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Zheng JX, Sun XH, Wei X, Wang G, Yuan CQ, Weng XD, Zuo QQ, Liu JY, Mu ZQ, Mao TC, Ding YZ, Wang XM, Wang X, Wang ZH. Species Composition of a Small Mammal Community and Prevalence of Echinococcus spp. in the Alpine Pastoral Area of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. Pathogens 2024; 13:558. [PMID: 39057785 PMCID: PMC11280319 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the species composition of a small mammal community and the prevalence of Echinococcus spp. in a typical endemic area of the Tibetan Plateau. One pika and five rodent species were identified based on the morphological characteristics of 1278 small mammal specimens collected during 2014-2019. Detection of Echinococcus DNA in tissue samples from small mammal specimens revealed that Ochotona curzoniae (pika, total prevalence: 6.02%, 26/432), Neodon fuscus (5.91%, 38/643), N. leucurus (2.50%, 3/120), and Alexandromys limnophilus (21.74%, 10/46) were infected by both E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus; Cricetulus longicaudatus (16.67%, 1/6) was infected by E. shiquicus; and no infection was detected in N. irene (0/15). Neodon fuscus and O. curzoniae were the two most abundant small mammal species. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of pika and the overall rodent species assemblage (6.26%, 53/846); however, the larger rodent populations suggested that more attention should be paid to their role in the transmission of echinococcosis in the wildlife reservoir, which has long been underestimated. Moreover, although DNA barcoding provides a more efficient method than traditional morphological methods for identifying large numbers of small mammal samples, commonly used barcodes failed to distinguish the three Neodon species in this study. The close genetic relationships between these species suggest the need to develop more powerful molecular taxonomic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Sun
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xu Wei
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chang-Qing Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Weng
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Qing-Qiu Zuo
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jia-Yu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Mu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tian-Ci Mao
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - You-Zhong Ding
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zheng-Huan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Lin X, Shao YM, Zhang RQ, Aji T. Applying LASSO logistic regression for the prediction of biliary complications after ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation in patients with end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:301. [PMID: 38812045 PMCID: PMC11134669 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to explore the relevant risk factors associated with biliary complications (BCs) in patients with end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) following ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation (ELRA) and to establish and visualize a nomogram model. METHODS This study retrospectively analysed patients with end-stage HAE who received ELRA treatment at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University between August 1, 2010 and May 10, 2023. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model was applied to optimize the feature variables for predicting the incidence of BCs following ELRA. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to develop a prognostic model by incorporating the selected feature variables from the LASSO regression model. The predictive ability, discrimination, consistency with the actual risk, and clinical utility of the candidate prediction model were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Internal validation was performed by the bootstrapping method. RESULTS The candidate prediction nomogram included predictors such as age, hepatic bile duct dilation, portal hypertension, and regular resection based on hepatic segments. The model demonstrated good discrimination ability and a satisfactory calibration curve, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.818 (95% CI 0.7417-0.8958). According to DCA, this prediction model can predict the risk of BCs occurrence within a probability threshold range of 9% to 85% to achieve clinical net benefit. CONCLUSIONS A prognostic nomogram with good discriminative ability and high accuracy was developed and validated to predict BCs after ELRA in patients with end-stage HAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lin
- Centre of Digestive and Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ying-Mei Shao
- Centre of Digestive and Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Rui-Qing Zhang
- Centre of Digestive and Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tuerganaili Aji
- Centre of Digestive and Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China.
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Ma X, Su W, Wang X, Zhao R. Radical resection of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis combined with cystic echinococcosis: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35806. [PMID: 37904358 PMCID: PMC10615391 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Hepatic Echinococcosis, is a zoonotic Parasitic disease with a worldwide distribution. Clinical cases of alveolar echinococcosis combined with cystic echinococcosis infection are extremely rare. PATIENT CONCERNS A 58-year-old patient had found liver occupying lesions for more than 2 years. A left hepatic alveolar hydatid was found, occupying the entire left half of the liver, with a size of approximately 6.7 cm × 10.9 cm × 8.1 cm. The size of the right liver is about 9 × 8 cm cystic hydatid, mainly located in the S5 segment of the liver. Abdominal examination: the upper abdomen is swollen, and a hard mass can be touched under the right rib margin, with tenderness and no rebound pain. The bowel sounds are normal. DIAGNOSES Abdominal MR shows an increase in liver volume and irregular morphology, with patchy abnormal signal shadows visible in the left lobe of the liver, with a range of approximately 6.7 cm × 10.9 cm × 8.1 cm, low signal on T1WI, low signal on T2WI and FS-T2WI, slightly high signal on diffusion weighted imaging, high signal on apparent diffusion coefficient, no significant enhancement of the lesion after enhancement. In addition, there is a clump like abnormal signal shadow visible in the right lobe of the liver, with a size of approximately 7.9 cm × 7.3 cm × 7.9 cm, low signal on T1WI, mixed high signal on T2WI, high signal on diffusion weighted imaging, mixed signal on apparent diffusion coefficient. Consider: Left lobe alveolar echinococcosis, and right lobe cystic echinococcosis (CE III type). INTERVENTIONS A radical resection was performed, including expanded left hemi-hepatectomy, cholecystectomy, right hepatic lesion resection, partial right hepatic duct resection with right hepatic duct jejunostomy. OUTCOMES The wound healed well after resection. There was no recurrence of TC after 4 years follow-up. LESSONS The co-infection of alveolar echinococcosis and cystic echinococcosis in a patient is an exceedingly rare occurrence. Radical resection is the only curative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
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Shumuye NA, Li L, Li WH, Zhang NZ, Wu YT, Wu YD, Tian WJ, Zhang LS, Nian XF, Dai GD, Chen WG, Gao SZ, Tian XQ, Liu JS, Li B, Kebede N, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Infection of sheep by Echinococcus multilocularis in Gansu, China: evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analysis. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:72. [PMID: 37563679 PMCID: PMC10413491 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the normal life cycle of the parasite (Echinococcus multilocularis) that causes alveolar echinococcosis, domestic and wild carnivores act as definitive hosts, and rodents act as intermediate hosts. The presented study contributes to the research on the distribution and transmission pattern of E. multilocularis in China having identified sheep as an unusual intermediate host taking part in the domestic transmission of alveolar echinococcosis in Gansu Province, China. METHODS From 2020 to 2021, nine whitish different cyst-like were collected from the liver of sheep in Gansu Province for examination. A near complete mitochondrial (mt) genome and selected nuclear genes were amplified from the cyst-like lesion for identification. To confirm the status of the specimen, comparative analysis with reference sequences, phylogenetic analysis, and network analysis were performed. RESULTS The isolates displayed ≥ 98.87% similarity to E. multilocularis NADH dehydrogenase sub-unit 1 (nad1) (894 bp) reference sequences deposited in GenBank. Furthermore, amplification of the nad4 and nad2 genes also confirmed all nine samples as E. multilocularis with > 99.30% similarity. Additionally, three nuclear genes, pepck (1545 bp), elp-exons VII and VIII (566 bp), and elp-exon IX (256 bp), were successfully amplified and sequenced for one of the isolates with 98.42% similarity, confirming the isolates were correctly identified as E. multilocularis. Network analysis also correctly placed the isolates with other E. multilocularis. CONCLUSIONS As a result of the discovery of E. multilocularis in an unusual intermediate host, which is considered to have the highest zoonotic potential, the result clearly demonstrated the necessity for expanded surveillance in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigus Abebe Shumuye
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Epidemiology, Mekelle University, College of Veterinary Sciences, Kalamino Campus, P.O.Box: 2084, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Wen-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Nian-Zhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yan-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yao-Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Wen-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Lin-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Nian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Guo-Dong Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Wei-Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Sheng-Zhi Gao
- Gansu Animal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xue-Qi Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Jun-Shi Liu
- Jingyuan County Animal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan County Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Technical Service Center, Jingyuan, 730600, Gansu Province, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jingyuan County Animal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan County Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Technical Service Center, Jingyuan, 730600, Gansu Province, China
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Yin J, Wu X, Han J, Torgerson PR. The impact of natural environment on human alveolar echinococcosis: A township-level modeling study in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159085. [PMID: 36179829 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a lethal helminthic infection caused by the tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has the greatest endemicity of human AE globally, but the natural risk factors and its impact mechanism are still unclear. Generalized linear models and generalized additive models are used to select key linear and non-linear environmental factors associated with cases of AE. The interactive effect between different factors is identified using concurvity test. From fifty-nine variables analyzed, four key factors and one interaction term were identified associated with AE. Considering interaction terms between climatic and geographical landscape factors can significantly improve model fitting. Minimum winter precipitation, percentage of grassland cover, and minimum elevation have significant positive linear relationship with human AE incidence. The relationship between maximum summer precipitation and human AE is non-linear with high AE incidence associated with moderate precipitation. The interaction term of maximum summer precipitation and number of patches of grassland on human AE indicates that human AE incidence is highest when both factors were high. The climatic and landscape risk factors together are associated with the local transmission of human AE in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This study provides a scientific basis for human intervention in AE from fine-scale ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoxu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jiatong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Paul Robert Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Qiu Y, Yang X, Huang B, Wei G, Chen Y, Yang K, Wang W. Outcomes of inferior vena cava reconstruction using artificial or autologous materials in ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation. Asian J Surg 2023; 46:213-221. [PMID: 35367096 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2022.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of artificial or autologous materials for inferior vena cava (IVC) reconstruction is controversial. This study retrospectively explored the effects of different materials on perioperative outcomes. METHODS This study included 91 patients who underwent IVC reconstruction during liver autotransplantation between 2014 and 2020. A univariate analysis was performed to select variables affecting postoperative morbidity. The effect of IVC reconstruction materials on perioperative outcomes was tested with a multivariable generalized linear model. The effects on postoperative morbidity and operation time were further tested with the multivariate regression analysis based on the generalized estimating equation. Adjusted models were used in all analyses. RESULTS A median operation time of 710 (633-790) min, a median blood loss of 2200 (1550-3000) mL, an incidence of 33% (30/91) for major morbidities and a median comprehensive complication index (CCI) of 0.0 (0.0-26.2) were observed, with no IVC reconstruction-related complications postoperatively or in the long term. The IVC reconstruction material had no significant effect on postoperative outcomes, while artificial materials significantly increased inpatient cost (191 ± 35 vs. 164 ± 36 k Yuan, p < 0.001). The multivariate regression revealed a significant shift in outcomes of operation time (p = 0.0368). DISCUSSION Artificial grafts are recommended for IVC reconstruction if cost is not a factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Qiu
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xianwei Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Gengfu Wei
- Clinical Research Center of Hydatidosis, Ganze Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yin Chen
- Clinical Research Center of Hydatidosis, Ganze Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Kangmin Yang
- Clinical Research Center of Hydatidosis, Ganze Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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Yang XB, Meng XZ, Zhao Y, Zhao JP, Chen C, Qin Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Q. Meta-analysis of the prevalence of bovine cystic echinococcosis in China during decade. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:465-475. [PMID: 36150257 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s.l.) larvae. It is mainly prevalent in western agricultural and pastoral areas in China, seriously affecting the development of public health and animal husbandry. METHODS This study conducted a systematic evaluation and meta-analysis of bovine CE in China in the past 10 years (2011-2020). Five databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP Chinese Journal Database) were used to collect the relevant references, and finally 77 published articles were obtained. RESULTS The total prevalence of bovine CE was estimated to be 9.62% during decade, and decreased year by year after reaching its peak in 2014 (18.75%). The highest E. granulosus s.l. infection rate was found in Qinghai province (14.79%). The infection rate of cattle >4 years old (15.84%) was significantly higher than that of other age groups, and cattle raised by grazing was significantly higher than that of other methods (17.00%). In the groups of geographical and climatic factors, the prevalence of CE was higher in regions with high-altitude (20.76%), cold (20.76%) and rainy areas (11.33%). CONCLUSION This study found that old age and grazing were two important factors for the high incidence of bovine CE. The prevalence of CE is higher in low temperature, rainy and high altitude areas, where may be more suitable for the survival of E. granulosus s.l. eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Bo Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, PR China
| | - Xiang-Zhu Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, PR China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Wenzhou Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China
| | - Jin-Ping Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, PR China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, PR China
| | - Ya Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, PR China.
