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Rousseau C, Metz R, Kerdraon O, Ouldamer L, Boiffard F, Renaudeau K, Ferrer L, Vercouillie J, Doutriaux-Dumoulin I, Mouton A, Le Thiec M, Morel A, Rusu D, Santiago-Ribeiro MJ, Campion L, Arlicot N, Kraeber-Bodéré F. Pilot Feasibility Study: 18 F-DPA-714 PET/CT Macrophage Imaging in Triple-Negative Breast Cancers (EITHICS). Clin Nucl Med 2024; 49:701-708. [PMID: 38913962 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000005338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Tumor-associated macrophages are targets of interest in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is a sensitive marker for macrophages and holds potential relevance in TNBC stratification. This pilot prospective study (EITHICS, NCT04320030) aimed to assess the potential of TSPO PET/CT imaging using 18 F-DPA-714 in primary TNBC, compared with immunohistochemistry, autoradiography, and TSPO polymorphism. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirteen TNBC patients were included. They underwent TSPO genotyping (HAB, MAB, LAB), 18 F-FDG PET/CT, and breast MRI. Semiquantitative PET parameters were computed. VOIs were defined on the tumor lesion, healthy breast tissue, and pectoral muscle to obtain SUV, tumor-to-background ratio (TBR), and time-activity curves (TACs). Additionally, immunohistochemistry, 3 H-DPA-714, and 3 H-PK-11195 autoradiography were conducted. RESULTS The majority of TNBC tumors (11/13, 84%) had a preponderance of M2-polarized macrophages with a median proportion of 82% (range, 44%-94%). 18 F-DPA-714 PET/CT clearly identified TNBC tumors with an excellent TBR. Three distinct patterns of 18 F-DPA-714 TACs were identified, categorized as "above muscular," "equal to muscular," and "below muscular" with reference to the muscular background. For the "above muscular" group (2 HAB and 2 MAB), "equal muscular" group (3 HAB, 3 MAB, and 1 LAB), and "below muscular" group (1 LAB and 1 MAB), tumor TACs showed a 18 F-DPA-714 accumulation slope of 1.35, 0.62, and 0.22, respectively, and a median SUV mean of 4.02 (2.09-5.31), 1.66 (0.93-3.07), and 0.61 (0.43-1.02). CONCLUSIONS This study successfully demonstrated TNBC tumor targeting by 18 F-DPA-714 with an excellent TBR, allowing to stratify 3 patterns of uptake potentially influenced by the TSPO polymorphism status. Further studies in larger populations should be performed to evaluate the prognostic value of this new biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raphaël Metz
- From the ICO René Gauducheau, F-44800, Saint-Herblain, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexis Mouton
- From the ICO René Gauducheau, F-44800, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Maelle Le Thiec
- From the ICO René Gauducheau, F-44800, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Agnès Morel
- From the ICO René Gauducheau, F-44800, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Daniela Rusu
- From the ICO René Gauducheau, F-44800, Saint-Herblain, France
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Zhou Y, Zhang W, Wang B, Wang P, Li D, Cao T, Zhang D, Han H, Bai M, Wang X, Zhao X, Lu Y. Mitochondria-targeted photodynamic therapy triggers GSDME-mediated pyroptosis and sensitizes anti-PD-1 therapy in colorectal cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008054. [PMID: 38429070 PMCID: PMC10910688 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal cancer (CRC) is limited due to the low tumor neoantigen load and low immune infiltration in most microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors. This study aimed to develop a mitochondria-targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) approach to provoke host antitumor immunity of MSS-CRC and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS The role and mechanism of mitochondria-targeted PDT in inhibiting CRC progression and inducing pyroptosis were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The immune effects of PDT sensitization on PD-1 blockade were also assessed in CT26 and 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse models. RESULTS Here, we report that PDT using IR700DX-6T, a photosensitizer targeting the mitochondrial translocation protein, may trigger an antitumor immune response initiated by pyroptosis in CRC. Mechanistically, IR700DX-6T-PDT produced reactive oxygen species on light irradiation and promoted downstream p38 phosphorylation and active caspase3 (CASP3)-mediated cleavage of gasdermin E (GSDME), subsequently inducing pyroptosis. Furthermore, IR700DX-6T-PDT enhanced the sensitivity of MSS-CRC cells to PD-1 blockade. Decitabine, a demethylation drug used to treat hematologic neoplasms, disrupted the abnormal methylation pattern of GSDME in tumor cells, enhanced the efficacy of IR700DX-6T-PDT, and elicited a potent antitumor immune response in combination with PD-1 blockade and IR700DX-6T-PDT. CONCLUSION Our work provides clear a understanding of immunogenic cell death triggered by mitochondria-targeted PDT, offering a new approach for enhancing the efficacy of PD-1 blockade in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Boda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danxiu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 980th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force (Primary Bethune International Peace Hospital of PLA), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Tianyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Wongso H, Kurniawan A, Setiadi Y, Kusumaningrum CE, Widyasari EM, Wibawa TH, Mahendra I, Febrian MB, Sriyani ME, Halimah I, Daruwati I, Gunawan R, Achmad A, Nugraha DH, Lesmana R, Nugraha AS. Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO): A Promising Molecular Target for Image-Guided Surgery of Solid Cancers. Adv Pharm Bull 2024; 14:86-104. [PMID: 38585455 PMCID: PMC10997928 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2024.