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Li T, Liu ZH, Fan LY, Zhang Z, Bai HH, Wang FJ, Shang CG, Zong XN, Liu Y. The fungal quorum-sensing molecule, farnesol, regulates the immune response of vaginal epithelial cells against Candida albicans. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:251. [PMID: 37684571 PMCID: PMC10485994 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farnesol is a Candida-secreted quorum-sensing molecule of great interest as a potential antifungal agent for serious and hardly curable infections-candidiasis, especially vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). METHODS The effect of farnesol on cellular morphology and viability and evaluated the production of Th1 (IL-2), Th2 (IL-4), proinflammatory (IL-6), chemotactic (IL-8), and Th17 (IL-17) cytokines in the culture supernatants of vaginal epithelial cell line (VK2) were evaluated. Moreover, we tested the inhibitory effect of farnesol on C. albicans adhesion. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted to observe any VK2 cell ultrastructural changes. RESULTS Only low concentrations (≤ 50 µmol/L) of farnesol did not affect the morphology and viability of the VK2 cells (P > 0.05). Farnesol reduced the adhesion of C. albicans to the VK2 cells. When treated with farnesol, statistical elevated levels of both IL-4 and IL-17 secreted by the infected VK2 cells were present in the culture supernatants (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Farnesol acts as a stimulator to up-regulate the Th17-type innate immune response, as well as Th2-type humoral immunity following C. albicans infection. Further research is required to select the optimal therapeutic dose to develop efficacious and safe mucosal immune adjuvant for treating VVCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin-Yuan Fan
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Hui Bai
- Department of Microecological Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Juan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Guang Shang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Zong
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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2
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Zifruddin AN, Mohamad-Khalid KA, Suhaimi SA, Mohamed-Hussein ZA, Hassan M. Molecular characterization and enzyme inhibition studies of NADP+- farnesol dehydrogenase from diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1628-1638. [PMID: 33890631 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone III (JH III) plays an important role in insect reproduction, development, and behavior. The second branch of JH III production includes oxidation of farnesol to farnesal by farnesol dehydrogenase. This study reported the identification and characterization of Plutella xylostella farnesol dehydrogenase (PxFoLDH). Our results showed that PxFoLDH belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily, consisting of a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossman fold, an NAD(P) (H)-binding region and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. The purified enzyme displayed maximum activity at 55$\ $°C with pH 9.5 and was stable in the temperature below 70$\ ^\circ $C. PxFoLDH was determined to be a monomer with a relative molecular weight of 27 kDa and highly specific for trans, trans-farnesol, and NADP+. Among analog inhibitors tested, farnesyl acetate was the most effective inhibitor with the lowest Ki value of 0.02 µm. Our findings showed this purified enzyme may represent as NADP+-farnesol dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis-Nadyra Zifruddin
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Saidi-Adha Suhaimi
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maizom Hassan
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Hemmerlin A, Huchelmann A, Tritsch D, Schaller H, Bach TJ. The specific molecular architecture of plant 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16186-16197. [PMID: 31515272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) lyase (HMGL) is involved in branched-chain amino acid catabolism leading to acetyl-CoA production. Here, using bioinformatics analyses and protein sequence alignments, we found that in Arabidopsis thaliana a single gene encodes two HMGL isoforms differing in size (51 kDa, HMGL51 and 46 kDa, HMGL46). Similar to animal HMGLs, both isoforms comprised a C-terminal type 1 peroxisomal retention motif, and HMGL51 contained a mitochondrial leader peptide. We observed that only a shortened HMGL (35 kDa, HMGL35) is conserved across all kingdoms of life. Most notably, all plant HMGLs also contained a specific N-terminal extension (P100) that is located between the N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence TP35 and HMGL35 and is absent in bacteria and other eukaryotes. Interestingly, using HMGL enzyme assays, we found that rather than HMGL46, homodimeric recombinant HMGL35 is the active enzyme catalyzing acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate synthesis when incubated with (S)-HMG-CoA. This suggested that the plant-specific P100 peptide may inactivate HMGL according to specific physiological requirements. Therefore, we investigated whether the P100 peptide in HMGL46 alters its activity, possibly by modifying the HMGL46 structure. We found that induced expression of a cytosolic HMGL35 version in A. thaliana delays germination and leads to rapid wilting and chlorosis in mature plants. Our results suggest that in plants, P100-mediated HMGL inactivation outside of peroxisomes or mitochondria is crucial, protecting against potentially cytotoxic effects of HMGL activity while it transits to these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Huchelmann
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Denis Tritsch
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hubert Schaller
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas J Bach
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
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4
