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Wang H, Ding J, Luo S, Yan M, Hu F. Unveiling the mechanisms of reproductive toxicity induced by full life-cycle exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate in male zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 276:107079. [PMID: 39260100 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a commonly used organophosphate flame retardant, has garnered considerable concern owing to its pervasive presence in the environment and its toxic effects on living organisms. The perpetuation of populations and species hinges on successful reproduction, yet research into the mechanisms underlying reproductive toxicity remains scant, particularly in aquatic species. In this work, zebrafish embryos were exposed to TCEP (0, 0.8, 4, 20, and 100 µg/L) for 120 days until sexual maturation, and multiple reproductive endpoints were investigated in male zebrafish. Our results showed that the body weight, body length, and gonadal-somatic index (GSI) were remarkably decreased in all TCEP treatment groups (except GSI in the 0.8 µg/L TCEP-treated group). Long-term exposure to TCEP led to reduced reproductive capacity of male zebrafish, as evidenced by decreased fertilization. Histological observation gave an indication of delayed testicular development and inhibited spermatogenesis under TCEP stress. The content of testosterone (T) was significantly elevated in all TCEP treatment group, whereas 17 β-estradiol (E2) levels remained stable. Transcriptome analysis revealed a lot of downregulated genes involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis, energy metabolism, and sperm motility, which might account for the imbalance of steroid hormone levels, retarded spermatogenesis and declined fertilization success. Overall, these findings offered a thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying the male reproductive toxicity caused by TCEP, highlight the risk of TCEP on reproductive health of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Jieyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China; Technology Innovation Center for Monitoring and Restoration Engineering of Ecological Fragile Zone in Southeast China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fuzhou 350001, PR China
| | - Shiyi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Meijiao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Fengxiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China; Technology Innovation Center for Monitoring and Restoration Engineering of Ecological Fragile Zone in Southeast China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fuzhou 350001, PR China.
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Ding J, Wang H, He J, Jing C, Zhao H, Hu F. Elucidating the reproductive toxicity mechanisms in female zebrafish: A transcriptomic study of lifetime tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174831. [PMID: 39019278 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), emerging as a predominant substitute for brominated flame retardants (BFRs), is now increasingly recognized as a prevalent contaminant in aquatic ecosystems. The extent of its reproductive toxicity in aquatic species, particularly in zebrafish (Danio rerio), remains insufficiently characterized. This study subjected zebrafish embryos to various concentrations of TCEP (0, 0.8, 4, 20, and 100 μg/L) over a period of 120 days, extending through sexual maturation, to assess its impact on female reproductive health. Notable reductions in body weight (0.59- and 0.76-fold) and length (0.71- and 0.77-fold) were observed at concentrations of 20 and 100 μg/L, with a concomitant decrease by 0.21- to 0.61-fold in the gonadal somatic index across all treatment groups. The reproductive output, as evidenced by egg production and hatchability, was adversely affected. Histopathological analysis suggested that TCEP exposure impedes ovarian development. Endocrine alterations were also evident, with testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone levels significantly diminished by 0.38- and 0.08-fold at the highest concentration tested, while 17β-estradiol was elevated by 0.09- to 0.14-fold in all exposed groups. Transcriptomic profiling illuminated numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) integral to reproductive processes, including hormone regulation, neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, oocyte meiosis, and progesterone-mediated maturation pathways. Collectively, these findings indicate that lifelong exposure to TCEP disrupts ovarian development and maturation in female zebrafish, alters gene expression within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and perturbs sex hormone synthesis, culminating in pronounced reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Technology Innovation Center for Monitoring and Restoration Engineering of Ecological Fragile Zone in Southeast China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiabo He
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chen Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haocheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fengxiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Technology Innovation Center for Monitoring and Restoration Engineering of Ecological Fragile Zone in Southeast China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fuzhou 350001, China.
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Borrull S, Borrull F, Marcé RM, Pocurull E. Optimization of the ultrasound-assisted extraction method for determining high production volume chemicals in fish liver and skin samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141273. [PMID: 38253091 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The aquatic ecosystem is one of the most delicate environments, housing a diverse range of organisms, including fish, all of which are exposed to a wide variety of pollutants. The accumulation of these harmful substances in fish, which are part of the human diet, presents a significant health risk to humans. In our study, we have optimized an extraction technique to determine the presence of 25 high production volume chemicals in liver and skin samples taken from commonly consumed fish species. We have employed ultrasound-assisted extraction in conjunction with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to achieve this goal. Apparent recoveries of the method ranged from 50% to 111% for both sample types with some exceptions such as most of the benzosulfonamides and benzothiazole. Additionally, the method's detection and quantification limits varied from 0.1 to 1.7 ng g-1 (dry weight, d.w) and 0.2-4.5 ng g-1 (d.w), respectively. Our investigation focused on three frequently consumed fish species in Tarragona: sea bass, sea bream, and turbot. Almost all of the samples we analysed contained traces of contaminants, with phthalates being the most commonly detected. The highest concentrations were observed for diethyl phthalate, with levels peaking at 8350 ng g-1 (d.w.). Organophosphate esters, such as triethyl phosphate and tributyl phosphate, also showed notable presence, with peak concentrations of 93.6 and 34.0 ng g-1 (d.w.), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Borrull
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Building N4, 43005, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Building N4, 43005, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Building N4, 43005, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Building N4, 43005, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
