 in continuous and as a dichotomy (values in the highest quartile (MCP-1+)) were used, as well as a dichotomy of Aβ42/40. Outcomes were measured annually over 4 years and included the following: cognitive composite z-score (CCS), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) sum of boxes (overall cognitive function); composite executive function z-score, composite attention z-score, Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT - memory). Results Plasma MCP-1 as a continuous variable was associated with the worsening of episodic memory over 4 years of follow-up, specifically in measures of free and cued delayed recall. MCP-1+ was associated with worse evolution in the CCS (4-year between-group difference: β = −0.14, 95%CI = −0.26, −0.02) and the CDR sum of boxes (2-year: β = 0.19, 95%CI = 0.06, 0.32). In domain-specific analyses, MCP-1+ was associated with declines in the FCSRT delayed recall sub-domains. In the presence of low Aβ42/40, MCP-1+ was not associated with greater declines in cognitive functions. The interaction with continuous biomarker values Aβ42/40× MCP-1 × time was significant in models with CDR sum of boxes and FCSRT DTR as dependent variables. Conclusions Baseline plasma MCP-1 levels were associated with longitudinal declines in overall cognitive and episodic memory performance in older adults over a 4-year follow-up. How plasma MCP-1 interacts with Aβ42/40 to determine cognitive decline at different stages of cognitive decline/dementia should be clarified by further research. The MCP-1 association on cognitive decline was strongest in those with amyloid plaques, as measured by blood plasma Aβ42/40. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-021-00940-2.
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Gong X, Zhang H, Liu X, Liu Y, Liu J, Fapohunda FO, Lü P, Wang K, Tang M. Is liquid biopsy mature enough for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease? Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:977999. [PMID: 35992602 PMCID: PMC9389010 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.977999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The preclinical diagnosis and clinical practice for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) based on liquid biopsy have made great progress in recent years. As liquid biopsy is a fast, low-cost, and easy way to get the phase of AD, continual efforts from intense multidisciplinary studies have been made to move the research tools to routine clinical diagnostics. On one hand, technological breakthroughs have brought new detection methods to the outputs of liquid biopsy to stratify AD cases, resulting in higher accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis. On the other hand, diversiform biofluid biomarkers derived from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, urine, Saliva, and exosome were screened out and biologically verified. As a result, more detailed knowledge about the molecular pathogenesis of AD was discovered and elucidated. However, to date, how to weigh the reports derived from liquid biopsy for preclinical AD diagnosis is an ongoing question. In this review, we briefly introduce liquid biopsy and the role it plays in research and clinical practice. Then, we summarize the established fluid-based assays of the current state for AD diagnostic such as ELISA, single-molecule array (Simoa), Immunoprecipitation–Mass Spectrometry (IP–MS), liquid chromatography–MS, immunomagnetic reduction (IMR), multimer detection system (MDS). In addition, we give an updated list of fluid biomarkers in the AD research field. Lastly, the current outstanding challenges and the feasibility to use a stand-alone biomarker in the joint diagnostic strategy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Gong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hantao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Peng Lü
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Children’s Center, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Wang,
| | - Min Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Min Tang,
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10
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Braun GA, Dear AJ, Sanagavarapu K, Zetterberg H, Linse S. Amyloid-β peptide 37, 38 and 40 individually and cooperatively inhibit amyloid-β 42 aggregation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2423-2439. [PMID: 35310497 PMCID: PMC8864715 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02990h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology of Alzheimer's disease is connected to the aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide, which in vivo exists as a number of length-variants. Truncations and extensions are found at both the N- and C-termini, relative to the most commonly studied 40- and 42-residue alloforms. Here, we investigate the aggregation of two physiologically abundant alloforms, Aβ37 and Aβ38, as pure peptides and in mixtures with Aβ40 and Aβ42. A variety of molar ratios were applied in quaternary mixtures to investigate whether a certain ratio is maximally inhibiting of the more toxic alloform Aβ42. Through kinetic analysis, we show that both Aβ37 and Aβ38 self-assemble through an autocatalytic secondary nucleation reaction to form fibrillar β-sheet-rich aggregates, albeit on a longer timescale than Aβ40 or Aβ42. Additionally, we show that the shorter alloforms co-aggregate with Aβ40, affecting both the kinetics of aggregation and the resulting fibrillar ultrastructure. In contrast, neither Aβ37 nor Aβ38 forms co-aggregates with Aβ42; however, both short alloforms reduce the rate of Aβ42 aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, we show that the aggregation of Aβ42 is more significantly impeded by a combination of Aβ37, Aβ38, and Aβ40 than by any of these alloforms independently. These results demonstrate that the aggregation of any given Aβ alloform is significantly perturbed by the presence of other alloforms, particularly in heterogeneous mixtures, such as is found in the extracellular fluid of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Braun
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Alexander J Dear
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University Lund Sweden .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA.,Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University Cambridge MA USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology Queen Square London UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL London UK
| | - Sara Linse
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University Lund Sweden
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Li Y, Schindler SE, Bollinger JG, Ovod V, Mawuenyega KG, Weiner MW, Shaw LM, Masters CL, Fowler CJ, Trojanowski JQ, Korecka M, Martins RN, Janelidze S, Hansson O, Bateman RJ. Validation of Plasma Amyloid-β 42/40 for Detecting Alzheimer Disease Amyloid Plaques. Neurology 2022; 98:e688-e699. [PMID: 34906975 PMCID: PMC8865895 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000013211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To determine the diagnostic accuracy of a plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 assay in classifying amyloid PET status across global research studies using samples collected by multiple centers that utilize different blood collection and processing protocols. METHODS Plasma samples (n = 465) were obtained from 3 large Alzheimer disease (AD) research cohorts in the United States (n = 182), Australia (n = 183), and Sweden (n = 100). Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 was measured by a high precision immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry (IPMS) assay and compared to the reference standards of amyloid PET and CSF Aβ42/Aβ40. RESULTS In the combined cohort of 465 participants, plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 had good concordance with amyloid PET status (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve [AUC] 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.80-0.87); concordance improved with the inclusion of APOE ε4 carrier status (AUC 0.88, 95% CI 0.85-0.91). The AUC of plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 with CSF amyloid status was 0.85 (95% CI 0.78-0.91) and improved to 0.93 (95% CI 0.89-0.97) with APOE ε4 status. These findings were consistent across the 3 cohorts, despite differences in protocols. The assay performed similarly in both cognitively unimpaired and impaired individuals. DISCUSSION Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 is a robust measure for detecting amyloid plaques and can be utilized to aid in the diagnosis of AD, identify those at risk for future dementia due to AD, and improve the diversity of populations enrolled in AD research and clinical trials. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that plasma Aβ42/Aβ40, as measured by a high precision IPMS assay, accurately diagnoses brain amyloidosis in both cognitively unimpaired and impaired research participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.L., S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., R.J.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Medicine, and Neurology (M.W.W.), Center for Imaging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.L., J.Q.T., M.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (C.L.M., C.J.F.), University of Melbourne, Victoria; Edith Cowan University (R.N.M.), Joondalup, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., O.H.), Lund University; and Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Suzanne E Schindler
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.L., S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., R.J.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Medicine, and Neurology (M.W.W.), Center for Imaging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.L., J.Q.T., M.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (C.L.M., C.J.F.), University of Melbourne, Victoria; Edith Cowan University (R.N.M.), Joondalup, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., O.H.), Lund University; and Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - James G Bollinger
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.L., S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., R.J.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Medicine, and Neurology (M.W.W.), Center for Imaging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.L., J.Q.T., M.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (C.L.M., C.J.F.), University of Melbourne, Victoria; Edith Cowan University (R.N.M.), Joondalup, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., O.H.), Lund University; and Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Vitaliy Ovod