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Kempinski C, Jiang Z, Zinck G, Sato SJ, Ge Z, Clemente TE, Chappell J. Engineering linear, branched-chain triterpene metabolism in monocots. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:373-385. [PMID: 29979490 PMCID: PMC6335073 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenes are thirty-carbon compounds derived from the universal five-carbon prenyl precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Normally, triterpenes are synthesized via the mevalonate (MVA) pathway operating in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes where DMAPP is condensed with two IPPs to yield farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), catalyzed by FPP synthase (FPS). Squalene synthase (SQS) condenses two molecules of FPP to generate the symmetrical product squalene, the first committed precursor to sterols and most other triterpenes. In the green algae Botryococcus braunii, two FPP molecules can also be condensed in an asymmetric manner yielding the more highly branched triterpene, botryococcene. Botryococcene is an attractive molecule because of its potential as a biofuel and petrochemical feedstock. Because B. braunii, the only native host for botryococcene biosynthesis, is difficult to grow, there have been efforts to move botryococcene biosynthesis into organisms more amenable to large-scale production. Here, we report the genetic engineering of the model monocot, Brachypodium distachyon, for botryococcene biosynthesis and accumulation. A subcellular targeting strategy was used, directing the enzymes (botryococcene synthase [BS] and FPS) to either the cytosol or the plastid. High titres of botryococcene (>1 mg/g FW in T0 mature plants) were obtained using the cytosolic-targeting strategy. Plastid-targeted BS + FPS lines accumulated botryococcene (albeit in lesser amounts than the cytosolic BS + FPS lines), but they showed a detrimental phenotype dependent on plastid-targeted FPS, and could not proliferate and survive to set seed under phototrophic conditions. These results highlight intriguing differences in isoprenoid metabolism between dicots and monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Kempinski
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Zuodong Jiang
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Present address:
Department of Soil and Crop SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Garrett Zinck
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Shirley J. Sato
- Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Zhengxiang Ge
- Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | | | - Joe Chappell
- Plant Biology ProgramUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
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5
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Wang X, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Wei X. Farnesol induces apoptosis-like cell death in the pathogenic fungusAspergillus flavus. Mycologia 2017; 106:881-8. [PMID: 24895430 DOI: 10.3852/13-292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuguang Zhou
- China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 1st West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xinli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 1st West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
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6
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Cotoras M, Castro P, Vivanco H, Melo R, Mendoza L. Farnesol induces apoptosis-like phenotype in the phytopathogenic fungusBotrytis cinerea. Mycologia 2017; 105:28-33. [DOI: 10.3852/12-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Cotoras
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universídad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulo Castro
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universídad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Herman Vivanco
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universídad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Melo
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universídad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonora Mendoza
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universídad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
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7
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Huchelmann A, Brahim MS, Gerber E, Tritsch D, Bach TJ, Hemmerlin A. Farnesol-mediated shift in the metabolic origin of prenyl groups used for protein prenylation in plants. Biochimie 2016; 127:95-102. [PMID: 27138105 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how plant cells regulate the exchange of prenyl diphosphates between the two compartmentalized isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways. Prenylation of proteins is a suitable model to study such interactions between the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) and the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathways because prenyl moieties used to modify proteins rely on both origins. Tobacco cells expressing a prenylatable GFP were treated with specific MEP and/or MVA pathways inhibitors to block the formation of prenyl diphosphates and therefore the possibility to modify the proteins. Chemical complementation assays using prenyl alcohol precursors restore the prenylation. Indeed, geranylgeraniol (C20 prenyl alcohol) and to a lesser but significant level C15-farnesol restored the prenylation of a protein bearing a geranylgeranylation CaaX motif, which under standard conditions is modified by a MEP-derived prenyl group. However, the restoration takes place in different ways. While geranylgeraniol operates directly as a metabolic precursor, the C15-prenyl alcohol functions indirectly as a signal that leads to shift the metabolic origin of prenyl groups in modified proteins, here from the plastidial MEP pathway in favor of the cytosolic MVA pathway. Furthermore, farnesol interferes negatively with the MEP pathway in an engineered Escherichia coli strain synthesizing isoprenoids either starting from MVA or from MEP. Following the cellular uptake of a fluorescent analog of farnesol, we showed its close interaction with tobacco plastids and modification of plastid homeostasis. As a consequence, in tobacco farnesol supposedly inhibits the plastidial MEP pathway and activates the cytosolic MVA pathway, leading to the shift in the metabolic origin and thereby acts as a potential regulator of crosstalk between the two pathways. Together, those results suggest a new role for farnesol (or a metabolite thereof) as a central molecule for the regulation of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Huchelmann