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, PR China.
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Cheng J, Wang H, Li R, Li X, Zhou X, Yang X, Wang Y, Xiong L, Fan H, Wang T, Li M, Ni D. A two-stage multiresolution neural network for automatic diagnosis of hepatic echinococcosis from ultrasound images: A multicenter study. Med Phys 2022; 49:3199-3212. [PMID: 35192193 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatic echinococcosis is a parasitic disease. Ultrasound imaging is a crucially important tool for the diagnosis of this disease. Based on ultrasonic manifestations, hepatic echinococcosis can be classified into many subtypes. However, the subtyping is non-trivial due to the challenges of complex sonographic textures and the large intra-class and small inter-class differences. The purpose of this study is to develop a computer aided diagnosis system for hepatic echinococcosis based on ultrasound images. METHODS We collected a multicenter ultrasound dataset containing 9112 images from 5028 patients who were diagnosed with hepatic echinococcosis (the largest cohort to date) and developed a two-stage multiresolution neural network for the automatic diagnosis of hepatic echinococcosis into nine subtypes as suggested by WHO. Our method was based on YOLO3 with two additional strategies to improve its performance: coarse grouping and multiresolution sampling. Considering that some subtypes are inherently very similar and difficult to be differentiated, in the first stage we detected and classified lesions into four coarse groups, instead of making a direct classification into nine classes. In the second stage, we performed fine-grained classification within each coarse group. Multiple views with different resolutions were sampled from the detected lesions and were input into Darknet53. The softmax outputs for the multiresolution views were averaged to generate the final output. RESULTS Both the proposed coarse grouping and multiresolution sampling strategies proved to be effective and improved the classification performance by a large margin compared with the setting without using the two strategies. Using five-fold cross validation, our method achieved 87.1%, 86.2%, and 86.5% in the average recall, precision and F1-score, respectively, and outperformed other state-of-the-art methods remarkably. CONCLUSIONS The experimental results demonstrate the great promise of our method for classifying hepatic echinococcosis. Our method can be used as an effective tool to facilitate large-scale screening for hepatic echinococcosis in high-risk, resource-poor areas, thus contributing to early diagnosis of this disease and resulting in more successful treatment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Medical Ultrasound Image Computing (MUSIC) Laboratory, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518001, China
| | - Rui Li
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Medical Ultrasound Image Computing (MUSIC) Laboratory, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Medical Ultrasound Image Computing (MUSIC) Laboratory, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Medical Ultrasound Image Computing (MUSIC) Laboratory, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yi Wang
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Medical Ultrasound Image Computing (MUSIC) Laboratory, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Linfei Xiong
- Shenzhen MGI Tech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Haining Fan
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Tianfu Wang
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518001, China
| | - Dong Ni
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Medical Ultrasound Image Computing (MUSIC) Laboratory, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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9
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Fu MH, Wang X, Han S, Guan YY, Bergquist R, Wu WP. Advances in research on echinococcoses epidemiology in China. Acta Trop 2021; 219:105921. [PMID: 33878307 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcoses are serious zoonotic diseases in China's vast, western and north-western pastoral areas that has one of the highest prevalence in the world. The two most common forms, cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), are co-epidemic in some areas causing a grave threat to people's health and economic development. Echinococcus spp. are transmitted through domestic, sylvatic and mixed cycles involving many kinds of host. Successful transmission requires a favourable environment for the growth of the parasites and survival of their eggs, while the unique customs and religious beliefs in the endemic areas pose a challenge to the prevention and control of these parasites. Based on previous epidemiological studies, this paper reviews the particular factors affecting the transmission of Echinococcus parasites in China, with a focus on biological (parasite genotype and the species, age, sex and density of hosts), environmental (landscape and climate) and social (age, gender, ethnicity, education, occupation, life style, cultural customs, living conditions and hygiene practices of humans in the endemic areas). These three factors interact with each other and jointly determine the parasites' transmission intensity, the study of which supports the formulation of the strategies and measures that are significant for control of these infections.
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10
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Incidence and risk factors associated with the development of epilepsy in patients with intracranial alveolar echinococcosis. Epilepsy Res 2021; 174:106643. [PMID: 33964794 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic infection remains a critical health problem in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of China. The association of epilepsy and intracranial alveolar echinococcosis (IAE) is still largely unclear. This study primarily aimed to assess both the incidence and possible risk factors of epilepsy in patients with IAE. According to the occurrence of seizures, patients were separated into two different groups consisting of patients with epilepsy and those without epilepsy. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the potential risk factors associated with the development of epilepsy in patients with IAE. A total of 97 patients (42 women, 55 men; age 19-76 years) were enrolled. Epilepsy was observed in almost 20 % of patients with IAE. The use of anti-seizure medications was not standardized, as 83.3 % of female patients of childbearing age used sodium valproate. It was observed that cortical lesions (hazard ratio (HR) = 29.740, P = 0.006) were significantly associated with development of epilepsy. In addition, epilepsy had no significant effect on the overall survival rate of patients with IAE.
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11
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Gong QL, Ge GY, Wang Q, Tian T, Liu F, Diao NC, Nie LB, Zong Y, Li JM, Shi K, Leng X, Du R. Meta-analysis of the prevalence of Echinococcus in dogs in China from 2010 to 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009268. [PMID: 33798191 PMCID: PMC8018629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis (canine Echinococcus disease) is a neglected tropical disease that causes serious public harm. Dogs, as a terminal host of Echinococcus spp., are a key part of the Echinococcus epidemic. Echinococcosis spreads easily in humans and animals in some areas of China and it is therefore necessary to fully understand the prevalence of Echinococcus spp. in dogs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS PubMed, ScienceDirect, Chongqing VIP, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and WanFang databases were searched for relevant articles published in the past 10 years. A final total of 108 studies were included. The overall prevalence of Echinococcus spp. in dogs in China was 7.3%, with the highest point estimate found in sampling year 2015 (8.2%) and publication year 2015 (16.5%). Northwestern China (7.9%) had the highest infection rate in China. Qinghai Province (13.5%) showed the highest prevalence among the 11 provinces we included. We also found that geographical and climatic factors are related to the incidence of canine echinococcosis. We further investigated the source of heterogeneity by analysis of subgroups (sampling district, detection method, dog type, season, parasite species, medication, and study quality level). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our research indicated that Echinococcus spp. were still prevalent in some areas in China. More localized prevention and control policies should be formulated, including improving drinking water hygiene and strengthening hygiene promotion. We recommend the rational use of anti-Echinococcus drugs. In addition, treatment of livestock offal and feces and improving the welfare of stray dogs may play an important role in reducing canine Echinococcus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Long Gong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gui-Yang Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nai-Chao Diao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan-Bi Nie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Leng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XL); (RD)
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XL); (RD)
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12
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Rong X, Fan M, Zhu H, Zheng Y. Dynamic modeling and optimal control of cystic echinococcosis. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:38. [PMID: 33762009 PMCID: PMC7992812 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis is one of the most severe helminth zoonosis with a drastic impact on human health and livestock industry. Investigating optimal control strategy and assessing the crucial factors are essential for developing countermeasures to mitigate this disease. METHODS Two compartment models were formulated to study the dynamics of cystic echinococcosis transmission, to evaluate the effectiveness of various control measures, and to find the optimal control strategy. Sensitive analyses were conducted by obtaining PRCCs and contour plot was used to evaluate the effect of key parameters on the basic reproduction number. Based on forward-backward sweep method, numerical simulations were employed to investigate effects of key factors on the transmission of cystic echinococcosis and to obtain the optimal control strategy. RESULTS The food resources of stray dog and invalid sheep vaccination rate, which are always neglected, were significant to the transmission and control of cystic echinococcosis. Numerical simulations suggest that, the implementation of optimal control strategy can significantly reduce the infections. Improving the cost of health education and domestic dog deworming could not decrease human infections. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that only a long-term use of the optimal control measures can eliminate the disease. Meanwhile, during the intervention, sheep vaccination and stray dogs disposing should be emphasized ahead of domestic dogs deworming to minimize the control cost. Simultaneously reducing other wild intermediate hosts and strengthening the sheep vaccination as well as disposing the stray dogs would be most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Rong
- College of Mathematical Sciences, Harbin Engineering University, 145 Nantong Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Fan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huaiping Zhu
- CDM, LAMPS and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Yaohui Zheng
- Animal Health Supervision Institute of Xingan League, Tiexi North Road, Ulanhot, Inner Mongolia, 137400, People's Republic of China
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13
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Zhao J, Dawa Y, A K, Dejicuo, Lengbao, Li Z, Chen W, Wang J, Zhang Y, Dengbentai, Wang J, Shi L, Jiang Q. Association between echinococcosis-specific health literacy and behavioural intention to prevent echinococcosis among herdsmen on the Tibet Plateau in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:101. [PMID: 33482746 PMCID: PMC7821523 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcosis is considered a neglected zoonotic disease and has been a major worldwide public health problem. Although it is known that health literacy is closely related to health behaviours and health outcomes, few studies have paid attention to echinococcosis related health literacy. This study aims to examine the association between echinococcosis-specific health literacy (ES-HL) and behavioural intention to prevent echinococcosis (BIPE) among herdsmen on the Tibet Plateauin in China. Methods A cross-sectional study of 401 Tibetan herdsmen was conducted in Gande county of Qinghai Province, China. Participants were recruited from August to September 2018 and from February to March 2019. A self-developed questionnaire was used to measure demographic information, ES-HL and BIPE. Hierarchical regression analysis was done to identify the factors associated with BIPE. Results In the hierarchical regression analysis, we entered age, sex, education level, marital state and family monthly income per capita into model 1 which explained a significant amount of variance in BIPE (Adjusted R2 change = 0.029, P = 0.006). Sex (β = − 0.125, P = 0.013) and family monthly income per capita (β = − 0.133, P = 0.009) were found to be associated with BIPE. Subsequently, the three factors of ES-HL were added to Model 1 to create Model 2. In Model 2, the two factors of ES-HL, perceived echinococcosis information support (β = 0.229, P < 0.001) and echinococcosis-specific self-management ability (β = 0.252, P < 0.001), were significantly associated with BIPE, while the information acquisition and evaluation ability factor (β =0.093, P = 0.089) was not found to be associated with BIPE. The model improved significantly when ES-HL was included (Model 2) explaining the 25.8% of variance of BIPE (Adjust R2 change =0.229, P < 0.001). Conclusions ES-HL is an important predictor of whether individuals take preventive actions against echinococcosis. An ES-HL promotion action project should be developed targeting specific populations to enhance the prevention of echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Ministry of Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yangzong Dawa
- School of Philosophy, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kezhong A
- Qinghai provincial center for disease control and prevention, Xining, 810007, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Dejicuo
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Gande County, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Guoluo, 814100, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Lengbao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Gande County, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Guoluo, 814100, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Zengyue Li
- Qinghai Provincial Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Wanli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Ministry of Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Ministry of Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Ministry of Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dengbentai
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Gande County, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Guoluo, 814100, Qinghai Province, China.
