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Yan B, Zhang L, Jiao K, Wang Z, Yong K, Lu M. Vesicle formation-related protein CaSec16 and its ankyrin protein partner CaANK2B jointly enhance salt tolerance in pepper. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 296:154240. [PMID: 38603993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Vesicle transport plays important roles in plant tolerance against abiotic stresses. However, the contribution of a vesicle formation related protein CaSec16 (COPII coat assembly protein Sec16-like) in pepper tolerance to salt stress remains unclear. In this study, we report that the expression of CaSec16 was upregulated by salt stress. Compared to the control, the salt tolerance of pepper with CaSec16-silenced was compromised, which was shown by the corresponding phenotypes and physiological indexes, such as the death of growing point, the aggravated leaf wilting, the higher increment of relative electric leakage (REL), the lower content of total chlorophyll, the higher accumulation of dead cells, H2O2, malonaldehyde (MDA), and proline (Pro), and the inhibited induction of marker genes for salt-tolerance and vesicle transport. In contrast, the salt tolerance of pepper was enhanced by the transient overexpression of CaSec16. In addition, heterogeneously induced CaSec16 protein did not enhance the salt tolerance of Escherichia coli, an organism lacking the vesicle transport system. By yeast two-hybrid method, an ankyrin protein, CaANK2B, was identified as the interacting protein of CaSec16. The expression of CaANK2B showed a downward trend during the process of salt stress. Compared with the control, pepper plants with transient-overexpression of CaANK2B displayed increased salt tolerance, whereas those with CaANK2B-silenced exhibited reduced salt tolerance. Taken together, both the vesicle formation related protein CaSec16 and its interaction partner CaANK2B can improve the pepper tolerance to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bentao Yan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Linyang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Kexin Jiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhenze Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Kang Yong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Minghui Lu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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2
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Ou X, Hua Q, Dong J, Guo K, Wu M, Deng Y, Wu Z. Functional identification of DNA demethylase gene CaROS1 in pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) involved in salt stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1396902. [PMID: 38756961 PMCID: PMC11097670 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1396902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Pepper, which is a widely cultivated important vegetable, is sensitive to salt stress, and the continuous intensification of soil salinization has affected pepper production worldwide. However, genes confer to salt tolerance are rarely been cloned in pepper. Since the REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1 (ROS1) is a DNA demethylase that plays a crucial regulatory role in plants in response to various abiotic stresses, including salt stress. We cloned a ROS1 gene in pepper, named CaROS1 (LOC107843637). Bioinformatic analysis showed that the CaROS1 protein contains the HhH-GPD glycosylase and RRM_DME domains. qRT-PCR analyses showed that the CaROS1 was highly expressed in young and mature fruits of pepper and rapidly induced by salt stress. Functional characterization of the CaROS1 was performed by gene silencing in pepper and overexpressing in tobacco, revealed that the CaROS1 positively regulates salt tolerance ability. More detailly, CaROS1-silenced pepper were more sensitive to salt stress, and their ROS levels, relative conductivity, and malondialdehyde content were significantly higher in leaves than those of the control plants. Besides, CaROS1-overexpressing tobacco plants were more tolerant to salt stress, with a higher relative water content, total chlorophyll content, and antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves compared to those of WT plants during salt stress. These results revealed the CaROS1 dose play a role in salt stress response, providing the theoretical basis for salt tolerance genetic engineering breeding in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhiming Wu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Xiong B, Li L, Li Q, Mao H, Wang L, Bie Y, Zeng X, Liao L, Wang X, Deng H, Zhang M, Sun G, Wang Z. Identification of Photosynthesis Characteristics and Chlorophyll Metabolism in Leaves of Citrus Cultivar ( Harumi) with Varying Degrees of Chlorosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098394. [PMID: 37176103 PMCID: PMC10179384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In autumn and spring, citrus leaves with a Ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Ponkan) genetic background (Harumi, Daya, etc.) are prone to abnormal physiological chlorosis. The effects of different degrees of chlorosis (normal, mild, moderate and severe) on photosynthesis and the chlorophyll metabolism of leaves of Citrus cultivar (Harumi) were studied via field experiment. Compared with severe chlorotic leaves, the results showed that chlorosis could break leaf metabolism balance, including reduced chlorophyll content, photosynthetic parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity and enzyme activity related to chlorophyll synthesis, increased catalase and decreased enzyme activity. In addition, the content of chlorophyll synthesis precursors showed an overall downward trend expected for uroporphyrinogen III. Furthermore, the relative expression of genes for chlorophyll synthesis (HEMA1, HEME2, HEMG1 and CHLH) was down-regulated to some extent and chlorophyll degradation (CAO, CLH, PPH, PAO and SGR) showed the opposite trend with increased chlorosis. Changes in degradation were more significant. In general, the chlorosis of Harumi leaves might be related to the blocked transformation of uroporphyrinogen III (Urogen III) to coproporphyrinogen III (Coprogen III), the weakening of antioxidant enzyme system activity, the weakening of chlorophyll synthesis and the enhancement in degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qin Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huiqiong Mao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lixinyi Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuhui Bie
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ling Liao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Honghong Deng
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mingfei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guochao Sun
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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4
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Narai-Kanayama A, Yokosaka SI, Seo Y, Mikami K, Yoshino T, Matsuda H. Evidence of increases of phytol and chlorophyllide by enzymatic dephytylation of chlorophylls in smoothie made from spinach leaves. J Food Sci 2023. [PMID: 37122139 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytol is a diterpene alcohol found abundantly in nature as the phytyl side chain of chlorophylls. Free form of phytol and its metabolites have been attracting attention because they have a potential to improve the lipid and glucose metabolism. On the other hand, phytol is unfavorable for those who suffering from Refsum's disease. However, there is little information on the phytol contents in leafy vegetables rich in chlorophylls. This study indicated that raw spinach leaves contain phytol of 0.4-1.5 mg/100 g fresh weight. Furthermore, crude enzyme extracted from the leaves showed the enzyme activities involved in dephytylation of chlorophyll derivatives and they were high at mild alkaline pH and around 45°C, and lowered at 55°C or above. Under the optimum pH and temperature for such enzymes determined in the model reaction using the crude enzyme, phytol content in the smoothie made from raw spinach leaves increased with an increase of chlorophyllide, another reaction product. Comparison between the increased amounts of phytol and chlorophyllide showed that the enzymatic dephytylation of chlorophylls was critically responsible for the increase of phytol in the smoothie. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Phytol, which is released by the enzymes related to chlorophyll metabolism in plants, has been investigated because of its potential abilities to improve the lipid metabolism and blood glucose level. In contrast to such health benefits, they are known to be toxic for patients suffering from Refsum's disease. This research for the first time reports the phytol content in raw spinach leaves and that phytol can be increased in the smoothie made from spinach leaves by the action of endogenous enzymes on chlorophyll derivatives under a certain condition. These results help control phytol content in the smoothies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Narai-Kanayama
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yokosaka
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Seo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouji Mikami
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshino
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Matsuda
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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The roles of Salvia miltiorrhiza-derived carbon dots involving in maintaining quality by delaying senescence of postharvest flowering Chinese cabbage. Food Chem 2023; 404:134704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jo M, Knapp M, Boggs DG, Brimberry M, Donnan PH, Bridwell-Rabb J. A structure-function analysis of chlorophyllase reveals a mechanism for activity regulation dependent on disulfide bonds. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102958. [PMID: 36731794 PMCID: PMC10011514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyll pigments are used by photosynthetic organisms to facilitate light capture and mediate the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy. Due to the indispensable nature of this pigment and its propensity to form reactive oxygen species, organisms heavily invest in its biosynthesis, recycling, and degradation. One key enzyme implicated in these processes is chlorophyllase, an α/β hydrolase that hydrolyzes the phytol tail of chlorophyll pigments to produce chlorophyllide molecules. This enzyme was discovered a century ago, but despite its importance to diverse photosynthetic organisms, there are still many missing biochemical details regarding how chlorophyllase functions. Here, we present the 4.46-Å resolution crystal structure of chlorophyllase from Triticum aestivum. This structure reveals the dimeric architecture of chlorophyllase, the arrangement of catalytic residues, an unexpected divalent metal ion-binding site, and a substrate-binding site that can accommodate a diverse range of pigments. Further, this structure exhibits the existence of both intermolecular and intramolecular disulfide bonds. We investigated the importance of these architectural features using enzyme kinetics, mass spectrometry, and thermal shift assays. Through this work, we demonstrated that the oxidation state of the Cys residues is imperative to the activity and stability of chlorophyllase, illuminating a biochemical trigger for responding to environmental stress. Additional bioinformatics analysis of the chlorophyllase enzyme family reveals widespread conservation of key catalytic residues and the identified "redox switch" among other plant chlorophyllase homologs, thus revealing key details regarding the structure-function relationships in chlorophyllase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshik Jo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Madison Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David G Boggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marley Brimberry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick H Donnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Olveira-Bouzas V, Pita-Calvo C, Romero-Rodríguez MÁ, Vázquez-Odériz ML. Evaluation of a Packaging System in Pallets Under Modified Atmosphere to Extend the Shelf-life of ‘Padrón’ Peppers Stored at Refrigeration Temperature. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) system in pallets was developed for ‘Padrón’ peppers as a way to extend their shelf-life while maintaining good fruit quality. Peppers were stored at 6 °C in cardboard boxes arranged on pallets wrapped in micro-perforated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags. Physico-chemical (moisture, firmness, color, chlorophylls, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and total phenolic content) and sensory analysis were carried out after 0, 7, 14, and 21 days of storage. An initial mixture of 11.8% O2–8.5% CO2 prevented anaerobic conditions and kept suitable CO2 levels throughout the entire storage period. Silica gel was tested as a moisture absorbent and considerably reduced water vapor condensation inside packaging bags. The MAP system developed maintained the shelf-life of peppers until the end of the 21-day storage period. The fruit always showed a good appearance and color. No rotting or other types of undesirable alterations were observed. MAP markedly reduced the fraction of peppers with water loss as evidenced by a minimum percentage of fruit with wrinkles (12.5%) as compared to unpackaged samples (75%). Good pigment stability was also observed.
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8
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Deng X, Huang H, Huang S, Yang M, Wu J, Ci Z, He Y, Wu Z, Han L, Zhang D. Insight into the incredible effects of microwave heating: Driving changes in the structure, properties and functions of macromolecular nutrients in novel food. Front Nutr 2022; 9:941527. [PMID: 36313079 PMCID: PMC9607893 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.941527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave heating technology performs the characteristics of fast heating, high efficiency, green energy saving and easy control, which makes it deeply penetrate into the food industry and home cooking. It has the potential to alter the appearance and flavor of food, enhance nutrient absorption, and speed up the transformation of active components, which provides an opportunity for the development of innovation foods. However, the change of food driven by microwave heating are very complex, which often occurs beyond people's cognition and blocks the development of new food. It is thus necessary to explore the transformation mechanism and influence factors from the perspectives of microwave technology and food nutrient diversity. This manuscript focuses on the nutritional macromolecules in food, such as starch, lipid and protein, and systematically analyzes the change rule of structure, properties and function under microwave heating. Then, the flavor, health benefits, potential safety risks and bidirectional allergenicity associated with microwave heating are fully discussed. In addition, the development of new functional foods for health needs and future market based on microwave technology is also prospected. It aims to break the scientific fog of microwave technology and provide theoretical support for food science to understand the change law, control the change process and use the change results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haozhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,State Key Laboratory of Innovation Medicine and High Efficiency and Energy Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Xinqi Microwave Co., Ltd., Guiyang, China
| | - Zhimin Ci
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanan He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,State Key Laboratory of Innovation Medicine and High Efficiency and Energy Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Zhenfeng Wu
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Li Han
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,Dingkun Zhang
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9
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Genes, Structural, and Biochemical Characterization of Four Chlorophyllases from Solanum lycopersicum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911716. [PMID: 36233017 PMCID: PMC9570282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have confirmed that chlorophyllase (CLH), a long-found chlorophyll (Chl) dephytylation enzyme for initiating Chl catabolism, has no function in leaf senescence-related Chl breakdown. Yet, CLH is considered to be involved in fruit degreening and responds to external and hormonal stimuli. The purpose of this work was to elucidate in detail the biochemical, structural properties, and gene expression of four CLHs from the Solanum lycopersicum genome so as to understand the roles of Solanum lycopersicum chlorophyllases (SlCLHs). SlCLH1/4 were the predominantly expressed CLH genes during leaf and fruit development/ripening stages, and SlCLH1 in mature green fruit was modulated by light. SlCLH1/2/3/4 contained a highly conserved GHSXG lipase motif and a Ser-Asp-His catalytic triad. We identified Ser159, Asp226, and His258 as the essential catalytic triad by site-directed mutagenesis in recombinant SlCLH1. Kinetic analysis of the recombinant enzymes revealed that SlCLH1 had high hydrolysis activities against Chl a, Chl b, and pheophytin a (Phein a), but preferred Chl a and Chl b over Phein a; SlCLH2/3 only showed very low activity to Chl a and Chl b, while SlCLH4 showed no Chl dephytylation activity. The recombinant SlCLH1/2/3 had different pH stability and temperature optimum. Removal of the predicted N-terminal processing peptide caused a partial loss of activity in recombinant SlCLH1/2 but did not compromise SlCLH3 activity. These different characteristics among SlCLHs imply that they may have different physiological functions in tomato.
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Zhang H, Guo J, Chen X, Zhou Y, Pei Y, Chen L, ul Haq S, Lu M, Gong H, Chen R. Pepper bHLH transcription factor CabHLH035 contributes to salt tolerance by modulating ion homeostasis and proline biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac203. [PMID: 36349081 PMCID: PMC9634760 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Members of the bHLH family of transcription factors play important roles in multiple aspects of plant biological processes, for instance, abiotic stress responses. Previously, we characterized CaNAC035, a gene that positively regulates stress tolerance and identified CabHLH035, a CaNAC035-interacting protein in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). In this study, we describe the role of CabHLH035 in the response to salt stress. Our results show that the expression of CabHLH035 increased following salt treatment. Transient expression of CabHLH035 (CabHLH035-To) in pepper enhanced salt tolerance, ectopic expression of CabHLH035 in Arabidopsis increased the salt stress tolerance, whereas knocking down the expression of CabHLH035 in pepper plants resulted in decreased salt tolerance. Homologs of the Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate acid synthetase (P5CS) genes showed drastically increased expression in transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing CabHLH035 and CabHLH035-To plants, but expression decreased in CabHLH035-silenced plants. Our results also showed that CabHLH035 can directly bind to the CaSOS1 and CaP5CS gene promoters and positively activate their expression. We found that transgenic Arabidopsis plants, ectopic expression of CabHLH035 and pepper plants transiently overexpressing CabHLH035 (CabHLH035-To) showed lower Na+ and higher proline contents in response to NaCl treatment, while CabHLH035-silenced plants had higher Na+ and lower proline concentrations. Overall, CabHLH035 plays important roles in salt tolerance through its effects on the intracellular Na+ : K+ ratio and proline biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yunyun Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yingping Pei
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Saeed ul Haq
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Minghui Lu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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11
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Tulkova EG, Savchenko GE, Kabashnikova LF. Degradation of Chlorophyll in the Leaves of Reed Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) under the Action of Volatile Organic Compounds and Benzo(a)pyrene. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s106235902204015x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Hu H, Chen L, Zhang H, Chen R. CabHLH79 Acts Upstream of CaNAC035 to Regulate Cold Stress in Pepper. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052537. [PMID: 35269676 PMCID: PMC8910607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold stress is one of the main restricting factors affecting plant growth and agricultural production. Complex cold signaling pathways induce the expression of hundreds of cold-sensitive genes. The NAC transcription factor CaNAC035 has previously been reported to significantly influence the response of pepper to cold stress. Here, using Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) library screened to search for other relevant molecular factors, we identified that CabHLH79 directly binds to the CaNAC035 promoter. Different basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) in plants significantly respond to multiple plant stresses, but the mechanism of bHLHs in the cold tolerance of pepper is still unclear. This study investigated the functional characterization of CabHLH79 in the regulation of cold resistance in pepper. Down-regulation of CabHLH79 in pepper by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) increased its sensitivity to low temperature, whereas overexpression of CabHLH79 in pepper or Arabidopsis enhanced cold resistance. Compared with control plants, VIGS mediated of CabHLH79 had lower enzyme activity and related gene expression levels, accompanied by higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, relative electrolyte leakage (REL), and malondialdehyde accumulation (MDA) contents. Transient overexpression of CabHLH79 pepper positively regulated cold stress response genes and ROS genes, which reduced REL and MDA contents. Similarly, ectopic expression of CabHLH79 in Arabidopsis showed less ROS accumulation, and higher enzymes activities and expression levels. These results indicated that CabHLH79 enhanced cold tolerance by enhancing the expression of ROS-related and other cold stress tolerance-related genes. Taken together, our results showed a multifaceted module of bHLH79-NAC035 in the cold stress of pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.H.); (L.C.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.H.); (L.C.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huifang Hu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.H.); (L.C.); (H.Z.)