- CNRS, Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes conventionné avec l'Unistra, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathieu Semir Brahim
- CNRS, Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes conventionné avec l'Unistra, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Esther Gerber
- CNRS, Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes conventionné avec l'Unistra, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Denis Tritsch
- CNRS/Unistra, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas J Bach
- CNRS, Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes conventionné avec l'Unistra, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Andréa Hemmerlin
- CNRS, Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes conventionné avec l'Unistra, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
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8
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Lipko A, Swiezewska E. Isoprenoid generating systems in plants - A handy toolbox how to assess contribution of the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways to the biosynthetic process. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:70-92. [PMID: 27133788 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids comprise an astonishingly diverse group of metabolites with numerous potential and actual applications in medicine, agriculture and the chemical industry. Generation of efficient platforms producing isoprenoids is a target of numerous laboratories. Such efforts are generally enhanced if the native biosynthetic routes can be identified, and if the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the biosynthesis of the compound(s) of interest can be determined. In this review a critical summary of the techniques applied to establish the contribution of the two alternative routes of isoprenoid production operating in plant cells, the mevalonate and methylerythritol pathways, with a focus on their co-operation (cross-talk) is presented. Special attention has been paid to methodological aspects of the referred studies, in order to give the reader a deeper understanding for the nuances of these powerful techniques. This review has been designed as an organized toolbox, which might offer the researchers comments useful both for project design and for interpretation of results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Lipko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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9
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Hartmann M, Hemmerlin A, Gas-Pascual E, Gerber E, Tritsch D, Rohmer M, Bach TJ. The effect of MEP pathway and other inhibitors on the intracellular localization of a plasma membrane-targeted, isoprenylable GFP reporter protein in tobacco BY-2 cells. F1000Res 2013; 2:170. [PMID: 24555083 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-170.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established anin vivovisualization system for the geranylgeranylation of proteins in a stably transformed tobacco BY-2 cell line, based on the expression of a dexamethasone-inducible GFP fused to the carboxy-terminal basic domain of the rice calmodulin CaM61, which naturally bears a CaaL geranylgeranylation motif (GFP-BD-CVIL). By using pathway-specific inhibitors it was demonstrated that inhibition of the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway with known inhibitors like oxoclomazone and fosmidomycin, as well as inhibition of the protein geranylgeranyltransferase type 1 (PGGT-1), shifted the localization of the GFP-BD-CVIL protein from the membrane to the nucleus. In contrast, the inhibition of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway with mevinolin did not affect the localization. During the present work, this test system has been used to examine the effect of newly designed inhibitors of the MEP pathway and inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis such as squalestatin, terbinafine and Ro48-8071. In addition, we also studied the impact of different post-prenylation inhibitors or those suspected to affect the transport of proteins to the plasma membrane on the localization of the geranylgeranylable fusion protein GFP-BD-CVIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hartmann
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France ; Current address: Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Andrea Hemmerlin
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elisabet Gas-Pascual
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France ; Current address: Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Wooster OH, 44691, USA
| | - Esther Gerber
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France ; Current address: Deinove SA, F-34830 Clapiers, France
| | - Denis Tritsch
- UMR 7177 CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Microorganismes, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, F-67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Rohmer
- UMR 7177 CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Microorganismes, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, F-67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas J Bach
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
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10
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Hartmann M, Hemmerlin A, Gas-Pascual E, Gerber E, Tritsch D, Rohmer M, Bach TJ. The effect of MEP pathway and other inhibitors on the intracellular localization of a plasma membrane-targeted, isoprenylable GFP reporter protein in tobacco BY-2 cells. F1000Res 2013; 2:170. [PMID: 24555083 PMCID: PMC3886798 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-170.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established an