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Ministry of Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Lizheng Shi
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Ministry of Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Guo B, Zhang Z, Guo Y, Guo G, Wang H, Ma J, Chen R, Zheng X, Bao J, He L, Wang T, Qi W, Tian M, Wang J, Zhou C, Giraudoux P, Marston CG, McManus DP, Zhang W, Li J. High endemicity of alveolar echinococcosis in Yili Prefecture, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, the People's Republic of China: Infection status in different ethnic communities and in small mammals. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008891. [PMID: 33465089 PMCID: PMC7845998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a life-threatening disease in humans caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. The tapeworm is transmitted between small mammals and dogs/foxes in the Northern Hemisphere. In this study 286 AE cases were reported from eight counties and one city in Yili Prefecture, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, the People's Republic of China from 1989 to 2015 with an annual incidence (AI) of 0.41/100,000. Among the patients, 73.08% were diagnosed in the last 11 years. Four counties in the high mountainous areas showed higher AI (0.51-1.22 cases/100,000 residents) than the four counties in low level areas (0.19-0.29/100,000 residents). The AI of AE in Mongolian (2.06/100,000 residents) and Kazak (0.93/100,000 residents) ethnic groups was higher than the incidence in other ethnic groups indicating sheep-farming is a risk for infection given this activity is mainly practiced by these two groups in the prefecture. A total of 1411 small mammals were captured with 9.14% infected with E. multilocularis metacestodes. Microtus obscurus was the dominant species in the mountain pasture areas with 15.01% of the voles infected, whereas Mus musculus and Apodemus sylvaticus were the dominant small mammals in the low altitude areas. Only 0.40% of A. sylvaticus were infected with E. multilocularis. PCR amplification and sequencing analysis of the mitochondrial cox1 gene showed that E. multilocularis DNA sequences from the small mammals were identical to isolates of local human AE cases. The overall results show that Yili Prefecture is a highly endemic area for AE and that the high-altitude pasture areas favorable for M. obscurus may play an important role in its transmission in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO-Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yongzhong Guo
- The Friendship Hospital of Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, Yining, Xinjiang, China
| | - Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO-Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Chabuchaer Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chabuchaer, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- Xinyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xinyuan, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ronggui Chen
- Yili Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Yining, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xueting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO-Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianling Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO-Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Li He
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO-Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO-Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wenjing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO-Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mengxiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO-Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Canlin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO-Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Chrono-environment lab, UMR6249, University of Franche-Comte and CNRS, Besancon, France
| | | | - Donald P. McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO-Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (JL)
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, and WHO-Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (JL)
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Li S, Chen J, He Y, Deng Y, Chen J, Fang W, Zeren Z, Liu Y, Abdulaziz ATA, Yan B, Zhou D. Clinical Features, Radiological Characteristics, and Outcomes of Patients With Intracranial Alveolar Echinococcosis: A Case Series From Tibetan Areas of Sichuan Province, China. Front Neurol 2021; 11:537565. [PMID: 33519658 PMCID: PMC7843382 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.537565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Intracranial alveolar echinococcosis (IAE), a zoonotic disease, is a critical health problem in the Tibetan region. We aimed to describe the clinical and radiological characteristics and outcomes among patients with IAE. Methods: We screened patients diagnosed with IAE between March 2015 and May 2019 at the Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital. Detailed demographics, clinical characteristics, neuroimaging features, and outcomes were recorded. Results: A total of 21 patients with an average age of 44.1 ± 12.7 years were included. Thirteen (61.9%) patients were male. The most common chief neurological complaint was headache (n = 17, 81.0%), followed by dizziness, seizure, visual disturbances, hemiparesis, disturbed consciousness, and dysphasia. All the patients had coexisting liver localizations. The typical neuroimaging features of IAE on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging scans showed obvious low-signal shadow with multiple small vesicles inside the lesions on T2-weighted images and FLAIR images. The pathological HE staining demonstrates vesicular lesions with several internal sacs. For hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (AE), the hepatic portal was invaded in six (28.6%) patients, and the portal vein (n = 5, 23.8%) was the mostly commonly involved vessel. As for treatment, 11 patients (52.4%) had poor compliance with albendazole. The duration of patients taken albendazole ranged from 2 months to 3 years. Cerebral AE surgery was performed in 11 patients, five of them underwent partial resection of AE lesions, and six patients received total resection. One patient with primary IAE underwent radical surgery. Ten patients (47.6%) died during the follow-up for a mean of 21.7 ± 11.9 (3–46) months. In total, 28.9% of the patients died within 5 years, and 71.6% died within 10 years. The median interval between the date of diagnosis as AE and death was 84 (19–144) months. Conclusion: Despite substantial advances in diagnostic and therapeutic methods, the treatment of IAE remains difficult and results in unsatisfactory outcomes. The major critical issue is surgical treatment of IAE although the disease is disseminated. Besides, lifelong albendazole would be indicated, but most patients had poor medication compliance. It is important to educate patients about the necessity of medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiani Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongqiao He
- Department of Neurology, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Kangding, China
| | - Yongyi Deng
- Department of Neurology, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Kangding, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Kangding, China
| | - Wenyu Fang
- Department of Neurology, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Kangding, China
| | - Zhamu Zeren
- Department of Neurology, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Kangding, China
| | - Yadong Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Bo Yan
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Taeniid cestodes in Tibetan foxes ( Vulpes Ferrilata) detected by copro-PCR: Applications and challenges. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 12:242-249. [PMID: 32714830 PMCID: PMC7369422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tibetan foxes (Vulpes ferrilata) have been confirmed as the main wild definitive hosts in echinococcosis transmission in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. However, little information is available about the epidemiology in wildlife from the perspective of the Taeniidae family, which is essential knowledge in understanding the epidemiology and phylogeography of cestode species in the Tibetan plateau. Therefore, in this study, we used copro-PCR techniques, by amplifying nad1 and cox1 gene fragments, to detect the taeniid species from Tibetan fox feces collected in Shiqu County, (Sichuan Province, China), eastern Tibetan Plateau. Phylogenetic relationships between amplified sequences and existed Taenia species genotypes were evaluated. Then, the maximum prevalence (positive PCR results from at least one primer pair) and the conservative prevalence (positive PCR results from at least two primer pairs) were calculated. Thirty-six Tibetan fox feces were analyzed. Echinococcus multilocularis (conservative prevalence ± 95% CI: 22.2% ± 13.6%; maximum prevalence ± 95% CI: 33.3% ± 15.4%) and E. shiquicus (2.8 ± 5.4%; 8.3 ± 9.0%) was detected. Meanwhile, DNA fragments of T. polyacantha were detected with high similarity to NCBI sequences (cox1, 94.0%) and to the larva sample DNA sequenced in this study (93.4%), and were supported by phylogenetic analysis. Thus, T. polyacantha might infect Tibetan foxes (5.6% ± 7.5%, 11.1% ± 10.3%). Our limited findings in the epidemiology of parasitic Taenia species suggest that sylvatic transmission cycles for a more species-rich Taeniid community must be established between wild canids and small mammals than just for the two Echinococcus species. Besides, discrepancies in different primer pairs in detecting the taeniid species were evaluated. The sensitivity of some widely used universal primer pairs was poor in detecting Taenia species from canid copro-DNA samples. It is still challenging to the development of effective taeniid species-specific molecular markers especially for non-zoonotic species. Taeniidae species DNA was detected in Tibetan fox feces. A novel primer was developed exclusively for Taeniidae species.
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Wang X, Dai G, Li M, Jia W, Guo Z, Lu J. Prevalence of human alveolar echinococcosis in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1105. [PMID: 32664905 PMCID: PMC7362549 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human alveolar echinococcosis (HAE), caused by the larvae of Echinococcus multilocularis, is a severe parasitic disease that is a major public health concern. New HAE cases in China account for 91% of the global HAE burden every year. Although there are a few studies and systematic reviews (SRs) on the prevalence of HAE in China, trends in the prevalence have not been estimated. This study aims to describe the overall variation in the trend of HAE prevalence in China, and provide evidence for preventive measures in the future. Methods Thirty-five eligible studies were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP, and included in the SR and meta-analysis. An adjusted Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality checklist was used to evaluate study quality. The arcsine transformation was used to adjust the individual reported prevalence, and the pooled HAE prevalence was calculated. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the chi-square test and I2 statistic. Forest plots were generated for the meta-analysis, and publication bias of the studies was assessed using the Egger’s test and funnel plots. We conducted subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, and meta-regression analyses to analyze the source of heterogeneity and factors potentially influencing the prevalence of HAE. Results The meta-analysis indicated that the pooled HAE prevalence in China was 0.96% (95% CI: 0.71 to 1.25%). Factors potentially influencing HAE prevalence were female sex (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.35 to 1.91, P<0.01), being ≥30 years old (OR = 4.72, 95% CI: 2.29 to 9.75, P<0.01), and being farmers and/or herdsmen (OR = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.60 to 4.02, P<0.01). The results of the meta-regression analysis (R2 = 38.11%, P < 0.01) indicated that HAE prevalence is on a downward trend. Conclusions HAE prevalence has decreased over time and maintained low levels after 2005 in China. This decline was influenced by the utilization of One Health strategies as intervention measures. Therefore, these One Health strategies should be used as references to formulate future programs for HAE control. More high-quality epidemiological investigations and surveillance programs should be conducted in order to improve HAE control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanzhuo Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Guodong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Wanzhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zhongmin Guo
- Experimental Animal Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jiahai Lu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. .,One Health Research Centre, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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18
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Ma X, Zhang X, Liu J, Liu Y, Zhao C, Cai H, Lei W, Ma J, Fan H, Zhou J, Liu N, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang W, Zhan P, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Shi K, Liu P. The correlations between Th1 and Th2 cytokines in human alveolar echinococcosis. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:414. [PMID: 32539714 PMCID: PMC7294603 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis larval tapeworm infections in humans that severely impairs the health of affected patients in the northern hemisphere. Methods The expression levels of 20 cytokines associated with AE infection were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the correlations between these cytokines were analysed in the R programming language. Results Serum cytokine levels differed among individuals in both the AE patient and healthy control groups. The results of the correlations among the cytokines showed obvious differences between the two groups. In the AE patients group, Th1 and Th2 cytokines formed a more complicated network than that in the healthy control group. Conclusions The altered correlations between Th1 and Th2 cytokines may be closely associated with AE infection, which may provide a new explanation for the essential differences between AE patients and healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Xuefei Zhang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Yufang Liu
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Cunzhe Zhao
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Huixia Cai
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China.