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.L., S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., R.J.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Medicine, and Neurology (M.W.W.), Center for Imaging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.L., J.Q.T., M.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (C.L.M., C.J.F.), University of Melbourne, Victoria; Edith Cowan University (R.N.M.), Joondalup, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., O.H.), Lund University; and Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kwasi G Mawuenyega
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.L., S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., R.J.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Medicine, and Neurology (M.W.W.), Center for Imaging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.L., J.Q.T., M.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (C.L.M., C.J.F.), University of Melbourne, Victoria; Edith Cowan University (R.N.M.), Joondalup, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., O.H.), Lund University; and Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Michael W Weiner
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.L., S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., R.J.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Medicine, and Neurology (M.W.W.), Center for Imaging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.L., J.Q.T., M.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (C.L.M., C.J.F.), University of Melbourne, Victoria; Edith Cowan University (R.N.M.), Joondalup, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., O.H.), Lund University; and Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.L., S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., R.J.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Medicine, and Neurology (M.W.W.), Center for Imaging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.L., J.Q.T., M.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (C.L.M., C.J.F.), University of Melbourne, Victoria; Edith Cowan University (R.N.M.), Joondalup, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., O.H.), Lund University; and Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Colin L Masters
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.L., S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., R.J.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Medicine, and Neurology (M.W.W.), Center for Imaging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.L., J.Q.T., M.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (C.L.M., C.J.F.), University of Melbourne, Victoria; Edith Cowan University (R.N.M.), Joondalup, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., O.H.), Lund University; and Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christopher J Fowler
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.L., S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., R.J.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Medicine, and Neurology (M.W.W.), Center for Imaging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.L., J.Q.T., M.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (C.L.M., C.J.F.), University of Melbourne, Victoria; Edith Cowan University (R.N.M.), Joondalup, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., O.H.), Lund University; and Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.L., S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., R.J.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Medicine, and Neurology (M.W.W.), Center for Imaging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.L., J.Q.T., M.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (C.L.M., C.J.F.), University of Melbourne, Victoria; Edith Cowan University (R.N.M.), Joondalup, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., O.H.), Lund University; and Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Korecka
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.L., S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., R.J.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Medicine, and Neurology (M.W.W.), Center for Imaging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.L., J.Q.T., M.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (C.L.M., C.J.F.), University of Melbourne, Victoria; Edith Cowan University (R.N.M.), Joondalup, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., O.H.), Lund University; and Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ralph N Martins
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.L., S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., R.J.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Medicine, and Neurology (M.W.W.), Center for Imaging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.L., J.Q.T., M.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (C.L.M., C.J.F.), University of Melbourne, Victoria; Edith Cowan University (R.N.M.), Joondalup, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., O.H.), Lund University; and Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Shorena Janelidze
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.L., S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., R.J.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Medicine, and Neurology (M.W.W.), Center for Imaging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.L., J.Q.T., M.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (C.L.M., C.J.F.), University of Melbourne, Victoria; Edith Cowan University (R.N.M.), Joondalup, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., O.H.), Lund University; and Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.L., S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., R.J.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Medicine, and Neurology (M.W.W.), Center for Imaging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.L., J.Q.T., M.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (C.L.M., C.J.F.), University of Melbourne, Victoria; Edith Cowan University (R.N.M.), Joondalup, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., O.H.), Lund University; and Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Randall J Bateman
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.L., S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., R.J.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Medicine, and Neurology (M.W.W.), Center for Imaging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.L., J.Q.T., M.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (C.L.M., C.J.F.), University of Melbourne, Victoria; Edith Cowan University (R.N.M.), Joondalup, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., O.H.), Lund University; and Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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12
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Giudici KV, Guyonnet S, Morley JE, Nguyen AD, Aggarwal G, Parini A, Li Y, Bateman RJ, Vellas B, de Souto Barreto P. Interactions Between Weight Loss and Plasma Neurodegenerative Markers for Determining Cognitive Decline Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:1159-1168. [PMID: 35034116 PMCID: PMC9159663 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the interaction between weight loss (WL) and plasma amyloid-β 42/40 (Aβ 42/40), neurofilament light chain (NfL), progranulin, and their association with cognitive decline over time among older adults. This 5-year observational approach included 470 participants from the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial, mean age 76.8 years (SD = 4.5), 59.4% women. WL was defined as ≥5% decrease over the first year. Biomarkers were measured at 12 months. Cognitive function was assessed yearly from 12 months onward by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE); Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes (CDR-SB); a composite score based on Category Naming Test; Digit Symbol Substitution Test; 10 MMSE orientation items (MMSEO) and free and total recall of the Free and Cued Selective Reminding test; and these tests individually. Twenty-seven participants (5.7%) presented WL. In adjusted analyses, combined WL + lower Aβ 42/40 (≤0.103, lowest quartile) was related with more pronounced 4-year cognitive decline according to CDR-SB (p < .0001) and MMSEO (p = .021), compared with non-WL + higher Aβ 42/40. WL + higher NfL (>94.55 pg/mL, highest quartile) or progranulin (>38.4 ng/mL, 3 higher quartiles) were related with higher cognitive decline according to CDR-SB, MMSE, MMSEO, and composite score (all p < .03), compared with non-WL + lower NfL or higher progranulin. Regrouping progranulin quartiles (Q1-Q3 vs Q4) revealed higher cognitive decline among the WL + lower progranulin group compared with non-WL + lower progranulin. In conclusion, 1-year WL was associated with subsequent higher 4-year cognitive decline among older adults presenting low Aβ 42/40 or high NfL. Future studies combining plasma biomarker assessments and body weight surveillance may be useful for identifying people at risk of cognitive impairment. Clinical trial number: NCT00672685.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Virecoulon Giudici
- Address correspondence to: Kelly Virecoulon Giudici, PhD, Gérontopôle of Toulouse, Institute of Aging, Toulouse University Hospital, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 37 Allée Jules Guesde, 31000 Toulouse, France. E-mail:
| | - Sophie Guyonnet
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France,CERPOP UMR1295, University of Toulouse III, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew D Nguyen
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Geetika Aggarwal
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Angelo Parini
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), INSERM UMR 1048, University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA,Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France,CERPOP UMR1295, University of Toulouse III, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philipe de Souto Barreto
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France,CERPOP UMR1295, University of Toulouse III, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
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13