| | - Lang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.H.); (L.C.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.H.); (L.C.); (H.Z.)
| | - Rugang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.H.); (L.C.); (H.Z.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling 712100, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-29-8708-2613
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Gu S, Dai X, Jiang J, Liu Y. Enhancing the catalytic activity of cyanobacterial chlorophyllase from Oscillatoria acuminata PCC 6304 through rational site-directed mutagenesis. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Xiao JJ, Zhang RX, Khan A, Ul Haq S, Gai WX, Gong ZH. CaFtsH06, A Novel Filamentous Thermosensitive Protease Gene, Is Involved in Heat, Salt, and Drought Stress Tolerance of Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136953. [PMID: 34203346 PMCID: PMC8268771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Harsh environmental factors have continuous negative effects on plant growth and development, leading to metabolic disruption and reduced plant productivity and quality. However, filamentation temperature-sensitive H protease (FtsH) plays a prominent role in helping plants to cope with these negative impacts. In the current study, we examined the transcriptional regulation of the CaFtsH06 gene in the R9 thermo-tolerant pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) line. The results of qRT-PCR revealed that CaFtsH06 expression was rapidly induced by abiotic stress treatments, including heat, salt, and drought. The CaFtsH06 protein was localized to the mitochondria and cell membrane. Additionally, silencing CaFtsH06 increased the accumulation of malonaldehyde content, conductivity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, and the activity levels of superoxide dismutase and superoxide (·O2−), while total chlorophyll content decreased under these abiotic stresses. Furthermore, CaFtsH06 ectopic expression enhanced tolerance to heat, salt, and drought stresses, thus decreasing malondialdehyde, proline, H2O2, and ·O2− contents while superoxide dismutase activity and total chlorophyll content were increased in transgenic Arabidopsis. Similarly, the expression levels of other defense-related genes were much higher in the transgenic ectopic expression lines than WT plants. These results suggest that CaFtsH06 confers abiotic stress tolerance in peppers by interfering with the physiological indices through reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, inducing the activities of stress-related enzymes and regulating the transcription of defense-related genes, among other mechanisms. The results of this study suggest that CaFtsH06 plays a very crucial role in the defense mechanisms of pepper plants to unfavorable environmental conditions and its regulatory network with other CaFtsH genes should be examined across variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Rui-Xing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Abid Khan
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ul Haq
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Department of Horticulture, University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Wen-Xian Gai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
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15
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CaHSP18.1a, a Small Heat Shock Protein from Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), Positively Responds to Heat, Drought, and Salt Tolerance. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7050117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pepper is a thermophilic crop, shallow-rooted plant that is often severely affected by abiotic stresses such as heat, salt, and drought. The growth and development of pepper is seriously affected by adverse stresses, resulting in decreases in the yield and quality of pepper crops. Small heat shock proteins (s HSPs) play a crucial role in protecting plant cells against various stresses. A previous study in our laboratory showed that the expression level of CaHSP18.1a was highly induced by heat stress, but the function and mechanism of CaHSP18.1a responding to abiotic stresses is not clear. In this study, we first analyzed the expression of CaHSP18.1a in the thermo-sensitive B6 line and thermo-tolerant R9 line and demonstrated that the transcription of CaHSP18.1a was strongly induced by heat stress, salt, and drought stress in both R9 and B6, and that the response is more intense and earlier in the R9 line. In the R9 line, the silencing of CaHSP18.1a decreased resistance to heat, drought, and salt stresses. The silencing of CaHSP18.1a resulted in significant increases in relative electrolyte leakage (REL) and malonaldehyde (MDA) contents, while total chlorophyll content decreased under heat, salt, and drought stresses. Overexpression analyses of CaHSP18.1a in transgenic Arabidopsis further confirmed that CaHSP18.1a functions positively in resistance to heat, drought, and salt stresses. The transgenic Arabidopsis had higherchlorophyll content and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase than the wild type (WT). However, the relative conductivity and MDA content were decreased in transgenic Arabidopsis compared to the wild type (WT). We further showed that the CaHSP18.1a protein is localized to the cell membrane. These results indicate CaHSP18.1a may act as a positive regulator of responses to abiotic stresses.
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Sharafi E, Dehestani A, Farmani J, Parizi AP, Taheri‐Kafrani A. Chlorophyllase‐Catalyzed Chlorophyll Removal from Vegetable Oils Using Recombinant Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Enzymes. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Sharafi
- Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University 578 Sari Iran
| | - Ali Dehestani
- Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University 578 Sari Iran
| | - Jamshid Farmani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University 578 Sari Iran
| | - Ali Pakdin Parizi
- Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University 578 Sari Iran
| | - Asghar Taheri‐Kafrani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746‐73441 Iran
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17
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Gu S, Dai X, Xu Z, Niu Q, Jiang J, Liu Y. Molecular, structural and biochemical characterization of a novel recombinant chlorophyllase from cyanobacterium Oscillatoria acuminata PCC 6304. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:14. [PMID: 33430874 PMCID: PMC7802212 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01507-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Chlorophyllase catalyzes the hydrolysis of chlorophyll and produces chlorophyllide and phytol. Cyanobacterial chlorophyllases are likely to be more highly heterologously expressed than plant chlorophyllases. A novel recombinant chlorophyllase from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria acuminata PCC 6304 was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Results The putative N-terminal 28-amino-acid signal peptide sequence of O. acuminata chlorophyllase (OaCLH) is essential for its activity, but may confer poor solubility on OaCLH. The C-terminal fusion of a 6 × His tag caused a partial loss of activity in recombinant OaCLH, but an N-terminal 6 × His tag did not destroy its activity. The optimal pH and temperature for recombinant OaCLH activity are 7.0 and 40 °C, respectively. Recombinant OaCLH has hydrolysis activities against chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, bacteriochlorophyll a, and pheophytin a, but prefers chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a as substrates. The results of site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated that the catalytic triad of OaCLH consists of Ser159, Asp226, and His258. Conclusions The high-level expression and broad substrate specificity of recombinant OaCLH make it suitable for genetically engineering and a promising biocatalyst for industrial production, with applications in vegetable oil refining and laundry detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Jiangsu, 214122, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. .,Wilmar Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd, 200137, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojun Dai
- Wilmar Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd, 200137, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengjun Xu
- Wilmar Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd, 200137, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwen Niu
- Wilmar Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd, 200137, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Jiangsu, 214122, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Jiangsu, 214122, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.