| | - Wen Lei
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Junying Ma
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Haining Fan
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China.
| | - Jianye Zhou
- Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Na Liu
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Jingxiao Zhang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Yongshun Wang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Peizhen Zhan
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Xiongying Zhang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Kemei Shi
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Peiyun Liu
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai Province, China
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Weng X, Mu Z, Wei X, Wang X, Zuo Q, Ma S, Ding Y, Wang X, Wu W, Craig PS, Wang Z. The effects of dog management on Echinococcus spp. prevalence in villages on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:207. [PMID: 32317015 PMCID: PMC7175499 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pastoral area of the eastern Tibetan Plateau is highly endemic for human echinococcosis. Domestic dogs are the main definitive host for the transmission of both Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) and E. multilocularis to humans. To control the infection risks, a national-level canine echinococcosis prevention and control programme has been implemented since 2015 in Shiqu County, Ganze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China. The objective of this study was to evaluate its effect on Echinococcus spp. prevalence in dogs. METHODS We surveyed 69 households with 84 owned dogs, for dog fecal samples and dog keeping information in the villages of Rizha and Eduoma. A total of 105 dog fecal samples (75 from owned dogs and 30 unknown dog fecal samples) were collected between 2015-2017 to determine Echinococcus spp. prevalence using copro-PCR. Eight variables based on household surveys were included into a logistic regression model for significant risk factors to canine echinococcosis prevalence in dogs. RESULTS Between 2015-2017, the overall Echinococcus spp. copro-DNA prevalence decreased significantly in dogs from 51.2% (2015) to 20.0% (2017) in Rizha, and insignificantly from 11.5% (2016) to 4.3% (2017) in Eduoma. Echinococcus multilocularis was the most prevalent species continually copro-DNA detected during the entire study period, while E. granulosus was rare and not detected in 2017. Echinococcus shiquicus copro-DNA prevalence (a probable non-zoonotic wildlife species) was as high in dogs as that of E. multilocularis, although only detected in 2015 in Rizha. Unleashed dog feces were mainly collected in Rizha in 2015. Although 93.2% of owned dogs were leashed, and the monthly praziquantel dosing rate reached 97%, E. multilocularis infection could still be detected in 11.1% of owned dogs in 2017. Monthly deworming, leashing dogs 24 h per day, and the avoidance of dogs feeding on livestock viscera were significant measures to prevent canine echinococcosis infection in owned dogs. CONCLUSIONS Carrying out a canine echinococcosis prevention and control programme can significantly decrease Echinococcus spp. prevalence. The potential contact between leashed dogs and wild small mammals is still a risk for re-infection of owned dogs with E. multilocularis. This study shows that the long-term application of regular dog treatment with praziquantel in the vast and remote echinococcosis endemic areas of the eastern Tibetan Plateau can reduce transmission in dogs but remains a challenging intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Weng
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Mu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wei
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqiu Zuo
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Ma
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youzhong Ding
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Science and Technology Museum, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Philip S Craig
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Zhenghuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,Joint Translational Science & Technology Research Institute, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Ma L, Chen DC, Zou SY, Liu YY, Zhou LY, Xiu ZG. Epidemiological characteristics of hepatic echinococcosis, concurrent cerebral echinococcosis, and pulmonary echinococcosis in Ganzi County, Sichuan Province, China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19753. [PMID: 32282737 PMCID: PMC7220390 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human echinococcosis has become a major public health problem in most parts of the world. The objective of this article was to study the demographics of patients with hepatic echinococcosis in Ganzi County to elucidate the main risk factors, as well as to report the concurrent prevalence of cerebral echinococcosis and pulmonary echinococcosis.We recruited 195 patients with hepatic echinococcosis from the Datongma area of Ganzi County from January 2018 to November 2018. The patients' demographics, living environments, supported medical resources, knowledge of echinococcosis prevention and control, and hygienic practices were investigated and analyzed. The prevalence of cerebral echinococcosis and pulmonary echinococcosis were also investigated.The data were analyzed to identify risk factors for human echinococcosis. Our analysis showed that the herding Tibetan population within the 20 to 60 age group, and females, in particular, were at the highest risk of human echinococcosis infection. Having stray dogs around habitations and intimate activities with dogs and livestock were also behavioral risk factors. People with poor health literacy and low educational qualifications had possible risks of infection. In terms of hygiene, not using tap water as the drinking water source and lack of medical staff were significantly correlated with echinococcosis prevalence. Four patients were diagnosed with cerebral echinococcosis. Among them, 1 patient had both cerebral echinococcosis and pulmonary echinococcosis.Possible high-risk factors for echinococcosis were being female, herding population, in the 20 to 60 age group, having stray dogs around habitations, having activities with dogs and livestock, having poor health literacy, having low educational qualifications, and not using tap water as a drinking water source. The detection rate for brain echinococcosis in patients with hepatic echinococcosis was high (2.05%). Effective preventive strategies should be implemented in epidemic areas. Head CT scans should be applied for early detection of cerebral echinococcosis to carry out the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Institute of Urology
| | - De-Cai Chen
- Endocrinology Department, West China Hospital Sichuan University
| | | | - Yan-Yi Liu
- Hospital Management Department, The First People's Hospital of Lognquanyi District, Chengdu
| | - Lin-Yong Zhou
- Hospital Management Department, People's Hospital of Ganzi County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
| | - Zhi-Gang Xiu
- Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Lognquanyi District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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21
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Hidalgo C, Stoore C, Pereira I, Paredes R, Alvarez Rojas CA. Multiple haplotypes of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in single naturally infected intermediate hosts. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:763-770. [PMID: 31863181 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a disease that affects both humans and animals, caused by cryptic species complex belonging to the platyhelminth Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.). This disease is distributed worldwide, with E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) being the most widespread of the species. High genetic variability has been demonstrated within E. granulosus s.s. studying single cyst per infected animal identifying a number of different haplotypes. However, few studies have addressed the genetic diversity of this parasite within a single intermediate host with multiple Echinococcus cysts. To date, it remains unknown if specific haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. produce differences in biological features of the cyst. Here, we use the full length of the mitochondrial gene cox1 to determine E. granulosus s.s. haplotypes in samples from both cattle and sheep which harboured more than one cyst in different areas in Chile, where this parasite is endemic. We found 16 different haplotypes in 66 echinococcal cysts from 10 animals, and both cattle and sheep can harbour up to five different haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. in the same animal. Regarding cyst fertility, five animals had both fertile and infertile Echinococcus cysts in both single and multiple haplotype infections. There was no association between haplotype and cyst fertility, size, or adventitial layer characteristics. Sampling and sequencing every Echinococcus cyst found in the intermediate host reveals a high molecular variability. We speculate that multiple haplotype infections could also suggest that intermediate hosts come from hyperendemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hidalgo
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias Agronomicas y Veterinarias, Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Caroll Stoore
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ismael Pereira
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Paredes
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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Mahmoudi S, Mamishi S, Banar M, Pourakbari B, Keshavarz H. Epidemiology of echinococcosis in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:929. [PMID: 31684882 PMCID: PMC6830007 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stages of taeniid cestodes of the genus Echinococcus. The two major types of infection in humans are cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatidosis and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). It is endemic in some parts of the world, such as the Middle East, with Iran being a part of it. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the prevalence of CE and AE echinococcosis and their epidemiological and clinical aspects in Iran. METHODS Electronic databases, including MEDLINE (via PubMed), SCOPUS, Web of Science, SID and Mag Iran (two Persian scientific search engines) were searched from 1 January 1990 to 8 August 2017. The prevalence of CE and AE echinococcosis was estimated using the random effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was evaluated by subgroup analysis. Data were analyzed by STATA version 12. RESULTS Of the 2051 records identified in the mentioned electronic databases, Seventy-eight articles met our eligibility criteria, with a total of 214124individuals. The meta-analysis was performed on only 37 out of 78 included studies. The pooled prevalence of CE and AE in Iran was 5% [95% confidence interval )CI(: 3-6%] and 2% [95% CI: 0-5%], respectively. Subgroup meta-analysis revealed that the prevalence of CE was significantly higher in North [9%, 95% CI: 4-18%] and West of Iran [6%, 95% CI: 3-11%], patients younger than 40 years of age [7%, 95% CI: 4-12%], villagers and nomads [6%, 95% CI: 2-12%], and studies that used the combination of serological, clinical, and imaging diagnostic methods [7%, 95% CI: 5-9%]. There were no significant differences between the prevalence of CE among low and high-quality studies. Housewives were the most affected group by hydatidosis (n=24/77, 31%), followed by illiterate people (n=11/77, 14%) and farmers (n= 9/77, 12%). Liver [55%, 95% CI: 46-65%] and lung [28%, 95% CI, 22-35%] were the most common sites of cyst formation. CONCLUSIONS Given to the importance of echinococcosis on human health and domestic animals industry, it is necessary to implement monitoring and control measures in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Mahmoudi
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Mamishi
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Banar
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Pourakbari
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keshavarz
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Heath, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina st, P.O. Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
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Baumann S, Shi R, Liu W, Bao H, Schmidberger J, Kratzer W, Li W. Worldwide literature on epidemiology of human alveolar echinococcosis: a systematic review of research published in the twenty-first century. Infection 2019; 47:703-727. [PMID: 31147846 PMCID: PMC8505309 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-019-01325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a potentially lethal zoonosis caused by the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis. The aim of this systematic review is to establish a comprehensive global AE literature overview taking into account the epidemiologically relevant AE research of the twenty-first century. METHODS We systematically searched the global literature published from 2001 through 2018 via MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Russian databases eLIBRARY.RU, CyberLeninka, the Chinese databases CNKI, VIP, Journals. RESEARCH ac.ir (Farsi language-based), Jordan E-Library (Arab language-based) and supplementary Google Scholar, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. QGIS software was used for the mapping of the affected countries. RESULTS We have listed 154 relevant publications in the final literature synopsis in consideration of our quality assessment. Including non-autochthonous cases, human AE was reported in 36 countries within the northern hemisphere from 2001 to 2018. The first publication of AE in Tajikistan, Pakistan, South Korea, Belgium, the Netherlands, Slovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovenia and Morocco occurred in this century; further first cases in Taiwan, Thailand, and Denmark were considered to be non-autochthonous by the authors. The highest total case numbers (n ≥ 100 in a single article) were reported in France, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, and Lithuania, including China and Kyrgyzstan with by far the highest prevalence figures. CONCLUSIONS Our paper emphasises the increasing spread of reported cases and the rise in its numbers in the literature of the twenty-first century, especially in western, northern and eastern Europe, as well as in central Asia. Epidemiological studies on human infections are lacking in many parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Baumann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wenya Liu
- Xinjiang Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital, WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihua Bao
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Julian Schmidberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Weixia Li
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, People's Republic of China
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Sun C, Wang Q, Poudel Adhikari S, Ye R, Meng S, Wu Y, Mao Y, Raat H, Zhou H. Correlates of School Children's Handwashing: A Study in Tibetan Primary Schools. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16173217. [PMID: 31484357 PMCID: PMC6747304 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hand hygiene, including handwashing by children, has been reported to contribute to the prevention of various infectious conditions. This study aims to explore the correlates of handwashing behavior among 1690 fourth to sixth grade primary school students in 19 Tibetan primary schools (Golog, Qinghai, China). The theory of reasoned action (TRA) was applied. Data was collected by questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis showed that students' attitude (β = 0.22, 95% CI 0.13-0.31) and subjective norms in terms of compliance to teachers', parents' and peers' suggestions to wash hands (β = 0.09, 95% CI 0.01-0.18) were directly associated with students' handwashing behavior. Students' knowledge (β = 0.04, 95% CI 0.03-0.07) had an indirect association with handwashing behavior, mediated by students' attitudes and subjective norms. Subjective norms (β = 0.12, 95% CI 0.07-0.17) were also indirectly correlated with handwashing through students' attitudes. Therefore, our study supported the theory of reasoned action through our findings that students' attitude and knowledge, and also attitudes from teachers, parents and peers were correlated with student handwashing behavior. Students reported higher level of compliance to teachers than to their parents and classmates. Based on this information, we recommend teacher-involved participatory hygiene education to promote students' handwashing behaviors in areas at high risk for infectious diseases that can be prevented by handwashing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sun
- Department of Health and Social Behavior Science, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qingzhi Wang
- Department of Health and Social Behavior Science, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Sasmita Poudel Adhikari
- Department of Health and Social Behavior Science, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Ruixue Ye
- Department of Health and Social Behavior Science, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Sha Meng
- Department of Health and Social Behavior Science, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yuju Wu
- Department of Health and Social Behavior Science, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yuping Mao
- Department of Communication Studies, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90802, USA.