in vivo visualization system for the geranylgeranylation of proteins in a stably transformed tobacco BY-2 cell line, based on the expression of a dexamethasone-inducible GFP fused to the carboxy-terminal basic domain of the rice calmodulin CaM61, which naturally bears a CaaL geranylgeranylation motif (GFP-BD-CVIL). By using pathway-specific inhibitors it was demonstrated that inhibition of the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway with known inhibitors like oxoclomazone and fosmidomycin, as well as inhibition of the protein geranylgeranyltransferase type 1 (PGGT-1), shifted the localization of the GFP-BD-CVIL protein from the membrane to the nucleus. In contrast, the inhibition of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway with mevinolin did not affect the localization. During the present work, this test system has been used to examine the effect of newly designed inhibitors of the MEP pathway and inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis such as squalestatin, terbinafine and Ro48-8071. In addition, we also studied the impact of different post-prenylation inhibitors or those suspected to affect the transport of proteins to the plasma membrane on the localization of the geranylgeranylable fusion protein GFP-BD-CVIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hartmann
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France ; Current address: Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Andrea Hemmerlin
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elisabet Gas-Pascual
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France ; Current address: Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Wooster OH, 44691, USA
| | - Esther Gerber
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France ; Current address: Deinove SA, F-34830 Clapiers, France
| | - Denis Tritsch
- UMR 7177 CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Microorganismes, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, F-67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Rohmer
- UMR 7177 CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Microorganismes, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, F-67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas J Bach
- Département Réseaux Métaboliques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
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11
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Hemmerlin A. Post-translational events and modifications regulating plant enzymes involved in isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 203-204:41-54. [PMID: 23415327 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Identification of regulatory enzymes is fundamental for engineering metabolic pathways such as the isoprenoid one. All too often, investigation of gene expression remains the major trend in unraveling regulation mechanisms of the isoprenoid cytosolic mevalonate and the plastid-localized methylerythritol phosphate metabolic pathways. But such metabolic regulatory enzymes are frequently multilevel-regulated, especially at a post-translational level. A prominent example is the endoplasmic reticulum-bound 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase catalyzing the synthesis of mevalonic acid. Despite the discovery and the intense efforts made to understand regulation of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway, this enzyme remains a leading player in the regulation of the whole isoprenoid pathway. Strict correlation between this enzyme's gene expression, protein level and enzyme activity is not observed, thus confirming multilevel-regulation. In this context, besides post-translational modifications of proteins, we have to consider feedback of metabolic flow and allosteric regulation, alternative protein structures, targeted proteolysis and/or redox regulation. Such multilevel-regulation processes deliver a range of benefits including rapid response to environmental and physiological challenges or metabolic fluctuations. This review specially emphasizes essential functions of these post-translational events that permit the close regulation of key enzymes involved in plant isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBMP-CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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12
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Krystofova O, Sochor J, Zitka O, Babula P, Kudrle V, Adam V, Kizek R. Effect of magnetic nanoparticles on tobacco BY-2 cell suspension culture. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 10:47-71. [PMID: 23343980 PMCID: PMC3564130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are structures whose exceptionality is based on their large surface, which is closely connected with reactivity and modification possibilities. Due to these properties nanomaterials are used in textile industry (antibacterial textiles with silver nanoparticles), electronics (high-resolution imaging, logical circuits on the molecular level) and medicine. Medicine represents one of the most important fields of application of nanomaterials. They are investigated in connection with targeted therapy (infectious diseases, malignant diseases) or imaging (contrast agents). Nanomaterials including nanoparticles have a great application potential in the targeted transport of pharmaceuticals. However, there are some negative properties of nanoparticles, which must be carefully solved, as hydrophobic properties leading to instability in aqueous environment, and especially their possible toxicity. Data about toxicity of nanomaterials are still scarce. Due to this fact, in this work we focused on studying of the effect of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) and modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) on tobacco BY-2 plant cell suspension culture. We aimed at examining the effect of NPs and MNPs on growth, proteosynthesis - total protein content, thiols - reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, phytochelatins PC2-5, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and antioxidant activity of BY-2 cells. Whereas the effect of NPs and MNPs on growth of cell suspension culture was only moderate, significant changes were detected in all other biochemical parameters. Significant changes in protein content, phytochelatins levels and GST activity were observed in BY-2 cells treated with MNPs nanoparticles treatment. Changes were also clearly evident in the case of application of NPs. Our results demonstrate the ability of MNPs to negatively affect metabolism and induce biosynthesis of protective compounds in a plant cell model represented by BY-2 cell suspension culture. The obtained results are discussed, especially in connection with already published data. Possible mechanisms of NPs' and MNPs' toxicity are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krystofova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (J.S.); (O.Z.); (V.A.)