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Maskey B, Bhattarai R, Bhattarai G, Shrestha NK. Post-Harvest Quality of Fresh Akabare Chili ( Capsicum chinese) as Affected by Hydrocooling, Package Modification and Storage Temperature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1865399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bunty Maskey
- Central Department of Food Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
| | | | - Geeta Bhattarai
- Central Department of Food Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
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Fathalla A, Abd El-Mageed A. Salt tolerance enhancement Of wheat ( Triticum Asativium L) genotypes by selected plant growth promoting bacteria. AIMS Microbiol 2020; 6:250-271. [PMID: 33134743 PMCID: PMC7595838 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted at green house and laboratories of Agriculture Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia governorate, Egypt during 2018/2019 to test rhizosphere growth promoting bacteria as known strategy to increase salinity tolerance of six genotypes of wheat namely; Line 404, Line 356, Line 420, Line432, Sakha 93 and Line 380 were grown under 3000 ppm and 5000 ppm of salinity. Four bacterial strains were used namely; Pseudomonas fluorescens NBRC 14160, Serratia liquefaciens ATCC 27592, Bacillus subtilis SBMP4 and Bacillus megaterium NBRC 15308. All the strains could be able to tolerate salinity levels up to 3% NaCl and produced indole acetic acid (IAA). The both strains Pseudomonas fluorescens NBRC 14160 and Bacillus megaterium NBRC 15308 were grow on NA media supplemented with 6% NaCl, and showed 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity and Pseudomonas fluorescens NBRC 14160 strain also fixed nitrogen. PCR results confirmed the previous results for both strains. Pseudomonas fluorescens NBRC 14160 and Bacillus megaterium NBRC 15308 were selected to study their reflection in vivo on wheat plants growth at different levels of salinity. The selected strains were able to improve plants growth under salinity stress conditions when compared with non-inoculated plants for all wheat genotypes especially sakha93 showed the highest mean values over rest genotypes under saline and non-saline conditions. Results of genetic parameters for studied traits showed that values of PCV were higher than GCV values for most studied traits. Germination percentage, shoot length and potassium content had high values of heritability and genetic advance, so these traits might use in selection of plant breeding programs for salinity tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Fathalla
- Department of agric. Botany, Faculty of agriculture, Suez canal university, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amal Abd El-Mageed
- Department of agric. Botany, Faculty of agriculture, Suez canal university, Ismailia, Egypt
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20
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Huang X, Zhang X, Jiang X, Huang S, Pang X, Qu H, Zhang Z. Quality retention and selective gene expression of Chinese flowering cabbage as affected by atmosphere gas composition. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources College of Horticulture South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources College of Horticulture South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
- College of Life Sciences South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaoyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources College of Horticulture South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
| | - Shuisheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources College of Horticulture South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
| | - Xuequn Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources College of Horticulture South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
- College of Life Sciences South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
| | - Hongxia Qu
- South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources College of Horticulture South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
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21
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Ali M, Muhammad I, ul Haq S, Alam M, Khattak AM, Akhtar K, Ullah H, Khan A, Lu G, Gong ZH. The CaChiVI2 Gene of Capsicum annuum L. Confers Resistance Against Heat Stress and Infection of Phytophthora capsici. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:219. [PMID: 32174952 PMCID: PMC7057250 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Extreme environmental conditions seriously affect crop growth and development, resulting in substantial reduction in yield and quality. However, chitin-binding proteins (CBP) family member CaChiVI2 plays a crucial role in eliminating the impact of adverse environmental conditions, such as cold and salt stress. Here, for the first time it was discovered that CaChiVI2 (Capana08g001237) gene of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) had a role in resistance to heat stress and physiological processes. The full-length open-reading frame (ORF) of CaChiVI2 (606-bp, encoding 201-amino acids), was cloned into TRV2:CaChiVI2 vector for silencing. The CaChiVI2 gene carries heat shock elements (HSE, AAAAAATTTC) in the upstream region, and thereby shows sensitivity to heat stress at the transcriptional level. The silencing effect of CaChiVI2 in pepper resulted in increased susceptibility to heat and Phytophthora capsici infection. This was evident from the severe symptoms on leaves, the increase in superoxide (O2 -) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation, higher malondialdehyde (MDA), relative electrolyte leakage (REL) and lower proline contents compared with control plants. Furthermore, the transcript level of other resistance responsive genes was also altered. In addition, the CaChiIV2-overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana showed mild heat and drought stress symptoms and increased transcript level of a defense-related gene (AtHSA32), indicating its role in the co-regulation network of the plant. The CaChiVI2-overexpressed plants also showed a decrease in MDA contents and an increase in antioxidant enzyme activity and proline accumulation. In conclusion, the results suggest that CaChiVI2 gene plays a decisive role in heat and drought stress tolerance, as well as, provides resistance against P. capsici by reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulating the expression of defense-related genes. The outcomes obtained here suggest that further studies should be conducted on plants adaptation mechanisms in variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Izhar Muhammad
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Saeed ul Haq
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mukhtar Alam
- Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Mateen Khattak
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Akhtar
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hidayat Ullah
- Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Abid Khan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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22
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Zhang HX, Zhu WC, Feng XH, Jin JH, Wei AM, Gong ZH. Transcription Factor CaSBP12 Negatively Regulates Salt Stress Tolerance in Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E444. [PMID: 31936712 PMCID: PMC7013666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SBP-box (Squamosa-promoter binding protein) genes are a type of plant-specific transcription factor and play important roles in plant growth, signal transduction, and stress response. However, little is known about the role of pepper SBP-box transcription factor genes in response to abiotic stress. Here, one of the pepper SBP-box gene, CaSBP12, was selected and isolated from pepper genome database in our previous study. The CaSBP12 gene was induced under salt stress. Silencing the CaSBP12 gene enhanced pepper plant tolerance to salt stress. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of the detached leaves of CaSBP12-silenced plants was significantly lower than that of control plants. Besides, the Na+, malondialdehyde content, and conductivity were significantly increased in control plants than that in the CaSBP12-silenced plants. In addition, the CaSBP12 over-expressed Nicotiana benthamiana plants were more susceptible to salt stress with higher damage severity index percentage and accumulation of ROS as compared to the wild-type. These results indicated that CaSBP12 negatively regulates salt stress tolerance in pepper may relate to ROS signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Xia Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (H.-X.Z.); (X.-H.F.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Wen-Chao Zhu
- Guizhou Institute of Pepper, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550009, China;
| | - Xiao-Hui Feng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (H.-X.Z.); (X.-H.F.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Jing-Hao Jin
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (H.-X.Z.); (X.-H.F.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Ai-Min Wei
- Tianjin Vegetable Research Center, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300192, China;
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (H.-X.Z.); (X.-H.F.); (J.-H.J.)