| | - Hein Raat
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Huan Zhou
- Department of Health and Social Behavior Science, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Abstract
The co-occurrence of hepatic cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is extremely rare. Here, we present the clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of three cases with co-occurring CE and AE in the liver. Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging and 18FFluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography-CT were used for preoperative diagnosis. Specimens were taken intraoperatively and sent for pathological studies to confirm the coexistence of CE and AE by laminated membrane, daughter cysts or germinal layer and infiltration structure. Albendazole was prescribed after operation for 12 months. All patients were completely recovered and showed no recurrence at last follow-up. Therefore, surgical intervention and postoperative application of albendazole are recommended for patients with concurrence of hepatic AE and CE.
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Li B, Quzhen G, Xue CZ, Han S, Chen WQ, Yan XL, Li ZJ, Quick ML, Huang Y, Xiao N, Wang Y, Wang LY, Zuoga G, Bianba, Gangzhu, Ma BC, Gasong, Wei XG, Niji, Zheng CJ, Wu WP, Zhou XN. Epidemiological survey of echinococcosis in Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:29. [PMID: 31030673 PMCID: PMC6487032 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The echinococcosis is prevalent in 10 provinces /autonomous region in western and northern China. Epidemiological survey of echinococcosis in China in 2012 showed the average prevalence of four counties in Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) is 4.23%, much higher than the average prevalence in China (0.24%). It is important to understand the transmission risks and the prevalence of echinococcosis in human and animals in TAR. METHODS A stratified and proportionate sampling method was used to select samples in TAR. The selected residents were examined by B-ultrasonography diagnostic, and the faeces of dogs were tested for the canine coproantigen against Echinococcus spp. using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The internal organs of slaughtered domestic animals were examined by visual examination and palpation. The awareness of the prevention and control of echinococcosis among of residents and students was investigated using questionnaire. All data were inputted using double entry in the Epi Info database, with error correction by double-entry comparison, the statistical analysis of all data was processed using SPSS 21.0, and the map was mapped using ArcGIS 10.1, the data was tested by Chi-square test and Cochran-Armitage trend test. RESULTS A total of 80 384 people, 7564 faeces of dogs, and 2103 internal organs of slaughtered domestic animals were examined. The prevalence of echinococcosis in humans in TAR was 1.66%, the positive rate in females (1.92%) was significantly higher than that in males (1.41%), (χ2 = 30.31, P < 0.01), the positive rate of echinococcosis was positively associated with age (χ2trend = 423.95, P < 0.01), and the occupational populations with high positive rates of echinococcosis were herdsmen (3.66%) and monks (3.48%). The average positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigen in TAR was 7.30%. The positive rate of echinococcosis in livestock for the whole region was 11.84%. The average awareness rate of echinococcosis across the region was 33.39%. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of echinococcosis is found across the TAR, representing a very serious concern to human health. Efforts should be made to develop an action plan for echinococcosis prevention and control as soon as possible, so as to control the endemic of echinococcosis and reduce the medical burden on the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Tibet Autonomous Region Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Lhasa, 850 000, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Gongsang Quzhen
- Tibet Autonomous Region Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Lhasa, 850 000, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chui-Zhao Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200 025, China
| | - Shuai Han
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200 025, China
| | - Wei-Qi Chen
- Henan Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Shanghai, 450 000, Henan, China
| | - Xin-Liu Yan
- Yunnan Institute of Diseases Control and Prevention, Kunming, 650 000, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Li
- Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, 102 200, China
| | - M Linda Quick
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30 328, USA
| | - Yong Huang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jining, 272 033, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200 025, China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200 025, China
| | - Li-Ying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200 025, China
| | - Gesang Zuoga
- Lhasa Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Lhasa, 850 000, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Bianba
- Shigatse Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Sangzhuzi District, 857 000, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Gangzhu
- Shannan Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shannan, 856 000, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Bing-Cheng Ma
- Linzhi Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Linzhi, 860 000, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Gasong
- Changdu Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Changdu, 854 000, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Wei
- Naqu Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Naqu, 852 000, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Niji
- Ali Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Ali, 859 000, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Can-Jun Zheng
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30 328, USA. .,, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei-Ping Wu
- Henan Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Shanghai, 450 000, Henan, China.
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- Henan Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Shanghai, 450 000, Henan, China.
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27
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Craig PS, Giraudoux P, Wang ZH, Wang Q. Echinococcosis transmission on the Tibetan Plateau. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 104:165-246. [PMID: 31030769 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the mid-1990s detailed studies and field investigations on the Tibetan Plateau have revealed human echinococcosis to be an under-reported major public health problem, particularly in the dominant pastoral communities in the eastern and central regions. Human prevalence surveys showed that cystic echinococcosis (CE, caused by Echinococcus granulosus) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE, caused by Echinococcus multilocularis) are co-endemic with higher burdens of each disease than other endemic world regions. Epidemiological investigations identified some major risk factors for human CE and AE including dog ownership, husbandry practices and landscape features. Dogs appear to be the major zoonotic reservoir for both E. granulosus and E. multilocularis, but the latter is also transmitted in complex wildlife cycles. Small mammal assemblages especially of vole and pika species thrive on the Plateau and contribute to patterns of E. multilocularis transmission which are influenced by landscape characteristics and anthropogenic factors. Tibetan foxes are a principal definitive host for both E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus. In 2006 a national echinococcosis control programme was initiated in Tibetan communities in northwest Sichuan Province and rolled out to all of western China by 2010, and included improved surveillance (and treatment access) of human disease and regular deworming of dogs with annual copro-testing. Control of echinococcosis in Tibetan pastoral communities poses a difficult challenge for delivery and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil S Craig
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Department of Chrono-Environment, UMR UFC/CNRS, Université de Franche-Comté, Besancon, France; Laboratory of Wildlife Management and Ecosystem Health, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China.
| | - Zheng Huan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Joint Translational Science and Technology Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
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28
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Salm LA, Lachenmayer A, Perrodin SF, Candinas D, Beldi G. Surgical treatment strategies for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 15:e00050. [PMID: 32095621 PMCID: PMC7034045 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis is a severe and rare helminthic disease with increasing incidence in endemic regions. Herein, available evidence on curative surgical and potential palliative approaches was reviewed. Such strategies have to be applied in the context of available resources in different health-care systems. Complete resection followed by adjuvant therapy remains the only curative treatment available. Curative surgery is performed by open or laparoscopic approach depending on the extent of the disease and the experience of the surgical team. Palliative resections are typically not indicated, because the availability of endoscopic treatments of biliary complications and long-term benzimidazoles represent efficient alternatives to surgery. Liver transplantation as an alternative to palliative surgery has not been shown to be superior to long-term conservative therapy. Immunosuppressive therapy might additionally contribute to fatal disease recurrence after transplantation. Alveolar echinococcosis is an aggressive zoonotic infection caused by the parasite Echinococcus multilocularis. Surgery remains the only curative treatment strategy for alveolar echinococcosis. In non-resectable patients, benzimidazole treatment is preferred over palliative surgery or liver transplantation. Follow-up is based on annual serological testing using Em18-Antigen and cross-sectional imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Salm
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Lachenmayer
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S F Perrodin
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Candinas
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Beldi
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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29
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Tianli L, Xifeng W, Zhenzhong T, Lixia W, Xingxing Z, Jun Q, Qingling M, Shasha G, Ying C, Xuepeng C. Multi-Epitope Fusion Protein Eg mefAg-1 as a Serodiagnostic Candidate for Cystic Echinococcosis in Sheep. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:61-67. [PMID: 30840802 PMCID: PMC6409221 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) in sheep is a hazardous zoonotic parasitic disease that is caused by Echinococcus granulosus (Eg). At present, serological test is an important diagnostic method for Eg infection in domestic animals. Here, a fusion protein Eg mefAg-1 harboring 8 dominant B-cell epitopes of Eg such as antigen B, tetraspanin 1, tetraspanin 6, reticulon and Eg95 was produced in E. coli and evaluated for CE in sheep by indirect ELISA. Eg mefAg-1 showed in ELISA a high sensitivity (93.41%) and specificity (99.31%), with a coincidence rate of 97.02%. Overall, it is suggested that the Eg mefAg-1 could be a potential antigen candidate for CE serodiagnosis in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Tianli
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Wang Xifeng
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Tian Zhenzhong
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Wang Lixia
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Zhang Xingxing
- State Key Laboratory for Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China
| | - Qiao Jun
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Meng Qingling
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Gong Shasha
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Chen Ying
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Cai Xuepeng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
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30
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Huang D, Li R, Qiu J, Sun X, Yuan R, Shi Y, Qu Y, Niu Y. Geographical Environment Factors and Risk Mapping of Human Cystic Echinococcosis in Western China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15081729. [PMID: 30103558 PMCID: PMC6121593 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to reveal the risk factors and predict the prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in Western China. To do this, we analyzed county-wide data relating to the prevalence of human CE in seven provinces of Western China, along with associated human, natural geographical environmental data. We then used spatial analysis and multiple regression analysis to investigate the correlation between the prevalence of human CE and associated environmental factors and to create a risk map of the disease in the seven provinces. Our analysis showed that grassland area ratio and Tibetan population ratio were independent variables positively correlated with the prevalence of human CE and that gross domestic product (GDP) and land surface temperature (LST; Spring) were negative independent variables. We also created a predictive risk map of human CE that revealed that the high-risk areas were mainly located in the south of Qinghai, the Northwest of Sichuan and most of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Knowledge of the spatial distribution and risk factors associated with human CE could help to prevent and control echinococcosis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Huang
- Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Rendong Li
- Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China.