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He L, de Souto Barreto P, Giudici KV, Aggarwal G, Nguyen AD, Morley JE, Li Y, Bateman RJ, Vellas B. Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations Between Plasma Neurodegenerative Biomarkers and Physical Performance Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:1874-1881. [PMID: 33186456 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma amyloid-beta (Aβ), neurofilament light chain (NfL), and progranulin (PGRN) have been related to multiple neurodegenerative conditions that might affect physical performance. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between these plasma neurodegenerative markers and physical performance among community-dwelling older adults. METHODS Five hundred and seven older adults (aged 76 ± 5 years) previously recruited in the Multidomain Alzheimer's Preventive Trial, and had received blood and physical performance tests, were included in this study. Plasma Aβ (Aβ 42/Aβ 40 ratio), NfL, and PGRN levels were measured. Physical performance was assessed by handgrip strength and the Short Physical Performance Battery (combining gait speed, chair stands, and balance tests). Physical performance measured at the same time point and after the blood tests were used. Mixed-effect linear models were performed with age, sex, allocation to Multidomain Alzheimer's Preventive Trial group, body mass index, and Mini-Mental State Examination score as covariates. RESULTS The mean values of Aβ 42/Aβ 40 ratio, NfL, and PGRN were 0.11, 84.06 pg/mL, and 45.43 ng/mL, respectively. At the cross-sectional level, higher plasma NfL was associated with a lower Short Physical Performance Battery score (β = -0.004, 95% CI [-0.007, -0.001]). At the longitudinal level, higher PGRN levels were associated with decreasing handgrip strength over time (β = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.04, -0.007]). All the other associations were statistically nonsignificant. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the possibility of using plasma NfL and PGRN as markers of physical performance in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao He
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Philipe de Souto Barreto
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France.,UPS/Inserm UMR1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Kelly V Giudici
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Geetika Aggarwal
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Missouri
| | - Andrew D Nguyen
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Missouri
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France.,UPS/Inserm UMR1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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Lenhart B, Wei X, Watson B, Wang X, Zhang Z, Li C, Moss M, Liu C. In Vitro Biosensing of β-Amyloid Peptide Aggregation Dynamics using a Biological Nanopore. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2021; 338:129863. [PMID: 33927481 PMCID: PMC8078859 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders are becoming more prevalent as advances in technology and medicine increase living standards and life expectancy. Alzheimer's disease is thought to initiate development early in the patient's life and progresses continuously into old age. This process is characterized molecularly by the amyloid hypothesis, which asserts that self-aggregating amyloid peptides are core to the pathophysiology in Alzheimer's progression. Precise quantification of amyloid peptides in human bodily fluid samples (i.e. cerebrospinal fluid, blood) may inform diagnosis and prognosis, and has been studied using established biosensing technologies like liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and immunoassays. However, existing methods are challenged to provide single molecule, quantitative analysis of the disease-causing aggregation process. Ultra-sensitive nanopore biosensors can step in to fill this role as a dynamic mapping tool. The work in this paper establishes characteristic signals of β-amyloid 40 monomers, oligomers, and soluble aggregates, as well as a proof-of-concept foundation where a biological nanopore biosensor is used to monitor the extent of in vitro β-amyloid 40 peptide aggregation at the single molecule level. This foundation allows for future work to expand in drug screening, diagnostics, and aggregation dynamic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lenhart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Xiaojun Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Brittany Watson
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Zehui Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Chenzhong Li
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Melissa Moss
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Pyun JM, Kang MJ, Ryoo N, Suh J, Youn YC, Park YH, Kim S. Amyloid Metabolism and Amyloid-Targeting Blood-Based Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:685-696. [PMID: 32390633 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a key protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in that its accumulation induces complex pathological changes. Although there has been extensive research on the metabolism of Aβ in AD, new compelling results have recently emerged. Historically, the production and clearance of Aβ have been thought to originate in the central nervous system (CNS). However, recent evidence suggests that the production and clearance of Aβ can also occur in the peripheral system, and that the peripherally driven Aβ migrates to the CNS and induces amyloidopathy with subsequent AD pathologic changes in the brain. This concept implies that AD is not restricted to the CNS but is a systemic disease instead. As such, the development of blood-based biomarkers targeting Aβ is of great interest. Central and peripheral Aβ are both active contributors to the pathology of AD and interact bidirectionally. Measuring peripheral Aβ is not just observing the reflection of the residual Aβ removed from the CNS but also tracking the ongoing process of AD pathology. Additionally, blood-based biomarkers could be a more accessible tool in clinical and research settings. Through arduous research, several blood-based biomarker assays have demonstrated notable results. In this review, we describe the metabolism of Aβ and the amyloid-targeting blood-based biomarkers of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Pyun
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Kang
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Ryoo
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewon Suh
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
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16
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Raffin J, Rolland Y, Aggarwal G, Nguyen AD, Morley JE, Li Y, Bateman RJ, Vellas B, Barreto PDS. Associations Between Physical Activity, Blood-Based Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration, and Cognition in Healthy Older Adults: The MAPT Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:1382-1390. [PMID: 33864068 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) demonstrated benefits on brain health, but its relationship with blood biomarkers of neurodegeneration remains poorly investigated. We explored the cross-sectional associations of PA with blood concentrations of neurofilament light chain (NFL) and beta amyloid (Aβ)42/40. We further examined whether the interaction between PA and these biomarkers was longitudinally related to cognition. Four-hundred and sixty-five nondemented older adults engaged in an interventional study and who had a concomitant assessment of PA levels and blood measurements of NFL (pg/mL) and Aβ 42/40 were analyzed. A composite Z-score combining 4 cognitive tests was used for cognitive assessment up to a 4-year follow-up. Multiple linear regressions demonstrated that people achieving 500-999 and 2000+ MET-min/week of PA had lower (ln)NFL concentrations than their inactive peers. Logistic regressions revealed that achieving at least 90 MET-min/week of PA was associated with a lower probability of having high NFL concentrations (ie, ≥91.961 pg/mL [third quartile]). PA was not associated with (Aβ)42/40. Mixed-model linear regressions demonstrated that the reverse relationship between PA and cognitive decline tended to be more pronounced as Aβ 42/40 increased, while it was dampened with increasing levels of (ln)NFL concentrations. This study demonstrates that PA is associated with blood NFL but not with Aβ 42/40. Furthermore, it suggests that PA may attenuate the negative association between amyloid load and cognition, while having high NFL levels mitigates the favorable relationship between PA and cognition. More investigations on non demented older adults are required for further validation of the present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Raffin
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Rolland
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France.,UMR INSERM, 1027 University of Toulouse III and Faculté de Médecine, France
| | - Geetika Aggarwal
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri, USA.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew D Nguyen
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri, USA.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Missouri, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France.,UMR INSERM, 1027 University of Toulouse III and Faculté de Médecine, France
| | - Philipe de Souto Barreto
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France.,UMR INSERM, 1027 University of Toulouse III and Faculté de Médecine, France
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17
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Azar J, Yousef MH, El-Fawal HAN, Abdelnaser A. Mercury and Alzheimer's disease: a look at the links and evidence. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:361-374. [PMID: 33411216 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This review paper investigates a specific environmental-disease interaction between mercury exposure and Alzheimer's disease hallmarks. Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting predominantly the memory of the affected individual. It prevails mostly in the elderly, rendering many factors as possible causative agents, which potentially contribute to the disease pathogenicity cumulatively. Alzheimer's disease affects nearly 50 million people worldwide and is considered one the most devastating diseases not only for the patient, but also for their families and caregivers. Mercury is a common environmental toxin, found in the atmosphere mostly due to human activity, such as coal burning for heating and cooking. Natural release of mercury into the atmosphere occurs by volcanic eruptions, in the form of vapor, or weathering rocks. The most toxic form of mercury to humans is methylmercury, to which humans are exposed to by ingestion of fish. Methylmercury was found to exert its toxic effects on different parts of the human body, with predominance on the brain. There is no safe concentration for mercury in the atmosphere, even trace amounts can elicit harm to humans in the long term. Mercury's effect on Alzheimer's disease hallmarks formation, extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, has been widely studied. This review demonstrates the involvement of mercury, in its different forms, in the pathway of amyloid beta deposition and tau tangles formation. It aims to understand the link between mercury exposure and Alzheimer's disease so that, in the future, prevention strategies can be applied to halt the progression of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan Azar
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Yousef
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan A N El-Fawal
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anwar Abdelnaser
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, New Cairo, Egypt.