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23
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Zhang H, Ma F, Wang X, Liu S, Saeed UH, Hou X, Zhang Y, Luo D, Meng Y, Zhang W, Abid K, Chen R. Molecular and Functional Characterization of CaNAC035, an NAC Transcription Factor From Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:14. [PMID: 32117364 PMCID: PMC7011960 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) proteins are the plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) which are important in plant response to abiotic stresses. However, knowledge about the functional role that NACs play in pepper abiotic stress tolerance is limited. In this study, we isolated a NAC TF gene, CaNAC035, from pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), where the protein is localized in the nucleus and functions as a transcriptional activator. CaNAC035 expression is induced by low and high temperatures, osmotic stress, salt, gibberellic acid (GA), methyl-jasmonic acid (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA). To understand the function of CaNAC035 in the abiotic stress responsep, we used virus-induced gene silencing in pepper to knockdown the CaNAC035 and overexpressed the CaNAC035 in Arabidopsis. The results showed that pepper seedlings in which CaNAC035 was silenced, showed more damage than the control pepper plants after cold, NaCl, and mannitol treatments. Correspondingly increased electrolyte leakage, a higher level of malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, and superoxide radicals were found after cold treatments. CaNAC035-silenced seedlings exhibited lower chlorophyll content while CaNAC035-overexpressed Arabidopsis plants had higher germination rate and fresh weight after mannitol and NaCl treatments. We also reported 18 proteins that potentially interact with CaNAC035 and may participate in processes such as the stress response, resistance, and photosynthesis. Our results suggest that CaNAC035 is a positive regulator of abiotic stress tolerance in pepper which acts through multiple signaling pathways.
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24
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Zhang HF, Liu SY, Ma JH, Wang XK, Haq SU, Meng YC, Zhang YM, Chen RG. CaDHN4, a Salt and Cold Stress-Responsive Dehydrin Gene from Pepper Decreases Abscisic Acid Sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010026. [PMID: 31861623 PMCID: PMC6981442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydrins play an important role in improving plant resistance to abiotic stresses. In this study, we isolated a dehydrin gene from pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaves, designated as CaDHN4. Sub-cellular localization of CaDHN4 was to be found in the nucleus and membrane. To authenticate the function of CaDHN4 in cold- and salt-stress responses and abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity, we reduced the CaDHN4 expression using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and overexpressed the CaDHN4 in Arabidopsis. We found that silencing of CaDHN4 reduced the growth of pepper seedlings and CaDHN4-silenced plants exhibited more serious wilting, higher electrolyte leakage, and more accumulation of ROS in the leaves compared to pTRV2:00 plants after cold stress, and lower chlorophyll contents and higher electrolyte leakage compared to pTRV2:00 plants under salt stress. However, CaDHN4-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants had higher seed germination rates and post-germination primary root growth, compared to WT plants under salt stress. In response to cold and salt stresses, the CaDHN4-overexpressed Arabidopsis exhibited lower MDA content, and lower relative electrolyte leakage compared to the WT plants. Under ABA treatments, the fresh weight and germination rates of transgenic plants were higher than WT plants. The transgenic Arabidopsis expressing a CaDHN4 promoter displayed a more intense GUS staining than the normal growth conditions under treatment with hormones including ABA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and salicylic acid (SA). Our results suggest that CaDHN4 can protect against cold and salt stresses and decrease ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ru-gang Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-29-8708-2613; Fax: +86-29-8708-2613
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25
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Feng XH, Zhang HX, Ali M, Gai WX, Cheng GX, Yu QH, Yang SB, Li XX, Gong ZH. A small heat shock protein CaHsp25.9 positively regulates heat, salt, and drought stress tolerance in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:151-162. [PMID: 31284139 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Extreme environmental conditions seriously affect crop growth and development, resulting in a decrease in crop yield and quality. However, small heat shock proteins (Hsp20s) play an important role in helping plants to avoid these negative impacts. In this study, we identified the expression pattern of the CaHsp25.9 gene in a thermo-tolerance pepper line R9 and thermo-sensitive line B6. The transcription of CaHsp25.9 was strongly induced by heat stress in both R9 and B6. The expression of CaHsp25.9 was induced by salt and drought stress in R9. Additionally, the CaHsp25.9 protein was localized in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. When silencing the CaHsp25.9 gene in the R9 line, the accumulation of malonaldehyde (MDA), relative electrolytic leakage, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion were increased, while total chlorophyll decreased under heat, salt, and drought stress. Over-expression of CaHsp25.9 in Arabidopsis resulted in decreased MDA, while proline, superoxide dismutase activity, germination, and root length increased under heat, salt, and drought stress. However, peroxidase activity was higher in drought stress but lower in heat and salt stress in transgenic Arabidopsis compared to the wild type (WT). Furthermore, the transcription of stress related genes was more highly induced in transgenic lines than WT. Our results indicated that CaHsp25.9 confers heat, salt, and drought stress tolerance to plants by reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and regulating the expression of stress-related genes. Therefore, these results may provide insight into plant adaption mechanisms developed in variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Feng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Huai-Xia Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ali
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Wen-Xian Gai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Guo-Xin Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Qing-Hui Yu
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, PR China
| | - Sheng-Bao Yang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, PR China
| | - Xi-Xuan Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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Zhang J, Cao J, Pei Z, Wei P, Xiang D, Cao X, Shen X, Li C. Volatile flavour components and the mechanisms underlying their production in golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii) fillets subjected to different drying methods: A comparative study using an electronic nose, an electronic tongue and SDE-GC-MS. Food Res Int 2019; 123:217-225. [PMID: 31284971 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The impacts of the vacuum freeze (VFD), hot air (HAD), microwave (MD) and vacuum microwave (VMD) drying on the flavour of golden pompano fillets were evaluated using an electronic nose (E-nose), an electronic tongue (E-tongue) and simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) - gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the E-nose and E-tongue systems could effectively differentiate volatile compounds of four samples. A total of 86 volatile flavour components were identified in the dried fillets; the main flavour components contained hydrocarbons (39), aldehydes (15), esters (10) and alcohols (9). HAD, MD and VMD processing promoted a gradual reduction in ketones and the generation of esters, while the fillets that were processed by VFD contained more hydrocarbon (29.68%) and alcohol (2.64%) compounds. The volatile compounds of dried golden pompano fillets were developed through four potential pathways, including the Maillard reaction, lipid oxidation and degradation, protein hydrolysis, and Strecker degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing of Haikou, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing of Haikou, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhisheng Pei
- Marine Food Engineering Technology Research Center of Hainan Province, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Peiyu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing of Haikou, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing of Haikou, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing of Haikou, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xuanri Shen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing of Haikou, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing of Haikou, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Luo D, Hou X, Zhang Y, Meng Y, Zhang H, Liu S, Wang X, Chen R. CaDHN5, a Dehydrin Gene from Pepper, Plays an Important Role in Salt and Osmotic Stress Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081989. [PMID: 31018553 PMCID: PMC6514665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dehydrins (DHNs), as a sub-family of group two late embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) proteins, have attracted considerable interest owing to their functions in enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Our previous study showed that the expression of CaDHN5 (a dehydrin gene from pepper) is strongly induced by salt and osmotic stresses, but its function was not clear. To understand the function of CaDHN5 in the abiotic stress responses, we produced pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants, in which CaDHN5 expression was down-regulated using VIGS (Virus-induced Gene Silencing), and transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CaDHN5. We found that knock-down of CaDHN5 suppressed the expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and peroxidase (POD) genes. These changes caused more reactive oxygen species accumulation in the VIGS lines than control pepper plants under stress conditions. CaDHN5-overexpressing plants exhibited enhanced tolerance to salt and osmotic stresses as compared to the wild type and also showed increased expression of salt and osmotic stress-related genes. Interestingly, our results showed that many salt-related genes were upregulated in our transgenic Arabidopsis lines under salt or osmotic stress. Taken together, our results suggest that CaDHN5 functions as a positive regulator in the salt and osmotic stress signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiaoming Hou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yuancheng Meng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Suya Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xinke Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Rugang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Chen R, Ma J, Luo D, Hou X, Ma F, Zhang Y, Meng Y, Zhang H, Guo W. CaMADS, a MADS-box transcription factor from pepper, plays an important role in the response to cold, salt, and osmotic stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 280:164-174. [PMID: 30823994 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
MADS-box family transcription factors play essential roles in the growth and development of plants, and some MADS-box genes have also been found to participate in the stress-response. At present, little information regarding stress-related MADS-box genes is available in pepper. We isolated a MADS-box transcription factor gene from Capsicum annuum, which we named CaMADS. CaMADS expression is induced by low and high temperature, salt, and osmotic stress, and also by abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), methyl-jasmonic acid (MeJA), and CaCl2. To understand the function of CaMADS in the abiotic stress response, we generated pepper plants in which CaMADS expression was down-regulated using VIGS (Virus-induced Gene Silencing), and also transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CaMADS. We found that CaMADS-down-regulated seedlings were more seriously injured than WT after cold, NaCl, and mannitol treatment, and showed increased electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and lower chlorophyll content. CaMADS-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants were more tolerant to these stresses than WT, and showed significantly high survival rates and lower H2O2 and super oxide radical contents after cold treatment. CaMADS-overexpressing plants had higher germination rates and percentages of green cotyledons following NaCl and mannitol treatment. Root lengths and fresh weight in CaMADS-overexpressing plants were also significantly longer and higher, respectively, than in WT plants. Taken together, our results suggest that CaMADS functions as a positive stress-responsive transcription factor in the cold, salt, and osmotic stress signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, China.