| | - Juan Qiu
- Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China.
| | - Xiangdong Sun
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China.
| | - Ruixia Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 420000, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yubing Qu
- Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yingnan Niu
- Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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31
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Gao CH, Wang JY, Shi F, Steverding D, Wang X, Yang YT, Zhou XN. Field evaluation of an immunochromatographic test for diagnosis of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:311. [PMID: 29792228 PMCID: PMC5966859 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The larval stages of the tapeworms Echinocoocus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis are the causative agents of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) and human alveolar echinococcosis (AE), respectively. Both CE and AE are chronic diseases characterised by long asymptomatic periods of many years. However, early diagnosis of the disease is important if treatment and management of echinococcosis patients are to be successful. Methods A previously developed rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for the differential detection of CE and AE was evaluated under field conditions with finger prick blood samples taken from 1502 people living in the Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China, a region with a high prevalence for both forms of human echinococcosis. The results were compared with simultaneously obtained abdominal ultrasonographic scans of the individuals. Results Using the ultrasonography as the gold standard, sensitivity and specificity, and the diagnostic accuracy of the RDT were determined to be greater than 94% for both CE and AE. For CE cases, high detection rates (95.6–98.8%) were found with patients having active cysts while lower detection rates (40.0–68.8%) were obtained with patients having transient or inactive cysts. In contrast, detection rates in AE patients were independent of the lesion type. The positive likelihood ratio of the RDT for CE and AE was greater than 20 and thus fairly high, indicating that a patient with a positive test result has a high probability of having echinococcosis. Conclusions The results suggest that our previously developed RDT is suitable as a screening tool for the early detection of human echinococcosis in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Gao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Yun Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.
| | - Feng Shi
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Dietmar Steverding
- Bob Champion Research & Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Xia Wang
- Bob Champion Research & Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Yue-Tao Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
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32
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Wang X, Liu J, Zuo Q, Mu Z, Weng X, Sun X, Wang J, Boufana B, Craig PS, Giraudoux P, Raoul F, Wang Z. Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus shiquicus in a small mammal community on the eastern Tibetan Plateau: host species composition, molecular prevalence, and epidemiological implications. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:302. [PMID: 29769131 PMCID: PMC5956848 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau is now recognized as an endemic region with the highest reported human infection rates in the world of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. Existing epidemiological studies on AE have mainly focused on the synanthropic environment, while basic parasitological and ecological aspects in wildlife host species remain largely unknown, especially for small mammal hosts. Therefore, we examined small mammal host species composition, occurrence, and the prevalence of both E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus in Shiqu County (Sichuan Province, China), eastern Tibetan Plateau. Results In total, 346 small mammals from five rodent and one pika species were trapped from four randomly set 0.25 ha square plots. Two vole species, Lasiopodomys fuscus (n = 144) and Microtus limnophilus (n = 44), and the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) (n = 135), were the three most-dominant species trapped. Although protoscoleces of E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus were only observed in L. fuscus and O. curzoniae, respectively, cox1 and nad1 gene DNA of E. shiquicus was detected in all the small mammal species except for Neodon irene, whereas E. multilocularis was detected in the three most-dominant species. The overall molecular prevalence of Echinococcus species was 5.8 (95% CI: 3.3–8.2%) ~ 10.7% (95% CI: 7.4–14.0%) (the conservative prevalence to the maximum prevalence with 95% CI in parentheses), whereas for E. multilocularis it was 4.3 (95% CI: 2.2–6.5%) ~ 6.7% (95% CI: 4.0–9.3%), and 1.5 (95% CI: 0.2–2.7%) ~ 4.1% (95% CI: 2.0–6.1%) for E. shiquicus. The prevalence of both E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus, was significantly higher in rodents (mainly voles) than in pikas. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Echinococcus haplotypes of cox1 from small mammal hosts were actively involved in the sylvatic and anthropogenic transmission cycles of E. multilocularis in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Conclusions In contrast to previous studies, the current results indicated that rodent species, rather than pikas, are probably more important natural intermediate hosts of E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Thus, understanding interspecific dynamics between rodents and pikas is essential to studies of the echinococcosis transmission mechanism and human echinococcosis prevention in local communities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2873-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqiu Zuo
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Mu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Weng
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Belgees Boufana
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immuno-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Philip S Craig
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Chrono-Environment Lab, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and CNRS, Besançon, France
| | - Francis Raoul
- Chrono-Environment Lab, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and CNRS, Besançon, France
| | - Zhenghuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in domestic dogs of Shiqu County in the summer herding. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1965-1968. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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34
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Cai QG, Han XM, Yang YH, Zhang XY, Ma LQ, Karanis P, Hu YH. Lasiopodomys fuscus as an important intermediate host for Echinococcus multilocularis: isolation and phylogenetic identification of the parasite. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:27. [PMID: 29602313 PMCID: PMC5878421 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and is widely prevalent in Qinghai Province, China, where a number of different species have been identified as hosts. However, limited information is available on the Qinghai vole (Lasiopodomys fuscus), which is hyper endemic to Qinghai Province and may represent a potential intermediate host of E. multilocularis. Thus, L. fuscus could contribute to the endemicity of AE in the area. METHODS Fifty Qinghai voles were captured from Jigzhi County in Qinghai Province for the clinical identification of E. multilocularis infection via anatomical examination. Hydatid fluid was collected from vesicles of the livers in suspected voles and subjected to a microscopic examination and PCR assay based on the barcoding gene of cox 1. PCR-amplified segments were sequenced for a phylogenetic analysis. E. multilocularis-infected Qinghai voles were morphologically identified and subjected to a phylogenetic analysis to confirm their identities. RESULTS Seventeen of the 50 Qinghai voles had E. multilocularis-infection-like vesicles in their livers. Eleven out of the 17 Qinghai voles presented E. multilocularis infection, which was detected by PCR and sequencing. The phylogenetic analysis showed that all 11 positive samples belonged to the E. multilocularis Asian genotype. A morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis of the E. multilocularis-infected Qinghai voles confirmed that all captured animals were L. fuscus. CONCLUSIONS L. fuscus can be infected with E. multilocularis and plays a potential role in the life cycle and epidemiology of E. multilocularis in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Gang Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.,State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Xiu-Min Han
- Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, 810007, Qinghai, China
| | - Yong-Hai Yang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai, China
| | - Xue-Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Li-Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Yong-Hao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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Cadavid Restrepo AM, Yang YR, McManus DP, Gray DJ, Barnes TS, Williams GM, Soares Magalhães RJ, Clements ACA. Environmental risk factors and changing spatial patterns of human seropositivity for Echinococcus spp. in Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. Parasit Vectors 2018. [PMID: 29523176 PMCID: PMC5845300 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human echinococcoses are parasitic helminth infections that constitute a serious public health concern in several regions across the world. Cystic (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in China represent a high proportion of the total global burden of these infections. This study was conducted to predict the spatial distribution of human seropositivity for Echinococcus species in Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), with the aim of identifying communities where targeted prevention and control efforts are required. Methods Bayesian geostatistical models with environmental and demographic covariates were developed to predict spatial variation in the risk of human seropositivity for Echinococcus granulosus (the cause of CE) and E. multilocularis (the cause of AE). Data were collected from three cross-sectional surveys of school children conducted in Xiji County in 2002–2003, 2006–2007 and 2012–2013. Environmental data were derived from high-resolution satellite images and meteorological data. Results The overall seroprevalence of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis was 33.4 and 12.2%, respectively, across the three surveys. Seropositivity for E. granulosus was significantly associated with summer and winter precipitation, landscape fragmentation variables and the extent of areas covered by forest, shrubland, water and bareland/artificial surfaces. Seropositivity for E. multilocularis was significantly associated with summer and winter precipitations, landscape fragmentation variables and the extent of shrubland and water bodies. Spatial correlation occurred over greater distances for E. granulosus than for E. multilocularis. The predictive maps showed that the risk of seropositivity for E. granulosus expanded across Xiji during the three surveys, while the risk of seropositivity for E. multilocularis became more confined in communities located in the south. Conclusions The identification of high-risk areas for seropositivity for these parasites, and a better understanding of the role of the environment in determining the transmission dynamics of Echinococcus spp. may help to guide and monitor improvements in human echinococcosis control strategies by allowing targeted allocation of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Cadavid Restrepo
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia.
| | - Yu Rong Yang
- Ningxia Medical University, 692 Shengli St, Xingqing, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.,Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia.,Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Tamsin S Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Gail M Williams
- The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Children's Health and Environment Programme, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia
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Immunization of mice with egG1Y162-1/2 provides protection against Echinococcus granulosus infection in BALB/c mice. Mol Immunol 2018; 94:183-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Ito A, Budke CM. The echinococcoses in Asia: The present situation. Acta Trop 2017; 176:11-21. [PMID: 28728830 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human alveolar and cystic echinococcosis, caused by the accidental ingestion of eggs of the tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, respectively, are endemic in Asia. Various Echinococcus species are maintained in domesticated and/or wild mammals through predator-prey interactions. Molecular analysis is used to help differentiate infecting parasite species and genotypes, with the goal of better understanding parasite life cycles in order to aid in the planning and implementation of control programs. This paper discusses the various echinococcoses in Asia, with limited reference to neighboring areas, including parts of Central Asia, Russia, Europe and North America.