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Wu Y, Zheng W, Chen C, Yang L, Tong P, Zhong Y, Lin Z, Cai Z. Facile synthesis of spherical covalent organic frameworks for enrichment and quantification of aryl organophosphate esters in mouse serum and tissues. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300482. [PMID: 37727055 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Here, an imine-linked-based spherical covalent organic framework (COF) was prepared at room temperature. The as-synthesized spherical COF served as an adsorbent in dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE), by its virtue of great surface area (1542.68 m2 /g), regular distribution of pore size (2.95 nm), and excellent stability. Therefore, a simple and high-efficiency dispersive solid phase extraction method based on a spherical COF coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was established to determine aryl organophosphate esters in biological samples. This approach displayed favorable linearity in the range of 10.0-1000.0 ng/L (r > 0.9989), a high signal enhancement factor (58.8-181.8 folds) with low limits of detection (0.3-3.3 ng/L). Moreover, it could effectively eliminate complex matrix interference to accurately extract seven aryl organophosphate esters from mouse serum and tissue samples with spiked recoveries of 82.0%-117.4%. The as-synthesized spherical COF has been successfully applied in sample preparation. The dSPE-HPLC-MS/MS method based on a spherical COF has potential application to study the pollutants' metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Canrong Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Linyan Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ping Tong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Zhong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zian Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Ye L, Li J, Gong S, Herczegh SM, Zhang Q, Letcher RJ, Su G. Established and emerging organophosphate esters (OPEs) and the expansion of an environmental contamination issue: A review and future directions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132095. [PMID: 37523961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The list of organophosphate esters (OPEs) reported in the environment continues to expand as evidenced by the increasing number of OPE studies in the literature. However, there remains a general dearth of information on more recently produced and used OPEs that are proving to be emerging environmental contaminants. The present review summarizes the available studies in a systematic framework of the current state of knowledge on the analysis, environmental fate, and behavior of emerging OPEs. This review also details future directions to better understand emerging OPEs in the environment. Firstly, we make recommendations that the current structural/practical abbreviations and naming of OPEs be revised and updated. A chemical database (CDB) containing 114 OPEs is presently established based on the suspect list from the current scientific literature. There are 12 established OPEs and a total of 83 emerging OPEs that have been reported in human and/or biota samples. Of the emerging OPEs more than 80% have nearly 100% detection frequencies in samples of certain environmental media including indoor air, wastewater treatment plants, sediment, and fish. In contrast to OPEs considered established contaminants, most emerging OPEs have been identified more recently due to the more pervasive use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) based approaches and especially gas or liquid chromatography coupled with HRMS-based non-target analysis (NTA) of environmental sample fractions. Intentional/unintentional industrial use and non-industrial formation are sources of emerging OPEs in the environment. Predicted physical-chemical properties in silico of newer, molecularly larger and more oligomeric OPEs strongly suggest that some compounds such as bisphenol A diphenyl phosphate (BPA-DPP) are highly persistent, bioaccumulative and/or toxic. Limited information on laboratory-based toxicity data has shown that some emerging OPEs elicit harmful effects such as cytotoxicity, development toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and endocrine disruption in exposed humans and mammals. Established, and to a much lesser degree emerging OPEs, have also been shown to transform and degrade in biota and possibly alter their toxicological effects. Research on emerging OPE contaminants is presently limited and more study is warranted on sample analysis methods, source apportionment, transformation processes, environmental behavior, biomarkers of exposure and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langjie Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shuai Gong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Sofia M Herczegh
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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Herczegh SM, Chu S, Letcher RJ. Biotransformation of bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate): In vitro, in silico, and (non-) target analysis for metabolites in rat and bird liver microsomal models. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136796. [PMID: 36228722 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increased production and usage of organophosphate esters (OPEs) as flame retardants and plasticizers has trended towards larger and 'novel' (oligomeric) OPEs, although there is a dearth of understanding of the environmental fate, stability, toxicokinetics, biotransformation and bioaccumulation of novel OPEs in exposed biota. The present study characterized in vitro biotransformation of the novel OPE bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BPADP) using Wistar-Han rat and herring gull liver based microsomal assays. Hypothesized target metabolites bisphenol-A (BPA) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) and other metabolites were investigated by applying a lines of evidence approach. In silico modelling predicted both BPA and DPHP as rat metabolites of BPADP, these metabolites were quantified via UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS. Additional non-target metabolites were determined by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-HRMS/MS and identified by Compound Discoverer software. Mean BPADP depletion of 44 ± 10% was quantified with 3.9% and 2.6% conversion to BPA and DPHP, respectively, in the rat assay. BPADP metabolism was much slower when compared to the well-studied OPE, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). BPADP depletion in gull liver assays was far slower relative to the rat. Additional non-target metabolites identified included two Phase I, O-dealkylation products, five Phase I oxidation products and one Phase II glutathione adduct, demonstrating agreement between lines of in vitro and in silico evidence. Lines of evidence suggest that BPADP is biologically persistent in exposed mammals or birds. These findings add to the understanding of BPADP stability and biotransformation, and perhaps of other novel OPEs, which are factors highly applicable to hazard assessments of exposure, persistence and bioaccumulation in biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M Herczegh
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Shaogang Chu
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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7
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Wang H, Jing C, Peng H, Liu S, Zhao H, Zhang W, Chen X, Hu F. Parental whole life-cycle exposure to tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) disrupts embryonic development and thyroid system in zebrafish offspring. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114313. [PMID: 36410141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), an emerging environmental pollutant, has been frequently detected in natural waters. The objective of this study was to investigate possible parental transfer of TCEP and transgenerational effects on the early development and thyroid hormone homeostasis in F1 larvae following parental whole life-cycle exposure to TCEP. To this end, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.8, 4, 20 and 100 μg/L) of TCEP for 120 days until sexual maturation. Parental exposure to TCEP resulted in significant levels of TCEP, developmental toxicity including decreased survival and final hatching rates, accelerated heart rate and elevated malformation rate, as well as induction of oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in F1 offspring. In F1 eggs, declined thyroxin (T4) levels were observed, consistent with those in plasma of F0 adult females, indicating the maternal transfer of thyroid endocrine disruption to the offspring. In addition, mRNA levels of several genes along the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were significantly modified in F1 larvae, which could be linked to transgenerational developmental toxicity and thyroid hormone disruption. For the first time, we revealed that the parental exposure to environmentally relevant levels of TCEP could cause developmental toxicity and thyroid endocrine disruption in subsequent unexposed generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chen Jing
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hangke Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shangshu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haocheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Weini Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China.
| | - Fengxiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China.