| | - Jihui Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dan Luo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaomeng Hou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fang Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuancheng Meng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Weili Guo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Huang LJ, Cheng GX, Khan A, Wei AM, Yu QH, Yang SB, Luo DX, Gong ZH. CaHSP16.4, a small heat shock protein gene in pepper, is involved in heat and drought tolerance. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:39-51. [PMID: 29946904 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stress affects growth and development of crops, and reduces yield and quality of crops. To cope with environmental stressors, plants have sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the HSF/HSP pathway. Here, we identify the expression pattern of CaHSP16.4 in thermo-tolerant and thermo-sensitive pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) lines. Under heat stress, R9 thermo-tolerant line had higher CaHSP16.4 expression level than the B6 thermo-sensitive line. Under drought stress, expression pattern of CaHSP16.4 was dynamic. Initially, CaHSP16.4 was downregulated then CaHSP16.4 significantly increased. Subcellular localization assay showed that CaHSP16.4 localizes in cytoplasm and nucleus. In the R9 line, silencing of CaHSP16.4 resulted in a significant increase in malonaldehyde content and a significant reduction in total chlorophyll content, suggesting that silencing of CaHSP16.4 reduces heat and drought stresses tolerance. Overexpression of CaHSP16.4 enhances tolerance to heat stress in Arabidopsis. Under heat stress, the survival rate of CaHSP16.4 overexpression lines was significantly higher than wild type. Furthermore, under heat, drought, and combined stress conditions, the CaHSP16.4-overexpression lines had lower relative electrolytic leakage and malonaldehyde content, higher total chlorophyll content, and higher activity levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbic acid peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase compared to wild type. Furthermore, the expression levels of the stress response genes in the overexpression lines were higher than the wild type. These results indicate that the overexpression of CaHSP16.4 enhances the ability of reactive oxygen species scavenging under heat and drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Jun Huang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Xin Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Abid Khan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Min Wei
- Tianjin Vegetable Research Center, Tianjin, 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Hui Yu
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Bao Yang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Xu Luo
- Xuhuai Region Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Huai'an, 223001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Sharafi E, Farmani J, Parizi AP, Dehestani A. In Search of Engineered Prokaryotic Chlorophyllases: A Bioinformatics Approach. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-018-0143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Guyer L, Salinger K, Krügel U, Hörtensteiner S. Catalytic and structural properties of pheophytinase, the phytol esterase involved in chlorophyll breakdown. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:879-889. [PMID: 29036670 PMCID: PMC5853334 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During leaf senescence and fruit ripening, chlorophyll is degraded in a multistep pathway into linear tetrapyrroles called phyllobilins. A key feature of chlorophyll breakdown is the removal of the hydrophobic phytol chain that renders phyllobilins water soluble, an important prerequisite for their ultimate storage in the vacuole of senescent cells. Chlorophyllases had been considered for more than a century to catalyze dephytylation in vivo; however, this was recently refuted. Instead, pheophytinase was discovered as a genuine in vivo phytol hydrolase. While chlorophyllase acts rather unspecifically towards different porphyrin substrates, pheophytinase was shown to specifically dephytylate pheophytin, namely Mg-free chlorophyll. The aim of this work was to elucidate in detail the biochemical and structural properties of pheophytinase. By testing different porphyrin substrates with recombinant pheophytinase from Arabidopsis thaliana we show that pheophytinase has high specificity for the acid moiety of the ester bond, namely the porphyrin ring, while the nature of the alcohol, namely the phytol chain in pheophytin, is irrelevant. In silico modelling of the 3-dimensional structure of pheophytinase and subsequent analysis of site-directed pheophytinase mutant forms allowed the identification of the serine, histidine, and aspartic acid residues that compose the catalytic triad, a classical feature of serine-type hydrolases to which both pheophytinase and chlorophyllase belong. Based on substantial structural differences in the models of Arabidopsis pheophytinase and chlorophyllase 1, we discuss potential differences in the catalytic properties of these two phytol hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Guyer
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Salinger
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Undine Krügel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kuai B, Chen J, Hörtensteiner S. The biochemistry and molecular biology of chlorophyll breakdown. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:751-767. [PMID: 28992212 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll breakdown is one of the most obvious signs of leaf senescence and fruit ripening. The resulting yellowing of leaves can be observed every autumn, and the color change of fruits indicates their ripening state. During these processes, chlorophyll is broken down in a multistep pathway, now termed the 'PAO/phyllobilin' pathway, acknowledging the core enzymatic breakdown step catalysed by pheophorbide a oxygenase, which determines the basic linear tetrapyrrole structure of the products of breakdown that are now called 'phyllobilins'. This review provides an update on the PAO/phyllobilin pathway, and focuses on recent biochemical and molecular progress in understanding phyllobilin-modifying reactions as the basis for phyllobilin diversity, on the evolutionary diversity of the pathway, and on the transcriptional regulation of the pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benke Kuai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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33
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Leaf Senescence, Root Morphology, and Seed Yield of Winter Oilseed Rape ( Brassica napus L.) at Varying Plant Densities. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8581072. [PMID: 28840127 PMCID: PMC5559922 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8581072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the yield and yield components were studied using a conventional variety Zhongshuang 11 (ZS 11) and a hybrid variety Zhongyouza 12 (ZYZ 12) at varying plant densities. The increase in plant density led to an initial increase in seed yield and pod numbers per unit area, followed by a decrease. The optimal plant density was 58.5 × 104 plants ha−1 in both ZS 11 and ZYZ 12. The further researches on physiological traits showed a rapid decrease in the green leaf area index (GLAI) and chlorophyll content and a remarkable increase in malondialdehyde content in high plant density (HPD) population than did the low plant density (LPD) population, which indicated the rapid leaf senescence. However, HPD had higher values in terms of pod area index (PAI), pod photosynthesis, and radiation use efficiency (RUE) after peak anthesis. A significantly higher level of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen utilization efficiency were observed, which resulted in higher yield. HPD resulted in a rapid decrease in root morphological parameters (root length, root tips, root surface area, and root volume). These results suggested that increasing the plant density within a certain range was a promising option for high seed yield in winter rapeseed in China.