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Barnes AN, Davaasuren A, Baasandagva U, Gray GC. A systematic review of zoonotic enteric parasitic diseases among nomadic and pastoral people. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188809. [PMID: 29190664 PMCID: PMC5708844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Zoonotic enteric parasites are ubiquitous and remain a public health threat to humans due to our close relationship with domestic animals and wildlife, inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene practices and diet. While most communities are now sedentary, nomadic and pastoral populations still exist and experience unique exposure risks for acquiring zoonotic enteric parasites. Through this systematic review we sought to summarize published research regarding pathogens present in nomadic populations and to identify the risk factors for their infection. Methods Using systematic review guidelines set forth by PRISMA, research articles were identified, screened and summarized based on exclusion criteria for the documented presence of zoonotic enteric parasites within nomadic or pastoral human populations. A total of 54 articles published between 1956 and 2016 were reviewed to determine the pathogens and exposure risks associated with the global transhumance lifestyle. Results The included articles reported more than twenty different zoonotic enteric parasite species and illustrated several risk factors for nomadic and pastoralist populations to acquire infection including; a) animal contact, b) food preparation and diet, and c) household characteristics. The most common parasite studied was Echinococcosis spp. and contact with dogs was recognized as a leading risk factor for zoonotic enteric parasites followed by contact with livestock and/or wildlife, water, sanitation, and hygiene barriers, home slaughter of animals, environmental water exposures, household member age and sex, and consumption of unwashed produce or raw, unprocessed, or undercooked milk or meat. Conclusion Nomadic and pastoral communities are at risk of infection with a variety of zoonotic enteric parasites due to their living environment, cultural and dietary traditions, and close relationship to animals. Global health efforts aimed at reducing the transmission of these animal-to-human pathogens must incorporate a One Health approach to support water, sanitation, and hygiene development, provide education on safe food handling and preparation, and improve the health of domestic animals associated with these groups, particularly dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N. Barnes
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anu Davaasuren
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- National Center for Communicable Disease, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Uyanga Baasandagva
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- National Center for Zoonotic Disease, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
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Yuan R, Wu H, Zeng H, Liu P, Xu Q, Gao L, Li Y, Li R, Huang D, Yu C, Sun X. Prevalence of and risk factors for cystic echinococcosis among herding families in five provinces in western China: a cross-sectional study. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91568-91576. [PMID: 29207667 PMCID: PMC5710947 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a severe zoonosis that endangers the health of herdsmen in China’s western provinces. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of this disease and identify potential factors associated with human echinococcosis among herding families. A cross-sectional study was conducted in five provinces in western China from May 1, 2016 to November 30, 2016, and 1500 herding families participated in the study. A total of 1211 completed questionnaires were analyzed. The prevalence of Cystic echinococcosis (CE) among surveyed herding families was 1.55%. The results of multivariate analysis revealed that the sheep immunization (OR=0.35, 95%CI 0.21-0.58), being concerned about family members echinococcosis (OR=0.49, 95%CI 0.28-0.84) were protective factors, while allowing dogs to roam free (OR=3.17, 95%CI 1.89-5.31), feeding dogs with viscera (OR=3.04, 95%CI 1.83, 5.03), slaughter at home (OR=3.53, 95%CI 2.04-6.12), drinking non-boiled water (OR=2.15, 95%CI 1.28-3.63), eating raw vegetables (OR=1.87, 95%CI 1.13-3.10), not washing hands before meals (OR=3.08, 95%CI 1.68-5.65), and often seeing stray dogs (OR=2.60 95%CI 1.38-4.91) and wild animals (OR=1.92, 95%CI 1.17-3.14) near habitations were more associated with increased risk of infection. Immunizing sheep, appropriately managing domestic and stray dogs, and improving living environments and behavioral factors may help to reduce the risk of human echinococcosis in western China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China.,China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hairong Wu
- College of Journalism and Communication, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Heng Zeng
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ping Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, Shandong Province, China
| | - Quangang Xu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lu Gao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yin Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rendong Li
- Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, Hubei Province, China
| | - Duan Huang
- Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiangdong Sun
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, Shandong Province, China
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Li K, Zhang L, Zhang H, Lei Z, Luo H, Mehmood K, Shahzad M, Lan Y, Wang M, Li J. Epidemiological investigation and risk factors of Echinococcus granulosus in yaks (Bos grunniens), Tibetan pigs and Tibetans on Qinghai Tibetan plateau. Acta Trop 2017. [PMID: 28624512 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) is a diverse zoonotic parasite and causes Cystic echinococcosis (CE) disease in humans and livestock. However, scare information is available about the epidemic situation of E. granulosus infection in yaks, Tibetan pigs and native Tibetans on the Qinghai Tibetan plateau. Therefore, a study was carried out to find prevalence and risk factors of E. granulosus in yaks, Tibetan pigs and Tibetans. Serum samples from yaks (1371), Tibetan pigs (454) and Tibetans (600) were collected and assessed by commercial ELISA kits. Multivariable logistic regression model was performed to find the variables possibly associated with exposure of E. granulosus infection in yaks, Tibetan pigs and Tibetan. The overall prevalence of E. granulosus in yaks was 6.49%. In different regions, the prevalence were ranged from 3.43% to 11.79%. In male and female yaks, the prevalence was 5.67% and 7.04%, respectively. In different ages, the prevalence were ranged from 2.20% to 10.9%. While, in different years, the prevalence was 3.61% in 2014, 9.66% in 2015, and 6.33% in 2016. According to the conditional stepwise logistic regression, three factors (region, age and year) were demonstrated to be risk factors influencing the prevalence of E. granulosus in yaks significantly (P<0.05). A total 33/454 of Tibetan pigs were positive for E. granulosus with the distribution of 5.47, 5.70 and 13.27% prevalence in Gongbo'gvamda, Mainling, and Nyingchi region, respectively. In male and female Tibetan pigs, the prevalence was 7.12% and 7.49% respectively, while region was considered as a significant (P<0.05) risk factor influencing the E. granulosus infection in Tibetan pigs. The total prevalence of E. granulosus infection in Tibetans was 1.83%, while in male and female Tibetans, the prevalence was 1.41% and 2.21%, respectively. In different ages, the prevalence were ranged from 0 to 3.21%. In Tibetans contacting animals or not was 2.41% and 0.54% respectively, and breeding dogs or not was 3.0% and 1.09%, respectively. Risk factors (gender age, contact animal and breed dog) were not significant (P>0.05). The present results reported the prevalence and associated risk factors of E. granulosus in yaks, Tibetan pigs and native Tibetans. These findings could have important epidemiological significance and a direct influence on the remote plateau.
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Genetic variation of mitochondrial genes among Echinococcus multilocularis isolates collected in western China. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:265. [PMID: 28558809 PMCID: PMC5450100 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a life-threatening human disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis transmitted between rodents and dogs/foxes in the Northern Hemisphere. The study aims to identify the genetic variation of the parasite in AE patients from China. Methods E. multilocularis isolates were collected from wild small mammals (n = 6) and AE patients (n = 56) from western China. Genomic DNA was extracted from different tissue samples including paraffin tissue blocks, ethanol fixed tissues and frozen tissues surgically removed. Two mitochondrial gene fragments (526 bp for cob and 474 bp for nad2) of E. multilocularis were amplified and sequenced. Results The parasite fragment sequences of cob fragments from AE patients showed two haplotypes, and nad2 gene fragment sequences had four haplotypes. The gene sequences from Microtus sp. were 100% identical to the sequences of some isolates from AE patients. These haplotypes were distributed in both Qinghai and Xinjiang provinces. Alignment analysis with the sequences from the GenBank databases showed five genotypes including three Asian genotypes, one from Europe and one from North America. Conclusions Most AE patients harbored the Asian genotype 1 which may be an indication of its relative frequency in the definitive hosts and the environment or of its pathogenicity to humans, which calls for further research.
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Cai H, Guan Y, Ma X, Wang L, Wang H, Su G, Zhang X, Han X, Ma J, Liu YF, Li J, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang W, Du R, Lei W, Wu W. Epidemiology of Echinococcosis Among Schoolchildren in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai, China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:674-679. [PMID: 28070013 PMCID: PMC5361544 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a serious zoonotic parasitic disease that is highly endemic in Qinghai Province. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of echinococcosis among schoolchildren in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture to improve early diagnosis and treatment of patients and to provide information for echinococcosis prevention and control. A total of 11,260 schoolchildren from five counties (Maqin, Gander, Dari, Jiuzhi, and Banma) in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, were screened for echinococcosis. Screening involved ultrasound imaging combined with serologic examination as an auxiliary diagnostic test. The prevalence of echinococcosis in the schoolchildren was 2.1% (235/11,260), with a rate of 0.8% for cystic echinococcosis (CE; 89/11,260) and 1.3% for alveolar echinococcosis (AE; 146/11,260). Additionally, one child had a mixed infection. The prevalence ranged between 1.1% and 4.1% among the five investigated counties, and was highest in Dari County (4.1%). The prevalence of echinococcosis was higher in girls than in boys and gradually increased with age. In addition, children with CE mainly had type 1 (CE1) and type 3 (CE3) lesions, and children with AE mainly had small-diameter calcified lesions, suggesting that they were in the early asymptomatic stage of echinococcosis. In conclusion, children of Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture appear to exhibit the highest recorded prevalence of CE and AE globally. Ultrasound is useful for screening populations in regions where both CE and AE are endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Cai
- Department of Parasite Control, Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center of Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | - Yayi Guan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center of Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Parasite Control, Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Liying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center of Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Endemic Disease Administration Office, Qinghai Province Health and Family Planning Commission, Xining, China
| | - Guoming Su
- Department of Parasite Control, Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Xuefei Zhang
- Department of Parasite Control, Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Xiumin Han
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Junying Ma
- Department of Parasite Control, Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Yu Fang Liu
- Department of Parasite Control, Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Science and Education, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxiao Zhang
- Department of Parasite Control, Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Yongshun Wang
- Department of Parasite Control, Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Parasite Control, Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Rui Du
- Endemic Disease Administration Office, Qinghai Province Health and Family Planning Commission, Xining, China
| | - Wen Lei
- Department of Parasite Control, Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Weiping Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center of Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
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Kern P, Menezes da Silva A, Akhan O, Müllhaupt B, Vizcaychipi KA, Budke C, Vuitton DA. The Echinococcoses: Diagnosis, Clinical Management and Burden of Disease. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 96:259-369. [PMID: 28212790 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The echinococcoses are chronic, parasitic diseases that are acquired after ingestion of infective taeniid tapeworm eggs from certain species of the genus Echinococcus. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) occurs worldwide, whereas, alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is restricted to the northern hemisphere, and neotropical echinococcosis (NE) has only been identified in Central and South America. Clinical manifestations and disease courses vary profoundly for the different species of Echinococcus. CE presents as small to large cysts, and has commonly been referred to as 'hydatid disease', or 'hydatidosis'. A structured stage-specific approach to CE management, based on the World Health Organization (WHO) ultrasound classification of liver cysts, is now recommended. Management options include percutaneous sterilization techniques, surgery, drug treatment, a 'watch-and-wait' approach or combinations thereof. In contrast, clinical manifestations associated with AE resemble those of a 'malignant', silently-progressing liver disease, with local tissue infiltration and metastases. Structured care is important for AE management and includes WHO staging, drug therapy and long-term follow-up for at least a decade. NE presents as polycystic or unicystic disease. Clinical characteristics resemble those of AE, and management needs to be structured accordingly. However, to date, only a few hundreds of cases have been reported in the literature. The echinococcoses are often expensive and complicated to treat, and prospective clinical studies are needed to better inform case management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kern
- University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - O Akhan
- Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Müllhaupt
- University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K A Vizcaychipi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Budke
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - D A Vuitton
- Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Romig T, Deplazes P, Jenkins D, Giraudoux P, Massolo A, Craig PS, Wassermann M, Takahashi K, de la Rue M. Ecology and Life Cycle Patterns of Echinococcus Species. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 95:213-314. [PMID: 28131364 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The genus Echinococcus is composed of eight generally recognized species and one genotypic cluster (Echinococcus canadensis cluster) that may in future be resolved into one to three species. For each species, we review existing information on transmission routes and life cycles in different geographical contexts and - where available - include basic biological information of parasites and hosts (e.g., susceptibility of host species). While some Echinococcus spp. are transmitted in life cycles that involve predominantly domestic animals (e.g., dog - livestock cycles), others are wildlife parasites that do or do not interact with domestic transmission. In many cases, life cycle patterns of the same parasite species differ according to geography. Simple life cycles contrast with transmission patterns that are highly complex, involving multihost systems that may include both domestic and wild mammals. Wildlife transmission may be primary or secondary, i.e., resulting from spillovers from domestic animals. For most of the species and regions, existing information does not yet permit a conclusive description of transmission systems. Such data, however, would be highly relevant, e.g., for anticipation of geographical changes of the presence and frequency of these parasites in a warming world, or for initiating evidence-based control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P Deplazes
- University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Jenkins
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - P Giraudoux
- University of Franche-Comté and Institut Universitaire de France, Besancon, France
| | - A Massolo
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - P S Craig
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - M de la Rue
- University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) has been eliminated or significantly reduced as a public health problem in several previously highly endemic regions. This has been achieved by the long-term application of prevention and control measures primarily targeted to deworming dogs, health education, meat inspection, and effective surveillance in livestock and human populations. Human CE, however, remains a serious neglected zoonotic disease in many resource-poor pastoral regions. The incidence of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) has increased in continental Europe and is a major public health problem in parts of Eurasia. Better understanding of wildlife ecology for fox and small mammal hosts has enabled targeted anthelmintic baiting of fox populations and development of spatially explicit models to predict population dynamics for key intermediate host species and human AE risk in endemic landscapes. Challenges that remain for echinococcosis control include effective intervention in resource-poor communities, better availability of surveillance tools, optimal application of livestock vaccination, and management and ecology of dog and wildlife host populations.