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Zhang W, Giesy JP, Wang P. Organophosphate esters in agro-foods: Occurrence, sources and emerging challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154271. [PMID: 35245542 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Safety and sustainable agro-food production is important for food and nutrition security. Agro-foods safety is challenged by various emerging environmental contaminants. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been reported to occur in various agro-food items worldwide, which has resulted in increasing concerns for effects on health of humans and wildlife, including through agriculture. However, information on presence, sources and transfer routes of OPEs in agro-foods, and consequent health risks remains scant. This review critically evaluates available information on concentrations of OPEs in various agro-foods, and discusses potential sources of OPEs in agro-foods, which are closely related to the ambient agri-environment, agricultural inputs, and agro-foods processing. Some directions for future research are suggested. First, since food is an important exposure pathway to OPEs, systematic monitoring of concentrations of OPEs in various categories of agro-foods is recommended. Second, surveillance of concentrations and characteristics of OPEs in agro-foods and ambient agri-environments, agricultural inputs or processing in the agro-food chain is needed to obtain a more complete description of exposure and transmission behavior of OPEs in agro-foods. Third, future comprehensive studies of transmission, metabolism and accumulation of OPEs in animals or plants, are required. Finally, measures to control emissions of OPEs as sources to agriculture should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B3, Canada; Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, United States; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, PR China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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Zeng Y, Ke C, Liu Q, Huang K. Simultaneous Determination of Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants in Water and Sediments by Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2079664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Zeng
- College of Food Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changliang Ke
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Liu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Huang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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10
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He PX, Ling Y, Yong W, Yao MY, Zhang YJ, Feng XS, Zhang Y, Zhang F. Determination of 22 alternative plasticizers in wrap film by solid phase extraction and ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1669:462916. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Zhang L, Meng L, Wang H, Lu D, Luo X. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for comprehensive detection of organophosphate esters and their degradation products in sediment. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1665:462826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Bekele TG, Zhao H, Yang J, Chegen RG, Chen J, Mekonen S, Qadeer A. A review of environmental occurrence, analysis, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of organophosphate esters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:49507-49528. [PMID: 34378126 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ban and restriction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and major brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), due to their confirmed detrimental effects on wildlife and humans have paved the way for the wide application of organophosphate esters (OPEs). OPEs have been extensively used as alternative flame retardants, plasticizer, and antifoaming agents in various industrial and consumer products, which leads to an increase in production, usage, and discharge in the environment. We compile recent information on the production/usage and physicochemical properties of OPEs and discussed and compared the available sample treatment and analysis techniques of OPEs, including extraction, clean-up, and instrumental analysis. The occurrence of OPEs in sediment, aquatic biota, surface, and drinking water is documented. Toxicity, human exposure, and ecological risks of OPEs were summarized; toxicological data of several OPEs shows different adverse health effects on aquatic organisms and humans. Much attention was given to document evidence regarding the bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential of OPEs in aquatic organisms. Finally, identified research gaps and avenues for future studies are forwarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadiyose Girma Bekele
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Arba Minch University, 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Ruth Gebretsadik Chegen
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, High-tech Zone District, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Seblework Mekonen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Ye L, Meng W, Huang J, Li J, Su G. Establishment of a Target, Suspect, and Functional Group-Dependent Screening Strategy for Organophosphate Esters (OPEs): "Into the Unknown" of OPEs in the Sediment of Taihu Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5836-5847. [PMID: 33891400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Current environmental monitoring studies are generally confined to several target organophosphate esters (OPEs), and there is a lack of strategies for comprehensively screening all potential OPEs in environmental samples. Here, an effective and accurate strategy was developed for the target, suspect, and functional group-dependent screening of OPEs by the use of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS), and this strategy was applied for the analysis of n = 74 sediment samples (including 23 surface sediment samples and 51 sediment core samples) collected from Taihu Lake (eastern China) in 2019. In these analyzed samples, we successfully identified n = 35 OPEs, and 23 of them were reported in this region for the first time. In addition, this strategy also presented other interesting findings, i.e., (1) OPE concentrations decreased with increasing distance from the coast of the lake; (2) the newly identified 3-hydroxyphenyl diphenyl phosphate (meta-OH-TPHP) was not statistically significantly correlated with triphenyl phosphate (TPHP; r = 0.02494, p = 0.9101) but with resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) (r = 0.9271, p < 0.0001) and three other OPEs; and (3) the summed concentrations of aryl OPEs (∑arylOPEs) in sediment core samples exhibited significantly increasing trends as the depth decreased. Collectively, this study provided an effective strategy that was successfully applied for comprehensive screening of OPEs in the sediments of Taihu Lake, and this strategy could have promising potential to be extended to other environmental matrices or samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langjie Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Weikun Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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Pantelaki I, Voutsa D. Occurrence, analysis and risk assessment of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in biota: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111547. [PMID: 32829085 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their widespread use, organophosphate esters (OPEs) are commonly detected in various environmental matrices and have been identified as emerging contaminants. In this review article, the occurrence and analytical techniques of OPEs in the biotic environment have been compiled and reviewed. Data from studies published the last decade all over the world covering a variety of species in trophic chain have been synthesized and evaluated. OPEs are among the most frequent detected flame retardants and high concentrations are detected in biota to date. Knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research are discussed emphasizing on further monitoring, advanced analytical methodologies, and risk assessment studies to completely understand the science of OPEs in biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pantelaki