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Agostini A, Palm DM, Schmitt FJ, Albertini M, Valentin MD, Paulsen H, Carbonera D. An unusual role for the phytyl chains in the photoprotection of the chlorophylls bound to Water-Soluble Chlorophyll-binding Proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7504. [PMID: 28790428 PMCID: PMC5548782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Water-Soluble Chlorophyll Proteins (WSCPs) from Brassicaceae are non-photosynthetic proteins which tetramerize upon binding four chlorophyll (Chl) molecules. The bound Chls are highly photostable, despite the lack of bound carotenoids known, in Chl-containing photosynthetic proteins, to act as singlet oxygen and Chl triplet (3Chl) quenchers. Although the physiological function of WSCPs is still unclear, it is likely to be related to their biochemical stability and their resistance to photodegradation. To get insight into the origin of this photostability, the properties of the 3Chl generated in WSCPs upon illumination were investigated. We found that, unlike the excited singlet states, which are excitonic states, the triplet state is localized on a single Chl molecule. Moreover, the lifetime of the 3Chl generated in WSCPs is comparable to that observed in other Chl-containing systems and is reduced in presence of oxygen. In contrast to previous observations, we found that WSCP actually photosensitizes singlet oxygen with an efficiency comparable to that of Chl in organic solvent. We demonstrated that the observed resistance to photooxidation depends on the conformation of the phytyl moieties, which in WSCP are interposed between the rings of Chl dimers, hindering the access of singlet oxygen to the oxidizable sites of the pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Agostini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel M Palm
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Schmitt
- Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17, Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Albertini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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Yen CC, Chuang YC, Ko CY, Chen LFO, Chen SS, Lin CJ, Chou YL, Shaw JF. Immobilization of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CLH1 on APTES-Coated Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Potential in the Production of Chlorophyll Derivatives. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21080972. [PMID: 27472309 PMCID: PMC6273557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21080972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chlorophyllase 1 (CrCLH1) that could catalyze chlorophyll hydrolysis to chlorophyllide and phytol in vitro was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant CrCLH1 was immobilized through covalent binding with a cubic (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) coating on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs), which led to markedly improved enzyme performance and decreased biocatalyst costs for potential industrial application. The immobilized enzyme exhibited a high immobilization yield (98.99 ± 0.91 mg/g of gel) and a chlorophyllase assay confirmed that the immobilized recombinant CrCLH1 retained enzymatic activity (722.3 ± 50.3 U/g of gel). Biochemical analysis of the immobilized enzyme, compared with the free enzyme, showed higher optimal pH and pH stability for chlorophyll-a hydrolysis in an acidic environment (pH 3-5). In addition, compared with the free enzyme, the immobilized enzyme showed higher activity in chlorophyll-a hydrolysis in a high temperature environment (50-60 °C). Moreover, the immobilized enzyme retained a residual activity of more than 64% of its initial enzyme activity after 14 cycles in a repeated-batch operation. Therefore, APTES-coated MIONP-immobilized recombinant CrCLH1 can be repeatedly used to lower costs and is potentially useful for the industrial production of chlorophyll derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Yen
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Chen Chuang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Yun Ko
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Long-Fang O Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Sheau-Shyang Chen
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jung Lin
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Li Chou
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan.
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan.
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Chen RG, Jing H, Guo WL, Wang SB, Ma F, Pan BG, Gong ZH. Silencing of dehydrin CaDHN1 diminishes tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses in Capsicum annuum L. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:2189-200. [PMID: 26408144 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We cloned a dehydrins gene CaDHN1 from pepper and the expression of CaDHN1 was markedly upregulated by cold, salt, osmotic stresses and salicylic acid (SA) treatment. Dehydrins (DHNs) are a subfamily of group 2 late embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) proteins that are thought to play an important role in enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in plants. In this study, a DHN EST (Expressed Sequence Tag) was obtained from 6 to 8 true leaves seedlings of pepper cv P70 (Capsicum annuum L.) by our laboratory. However, the DHN gene in pepper was not well characterized. According to this EST sequence, we isolated a DHN gene, designated as CaDHN1, and investigated the response and expression of this gene under various stresses. Our results indicated that CaDHN1 has the DHN-specific and conserved K- and S- domain and encodes 219 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CaDHN1 belonged to the SKn subgroup. Tissue expression profile analysis revealed that CaDH N1 was expressed predominantly in fruits and flowers. The expression of CaDHN1 was markedly upregulated in response to cold, salt, osmotic stresses and salicylic acid (SA) treatment, but no significant change by abscisic acid (ABA) and heavy metals treatment. Loss of function of CaDHN1 using the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technique led to decreased tolerance to cold-, salt- and osmotic-induced stresses. Overall, these results suggest that CaDHN1 plays an important role in regulating the abiotic stress resistance in pepper plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-gang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Hua Jing
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wei-li Guo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Shu-Bin Wang
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Fang Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bao-Gui Pan
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China.
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37
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Chou YL, Ko CY, Yen CC, Chen LFO, Shaw JF. A Novel Recombinant Chlorophyllase1 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for the Production of Chlorophyllide Derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9496-9503. [PMID: 26478543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural chlorophyll metabolites have exhibited physiological activity in vitro. In this study, a recombinant chlorophyllase1 gene from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrCLH1) was isolated and characterized. Recombinant CrCLH1 can perform chlorophyll dephytylation and produce chlorophyllide and phytol. In a transient assay, the subcellular localization of CrCLH1-green fluorescent protein was determined to be outside the chloroplast. Biochemical analyses of the activity of recombinant CrCLH1 indicated that its optimal pH value and temperature are 6.0 and 40 °C, respectively. Enzyme kinetic data revealed that the recombinant CrCLH1 had a higher catalytic efficiency for chlorophyll a than for chlorophyll b and bacteriochlorophyll a. According to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of chlorophyll hydrolysis, recombinant CrCLH1 catalyzed the conversion of chlorophyll a to pheophorbide a at pH 5. Therefore, recombinant CrCLH1 can be used as a biocatalyst to produce chlorophyllide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Li Chou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yun Ko
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Yen
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Long-Fang O Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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Effect of the perforation level of recycled-LDPE bags on the modification of the atmosphere development, bioactive compounds content, and other qualities of Jalapeño peppers during storage. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:6415-24. [PMID: 26396386 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The impact of modified atmosphere packaging on the content of selected bioactive compounds and other quality attributes of Jalapeño peppers has not been well studied. In this study, Jalapeño peppers were packed in low-cost bags (composed of recycled-LDPE) that had been perforated at several levels (0-4 holes). Packages were stored at 7 °C for 6 weeks. Samples of unpacked peppers were stored at 23 and 7 °C and were used as control groups. The quality of the peppers and the gas composition inside of the packages were evaluated during storage. The best modified atmosphere was obtained with unperforated bags. Significant loss of weight and firmness were prevented by packaging. The loss of weight and firmness were 20.2-82.6 and 32-100 % in unpacked peppers. Low levels of fermentative metabolites accumulated in packed peppers in unperforated bags and in bags with 1 perforation. The tristimulus color and the bioactive compounds content (phenols, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, and capsaicinoids) remained unchanged in packed peppers. These quality attributes changed gradually in peppers that were stored at 23 °C. The tested bags represent a cost-effective alternative to preserve the quality of intact Jalapeño peppers.