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18
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Yang A, Kantor B, Chiba-Falek O. APOE: The New Frontier in the Development of a Therapeutic Target towards Precision Medicine in Late-Onset Alzheimer's. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1244. [PMID: 33513969 PMCID: PMC7865856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a critical unmet medical need. The consensus around the amyloid cascade hypothesis has been guiding pre-clinical and clinical research to focus mainly on targeting beta-amyloid for treating AD. Nevertheless, the vast majority of the clinical trials have repeatedly failed, prompting the urgent need to refocus on other targets and shifting the paradigm of AD drug development towards precision medicine. One such emerging target is apolipoprotein E (APOE), identified nearly 30 years ago as one of the strongest and most reproduceable genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). An exploration of APOE as a new therapeutic culprit has produced some very encouraging results, proving that the protein holds promise in the context of LOAD therapies. Here, we review the strategies to target APOE based on state-of-the-art technologies such as antisense oligonucleotides, monoclonal antibodies, and gene/base editing. We discuss the potential of these initiatives in advancing the development of novel precision medicine therapies to LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Yang
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Boris Kantor
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- Viral Vector Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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19
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Lu WH, Giudici KV, Rolland Y, Guyonnet S, Li Y, Bateman RJ, de Souto Barreto P, Vellas B. Prospective Associations between Plasma Amyloid-Beta 42/40 and Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2021; 8:41-47. [PMID: 33336223 PMCID: PMC9982745 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2020.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, a hallmark of the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, have been associated with frailty. Whether the plasma Aβ markers show similar relationship with frailty is unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prospective associations between plasma Aβ42/40 ratio and overtime frailty in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS From the 5-year Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT), we included 477 adults ≥70 years with available data on plasma Aβ42/40 ratio (lower is worse). Fried frailty phenotype (robust, pre-frail and frail) was assessed at the same time-point of plasma Aβ measures and after until the end of follow-up. The outcomes of interest were the change in the frailty phenotype over time (examined by mixed-effect ordinal logistic regressions) and incident frailty (examined by Cox proportional hazard models). RESULTS Plasma Aβ42/40 did not show significant associations with incident frailty; however, after adjusting for Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype, people in the lower quartile of plasma Aβ42/40 (≤0.103) had higher risk of incident frailty (HR=2.63; 95% CI, 1.00 to 6.89), compared to those in the upper quartile (>0.123). Exploratory analysis found a significant association between the lower quartile of plasma Aβ42/40 and incident frailty among APOE ε4 non-carriers (HR=3.48; 95% CI, 1.19 to 10.16), but not among carriers. No associations between plasma Aβ42/40 and evolution of frailty were observed. CONCLUSION No significant associations between plasma Aβ42/40 and frailty were found when APOE ε4 status was not accounted into the model. Nevertheless, APOE ε4 non-carriers with high Aβ burden might be more susceptible to develop frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsuan Lu
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France,Corresponding Author: Wan-Hsuan Lu, MS, Postal address: Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, 37 Allée Jules Guesde, 31000 Toulouse, France, , Phone number: +33- 561-145-691
| | - Kelly Virecoulon Giudici
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Rolland
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France,UPS/Inserm UMR1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Guyonnet
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France,UPS/Inserm UMR1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Philipe de Souto Barreto
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France,UPS/Inserm UMR1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France,UPS/Inserm UMR1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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20
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Giudici KV, de Souto Barreto P, Guyonnet S, Li Y, Bateman RJ, Vellas B. Assessment of Plasma Amyloid-β42/40 and Cognitive Decline Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2028634. [PMID: 33331917 PMCID: PMC7747018 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.28634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Plasma measurement of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides has been associated with cognitive function, but evidence of its ability to identify cognitive decline is still scarce. OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations between plasma Aβ42/40 and cognitive decline over time among community-dwelling older adults with subjective memory concerns. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicenter cohort study used data from volunteers in the 5-year study Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT). Participants were aged 70 years or older and observed for a median (interquartile range) of 3.9 (2.0-4.0) years. Recruitment of participants started in May 2008 and ended in February 2011. Follow-up ended in April 2016. Data analysis was conducted from April to October 2020. EXPOSURE Plasma Aβ42 and Aβ40 were measured at 12 months for 448 participants (92.8%) and at 24 months for the rest. The moment of Aβ assessment was defined as the baseline for this study. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cognitive function was assessed at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months by a composite cognitive score based on 4 tests; Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); Clinical Dementia Rating, sum of boxes; and Alzheimer Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living. Mixed-effect linear regressions were performed. RESULTS A total of 483 participants (median [IQR] age, 76.0 [73.0-80.0]; 286 [59.2%] women) were analyzed. Of them, 161 (33.3%) were classified as low plasma Aβ42/40 (≤0.107). After adjusting for age, sex, education, body mass index, Geriatric Depression Scale score, apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype, and MAPT intervention groups, low plasma Aβ42/40 was associated with more pronounced decline in composite cognitive score (adjusted between-group mean difference: -0.20, 95% CI, -0.34 to -0.07; P = .004) and decline in MMSE score (adjusted between-group mean difference: -0.59; 95% CI, -1.07 to -0.11; P = .02) during the follow-up period compared with the group with an Aβ42/40 ratio greater than 0.107. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, low plasma Aβ42/40 was associated with more pronounced decline in cognitive function (measured by multiple outcomes) over time. Findings suggest that plasma Aβ42/40 may be used to identify people at risk of cognitive decline, being an alternative to more complex and expensive measures, such as positron emission tomography imaging or cerebrospinal fluid measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipe de Souto Barreto
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- UPS/Inserm UMR1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Guyonnet
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- UPS/Inserm UMR1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Randall John Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- UPS/Inserm UMR1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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21
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Higginbotham L, Ping L, Dammer EB, Duong DM, Zhou M, Gearing M, Hurst C, Glass JD, Factor SA, Johnson ECB, Hajjar I, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Seyfried NT. Integrated proteomics reveals brain-based cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in asymptomatic and symptomatic Alzheimer's disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz9360. [PMID: 33087358 PMCID: PMC7577712 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz9360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) lacks protein biomarkers reflective of its diverse underlying pathophysiology, hindering diagnostic and therapeutic advancements. Here, we used integrative proteomics to identify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers representing a wide spectrum of AD pathophysiology. Multiplex mass spectrometry identified ~3500 and ~12,000 proteins in AD CSF and brain, respectively. Network analysis of the brain proteome resolved 44 biologically diverse modules, 15 of which overlapped with the CSF proteome. CSF AD markers in these overlapping modules were collapsed into five protein panels representing distinct pathophysiological processes. Synaptic and metabolic panels were decreased in AD brain but increased in CSF, while glial-enriched myelination and immunity panels were increased in brain and CSF. The consistency and disease specificity of panel changes were confirmed in >500 additional CSF samples. These panels also identified biological subpopulations within asymptomatic AD. Overall, these results are a promising step toward a network-based biomarker tool for AD clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenora Higginbotham
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lingyan Ping
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maotian Zhou
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marla Gearing
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cheyenne Hurst
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan D Glass
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stewart A Factor
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erik C B Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ihab Hajjar
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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22
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Furman R, Ng SCW, Komatsu H, Axelsen PH. Quantitative Mass Spectrometric Assay of Whole and CNBr-Cleaved Amyloid-β Peptides in Human Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 73:1637-1645. [PMID: 31958092 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Various amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides accumulate in brain in Alzheimer's disease, and the amounts of specific peptide variants may have pathological significance. The quantitative determination of these variants is challenging because losses inevitably occur during tissue processing and analysis. This report describes the use of stable-isotope-labeled Aβ peptides as internal standards for quantitative mass spectrometric assays, and the use of cyanogen bromide (CNBr) to remove C-terminal residues beyond Met35. The removal of residues beyond Met35 reduces losses due to aggregation, and facilitates the detection of post-translationally modified Aβ peptides. Results from 8 human brain samples suggest that the tissue concentrations of the 42-residue Aβ peptide tend to be similar in different patients. Concentrations of the 40-residue Aβ peptide are more variable, and may be greater or lesser than the 42-residue peptide. The concentration of the CNBr cleavage product closely matches the sum of the 40-residue and 42-residue peptide concentrations, indicating that these two Aβ peptides account for most of the C-terminal variants in these patients. CNBr treatment facilitated the detection of post-translational modifications such as pyroglutamyl and hexose-modified Aβ peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Furman
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon C W Ng
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Komatsu
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul H Axelsen
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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23