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Han L, Sapozhnikova Y, Nuñez A. Analysis and Occurrence of Organophosphate Esters in Meats and Fish Consumed in the United States. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12652-12662. [PMID: 31246019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are chemicals extensively used as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial and consumer products. In this study, we developed and validated a method for the analysis of 13 common OPEs in meat (chicken, pork, and beef) and fish (catfish and salmon) to study their occurrence in those foods in the United States. The method was based on QuEChERS extraction with acetonitrile and automated robotic cleanup of the extracts, followed by low pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis for 8 of the OPEs and ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis for 13 OPEs, including 8 overlapping OPEs. The developed method was validated in the muscle tissues at four spiking levels (5, 10, 20, and 40 ng/g). The background levels in the laboratory environment and materials presented a challenge for accurate quantification at low ng/g levels. UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS analysis was utilized to pinpoint the source of their contamination. OPEs were found in the water used in the liquid chromatography (LC) mobile phase, and flow injection analysis with organic mobile phase was suggested as an alternative to avoid OPEs contamination in LC-MS/MS analysis. The validated method was applied to the analysis of 68 real-world meat and fish samples from the U.S. markets by three instrumental methods. Tris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) were found in meat, and TCPP and TPP were measured in fish samples. The sum of median OPE concentrations (averaged for the three instrumental methods) measured in the meat and fish samples were 6.2 and 8.7 ng/g wet weight, respectively. No regulations on the maximum residue levels of OPEs permitted in food were found for the U.S. or other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Han
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
- U.S. Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center , 600 East Mermaid Lane , Wyndmoor , Pennsylvania 19038 , United States
| | - Yelena Sapozhnikova
- U.S. Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center , 600 East Mermaid Lane , Wyndmoor , Pennsylvania 19038 , United States
| | - Alberto Nuñez
- U.S. Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center , 600 East Mermaid Lane , Wyndmoor , Pennsylvania 19038 , United States
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Ya M, Yu N, Zhang Y, Su H, Tang S, Su G. Biomonitoring of organophosphate triesters and diesters in human blood in Jiangsu Province, eastern China: Occurrences, associations, and suspect screening of novel metabolites. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105056. [PMID: 31369981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since organophosphate (OP) triesters are ubiquitous in environmental matrices, there is an increasing concern regarding human exposure to OP triesters or their metabolites. In this study, we measured levels of 16 OP triesters and 4 OP diesters in n = 99 human blood samples of non-occupationally exposed adults (aged 18-87) from Jiangsu Province, eastern China. Based on the measured concentrations, statistical difference and correlativity were calculated to characterize the population diversity and potential sources of OP triester and diester. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP) and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) were found in many participants' blood, with median concentrations of 1.2 (range: n.d. - 44.7, detection frequency: 99%) and 0.85 (n.d. - 28.8, 68%) ng mL-1, respectively. Blood samples of older participants contained significantly lower concentrations of OP diesters or triesters than their younger counterparts (p < 0.01). Regional- and age-specific differences in the blood concentrations of OP triesters and diesters were attributed to disparities in environmental exposure intensity. EHDPP and tris (phenyl) phosphate (TPHP), the predominant OP triesters, exhibited significant positive correlation (p < 0.01, r = 0.84) suggestive of analogous transport behavior from similar exposure sources to humans. The increased correlations between diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) and TPHP as well as with EHDPP as observed from the multivariate regression suggests that DPHP could be derived from the metabolism of both TPHP (the crucial precursor) and EHDPP. When the blood samples were subsequently screened using high-resolution spectrometry, we detected five novel OP metabolites: glucuronide conjugates of hydroxylated DEHP (OH-DEHP glucuronide conjugate), 2-ethylhexyl monophenyl phosphate (EHMPP), hydroxylated EHMPP (OH-EHMPP), dihydroxylated bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (di-OH-BBOEP), and dihydroxylated tris(butyl) phosphate (di-OH-TNBP). Overall, this study provides novel information regarding the occurrence of OP triesters and diesters, and further suggested several novel OP metabolites in human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaolei Ya
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yayun Zhang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Tang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhao L, Jian K, Su H, Zhang Y, Li J, Letcher RJ, Su G. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) in Chinese foodstuffs: Dietary intake estimation via a market basket method, and suspect screening using high-resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 128:343-352. [PMID: 31078003 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite of the ubiquity of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in various environmental matrices, information regarding the dietary intakes of OPEs is currently limited. To better understand dietary exposure and intake, the present study investigated 11 OPE flame retardants (FRs) in 105 composite food samples divided into 9 food categories, collected in 2018 and based on the contents of a typical Chinese food market basket. Nine OPEs, including triethyl phosphate (TEP), tributyl phosphate (TNBP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 2-ethylhexyl-diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) and tris(methyl-phenyl) phosphate (TMPP), were measurable above the method limits of quantifications (MLOQs) in at least one of the analyzed samples. Among the 9 food categories, sweets were contaminated most severely with a mean sum (Σ) OPE concentration of 10.34 ng/g wet weight (ww). Regardless the food categories, EHDPP and TEP were the predominant OPEs with mean concentrations of 1.12 and 0.95 ng/g ww, respectively. In addition, the levels of OPEs in "processed foods" were significantly (unpaired t-test, p < 0.01) higher than those in "non-processed foods". Based on the measured OPE concentrations, we estimated daily per capita dietary intakes of ΣOPEs for Chinese adult population to be 44.3 ng/kg bw/day, that was mainly contributed by TCEP (14.3 ng/kg bw/day), TEP (12.7 ng/kg bw/day) and EHDPP (8.4 ng/kg bw/day). In addition to these 9 detected OPEs, further suspect screening in the combined extracts of foodstuffs by use of high-resolution spectrometry revealed a novel OP-FR, triphenyl phosphine oxide (TPPO). The highlight findings in this study were: 1) the amount of OPE via dietary intakes for the Chinese population is generally in the same order of magnitude as for other countries, i.e. the Swedish, Belgian and Australian adult population, and far less than the reference dosage value of each OPE (hazard index ≪ 1); 2) the total dietary intakes of OPEs were dominated by cereals, approximately accounting for 52.2%; and 3) the first reported detection of the novel OP-FR, TPPO, in foodstuff samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Kang Jian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Huijun Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Yayun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
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Suo L, Huang W, Zhu Q, Ma L, Hu M. Accelerated solvent extraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of 11 organophosphorus flame retardants in aquatic products. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5287-5293. [PMID: 29652444 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new method based on accelerated solvent extraction was developed for the extraction and determination of 11 organophosphorus flame retardants by using a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique. RESULTS After optimization of the extraction temperature (80 °C), the extraction solvent (n-hexane), the flush volume (40%) and the static extraction time (4 min), all 11 organophosphorus flame retardants illustrated good linearities (R > 0.999). The limits of detection of the method ranged from 0.016 to 26.58 µg kg-1 in the different matrices. The recoveries were 90.4-111.2% with relative standard deviations 0.21-5.3% for the various aquatic products. CONCLUSION The proposed method was applied successfully to detect 11 organophosphorus flame retardants in aquatic products, including grass carp, ribbon fish, mud fish, common eel, shrimp and frog. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Suo
- Physical and Chemical Department, Nanchang Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weihua Huang
- Physical and Chemical Department, Nanchang Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qunying Zhu
- Physical and Chemical Department, Nanchang Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lifang Ma
- Physical and Chemical Department, Nanchang Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Meihua Hu
- Physical and Chemical Department, Nanchang Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Rapid detection of organophosphorus pesticide residue on Prussian blue modified dual-channel screen-printed electrodes combing with portable potentiostat. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Luo Q, Wang S, Sun LN, Wang H. Simultaneous accelerated solvent extraction and purification for the determination of 13 organophosphate esters in soils by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:19546-19554. [PMID: 29732509 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Through the optimization of extraction, purification, and determination parameters, a reliable and convenient analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters in soils was developed. The method is based on one-step extraction and purification by accelerated solvent extraction and analysis by gas chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Under the optimal conditions, the method detection limits and method quantitation limits ranged from 0.10 to 0.22 ng/g and from 0.33 to 0.72 ng/g, respectively. The recoveries obtained were in the range of 81.7-107%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 12%. As compared to other methods, this proposed method was simple and time and solvent saving. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze organophosphate esters in soil samples collected from Liaohe estuarine wetland, China. Thirteen organophosphate esters were detected in all of the soil samples which indicated that Liaohe estuarine wetland has polluted by organophosphate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China.
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Li-Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
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Zhang Y, Li M, Li S, Wang Q, Zhu G, Su G, Letcher RJ, Liu C. Exposure to tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate for Two generations decreases fecundity of zebrafish at environmentally relevant concentrations. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 200:178-187. [PMID: 29775925 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies reported that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TDCIPP significantly decreased the number of cumulative eggs in zebrafish, but effects on the quantity of eggs and sperms remained unknown. Therefore, in this study, effects of TDCIPP on yolk diameter, surface morphology of eggs, sperm density and total motility were evaluated. First generation (F0) zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio) were exposed to 0, 50, 500 or 5000 ng/L tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) from 14 days post fertilization (dpf) to 120 dpf. The F0 generation of zebrafish were paired and F1 generation of embryos were collected and continuously exposed to the same concentrations of TDCIPP until 150 dpf. TDCIPP bioconcentration in the whole body as well as effects on survival and fecundity were evaluated in F1 generation. Exposure to TDCIPP resulted in an accumulation of the chemical and decreased survival of F1 generation of zebrafish. TDCIPP decreased cumulative production and changed surface morphology of eggs in females. In males, TDCIPP decreased total motility of sperm but did not affect sperm density. These effects on quality of egg and sperm might be responsible for the decreased hatching rates observed in cross mating experiments. Furthermore, TDCIPP exposure resulted in down-regulated gene expression related to gonadal development and maturation of germ cells in females or/and males, and the down-regulation was correlated to decreased fecundity. Taken together, the results suggested that exposure to TDCIPP could decrease the quantity of eggs and sperms by down-regulating the expression of genes related to gonadal development and maturation of germ cells in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiangwei Wang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guonian Zhu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde, 415000, China.