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Chou YL, Lee YL, Yen CC, Chen LFO, Lee LC, Shaw JF. A novel recombinant chlorophyllase from cyanobacteriumCyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 for the production of bacteriochlorophyllide a. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:371-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Li Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lin Lee
- Biotechnology Division; Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Yen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; I-Shou University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Long-Fang O. Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Li-Chiun Lee
- Department of Nutrition; I-Shou University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Institute of Biotechnology; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; I-Shou University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
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40
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Lipophilic pigments differentially respond to drying methods in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Purification and immobilization of the recombinant Brassica oleracea Chlorophyllase 1 (BoCLH1) on DIAION®CR11 as potential biocatalyst for the production of chlorophyllide and phytol. Molecules 2015; 20:3744-57. [PMID: 25719743 PMCID: PMC6272265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20033744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Brassica oleracea chlorophyllase 1 (BoCLH1) with a protein molecular weight of 38.63 kDa was successfully expressed in E. coli and could catalyze chlorophyll (Chl) hydrolysis to chlorophyllide and phytol in vitro. In this study, we used DIAION®CR11, a highly porous cross-linked polystyrene divinylbenzene-based metal chelator, for purifying and immobilizing the poly (His)-tagged enzyme. The Cu(II) showed the highest protein adsorption (9.2 ± 0.43 mg/g gel) and enzyme activity (46.3 ± 3.14 U/g gel) for the immobilization of the poly (His)-tagged recombinant BoCLH1 compared with other metal chelators. Biochemical analysis of the immobilized enzyme showed higher chlorophyllase activity for Chl a hydrolysis in a weak base environment (pH 8.0), and activity above 70% was in a high-temperature environment, compared with the free enzyme. In addition, compared with free BoCLH1, the enzyme half-life (t1/2) of the immobilized BoCLH1 increased from 25.42 to 54.35 min (approximately two-fold) at 60 °C. The immobilized enzyme retained a residual activity of approximately 60% after 17 cycles in a repeated-batch operation. Therefore, DIAION®CR11Cu(II)-immobilized recombinant BoCLH1 can be repeatedly used to lower the cost and is potentially useful for the industrial production of chlorophyllide and phytol.
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Lin YP, Lee TY, Tanaka A, Charng YY. Analysis of an Arabidopsis heat-sensitive mutant reveals that chlorophyll synthase is involved in reutilization of chlorophyllide during chlorophyll turnover. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:14-26. [PMID: 25041167 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophylls, the most abundant pigments in the photosynthetic apparatus, are constantly turned over as a result of the degradation and replacement of the damage-prone reaction center D1 protein of photosystem II. Results from isotope labeling experiments suggest that chlorophylls are recycled by reutilization of chlorophyllide and phytol, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, by characterization of a heat-sensitive Arabidopsis mutant we provide evidence of a salvage pathway for chlorophyllide a. A missense mutation in CHLOROPHYLL SYNTHASE (CHLG) was identified and confirmed to be responsible for a light-dependent, heat-induced cotyledon bleaching phenotype. Following heat treatment, mutant (chlg-1) but not wild-type seedlings accumulated a substantial level of chlorophyllide a, which resulted in a surge of phototoxic singlet oxygen. Immunoblot analysis suggested that the mutation destabilized the chlorophyll synthase proteins and caused a conditional blockage of esterification of chlorophyllide a after heat stress. Accumulation of chlorophyllide a after heat treatment occurred during recovery in the dark in the light-grown but not the etiolated seedlings, suggesting that the accumulated chlorophyllides were not derived from de novo biosynthesis but from de-esterification of the existing chlorophylls. Further analysis of the triple mutant harboring the CHLG mutant allele and null mutations of CHLOROPHYLLASE1 (CLH1) and CLH2 indicated that the known chlorophyllases are not responsible for the accumulation of chlorophyllide a in chlg-1. Taken together, our results show that chlorophyll synthase acts in a salvage pathway for chlorophyll biosynthesis by re-esterifying the chlorophyllide a produced during chlorophyll turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Pin Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan; Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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Xiao HJ, Yin YX, Chai WG, Gong ZH. Silencing of the CaCP gene delays salt- and osmotic-induced leaf senescence in Capsicum annuum L. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:8316-34. [PMID: 24823878 PMCID: PMC4057733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15058316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteinases have been known to participate in developmental processes and in response to stress in plants. Our present research reported that a novel CP gene, CaCP, was involved in leaf senescence in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The full-length CaCP cDNA is comprised of 1316 bp, contains 1044 nucleotides in open reading frame (ORF), and encodes a 347 amino acid protein. The deduced protein belongs to the papain-like cysteine proteases (CPs) superfamily, containing a highly conserved ERFNIN motif, a GCNGG motif and a conserved catalytic triad. This protein localized to the vacuole of plant cells. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of CaCP gene was dramatically higher in leaves and flowers than that in roots, stems and fruits. Moreover, CaCP transcripts were induced upon during leaf senescence. CaCP expression was upregulated by plant hormones, especially salicylic acid. CaCP was also significantly induced by abiotic and biotic stress treatments, including high salinity, mannitol and Phytophthora capsici. Loss of function of CaCP using the virus-induced gene-silencing technique in pepper plants led to enhanced tolerance to salt- and osmotic-induced stress. Taken together, these results suggest that CaCP is a senescence-associated gene, which is involved in developmental senescence and regulates salt- and osmotic-induced leaf senescence in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Juan Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yan-Xu Yin
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Wei-Guo Chai
- Institute of Vegetables, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 311104, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Oh S, Shin M, Lee K, Choe E. Effects of water activity on pigments in dried laver (Porphyra) during storage. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Hörtensteiner S. Update on the biochemistry of chlorophyll breakdown. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 82:505-17. [PMID: 22790503 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In land plants, chlorophyll is broken down to colorless linear tetrapyrroles in a highly conserved multi-step pathway. The pathway is termed the 'PAO pathway', because the opening of the chlorine macrocycle present in chlorophyll catalyzed by pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), the key enzyme of the pathway, provides the characteristic structural basis found in all further downstream chlorophyll breakdown products. To date, most of the biochemical steps of the PAO pathway have been elucidated and genes encoding many of the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes been identified. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biochemistry of the PAO pathway and provides insight into recent progress made in the field that indicates that the pathway is more complex than thought in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Wang R, Xu Q, Yao J, Zhang Y, Liao X, Hu X, Wu J, Zhang Y. Post-effects of high hydrostatic pressure on green color retention and related properties of spinach puree during storage. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Hörtensteiner S. The Pathway of Chlorophyll Degradation: Catabolites, Enzymes and Pathway Regulation. PLASTID DEVELOPMENT IN LEAVES DURING GROWTH AND SENESCENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5724-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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48
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Characterization of chlorophyll breakdown in green prickleyashes (Zanthoxylum schinifolium Zucc.) during slow drying. Eur Food Res Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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49
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Chlorophyllase in Piper betle L. has a role in chlorophyll homeostasis and senescence dependent chlorophyll breakdown. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7133-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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50
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, Li J, Wu L, Guo J, Ouyang L, Xia Y, Huang X, Pang X. Correlation of leaf senescence and gene expression/activities of chlorophyll degradation enzymes in harvested Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:2081-7. [PMID: 21820757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chinese flowering cabbage is one of the main leafy vegetables produced in China. They have a rapid leaf yellowing due to chlorophyll degradation after harvest that limits their marketing. In the present study, leaf senescence of the cabbages was manipulated by ethylene and 6-benzyl aminopurine (6-BA) treatment to investigate the correlation of leaf senescence and chlorophyll degradation related to gene expression/activities in the darkness. The patterns of several senescence associated markers, including a typical marker, the expression of senescence-associated gene SAG(12), demonstrated that ethylene accelerated leaf senescence of the cabbages, while 6-BA retarded this progress. Similar to the trends of BrSAG(12) gene expression, strong activation in the expression of three chlorophyll degradation related genes, pheophytinase (BrPPH), pheophorbide a oxygenase (BrPAO) and red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (BrRCCR), was detected in ethylene treated and control leaves during the incubation, while no evident increase was recorded in 6-BA treated leaves. The overall dynamics of Mg-dechelatase activities in all treatments displayed increasing trends during the senescence process, and a delayed increase in the activities was observed for 6-BA treated leaves. However, chlorophyllase activity as well as the expression of BrChlase1 and BrChlase2 decreased with the incubation in all treatments. Taken together, the expression of BrPPH, BrPAO and BrRCCR, and the activity of Mg-dechelatase was closely associated with the chlorophyll degradation during the leaf senescence process in harvested Chinese flowering cabbages under dark conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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