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Lenhart B, Wei X, Zhang Z, Wang X, Wang Q, Liu C. Nanopore Fabrication and Application as Biosensors in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2020; 48:29-62. [PMID: 32749118 PMCID: PMC8020784 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2020033151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Since its conception as an applied biomedical technology nearly 30 years ago, nanopore is emerging as a promising, high-throughput, biomarker-targeted diagnostic tool for clinicians. The attraction of a nanopore-based detection system is its simple, inexpensive, robust, user-friendly, high-throughput blueprint with minimal sample preparation needed prior to analysis. The goal of clinical-based nanopore biosensing is to go from sample acquisition to a meaningful readout quickly. The most extensive work in nanopore applications has been targeted at DNA, RNA, and peptide identification. Although, biosensing of pathological biomarkers, which is covered in this review, is on the rise. This review is broken into two major sections: (i) the current state of existing biological, solid state, and hybrid nanopore systems and (ii) the applications of nanopore biosensors toward detecting neurodegenerative biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lenhart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Xiaojun Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Zehui Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
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24
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Lue LF, Kuo YM, Sabbagh M. Advance in Plasma AD Core Biomarker Development: Current Findings from Immunomagnetic Reduction-Based SQUID Technology. Neurol Ther 2019; 8:95-111. [PMID: 31833027 PMCID: PMC6908530 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-019-00167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
New super-sensitive biomarker assay platforms for measuring Alzheimer's disease (AD) core pathological markers in plasma have recently been developed and tested. Research findings from these technologies offer promising evidence for identifying the earliest stages of AD and correlating them with brain pathological progression. Here, we review findings using immunomagnetic reduction, one of these ultrasensitive technologies. The principles, technology and assays developed, along with selected published findings will be discussed. The major findings from this technology were significant increases of amyloid beta (Aβ) 42 and total tau (t-tau) levels in subjects clinically diagnosed with early AD when compared with cognitively normal control (NC) subjects. The composite marker of the product of Aβ42 and t-tau discriminated subjects with early AD from NC subjects with high accuracy. The potential of this technology for the purpose of early or preclinical disease stage detection has yet to be explored in subjects who have also been assessed with brain imaging and cerebrospinal fluid AD core biomarker measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Civin Neuropathology Laboratory, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical School, 1 Dasyue Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Marwan Sabbagh
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, 888 W Bonneville Ave, Las Vegas, NV, 89106, USA
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25
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Schindler SE, Bollinger JG, Ovod V, Mawuenyega KG, Li Y, Gordon BA, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Benzinger TLS, Xiong C, Fagan AM, Bateman RJ. High-precision plasma β-amyloid 42/40 predicts current and future brain amyloidosis. Neurology 2019; 93:e1647-e1659. [PMID: 31371569 PMCID: PMC6946467 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether plasma β-amyloid (Aβ)42/Aβ40, as measured by a high-precision assay, accurately diagnosed brain amyloidosis using amyloid PET or CSF p-tau181/Aβ42 as reference standards. METHODS Using an immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay, we measured Aβ42/Aβ40 in plasma and CSF samples from 158 mostly cognitively normal individuals that were collected within 18 months of an amyloid PET scan. RESULTS Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 had a high correspondence with amyloid PET status (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve [AUC] 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.82-0.93) and CSF p-tau181/Aβ42 (AUC 0.85, 95% CI 0.79-0.92). The combination of plasma Aβ42/Aβ40, age, and APOE ε4 status had a very high correspondence with amyloid PET (AUC 0.94, 95% CI 0.90-0.97). Individuals with a negative amyloid PET scan at baseline and a positive plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 (<0.1218) had a 15-fold greater risk of conversion to amyloid PET-positive compared to individuals with a negative plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40, especially when combined with age and APOE ε4 status, accurately diagnoses brain amyloidosis and can be used to screen cognitively normal individuals for brain amyloidosis. Individuals with a negative amyloid PET scan and positive plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 are at increased risk for converting to amyloid PET-positive. Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 could be used in prevention trials to screen for individuals likely to be amyloid PET-positive and at risk for Alzheimer disease dementia. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 levels accurately determine amyloid PET status in cognitively normal research participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Schindler
- From the Department of Neurology (S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., B.A.G., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L., C.X.), Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - James G Bollinger
- From the Department of Neurology (S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., B.A.G., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L., C.X.), Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Vitaliy Ovod
- From the Department of Neurology (S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., B.A.G., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L., C.X.), Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kwasi G Mawuenyega
- From the Department of Neurology (S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., B.A.G., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L., C.X.), Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Yan Li
- From the Department of Neurology (S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., B.A.G., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L., C.X.), Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Brian A Gordon
- From the Department of Neurology (S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., B.A.G., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L., C.X.), Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - David M Holtzman
- From the Department of Neurology (S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., B.A.G., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L., C.X.), Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - John C Morris
- From the Department of Neurology (S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., B.A.G., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L., C.X.), Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- From the Department of Neurology (S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., B.A.G., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L., C.X.), Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- From the Department of Neurology (S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., B.A.G., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L., C.X.), Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Anne M Fagan
- From the Department of Neurology (S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., B.A.G., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L., C.X.), Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Randall J Bateman
- From the Department of Neurology (S.E.S., J.G.B., V.O., K.G.M., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (S.E.S., B.A.G., D.M.H., J.C.M., T.L.S.B., C.X., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (Y.L., C.X.), Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., A.M.F., R.J.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
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26
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Weber DM, Tran D, Goldman SM, Taylor SW, Ginns EI, Lagier RJ, Rissman RA, Brewer JB, Clarke NJ. High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry Assay for Quantifying β-Amyloid 40 and 42 in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Clin Chem 2019; 65:1572-1580. [PMID: 31628138 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.300947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ratio of β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ42) to Aβ40 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may be useful for evaluating Alzheimer disease (AD), but quantification is limited by factors including preanalytical analyte loss. We developed an LC-MS/MS assay that limits analyte loss. Here we describe the analytical characteristics of the assay and its performance in differentiating patients with AD from non-AD dementia and healthy controls. METHODS To measure Aβ42/Aβ40, we used unique proteolytically derived C-terminal peptides as surrogate markers of Aβ40 and Aβ42, which were analyzed and quantified by LC-MS/MS. The assay was analytically validated and applied to specimens from individuals with clinically diagnosed AD (n = 102), mild cognitive impairment (n = 37), and non-AD dementias (n = 22), as well as from healthy controls (n = 130). Aβ42/Aβ40 values were compared with APOE genotype inferred from phenotype, also measured by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS The assay had a reportable range of 100 to 25000 pg/mL, a limit of quantification of 100 pg/mL, recoveries between 93% and 111%, and intraassay and interassay CV <15% for both peptides. An Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio cutoff of <0.16 had a clinical sensitivity of 78% for distinguishing patients with AD from non-AD dementia (clinical specificity, 91%) and from healthy controls (clinical specificity, 81%). The Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing dose of APOE4 alleles. CONCLUSIONS This assay can be used to determine Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios, which correlate with the presence of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M Weber
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA
| | - Diana Tran
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA
| | - Scott M Goldman
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA
| | - Steven W Taylor
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA
| | | | | | - Robert A Rissman
- University of California, San Diego (UCSD) ADRC Neuropathology Core and Brain Bank, La Jolla, CA.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA
| | - James B Brewer
- UC San Diego Department of Neurosciences and Shiley Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nigel J Clarke
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA;
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27
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Lambeth T, Riggs DL, Talbert LE, Tang J, Coburn E, Kang AS, Noll J, Augello C, Ford BD, Julian RR. Spontaneous Isomerization of Long-Lived Proteins Provides a Molecular Mechanism for the Lysosomal Failure Observed in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1387-1395. [PMID: 31482121 PMCID: PMC6716341 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Proteinaceous aggregation is a well-known observable in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but failure and storage of lysosomal bodies within neurons is equally ubiquitous and actually precedes bulk accumulation of extracellular amyloid plaque. In fact, AD shares many similarities with certain lysosomal storage disorders though establishing a biochemical connection has proven difficult. Herein, we demonstrate that isomerization and epimerization, which are spontaneous chemical modifications that occur in long-lived proteins, prevent digestion by the proteases in the lysosome (namely, the cathepsins). For example, isomerization of aspartic acid into l-isoAsp prevents digestion of the N-terminal portion of Aβ by cathepsin L, one of the most aggressive lysosomal proteases. Similar results were obtained after examination of various target peptides with a full series of cathepsins, including endo-, amino-, and carboxy-peptidases. In all cases peptide fragments too long for transporter recognition or release from the lysosome persisted after treatment, providing a mechanism for eventual lysosomal storage and bridging the gap between AD and lysosomal storage disorders. Additional experiments with microglial cells confirmed that isomerization disrupts proteolysis in active lysosomes. These results are easily rationalized in terms of protease active sites, which are engineered to precisely orient the peptide backbone and cannot accommodate the backbone shift caused by isoaspartic acid or side chain dislocation resulting from epimerization. Although Aβ is known to be isomerized and epimerized in plaques present in AD brains, we further establish that the rates of modification for aspartic acid in positions 1 and 7 are fast and could accrue prior to plaque formation. Spontaneous chemistry can therefore provide modified substrates capable of inducing gradual lysosomal failure, which may play an important role in the cascade of events leading to the disrupted proteostasis, amyloid formation, and tauopathies associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler
R. Lambeth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Dylan L. Riggs
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Lance E. Talbert
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jin Tang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Emily Coburn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Amrik S. Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jessica Noll
- Division
of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Catherine Augello
- Division
of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Byron D. Ford
- Division
of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ryan R. Julian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- E-mail:
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28
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Esparza TJ, Gangolli M, Cairns NJ, Brody DL. Soluble amyloid-beta buffering by plaques in Alzheimer disease dementia versus high-pathology controls. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200251. [PMID: 29979775 PMCID: PMC6034844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An unanswered question regarding Alzheimer disease dementia (ADD) is whether amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques sequester toxic soluble Aβ species early during pathological progression. We previously reported that the concentration of soluble Aβ aggregates from patients with mild dementia was higher than soluble Aβ aggregates from patients with modest Aβ plaque burden but no dementia. The ratio of soluble Aβ aggregate concentration to Aβ plaque area fully distinguished these groups of patients. We hypothesized that initially plaques may serve as a reservoir or sink for toxic soluble Aβ aggregates, sequestering them from other targets in the extracellular space and thereby preventing their toxicity. To initially test a generalized version of this hypothesis, we have performed binding assessments using biotinylated synthetic Aβ1-42 peptide. Aβ1-42-biotin peptide was incubated on unfixed frozen sections from non-demented high plaque pathology controls and patients with ADD. The bound peptide was measured using ELISA and confocal microscopy. We observed no quantitative difference in Aβ binding between the groups using either method. Further testing of the buffering hypothesis using various forms of synthetic and human derived soluble Aβ aggregates will be required to definitively address the role of plaque buffering as it relates to ADD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Esparza
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mihika Gangolli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nigel J. Cairns
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David L. Brody
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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29
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Wildburger NC, Gyngard F, Guillermier C, Patterson BW, Elbert D, Mawuenyega KG, Schneider T, Green K, Roth R, Schmidt RE, Cairns NJ, Benzinger TLS, Steinhauser ML, Bateman RJ. Amyloid-β Plaques in Clinical Alzheimer's Disease Brain Incorporate Stable Isotope Tracer In Vivo and Exhibit Nanoscale Heterogeneity. Front Neurol 2018; 9:169. [PMID: 29623063 PMCID: PMC5874304 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with clinical manifestations of progressive memory decline and loss of executive function and language. AD affects an estimated 5.3 million Americans alone and is the most common form of age-related dementia with a rapidly growing prevalence among the aging population-those 65 years of age or older. AD is characterized by accumulation of aggregated amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the brain, which leads to one of the pathological hallmarks of AD-Aβ plaques. As a result, Aβ plaques have been extensively studied after being first described over a century ago. Advances in brain imaging and quantitative measures of Aβ in biological fluids have yielded insight into the time course of plaque development decades before and after AD symptom onset. However, despite the fundamental role of Aβ plaques in AD, in vivo measures of individual plaque growth, growth distribution, and dynamics are still lacking. To address this question, we combined stable isotope labeling kinetics (SILK) and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) imaging in an approach termed SILK-SIMS to resolve plaque dynamics in three human AD brains. In human AD brain, plaques exhibit incorporation of a stable isotope tracer. Tracer enrichment was highly variable between plaques and the spatial distribution asymmetric with both quiescent and active nanometer sub-regions of tracer incorporation. These data reveal that Aβ plaques are dynamic structures with deposition rates over days indicating a highly active process. Here, we report the first, direct quantitative measures of in vivo deposition into plaques in human AD brain. Our SILK-SIMS studies will provide invaluable information on plaque dynamics in the normal and diseased brain and offer many new avenues for investigation into pathological mechanisms of the disease, with implications for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norelle C Wildburger
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Frank Gyngard
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Christelle Guillermier
- NanoImaging Center, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bruce W Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Donald Elbert
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kwasi G Mawuenyega
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Theresa Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Karen Green
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Robyn Roth
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Robert E Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Matthew L Steinhauser
- NanoImaging Center, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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30
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Geerts H, Spiros A, Roberts P. Impact of amyloid-beta changes on cognitive outcomes in Alzheimer's disease: analysis of clinical trials using a quantitative systems pharmacology model. Alzheimers Res Ther 2018; 10:14. [PMID: 29394903 PMCID: PMC5797372 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a tremendous amount of information on the role of amyloid in Alzheimer's disease (AD), almost all clinical trials testing this hypothesis have failed to generate clinically relevant cognitive effects. METHODS We present an advanced mechanism-based and biophysically realistic quantitative systems pharmacology computer model of an Alzheimer-type neuronal cortical network that has been calibrated with Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale, cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) readouts from historical clinical trials and simulated the differential impact of amyloid-beta (Aβ40 and Aβ42) oligomers on glutamate and nicotinic neurotransmission. RESULTS Preclinical data suggest a beneficial effect of shorter Aβ forms within a limited dose range. Such a beneficial effect of Aβ40 on glutamate neurotransmission in human patients is absolutely necessary to reproduce clinical data on the ADAS-Cog in minimal cognitive impairment (MCI) patients with and without amyloid load, the effect of APOE genotype effect on the slope of the cognitive trajectory over time in placebo AD patients and higher sensitivity to cholinergic manipulation with scopolamine associated with higher Aβ in MCI subjects. We further derive a relationship between units of Aβ load in our model and the standard uptake value ratio from amyloid imaging. When introducing the documented clinical pharmacodynamic effects on Aβ levels for various amyloid-related clinical interventions in patients with low Aβ baseline, the platform predicts an overall significant worsening for passive vaccination with solanezumab, beta-secretase inhibitor verubecestat and gamma-secretase inhibitor semagacestat. In contrast, all three interventions improved cognition in subjects with moderate to high baseline Aβ levels, with verubecestat anticipated to have the greatest effect (around ADAS-Cog value 1.5 points), solanezumab the lowest (0.8 ADAS-Cog value points) and semagacestat in between. This could explain the success of many amyloid interventions in transgene animals with an artificial high level of Aβ, but not in AD patients with a large variability of amyloid loads. CONCLUSIONS If these predictions are confirmed in post-hoc analyses of failed clinical amyloid-modulating trials, one should question the rationale behind testing these interventions in early and prodromal subjects with low or zero amyloid load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Geerts
- In Silico Biosciences, 686 Westwind Dr, Berwyn, PA, 1312, USA.
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Athan Spiros
- In Silico Biosciences, 686 Westwind Dr, Berwyn, PA, 1312, USA
| | - Patrick Roberts
- In Silico Biosciences, 686 Westwind Dr, Berwyn, PA, 1312, USA
- Amazon AI AWS, Portland, OR, USA
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31
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- und tritiummarkierte Verbindungen: Anwendungen in den modernen Biowissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- and Tritium-Labelled Compounds: Applications in the Life Sciences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1758-1784. [PMID: 28815899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotopes are unique tools for identifying and understanding biological and chemical processes. Hydrogen isotope labelling allows for the traceless and direct incorporation of an additional mass or radioactive tag into an organic molecule with almost no changes in its chemical structure, physical properties, or biological activity. Using deuterium-labelled isotopologues to study the unique mass-spectrometric patterns generated from mixtures of biologically relevant molecules drastically simplifies analysis. Such methods are now providing unprecedented levels of insight in a wide and continuously growing range of applications in the life sciences and beyond. Tritium (3 H), in particular, has seen an increase in utilization, especially in pharmaceutical drug discovery. The efforts and costs associated with the synthesis of labelled compounds are more than compensated for by the enhanced molecular sensitivity during analysis and the high reliability of the data obtained. In this Review, advances in the application of hydrogen isotopes in the life sciences are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
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Gulisano W, Maugeri D, Baltrons MA, Fà M, Amato A, Palmeri A, D’Adamio L, Grassi C, Devanand D, Honig LS, Puzzo D, Arancio O. Role of Amyloid-β and Tau Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease: Confuting the Amyloid Cascade. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:S611-S631. [PMID: 29865055 PMCID: PMC8371153 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The "Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis" has dominated the Alzheimer's disease (AD) field in the last 25 years. It posits that the increase of amyloid-β (Aβ) is the key event in AD that triggers tau pathology followed by neuronal death and eventually, the disease. However, therapeutic approaches aimed at decreasing Aβ levels have so far failed, and tau-based clinical trials have not yet produced positive findings. This begs the question of whether the hypothesis is correct. Here we have examined literature on the role of Aβ and tau in synaptic dysfunction, memory loss, and seeding and spreading of AD, highlighting important parallelisms between the two proteins in all of these phenomena. We discuss novel findings showing binding of both Aβ and tau oligomers to amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), and the requirement for the presence of this protein for both Aβ and tau to enter neurons and induce abnormal synaptic function and memory. Most importantly, we propose a novel view of AD pathogenesis in which extracellular oligomers of Aβ and tau act in parallel and upstream of AβPP. Such a view will call for a reconsideration of therapeutic approaches directed against Aβ and tau, paving the way to an increased interest toward AβPP, both for understanding the pathogenesis of the disease and elaborating new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Gulisano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marian A. Baltrons
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mauro Fà
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arianna Amato
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Agostino Palmeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Luciano D’Adamio