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Lorenzo M, Campo J, Picó Y. Analytical challenges to determine emerging persistent organic pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tao Y, Shang Y, Li J, Feng J, He Z, Covaci A, Wang P, Luo J, Mao X, Shi B, Hu L, Luo D, Mei S. Exposure to organophosphate flame retardants of hotel room attendants in Wuhan City, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:626-633. [PMID: 29433103 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Indoor environments provide sources of exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs), which are artificially synthesized fire-protecting agents used as additives in interior products. As public spaces, hotels are required to meet stricter fire-precaution criteria. As such, room attendants may be exposed to higher levels of PFRs. Our goal was to characterize the exposure of hotel room attendants to PFRs by measuring metabolites in their urine and the corresponding parent PFRs in dust and hand-wipes collected from 27 hotels located in Wuhan City, China. The exposure of the attendants was found to be omnipresent: urinary metabolites of PFRs, such as DPHP (diphenyl phosphate), BDCIPP (bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate), and DoCP (di-o-cresyl phosphate) & DpCP (di-p-cresyl phosphate) were detected with high frequency (87%, 79% and 87%, respectively). We observed that metabolites in post-shift urine were consistently present at higher levels than those in the first morning voids (p < 0.05 for BDCIPP and DPHP). Regarding external exposure, 10 PFRs were determined in both dust samples and hand-wipes, with TCIPP (tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate) being the most abundant compound in both matrices. The levels of PFRs in hand-wipes and dust samples were not correlated. PFRs in dust and their corresponding urinary metabolites were not significantly correlated, while a moderate significant correlation of TDCIPP (tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate) in hand-wipes and its urinary metabolite, BDCIPP, was observed in both morning void samples (p = 0.01) and post-shift urine (p = 0.002). Moreover, we found that participants from high-rise buildings (defined as > 7 stories) had significantly higher BDCIPP and DPHP concentrations than those from low-rise buildings. A possible reason is that high-rise buildings may use high-grade fireproof building materials to meet stricter fire restrictions. Overall, these results indicate that PFRs exposure in hotels is a contributor to the personal exposure of hotel room attendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yinzhu Shang
- Hubei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Li
- Hubei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Peng Wang
- Hubei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Hubei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiang Mao
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Liqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Surong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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Lorenzo M, Campo J, Picó Y. Determination of organophosphate flame retardants in soil and fish using ultrasound-assisted extraction, solid-phase clean-up, and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2595-2603. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Lorenzo
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre-CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV) and Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Valencia; Burjassot Spain
| | - Julián Campo
- Desertification Research Centre-CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV); Carretera Moncada-Náquera; Moncada Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre-CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV) and Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Valencia; Burjassot Spain
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25
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Strobel A, Willmore WG, Sonne C, Dietz R, Letcher RJ. Organophosphate esters in East Greenland polar bears and ringed seals: Adipose tissue concentrations and in vitro depletion and metabolite formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 196:240-250. [PMID: 29306196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
East Greenland is a contamination "hot spot" for long-range transported anthropogenic chemicals, including organophosphate esters (OPEs). High concentrations of OPEs have been reported in arctic air while very little is known for wildlife where OPE tissue residues levels appear to be strongly influenced by biotransformation. In the present study, the hepatic in vitro metabolism of six environmentally relevant organophosphate (OP) triesters and corresponding OP diester formation were investigated in East Greenland polar bears (PBs) and ringed seals (RSs). The in vitro metabolism assay results were compared to adipose levels in field samples from the same individuals. In vitro OP triester metabolism was generally rapid and structure-dependent, where PBs metabolized OPEs more rapidly than RSs. Exceptions were the lack of triethyl phosphate (TEP) metabolism and slow metabolism of tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) in both species. OP diester metabolites were also formed with the exception of TEP which was not metabolized at all. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate was completely converted to its corresponding diester. However, the mass balances showed that OP diester formation corresponding to TEHP, tri(n-butyl) phosphate, and tris(2-butyoxyethyl) phosphate did not account for 100% of the OP triester depletion, which indicated alternate pathways of OP triester metabolism had occurred. Triphenyl phosphate was completely converted to its OP diester metabolite in PBs but not in RSs suggesting species-specific differences. The results demonstrated that OP triester bioaccumulation and fate in PBs versus their RS prey is substantially influenced by biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelle Strobel
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - William G Willmore
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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26
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Letcher RJ, Morris AD, Dyck M, Sverko E, Reiner EJ, Blair DAD, Chu SG, Shen L. Legacy and new halogenated persistent organic pollutants in polar bears from a contamination hotspot in the Arctic, Hudson Bay Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:121-136. [PMID: 28803190 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A large and complex suite of 295 legacy and new halogenated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were investigated in fat or liver tissue samples of polar bears collected in 2013-2014 from Southern (SHB) and Western (WHB) subpopulations of the Canadian Arctic contaminants hotspot of Hudson Bay. A total of 210 POPs were detected and/or quantifiable with some frequency in all fat or liver samples. POP profile and concentration differences were investigated both within (e.g. age and sex) and between the two subpopulations. Two time-point comparisons were made relative to POPs reported for Hudson Bay polar bears harvested in 2007-2008. ΣPolychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations at both time points were the most concentrated of the POP groups, and were spatially uniform with no detectable influence of sex or age, as were concentrations of the dominant congener CB153. ΣChlordanes (ΣCHLs, 74-79% oxychlordane) and the Σperfluoroalkyl substances (ΣPFASs, ≈60% perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)) had the second greatest POP group concentrations in SHB and WHB respectively, with ΣPFASs and ΣCHLs being significantly influenced by age and/or sex. ΣCHLs were spatially uniform but ΣPFASs were greater in the SHB bears, as were e.g. some flame retardants, due to e.g. local contamination and/or changes in bear behavior and diet. Endosulfans and hexabromocyclododecane were detectable in samples from 2007-2008 but not from 2013-2014, which is consistent with their global POP regulations. ΣPolychlorinated naphthalenes (ΣPCNs) were consistently detected at relatively high concentrations compared to other arctic wildlife, however these concentrations were low relative to legacy POPs. ΣShort-chain chlorinated paraffins (ΣSCCPs) were major contributors to the overall POPs burden with concentrations comparable to other legacy POPs, though there was no significant difference between or within subpopulations for PCNs or SCCPs. Except for octachlorostyrene, POPs concentrations were generally lower in female and male bears from SHB in 2013-2014 relative to 2007-2008, however those of WHB males were greater over the same timeframe for almost all POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - A D Morris