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Han S, Chen R, Fang W, Fu R, Wen J, Zhang X, Ma X. Investigation of the use of serology and ultrasonography to detect hepatic cystic echinococcosis in Heilongjiang, China, using a Bayesian framework. Acta Trop 2016; 162:212-217. [PMID: 27412377 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a public health problem in China. However, the prevalence and incidence of CE in Heilongjiang province is still poorly understood. Because there is no perfect gold standard, evaluation of ultrasound (US) and serological methods have been limited. This study evaluated the use of these two diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of CE in suspected cases. METHODS A total of 522 suspected hepatic CE patients, as well as their demographic and clinical features were collected and detected by immunoglobulin (IgG)-ELISA and US. The marginal posterior densities of sensitivity and specificity for both tests, and the prevalence of hepatic CE amongst participants, were estimated from the product of the likelihood function of observed and latent data by a Bayesian framework. RESULTS Most of the patients were from rural areas. The most common symptom was upper abdominal pain. The antibody-positive proportion determined by IgG-ELISA was 24.33% (127/522), significantly higher than with US examination (17.24%, 90/522). Bayesian analysis indicated that the estimated prevalence of CE amongst suspected cases was 17.70% (95% credible interval: 14.23-21.54%). The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA test were 92.63% and 90.37%, and that of US were 93.05% and 98.44%, respectively. Among US-confirmed hepatic CE cases, the male to female ratio was 0.46 and the peak age group was 40-49 years. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study demonstrate that CE is present in Heilongjiang province. They also suggest that, whilst ultrasonography appears to be the detection modality of choice, serology may have a use for detection of infection in individuals suspected to be infected. This may have applications for surveillance within the province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Han
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China; National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, PR China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai University of Medical & Health Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Epidemiology and health statistics, Public Health College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Jingshan Wen
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China.
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Trovato FM, Catalano D, Trovato GM. Thoracic ultrasound: An adjunctive and valuable imaging tool in emergency, resource-limited settings and for a sustainable monitoring of patients. World J Radiol 2016; 8:775-784. [PMID: 27721940 PMCID: PMC5039673 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v8.i9.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging workup of patients referred for elective assessment of chest disease requires an articulated approach: Imaging is asked for achieving timely diagnosis. The concurrent or subsequent use of thoracic ultrasound (TUS) with conventional (chest X-rays-) and more advanced imaging procedures (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) implies advantages, limitations and actual problems. Indeed, despite TUS may provide useful imaging of pleura, lung and heart disease, emergency scenarios are currently the most warranted field of application of TUS: Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, lung consolidation. This stems from its role in limited resources subsets; actually, ultrasound is an excellent risk reducing tool, which acts by: (1) increasing diagnostic certainty; (2) shortening time to definitive therapy; and (3) decreasing problems from blind procedures that carry an inherent level of complications. In addition, paediatric and newborn disease are particularly suitable for TUS investigation, aimed at the detection of congenital or acquired chest disease avoiding, limiting or postponing radiological exposure. TUS improves the effectiveness of elective medical practice, in resource-limited settings, in small point of care facilities and particularly in poorer countries. Quality and information provided by the procedure are increased avoiding whenever possible artefacts that can prevent or mislead the achievement of the correct diagnosis. Reliable monitoring of patients is possible, taking into consideration that appropriate expertise, knowledge, skills, training, and even adequate equipment’s suitability are not always and everywhere affordable or accessible. TUS is complementary imaging procedure for the radiologist and an excellent basic diagnostic tool suitable to be shared with pneumologists, cardiologists and emergency physicians.
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Park SJ, Han SS, Anvarov K, Khajibaev A, Choi MH, Hong ST. Prevalence of Serum IgG Antibodies to Cystic Echinococcus Antigen among Patients in an Uzbekistan Emergency Hospital. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 53:699-703. [PMID: 26797436 PMCID: PMC4725226 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most widespread zoonotic helminthiases, which can last an asymptomatic infection for several years. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate serum antibody prevalence of CE among asymptomatic people in Uzbekistan using ELISA. A total of 2,547 serum samples were collected, 66 from confirmed CE patients and 2,481 of patients with other diseases than CE at a hospital in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The serum samples were screened for CE specific IgG antibodies by ELISA using cystic fluid antigen obtained from sheep. The serum antibody positive rate was 89.4% (59/66) in CE and 3.6% (89/2,481) in other disease patients. The present ELISA recognized 89.4% sensitivity and 96.4% specificity. The ELISA absorbance of positive samples was distributed 0.271-0.971 for CE and 0.273-0.887 for other disease patients. The other disease patients with high absorbance over 0.3 were 50 (2.0%) who were presumed to be active CE patients. The patients in their 40s showed the highest positive rate of 5.2% (P=0.181), and women were 4.4% while men were 3.1% positive (P=0.136). The data confirmed that there are many asymptomatic patients of CE in Tashkent. It is indicated that CE is an endemic disease of public health importance in Uzbekistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sung Sik Han
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Khikmat Anvarov
- Department of Surgery, Republican Research Center for Emergency Medicine, Tashkent 100107, Uzbekistan
| | - Abdukhakim Khajibaev
- Department of Surgery, Republican Research Center for Emergency Medicine, Tashkent 100107, Uzbekistan
| | - Min-Ho Choi
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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49
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Feng X, Qi X, Yang L, Duan X, Fang B, Gongsang Q, Bartholomot B, Vuitton D, Wen H, Craig P. Human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China. J Helminthol 2015; 89:671-9. [PMID: 26271332 PMCID: PMC4700907 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x15000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is known to be endemic in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China; however, there is relatively little data from hospital records or community prevalence studies, and the situation regarding occurrence of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is unclear. Here we review the available reports about human echinococcosis in the seven prefectures of TAR. In addition, two pilot studies by mass screening using ultrasound (with serology) were undertaken (2006/7) in Dangxiong County of Lhasa Prefecture (north central TAR) and Dingqing County of Changdu Prefecture (eastern TAR). In Dangxiong County a prevalence of 9.9% (55/557) for human CE was obtained but no human AE cases were detected. By contrast, in Dingqing County (N= 232 persons screened), 11 CE cases (4.7%) and 12 AE cases (5.2%) (including one mixed CE and AE case) were diagnosed by ultrasound. Hospital records and published reports indicated that CE cases were recorded in all of seven prefectures in Tibet Autonomous Region, and AE cases in four prefectures. Incidence rates of human CE were estimated to range from 1.9 to 155 per 100,000 across the seven prefectures of TAR, with a regional incidence of 45.1 per 100,000. Incidence of AE was estimated to be between 0.6 and 2.8 cases per 100,000. Overall for TAR, human AE prevalence appeared relatively low; however, the pilot mass screening in Dingqing in eastern TAR indicated that human AE disease is a potential public health problem, possibly similar to that already well described in Tibetan communities bordering TAR in north-west Sichuan and south-west Qinghai provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Feng
- Xinjiang Hydatid Clinical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 Liyushan South RD, Urumqi830054, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Cestode Zoonoses Research Group, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, M5 4WT, UK
| | - X. Qi
- Xinjiang Hydatid Clinical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 Liyushan South RD, Urumqi830054, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - L. Yang
- Xinjiang Hydatid Clinical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 Liyushan South RD, Urumqi830054, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - X. Duan
- Xinjiang Hydatid Clinical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 Liyushan South RD, Urumqi830054, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - B. Fang
- Xinjiang Hydatid Clinical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 Liyushan South RD, Urumqi830054, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Q. Gongsang
- Centre of Disease Prevention and Control, No. 21 Linkuo North RD, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region
| | - B. Bartholomot
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, SERF Research Unit EA 2276, University of Franche-Comte, 25030Besancon Cedex, France
| | - D.A. Vuitton
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, SERF Research Unit EA 2276, University of Franche-Comte, 25030Besancon Cedex, France
| | - H. Wen
- Xinjiang Hydatid Clinical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 Liyushan South RD, Urumqi830054, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - P.S. Craig
- Cestode Zoonoses Research Group, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, M5 4WT, UK
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50
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Han J, Bao G, Zhang D, Gao P, Wu T, Craig P, Giraudoux P, Chen X, Xin Q, He L, Chen G, Jing T. A Newly Discovered Epidemic Area of Echinococcus multilocularis in West Gansu Province in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132731. [PMID: 26186219 PMCID: PMC4505874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a lethal parasitic disease. In Gansu Province of China, all AE cases reported in literature were from Zhang and Min Counties, the southern part of the province. Here, we report the discovery of nine AE cases and one cystic echinococcosis (CE) case from Nanfeng Town of Minle County, in the middle of Hexi Corridor in west Gansu Province. The diagnosis of these cases were confirmed by serology, histopathology, computed tomography, B-ultrasound, immunohistochemistry method, DNA polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analysis. Because eight of nine AE cases came from First Zhanglianzhuang (FZLZ) village, we conducted preliminary epidemiological analyses of 730 persons on domestic water, community and ecology such as 356 dogs’ faeces of FZLZ, in comparison with those of other five villages surrounding FZLZ. Our studies indicate that Nanfeng Town of Minle County is a newly discovered focus of AE in China as a CE and AE co-epidemic area. Further research of Echinococcus multilocularis transmission pattern in the area should be carried for prevention of this parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Han
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The Research Institute of Biomedical Nanotechnology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Genshu Bao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Duoqiang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ningxia People’s Hospital, Yinchuan, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhangye People’s Hospital, Zhangye, China
| | - Tinjun Wu
- Center for Disease Control of Minle County, Minle, China
| | - Philip Craig
- Cestode Zoonoses Research Group, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Chrono-environment lab, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qi Xin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lili He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gen Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Jing
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The Research Institute of Biomedical Nanotechnology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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