- Karel Englis College, Sujanovo nam. 356/1, CZ-602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| | - Jiri Sochor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (J.S.); (O.Z.); (V.A.)
- Karel Englis College, Sujanovo nam. 356/1, CZ-602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (J.S.); (O.Z.); (V.A.)
- Karel Englis College, Sujanovo nam. 356/1, CZ-602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Babula
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Kudrle
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (J.S.); (O.Z.); (V.A.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (J.S.); (O.Z.); (V.A.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
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Green SA, Chen X, Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Matich AJ, Wang MY, Bunn BJ, Yauk YK, Atkinson RG. Identification, functional characterization, and regulation of the enzyme responsible for floral (E)-nerolidol biosynthesis in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1951-67. [PMID: 22162874 PMCID: PMC3295389 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Flowers of the kiwifruit species Actinidia chinensis produce a mixture of sesquiterpenes derived from farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) and monoterpenes derived from geranyl diphosphate (GDP). The tertiary sesquiterpene alcohol (E)-nerolidol was the major emitted volatile detected by headspace analysis. Contrastingly, in solvent extracts of the flowers, unusually high amounts of (E,E)-farnesol were observed, as well as lesser amounts of (E)-nerolidol, various farnesol and farnesal isomers, and linalool. Using a genomics-based approach, a single gene (AcNES1) was identified in an A. chinensis expressed sequence tag library that had significant homology to known floral terpene synthase enzymes. In vitro characterization of recombinant AcNES1 revealed it was an enzyme that could catalyse the conversion of FDP and GDP to the respective (E)-nerolidol and linalool terpene alcohols. Enantiomeric analysis of both AcNES1 products in vitro and floral terpenes in planta showed that (S)-(E)-nerolidol was the predominant enantiomer. Real-time PCR analysis indicated peak expression of AcNES1 correlated with peak (E)-nerolidol, but not linalool accumulation in flowers. This result, together with subcellular protein localization to the cytoplasm, indicated that AcNES1 was acting as a (S)-(E)-nerolidol synthase in A. chinensis flowers. The synthesis of high (E,E)-farnesol levels appears to compete for the available pool of FDP utilized by AcNES1 for sesquiterpene biosynthesis and hence strongly influences the accumulation and emission of (E)-nerolidol in A. chinensis flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol A Green
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Fitzpatrick AH, Bhandari J, Crowell DN. Farnesol kinase is involved in farnesol metabolism, ABA signaling and flower development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:1078-1088. [PMID: 21395888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Farnesol, which is toxic to plant cells at high concentrations, is sequentially phosphorylated to farnesyl phosphate and farnesyl diphosphate. However, the genes responsible for the sequential phosphorylation of farnesol have not been identified and the physiological role of farnesol phosphorylation has not been fully elucidated. To address these questions, we confirmed the presence of farnesol kinase activity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) membranes and identified the corresponding gene (At5g58560, FOLK). Heterologous expression in recombinant yeast cells established farnesol as the preferred substrate of the FOLK-encoded kinase. Moreover, loss-of-function mutations in the FOLK gene abolished farnesol kinase activity, caused an abscisic acid-hypersensitive phenotype and promoted the development of supernumerary carpels under water-stress conditions. In wild-type plants, exogenous abscisic acid repressed FOLK gene expression. These observations demonstrate a role for farnesol kinase in negative regulation of abscisic acid signaling, and provide molecular evidence for a link between farnesol metabolism, abiotic stress signaling and flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heather Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209-8007, USA