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Dyck
- Government of Nunavut, Igoolik, NU, Canada
| | - E Sverko
- Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - E J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Rd, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D A D Blair
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - S G Chu
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - L Shen
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Rd, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Ma L, Fan X, Jia L, Wang J, Wang S, Zhao L. Multiresidue analysis of glucocorticoids in milk by LC-MS/MS with low-temperature purification and dispersive solid-phase extraction. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2759-2768. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ma
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis; Beijing China
| | - Xiaojing Fan
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis; Beijing China
| | - Li Jia
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis; Beijing China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis; Beijing China
| | - Suli Wang
- College of Science, Food Safety Research Center; Hebei North University; Zhangjiakou China
| | - Liuwei Zhao
- Institute of Apicultural Research; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
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Guo J, Venier M, Salamova A, Hites RA. Bioaccumulation of Dechloranes, organophosphate esters, and other flame retardants in Great Lakes fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:1-9. [PMID: 28110879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We measured the concentrations of 60 flame retardants (and related compounds) in fish samples collected in the Great Lakes basin. These analytes include dechlorane-related compounds (Decs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Composite lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) or walleye (Sander vitreus, from Lake Erie) samples were collected (N=3 for each lake) in 2010 from each of the five Great Lakes (a total of 15 samples). Among the dechlorane-related compounds, Dechlorane, Dechlorane Plus, Dechlorane-602, Dechlorane-603, and Dechlorane-604 (with zero to three bromines and with four chlorines) were detected in >73% of the fish samples. The concentrations of some of these dechlorane-related compounds were 3-10 times higher in Lake Ontario trout than in fish from the other four lakes. Tris(1-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, tri-n-butylphosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, and triphenyl phosphate were found in >50% of the fish samples. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were the most abundant of the flame retardants in fish, with a mean concentration of 250ng/g lipid. Our findings suggest that the Decs and BFRs with 3-6 bromines are more bioaccumulative in the fish than the OPEs and high molecular weight BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Guo
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Ronald A Hites
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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Su G, Letcher RJ, Moore JN, Williams LL, Grasman KA. Contaminants of emerging concern in Caspian tern compared to herring gull eggs from Michigan colonies in the Great Lakes of North America. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:154-164. [PMID: 28089466 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A broad suite of 87 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), including 26 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 23 non-PBDEs halogenated FRs (NPHFRs), 16 organophosphate esters (OPEs), 4 perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs), 13 perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and 5 emerging perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) or precursors, were determined in 30 individual Caspian tern (listed as a threatened species in the U.S. State of Michigan) eggs collected in 2013 and 2014 from Michigan nesting sites on Two Tree Island (St, Mary's River), Charity Reef (Saginaw Bay) and Channel-Shelter Island (a Confined Disposal Facility (CDF) in Saginaw Bay). The same CEC suite was determined in 10 herring gull eggs on the Pipe Island Twins in the lower St. Mary's River. In tern eggs, the order of concentrations were ΣPFSA (mean: 793 ng/g wet weight (ww); range: 116-4690 ng/g ww) > ΣPFCAs (131; 30.4-506 ng/g ww) ≈ ΣPBDEs (86.7; 32.4-189 ng/g ww) » ΣNPHFRs (0.67; ND-4.3 ng/g ww) ≈ ΣOPEs (0.46; ND-2.89 ng/g ww). Compared to gull eggs collected from the same area, tern egg exposure contained significantly lower concentrations of ΣPBDE, but with up to 10 times greater mean concentrations of ΣPFSAs and ΣPFCAs. This study highlights the importance of consistent monitoring in eggs of different Great Lakes birds of PBDEs, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoro-4-ethylcyclohexane sulfonate (PFEtCHxS) given that: 1) PBDE concentrations in all analyzed avian eggs exceeded or approached a concentration of 29 ng/g ww, which for birds is the current Canadian FEQG (Federal Environmental Quality Guideline); 2) ΣPBDE concentrations were comparable to lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) values reported in the literature; 3) PFOS concentrations in Caspian tern eggs were extremely high with many eggs across sites exceeding 1 ppm, and with the greatest being up to 4.7 ppm; and 4) PFEtCHxS, a potentially persistent and bioaccumulative substance, showed a detection frequency of 100% in 40 of the analyzed eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyong Su
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Center, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Center, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Jeremy N Moore
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, East Lansing Ecological Services Field Office, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Lisa L Williams
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, East Lansing Ecological Services Field Office, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Keith A Grasman
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546, USA
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Yu L, Jia Y, Su G, Sun Y, Letcher RJ, Giesy JP, Yu H, Han Z, Liu C. Parental transfer of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and transgenerational inhibition of growth of zebrafish exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:196-203. [PMID: 27646168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is a re-emerging environmental contaminant that has been frequently detected at sub-ppb (<μg/L) concentrations in natural waters. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of TDCIPP on growth in initial generation (F0) zebrafish after chronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations, and to examine possible parental transfer of TDCIPP and transgenerational effects on growth of first generation (F1) larvae. When zebrafish (1-month old) were exposed to 580 or 7500 ng TDCIPP/L for 240 days, bioconcentration resulted in significantly less growth as measured by body length, body mass, brain-somatic index (BSI) and hepatic-somatic index (HSI) in F0 females but not F0 males. These effects were possibly due to down-regulation of expression of genes along the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis. Furthermore, residues of TDCIPP were detected in F1 eggs after exposure of parents, which resulted in less survival, body length and heart rate in F1 individuals. Down-regulation of genes in the GH/IGF axis (e.g., gh, igf1) might be responsible for transgenerational toxicity. This study provides the first known evidence that exposure of zebrafish to environmentally relevant concentrations of TDCIPP during development can inhibit growth of offspring, which were not exposed directly to TDCIPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yali Jia
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Yongkai Sun
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210089, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Zhihua Han
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Hunan, Changde 415000, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, China.