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein 18-kDa (TSPO) is a mitochondrial membrane protein that is previously identified as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR). Furthermore, it plays a significant role in a diverse range of biochemical processes, including steroidogenesis, mitochondrial cholesterol transport, cell survival and death, cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis. Several investigations also reported its roles in various types of cancers, including colorectal, brain, breast, prostate, and lung cancers, as well as melanoma. According to a previous study, the expression of TSPO was upregulated in cancer cells, which corresponds to an aggressive phenotype and/or poor prognosis. Consequently, the potential for crafting diagnostic and prognostic tools with a focus on TSPO holds great potential. In this context, several radioligands designed to target this protein have been identified, and some of the candidates have advanced to clinical trials. In recent years, the use of hybrid probes with radioactive and fluorescence molecules for image-guided surgery has exhibited promising results in animal and human studies. This indicates that the approach can serve as a valuable surgical navigator during cancer surgery. The current hybrid probes are built from various molecular platforms, including small molecules, nanoparticles, and antibodies. Although several TSPO-targeted imaging probes have been developed, their development for image-guided surgery of cancers is still limited. Therefore, this review aims to highlight recent findings on the involvement of TSPO in carcinogenesis, as well as provide a new perspective on the potential application of TSPO-targeted hybrid probes for image-guided surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendris Wongso
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Puspiptek, Banten 15314, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Ir. Soekarno KM 21, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Kurniawan
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Puspiptek, Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Yanuar Setiadi
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, Research Organization for Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency, Puspiptek, Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Crhisterra E. Kusumaningrum
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Puspiptek, Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Eva M. Widyasari
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Puspiptek, Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Teguh H.A. Wibawa
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Puspiptek, Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Isa Mahendra
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Puspiptek, Banten 15314, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Ir. Soekarno KM 21, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Muhamad B. Febrian
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Puspiptek, Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Maula E. Sriyani
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Puspiptek, Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Iim Halimah
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Puspiptek, Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Isti Daruwati
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Puspiptek, Banten 15314, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Ir. Soekarno KM 21, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno KM 21, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Rudi Gunawan
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Puspiptek, Banten 15314, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Ir. Soekarno KM 21, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno KM 21, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Arifudin Achmad
- Research Collaboration Center for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Ir. Soekarno KM 21, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Theranostics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161
- Oncology and Stem Cells Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161
| | | | - Ronny Lesmana
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
- Physiology Molecular, Division of Biological Activity, Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
- Laboratory of Sciences, Graduate School, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ari S. Nugraha
- Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
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Liu X, Lu Y, Li X, Luo L, You J. Nanoplatform-enhanced photodynamic therapy for the induction of immunogenic cell death. J Control Release 2024; 365:1058-1073. [PMID: 38056695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
As an efficient, non-invasive, low-side-effect, and highly selective cancer therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used to treat various malignant tumors. However, the inefficiency of dealing with deep tumors and metastatic lesions highly limits the use of PDT. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a particular form of tumor cell death that could elicit a tumor-special immune response, leading to a systemic anti-tumor effect and providing therapeutic benefits for metastatic lesions. In this regard, it is crucial to enhance the ability of PDT to induce ICD. Luckily, advanced nanotechnology created many promising ways to improve the immunogenicity of PDT and achieve photoimmunotherapy. This review summarizes the emerging strategies for triggering immunogenic cell death via nanoplatform-enhanced PDT, with particular emphasis on their advantages in photoimmunotherapy. We highlight the nanoplatforms classified according to the basic principles of photodynamic therapy and immunogenic cell death, which provides a valuable reference for the design of nanoplatform for photoimmunotherapy. In addition, we also discuss the current situation and prospect of nano-based photoimmunotherapy in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yichao Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, 498 Yiwu Street, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321299, P. R. China.
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P. R. China; The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P. R. China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, 498 Yiwu Street, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321299, P. R. China.