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - D.P. Devanand
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence S. Honig
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniela Puzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Portelius E, Brinkmalm G, Pannee J, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Dahlén R, Brinkmalm A, Gobom J. Proteomic studies of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: an update. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:1007-1020. [PMID: 28942688 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1384697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the brain. Today there are three cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, amyloid-β consisting of 42 amino acids (Aβ42), total-tau (t-tau) and phosphorylated-tau (p-tau), which combined have sensitivity and specificity figures around 80%. However, pathological studies have shown that comorbidity is a common feature in AD and that the three currently used CSF biomarkers do not optimally reflect the activity of the disease process. Thus, additional markers are needed. Areas covered: In the present review, we screened PubMed for articles published the last five years (2012-2017) for proteomic studies in CSF with the criteria that AD had to be included as one of the diagnostic groups. Based on inclusion criteria, 28 papers were included reporting in total 224 biomarker-data that were altered in AD compared to control. Both mass spectrometry and multi-panel immunoassays were considered as proteomic studies. Expert commentary: A large number of pilot studies have been reported but so far there is a lack of replicated findings and to date no CSF biomarker discovered in proteomic studies has reached the clinic to aid in the diagnostic work-up of patients with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Portelius
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Josef Pannee
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden.,c Department of Molecular Neuroscience , UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Rahil Dahlén
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Johan Gobom
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Mölndal , Sweden.,b Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden
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Ovod V, Ramsey KN, Mawuenyega KG, Bollinger JG, Hicks T, Schneider T, Sullivan M, Paumier K, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Benzinger T, Fagan AM, Patterson BW, Bateman RJ. Amyloid β concentrations and stable isotope labeling kinetics of human plasma specific to central nervous system amyloidosis. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 13:841-849. [PMID: 28734653 PMCID: PMC5567785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and other measurements of amyloidosis, such as amyloid-binding positron emission tomography studies, are limited by cost and availability. There is a need for a more practical amyloid β (Aβ) biomarker for central nervous system amyloid deposition. METHODS We adapted our previously reported stable isotope labeling kinetics protocol to analyze the turnover kinetics and concentrations of Aβ38, Aβ40, and Aβ42 in human plasma. RESULTS Aβ isoforms have a half-life of approximately 3 hours in plasma. Aβ38 demonstrated faster turnover kinetics compared with Aβ40 and Aβ42. Faster fractional turnover of Aβ42 relative to Aβ40 and lower Aβ42 and Aβ42/Aβ40 concentrations in amyloid-positive participants were observed. DISCUSSION Blood plasma Aβ42 shows similar amyloid-associated alterations as we have previously reported in cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting a blood-brain transportation mechanism of Aβ. The stability and sensitivity of plasma Aβ measurements suggest this may be a useful screening test for central nervous system amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy Ovod
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kara N Ramsey
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kwasi G Mawuenyega
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jim G Bollinger
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Terry Hicks
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Theresa Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Melissa Sullivan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katrina Paumier
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tammie Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce W Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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36
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Li CZ, Grajales S, Shuang S, Dong C, Nair M. β-Amyloid Biomarker Detection for Alzheimer’s Disease. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-017-0014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Somers C, Goossens J, Engelborghs S, Bjerke M. Selecting Aβ isoforms for an Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarker panel. Biomark Med 2017; 11:169-178. [PMID: 28111962 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the core cerebrospinal fluid Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers amyloid-β (Aβ1-42) and tau show a high diagnostic accuracy, there are still limitations due to overlap in the biomarker levels with other neurodegenerative and dementia disorders. During Aβ1-42 production and clearance in the brain, several other Aβ peptides and amyloid precursor protein fragments are formed that could potentially serve as biomarkers for this ongoing disease process. Therefore, this review will present the current status of the findings for amyloid precursor protein and Aβ peptide isoforms in AD and clinically related disorders. In conclusion, adding new Aβ isoforms to the AD biomarker panel may improve early differential diagnostic accuracy and increase the cerebrospinal fluid biomarker concordance with AD neuropathological findings in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charisse Somers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joery Goossens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology & Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim & Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria Bjerke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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38
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Timmers M, Van Broeck B, Ramael S, Slemmon J, De Waepenaert K, Russu A, Bogert J, Stieltjes H, Shaw LM, Engelborghs S, Moechars D, Mercken M, Liu E, Sinha V, Kemp J, Van Nueten L, Tritsmans L, Streffer JR. Profiling the dynamics of CSF and plasma Aβ reduction after treatment with JNJ-54861911, a potent oral BACE inhibitor. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2016; 2:202-212. [PMID: 29067308 PMCID: PMC5651349 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of a novel β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitor, JNJ-54861911, were assessed after single and multiple dosing in healthy participants. METHODS Two randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies were performed using single and multiple ascending JNJ-54861911 doses (up to 14 days) in young and elderly healthy participants. Regular blood samples and frequent CSF samples, up to 36 hours after last dose, were collected to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (Aβ, sAPPα,β,total levels) profiles of JNJ-54861911. RESULTS JNJ-54861911 was well-tolerated, adverse events were uncommon and unrelated to JNJ-54861911. JNJ-54861911 showed dose-proportional CSF and plasma pharmacokinetic profiles. Plasma- and CSF-Aβ and CSF-sAPPβ were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Aβ reductions (up to 95%) outlasted exposure to JNJ-54861911. APOE ε4 carrier status and baseline Aβ levels did not influence Aβ/sAPPβ reductions. CONCLUSION JNJ-54861911, a potent brain-penetrant BACE1 inhibitor, achieved high and stable Aβ reductions after single and multiple dosing in healthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Timmers
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium.,Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bianca Van Broeck
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - John Slemmon
- Janssen Research and Development LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katja De Waepenaert
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Alberto Russu
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Hans Stieltjes
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dieder Moechars
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Enchi Liu
- Janssen Research and Development LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vikash Sinha
- Janssen Research and Development LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - John Kemp
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Nueten
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Tritsmans
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Johannes Rolf Streffer
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium.,Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Aaseth J, Alexander J, Bjørklund G, Hestad K, Dusek P, Roos PM, Alehagen U. Treatment strategies in Alzheimer's disease: a review with focus on selenium supplementation. Biometals 2016; 29:827-39. [PMID: 27530256 PMCID: PMC5034004 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder presenting one of the biggest healthcare challenges in developed countries. No effective treatment exists. In recent years the main focus of AD research has been on the amyloid hypothesis, which postulates that extracellular precipitates of beta amyloid (Aβ) derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) are responsible for the cognitive impairment seen in AD. Treatment strategies have been to reduce Aβ production through inhibition of enzymes responsible for its formation, or to promote resolution of existing cerebral Aβ plaques. However, these approaches have failed to demonstrate significant cognitive improvements. Intracellular rather than extracellular events may be fundamental in AD pathogenesis. Selenate is a potent inhibitor of tau hyperphosphorylation, a critical step in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Some selenium (Se) compounds e.g. selenoprotein P also appear to protect APP against excessive copper and iron deposition. Selenoproteins show anti-inflammatory properties, and protect microtubules in the neuronal cytoskeleton. Optimal function of these selenoenzymes requires higher Se intake than what is common in Europe and also higher intake than traditionally recommended. Supplementary treatment with N-acetylcysteine increases levels of the antioxidative cofactor glutathione and can mediate adjuvant protection. The present review discusses the role of Se in AD treatment and suggests strategies for AD prevention by optimizing selenium intake, in accordance with the metal dysregulation hypothesis. This includes in particular secondary prevention by selenium supplementation to elderly with mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Aaseth
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway.,Department of Public Health, Hedmark University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Jan Alexander
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Knut Hestad
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway.,Department of Public Health, Hedmark University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Per M Roos
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, IMM, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Physiology, St.Goran Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Urban Alehagen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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40
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Abstract
The amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plays an indispensable role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Aβ is subject to proteolytic degradation by a diverse array of peptidases and proteinases, known collectively as Aβ-degrading proteases (AβDPs). A growing number of AβDPs have been identified that impact Aβ powerfully and in a surprising variety of ways. As such, AβDPs hold considerable therapeutic potential for the treatment and/or prevention of AD. Here, we critically review the relative merits of therapeutic strategies targeting AβDPs compared with current Aβ-lowering strategies focused on immunotherapies and pharmacological modulation of Aβ-producing enzymes. Several innovative advances have increased considerably the feasibility of delivering AβDPs to the brain or enhancing their activity in a non-invasive manner. We argue that therapies targeting AβDPs offer numerous potential advantages that should be explored through continued research into this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A Leissring
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Office: 5212 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697-1450, USA.