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Bhandari J, Fitzpatrick AH, Crowell DN. Identification of a novel abscisic acid-regulated farnesol dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:1116-27. [PMID: 20807998 PMCID: PMC2971593 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.157784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), farnesylcysteine is oxidized to farnesal and cysteine by a membrane-associated thioether oxidase called farnesylcysteine lyase. Farnesol and farnesyl phosphate kinases have also been reported in plant membranes. Together, these observations suggest the existence of enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of farnesal and farnesol. In this report, Arabidopsis membranes are shown to possess farnesol dehydrogenase activity. In addition, a gene on chromosome 4 of the Arabidopsis genome (At4g33360), called FLDH, is shown to encode an NAD(+)-dependent dehydrogenase that oxidizes farnesol more efficiently than other prenyl alcohol substrates. FLDH expression is repressed by abscisic acid (ABA) but is increased in mutants with T-DNA insertions in the FLDH 5' flanking region. These T-DNA insertion mutants, called fldh-1 and fldh-2, are associated with an ABA-insensitive phenotype, suggesting that FLDH is a negative regulator of ABA signaling.
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16
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Liu P, Luo L, Guo J, Liu H, Wang B, Deng B, Long CA, Cheng Y. Farnesol induces apoptosis and oxidative stress in the fungal pathogen Penicillium expansum. Mycologia 2010; 102:311-8. [PMID: 20361499 DOI: 10.3852/09-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of farnesol (FOH) on the growth of P. expansum. The viability of P. expansum cells was determined by counting the colony forming units (CFU) after each FOH treatment. Morphological changes of FOH-treated fungal cells were analyzed by staining with Hoechst 33258, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase fluorescein-12-dUTP nick end labeling), Annexin-V FITC and the oxidant-sensitive probe H2DCFDA (dichlorodihydro-fluorescein diacetate). FOH strongly inhibited the growth of hyphae. The hyphal cells showed the hallmarks of apoptosis including chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, caspases activation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation but without nucleosomal ladder production. The abnormal cellular ultrastructure observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) indicated that disintegration of cellular ultrastructure (especially for mitochondria) was linked to FOH-induced cell death. Taken together we demonstrated that FOH inhibits the growth of P. expansum and promotes apoptosis via activation of metacaspases, production of ROS and disintegration of cellular ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Liu
- National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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17
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Langford ML, Atkin AL, Nickerson KW. Cellular interactions of farnesol, a quorum-sensing molecule produced by Candida albicans. Future Microbiol 2010; 4:1353-62. [PMID: 19995193 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesol is a quorum-sensing molecule produced by Candida albicans that has many effects, including filament inhibition of this polymorphic fungus. In the past 9 years, the effect of farnesol on C. albicans has been reported in nearly 160 publications, with early work examining its influence on morphology. This article presents an update on the literature published since 2006, focusing on points that still need to be resolved as well as identifying possible artifacts that might interfere with this goal. In addition, the regulation of C. albicans farnesol production, C. albicans' resistance/sensitivity to farnesol and the influence of farnesol on other species as well as the host are discussed. It is intriguing that we still do not know precisely how farnesol works, but interference with the Ras1-cAMP pathway is part of the story.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Langford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0666, USA.