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31
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Li J, Ma X, Su G, Giesy JP, Xiao Y, Zhou B, Letcher RJ, Liu C. Multigenerational effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate on the free-living ciliate protozoa Tetrahymena thermophila exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations and after subsequent recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:50-58. [PMID: 27552037 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is considered a re-emerging environmental pollutant, and exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations has been shown to cause individual developmental toxicity in zebrafish and the water flea (Daphnia magna). However, multigenerational effects during exposure to TDCIPP and after subsequent recovery were unknown. In the present study, individuals of a model aquatic organism, the ciliated protozoan, T. thermophila were exposed to environmentally-relevant concentrations of TDCIPP (0, 300 or 3000 ng/L) for 60 days (e.g., theoretically 372 generations) followed by a 60-day period of recovery, during which T. thermophila were not exposed to TDCIPP. During exposure and after exposure, effects at the molecular, histological, individual and population levels were examined. Multigenerational exposure to 300 or 3000 ng TDCIPP/L for 60 days significantly decreased numbers of individuals, sizes of individuals, expressed as length and width of bodies, number of cilia, and depth and diameter of basal bodies of cilia, and up-regulated expressions of genes related to assembly and maintenance of cilia. Complete or partial recoveries of theoretical sizes of populations as well as sizes of individuals and expressions of genes were observed during the 60-day recovery period. Effects on number of cilia and depth and diameter of basal body of cilia were not reversible and could still be observed long after cease of TDCIPP exposure. Collectedly, and shown for the first time, multigenerational effects to T. thermophila were caused by exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TDCIPP. Also, there were multi-generational effects at the population level that were not caused by carry-over exposure to TDCIPP. The "permanent" alterations and their potential significance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, China
| | - Xufa Ma
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210089, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Hunan, Changde 415000, China.
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Greaves AK, Su G, Letcher RJ. Environmentally relevant organophosphate triesters in herring gulls: In vitro biotransformation and kinetics and diester metabolite formation using a hepatic microsomal assay. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 308:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Dimpe KM, Nomngongo PN. Current sample preparation methodologies for analysis of emerging pollutants in different environmental matrices. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Su G, Letcher RJ, Yu H. Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Aqueous Solution: pH-Dependent Hydrolysis, Kinetics, and Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8103-11. [PMID: 27347783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing ubiquity of organophosphate (OP) triesters as environmental contaminants, parameters affecting their aquatic chemical stabilities are currently unknown. The present study examined the pH-dependent (7, 9, 11, or 13) hydrolysis of 16 OP triesters in mixtures of 80 ng/mL for each OP triester over a period of 35 days at 20 °C. For the pH = 7, 9, and 11 solutions, 10 of the 16 OP triesters were stable and with no significant (p > 0.05) degradation. For the remaining 6 OP triesters, significant degradation occurred progressing from the pH = 7 to 11 solutions. At pH = 13, except for tributyl phosphate and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, 14 OP triesters were degraded with half-lives ranging from 0.0053 days (triphenyl phosphate) to 47 days (tripropyl phosphate). With increasingly basic pH the order of OP triester stability was group A (with alkyl moieties) > group B (chlorinated alkyl) > group C (aryl). Numerous OP diesters were identified depending on the pH level of the solution, whereas OP monoesters were not detectable. This is consistent with no significant (p > 0.05) depletion observed for 5 OP diesters in the same 4 solutions and over same 35 day period, suggesting OP diesters are end products of base-catalyzed hydrolysis of OP triesters. Our results demonstrated that pH-dependent hydrolysis of OP triesters does occur, and such instability would likely affect the fate of OP triesters in aqueous environments where the pH can be variable and basic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyong Su
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
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Jakubus A, Paszkiewicz M, Stepnowski P. Carbon Nanotubes Application in the Extraction Techniques of Pesticides: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 47:76-91. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1209105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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36
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Zhu Y, Ma X, Su G, Yu L, Letcher RJ, Hou J, Yu H, Giesy JP, Liu C. Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of the Flame Retardant Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate Inhibit Growth of Female Zebrafish and Decrease Fecundity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14579-87. [PMID: 26512412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioconcentrations of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) in brain, gonad, and liver as well as effects on fecundity and development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) were determined. Zebrafish (1-month old) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of 29 ± 2.1, 600 ± 21, or 6300 ± 130 ng TDCIPP/L. After 120 days of exposure, TDCIPP accumulated in the brain, gonad, and liver with bioconcentration factors of 460, 38, and 87 in females and 26, 55, and 110 in males, respectively. TDCIPP accumulated to a greater extent in brains of females than those of males. Exposure to 6300 ± 130 ng TDCIPP/L resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) fewer eggs being produced, but the histology of the gonad, plasma concentrations of estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone, and expression of genes involved in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-liver axis were not significantly (P > 0.05) different between individuals exposed to TDCIPP and the unexposed control fish. Exposure to TDCIPP resulted in shorter body length, lighter body mass, and lower gonadal-somatic index in females. These effects were possibly due to down-regulation of expression of genes along the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis. Correlations between the production of eggs and developmental parameters or expression of genes along the GH/IGF axis further suggested that environmentally relevant concentrations of TDCIPP could have adverse effects on reproduction, possibly due to the inhibition of the growth of females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xufa Ma
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210089, China
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Liqin Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Zoology and Centre for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Hunan Agriculture University , Changsha 410128, China
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