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Rudinskiy N, Fuerer C, Demurtas D, Zamorano S, De Piano C, Herrmann AG, Spires-Jones TL, Oeckl P, Otto M, Frosch MP, Moniatte M, Hyman BT, Schmid AW. Amyloid‐beta oligomerization is associated with the generation of a typical peptide fragment fingerprint. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:996-1013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Rudinskiy
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA USA
| | - Christophe Fuerer
- School of Life Sciences, Proteomics Core Facility Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Davide Demurtas
- School of Basic Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy (CIME) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Zamorano
- School of Life Sciences, Proteomics Core Facility Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Cyntia De Piano
- School of Life Sciences, Proteomics Core Facility Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Abigail G. Herrmann
- Center for Cognitive and Neural Systems The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland
- Centre for Dementia Prevention The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motorneurone Disease The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland
| | - Tara L. Spires-Jones
- Center for Cognitive and Neural Systems The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland
- Centre for Dementia Prevention The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motorneurone Disease The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland
| | - Patrick Oeckl
- Department of Neurology Ulm University Hospital Ulm Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology Ulm University Hospital Ulm Germany
| | - Matthew P. Frosch
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Massachusetts General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease Charlestown MA USA
| | - Marc Moniatte
- School of Life Sciences, Proteomics Core Facility Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Bradley T. Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA USA
| | - Adrien W. Schmid
- School of Life Sciences, Proteomics Core Facility Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
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Beyond classical derivatization: analyte ‘derivatives’ in the bioanalysis of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2501-13. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of endogenous and exogenous analytes in biological matrices presents several challenges to the bioanalyst. These analytes are often present at low concentrations, typically in complex matrices, and may have physicochemical properties that are not amenable to LC–MS analysis. The bioanalyst thus relies heavily on the formation of analyte derivatives for the efficient quantification of these compounds. These derivatives are also critically employed to derive information on the biology of living systems, potential drug or disease targets, and biomarkers of drug efficacy, safety, or disease progression. In this perspective, we demonstrate how analyte derivatives are applied in modern bioanalytical workflows and we discuss the potential use of these derivatives in the future.
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43
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Patterson BW, Elbert DL, Mawuenyega KG, Kasten T, Ovod V, Ma S, Xiong C, Chott R, Yarasheski K, Sigurdson W, Zhang L, Goate A, Benzinger T, Morris JC, Holtzman D, Bateman RJ. Age and amyloid effects on human central nervous system amyloid-beta kinetics. Ann Neurol 2015; 78:439-53. [PMID: 26040676 PMCID: PMC4546566 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Age is the single greatest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), with the incidence doubling every 5 years after age 65. However, our understanding of the mechanistic relationship between increasing age and the risk for AD is currently limited. We therefore sought to determine the relationship between age, amyloidosis, and amyloid-beta (Aβ) kinetics in the central nervous system (CNS) of humans. METHODS Aβ kinetics were analyzed in 112 participants and compared to the ages of participants and the amount of amyloid deposition. RESULTS We found a highly significant correlation between increasing age and slowed Aβ turnover rates (2.5-fold longer half-life over five decades of age). In addition, we found independent effects on Aβ42 kinetics specifically in participants with amyloid deposition. Amyloidosis was associated with a higher (>50%) irreversible loss of soluble Aβ42 and a 10-fold higher Aβ42 reversible exchange rate. INTERPRETATION These findings reveal a mechanistic link between human aging and the risk of amyloidosis, which may be owing to a dramatic slowing of Aβ turnover, increasing the likelihood of protein misfolding that leads to deposition. Alterations in Aβ kinetics associated with aging and amyloidosis suggest opportunities for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. More generally, this study provides an example of how changes in protein turnover kinetics can be used to detect physiological and pathophysiological changes and may be applicable to other proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce W Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Donald L Elbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kwasi G Mawuenyega
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tom Kasten
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Vitaliy Ovod
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Shengmei Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Robert Chott
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kevin Yarasheski
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Wendy Sigurdson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lily Zhang
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tammie Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - David Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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Holmes WE, Angel TE, Li KW, Hellerstein MK. Dynamic Proteomics: In Vivo Proteome-Wide Measurement of Protein Kinetics Using Metabolic Labeling. Methods Enzymol 2015; 561:219-76. [PMID: 26358907 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Control of biosynthetic and catabolic rates of polymers, including proteins, stands at the center of phenotype, physiologic adaptation, and disease pathogenesis. Advances in stable isotope-labeling concepts and mass spectrometric instrumentation now allow accurate in vivo measurement of protein synthesis and turnover rates, both for targeted proteins and for unbiased screening across the proteome. We describe here the underlying principles and operational protocols for measuring protein dynamics, focusing on metabolic labeling with (2)H2O (heavy water) combined with tandem mass spectrometric analysis of mass isotopomer abundances in trypsin-generated peptides. The core principles of combinatorial analysis (mass isotopomer distribution analysis or MIDA) are reviewed in detail, including practical advantages, limitations, and technical procedures to ensure optimal kinetic results. Technical factors include heavy water labeling protocols, optimal duration of labeling, clean up and simplification of sample matrices, accurate quantitation of mass isotopomer abundances in peptides, criteria for adequacy of mass spectrometric abundance measurements, and calculation algorithms. Some applications are described, including the noninvasive "virtual biopsy" strategy for measuring molecular flux rates in tissues through measurements in body fluids. In addition, application of heavy water labeling to measure flux lipidomics is noted. In summary, the combination of stable isotope labeling, particularly from (2)H2O, with tandem mass spectrometric analysis of mass isotopomer abundances in peptides, provides a powerful approach for characterizing the dynamics of proteins across the global proteome. Many applications in research and clinical medicine have been achieved and many others can be envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Holmes
- KineMed Inc., Emeryville, California, USA
| | - T E Angel
- KineMed Inc., Emeryville, California, USA
| | - K W Li
- KineMed Inc., Emeryville, California, USA
| | - M K Hellerstein
- KineMed Inc., Emeryville, California, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
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45
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Galozzi S, Marcus K, Barkovits K. Amyloid-β as a biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease: quantification methods in body fluids. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:343-54. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1065183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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46
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Crisp MJ, Mawuenyega KG, Patterson BW, Reddy NC, Chott R, Self WK, Weihl CC, Jockel-Balsarotti J, Varadhachary AS, Bucelli RC, Yarasheski KE, Bateman RJ, Miller TM. In vivo kinetic approach reveals slow SOD1 turnover in the CNS. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2772-80. [PMID: 26075819 DOI: 10.1172/jci80705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies that target disease-associated transcripts are being developed for a variety of neurodegenerative syndromes. Protein levels change as a function of their half-life, a property that critically influences the timing and application of therapeutics. In addition, both protein kinetics and concentration may play important roles in neurodegeneration; therefore, it is essential to understand in vivo protein kinetics, including half-life. Here, we applied a stable isotope-labeling technique in combination with mass spectrometric detection and determined the in vivo kinetics of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), mutation of which causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Application of this method to human SOD1-expressing rats demonstrated that SOD1 is a long-lived protein, with a similar half-life in both the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and the CNS. Additionally, in these animals, the half-life of SOD1 was longest in the CNS when compared with other tissues. Evaluation of this method in human subjects demonstrated successful incorporation of the isotope label in the CSF and confirmed that SOD1 is a long-lived protein in the CSF of healthy individuals. Together, the results of this study provide important insight into SOD1 kinetics and support application of this technique to the design and implementation of clinical trials that target long-lived CNS proteins.
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Identification of amyloid beta mid-domain fragments in human cerebrospinal fluid. Biochimie 2015; 113:86-92. [PMID: 25866191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) is a peptide derived from processing of the membrane bound amyloid precursor protein and is a main constituent in amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The excess Aβ in AD brain may be caused by altered Aβ metabolism, including reduced enzymatic degradation. Our previous enzymatic study of Aβ degradation revealed that intracellular enzymes produced several truncated Aβ mid-domain fragments. We therefore generated an antibody to enable identification of these anticipated Aβ species in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The produced antibody displayed affinity for the Aβ mid-domain region and 36 N-terminally truncated Aβ fragments were precipitated from human CSF and identified by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. 31 peptides were truncated from residue 18 up to 23, N-terminal truncation that have not previously been identified in CSF. The results show that the complexity of amyloid beta peptides circulating in the CSF is greater than previously suggested and we also demonstrate that the mid-domain antibody used can serve as an additional tool for mapping a more complete Aβ degradation profile.
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