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18
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Gerber E, Hemmerlin A, Bach TJ. Chapter 9 The Role of Plastids in Protein Geranylgeranylation in Tobacco BY-2 Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Ahumada I, Cairó A, Hemmerlin A, González V, Pateraki I, Bach TJ, Rodríguez-Concepción M, Campos N, Boronat A. Characterisation of the gene family encoding acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase in Arabidopsis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:1100-1111. [PMID: 32688858 DOI: 10.1071/fp08012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Thiolases are ubiquitous enzymes involved in many essential biochemical processes. Biosynthetic thiolases, also known as acetoacetyl-CoA thiolases (AACT), catalyse a reversible Claisen-type condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules to form acetoacetyl-CoA. Here, we report the characterisation of two genes from Arabidopsis thaliana L., ACT1 and ACT2, which encode two closely related AACT isoforms (AACT1 and AACT2, respectively). Transient expression of constructs encoding AACT1 and AACT2 fused to GFP revealed that the two proteins show a different subcellular localisation. While AACT1 is found in peroxisomes, AACT2 localises in the cytosol and the nucleus. The peroxisomal localisation of AACT1 depends on the presence of a C-terminal peroxisomal targeting sequence (PTS1) motif (Ser-Ala-Leu) not previously found in other organisms. ACT1 and ACT2 genes are also differentially expressed. Whereas ACT2 is expressed at relatively high level in all plant tissues, the expression of ACT1 is restricted to roots and inflorescences and its transcript is present at very low levels. The obtained results are in agreement with the involvement of AACT2 in catalysing the first step of the mevalonate pathway. The metabolic function of AACT1 is not clear at present, although its particular peroxisomal localisation might exclude a role in isoprenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Ahumada
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Cairó
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andréa Hemmerlin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 28 rue Goethe, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Víctor González
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Pateraki
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas J Bach
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 28 rue Goethe, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Narciso Campos
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Boronat
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Merret R, Cirioni JR, Bach TJ, Hemmerlin A. A serine involved in actin-dependent subcellular localization of a stress-induced tobacco BY-2 hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase isoform. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:5295-99. [PMID: 18028913 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) is unique in the first part of the cytoplasmic isoprenoid pathway, as it contains a membrane domain that includes ER-specific retention motifs. When fused to GFP, this domain targets two tobacco BY-2 HMGR isoforms differentially. While the first isoform is ER-localized, a second stress-induced one forms globular structures connected by tubular structures. A serine positioned upstream of the ER retention motif seems to be implicated in this specific subcellular localization. Surprisingly, these structures are closely connected to F-actin, and their intactness is dependent upon the integrity of the filaments or the action of a calmodulin antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Merret
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes CNRS-UPR 2357, Université Louis Pasteur, Département Isoprénoïdes, 28 Rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
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21
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Hemmerlin A, Tritsch D, Hartmann M, Pacaud K, Hoeffler JF, van Dorsselaer A, Rohmer M, Bach TJ. A cytosolic Arabidopsis D-xylulose kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose into a precursor of the plastidial isoprenoid pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 142:441-57. [PMID: 16920870 PMCID: PMC1586049 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.086652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants are able to integrate exogenous 1-deoxy-D-xylulose (DX) into the 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway, implicated in the biosynthesis of plastidial isoprenoids. Thus, the carbohydrate needs to be phosphorylated into 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate and translocated into plastids, or vice versa. An enzyme capable of phosphorylating DX was partially purified from a cell-free Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) protein extract. It was identified by mass spectrometry as a cytosolic protein bearing D-xylulose kinase (XK) signatures, already suggesting that DX is phosphorylated within the cytosol prior to translocation into the plastids. The corresponding cDNA was isolated and enzymatic properties of a recombinant protein were determined. In Arabidopsis, xylulose kinases are encoded by a small gene family, in which only two genes are putatively annotated. The additional gene is coding for a protein targeted to plastids, as was proved by colocalization experiments using green fluorescent protein fusion constructs. Functional complementation assays in an Escherichia coli strain deleted in xk revealed that the cytosolic enzyme could exclusively phosphorylate xylulose in vivo, not the enzyme that is targeted to plastids. xk activities could not be detected in chloroplast protein extracts or in proteins isolated from its ancestral relative Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The gene encoding the plastidic protein annotated as "xylulose kinase" might in fact yield an enzyme having different phosphorylation specificities. The biochemical characterization and complementation experiments with DX of specific Arabidopsis knockout mutants seedlings treated with oxo-clomazone, an inhibitor of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase, further confirmed that the cytosolic protein is responsible for the phosphorylation of DX in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Hemmerlin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université Louis Pasteur, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France.
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