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Toubia I, Nguyen C, Diring S, Onofre M, Daurat M, Gauthier C, Gary-Bobo M, Kobeissi M, Odobel F. Development of targeted photodynamic therapy drugs by combining a zinc phthalocyanine sensitizer with TSPO or EGFR binding groups: the impact of the number of targeting agents on biological activity. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6509-6523. [PMID: 37341568 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00565h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Drug-targeted delivery has become a top priority in the world of medicine in order to develop more efficient therapeutic agents. This is important as a critical underlying problem in cancer therapy stems from the inability to deliver active therapeutic substances directly to tumor cells without causing collateral damage. In this work, zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) was selected as a sensitizer and was linked to different targeting agents, which would be recognized by overexpressed proteins in cancer cells. As targeting agents, we first selected the two ligands (DAA1106, PK11195) of the translocator protein (TSPO) and then Erlotinib a binding group of the ATP domain of tyrosine kinase in epidermal growth factor (EGFR). ZnPc was connected via an ethylene glycol chain to either one (n = 1) or four (n = 4) targeting agents. The biological activity of these conjugates ZnPc(ligand)n was investigated on MDA-MB-231 breast human cancer cells and human hepatoma HepG2 cells, first in the dark (cytotoxicity) and then under irradiation (photodynamic therapy). The dark cytotoxicity was extremely low (IC50 ≥ 50 μM) for all of these compounds, which is a required criterion for further photodynamic application. After irradiation at 650 nm, only the conjugates bearing one targeting ligand such as ZnPc-[DAA1106]1, ZnPc-[PK11195]1, and ZnPc-[Erlo]1 showed photodynamic activity, while those linked to 4 targeting agents were inactive. Importantly, fluorescence imaging microscopy showed the colocalization of ZnPc-[DAA1106]1, ZnPc-[PK11195]1 and ZnPc-[erlo]1, at mitochondria, a result that justifies the observed photodynamic activity of these conjugates. This study first shows the impact of the number and the mode of organization of targeting agents on the ability of the sensitizer to cross the cell membrane. When zinc(II) phthalocyanine carries a single targeting agent, a significant photodynamic activity on MDA-MB-231 breast human cancer cells was measured and localization at the mitochondria was demonstrated by fluorescence imaging, thus proving the potential of the sensitizer linked to a targeting agent to improve selectivity. Another important conclusion from this study for the design of future effective PDT drugs using multivalence effects is to control the arrangement of the targeting agents in order to design molecules that will be able to pass the cell membrane barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Toubia
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation, UMR 6230, 2, rue de la Houssinière - BP 92208, F-44000 NANTES, France.
- Laboratoire RammalRammal, Equipe de Synthèse Organique Appliquée SOA, Université Libanaise, Faculté des Sciences 5, Nabatieh, Lebanon.
| | | | - Stéphane Diring
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation, UMR 6230, 2, rue de la Houssinière - BP 92208, F-44000 NANTES, France.
| | - Mélanie Onofre
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Morgane Daurat
- NanoMedSyn, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Corentin Gauthier
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
- NanoMedSyn, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Marwan Kobeissi
- Laboratoire RammalRammal, Equipe de Synthèse Organique Appliquée SOA, Université Libanaise, Faculté des Sciences 5, Nabatieh, Lebanon.
| | - Fabrice Odobel
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation, UMR 6230, 2, rue de la Houssinière - BP 92208, F-44000 NANTES, France.
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Souris JS, Leoni L, Zhang HJ, Pan A, Tanios E, Tsai HM, Balyasnikova IV, Bissonnette M, Chen CT. X-ray Activated Nanoplatforms for Deep Tissue Photodynamic Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:673. [PMID: 36839041 PMCID: PMC9962876 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), the use of light to excite photosensitive molecules whose electronic relaxation drives the production of highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), has proven an effective means of oncotherapy. However, its application has been severely constrained to superficial tissues and those readily accessed either endoscopically or laparoscopically, due to the intrinsic scattering and absorption of photons by intervening tissues. Recent advances in the design of nanoparticle-based X-ray scintillators and photosensitizers have enabled hybridization of these moieties into single nanocomposite particles. These nanoplatforms, when irradiated with diagnostic doses and energies of X-rays, produce large quantities of ROS and permit, for the first time, non-invasive deep tissue PDT of tumors with few of the therapeutic limitations or side effects of conventional PDT. In this review we examine the underlying principles and evolution of PDT: from its initial and still dominant use of light-activated, small molecule photosensitizers that passively accumulate in tumors, to its latest development of X-ray-activated, scintillator-photosensitizer hybrid nanoplatforms that actively target cancer biomarkers. Challenges and potential remedies for the clinical translation of these hybrid nanoplatforms and X-ray PDT are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Souris
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lara Leoni
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hannah J. Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ariel Pan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eve Tanios
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hsiu-Ming Tsai
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Marc Bissonnette
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Wongso H. Recent progress on the development of fluorescent probes targeting the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO). Anal Biochem 2022; 655:114854. [PMID: 35963341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) was first identified in 1997, and has now become one of the appealing subcellular targets in medicinal chemistry and its related fields. TSPO involves in a variety of diseases, covering neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, cancers, and so on. To date, various high-affinity TSPO ligands labelled with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclides have been reported, with some third-generation radioligands advanced to clinical trials. On the other hand, only a few number of TSPO ligands have been labelled with fluorophores for disease diagnosis. It is noteworthy that the majority of the TSPO fluorescent probes synthesised to date are based on visible fluorophores, suggesting that their applications are limited to in vitro studies, such as in vitro imaging of cancer cells, post-mortem analysis, and tissue biopsies examinations. In this context, the potential application of TSPO ligands can be broadened for in vivo investigations of human diseases by labelling with near-infrared (NIR)-fluorophores or substituting visible fluorophores with NIR-fluorophores on the currently developed fluorescent probes. In this review article, recent progress on fluorescent probes targeting the TSPO are summarised, with an emphasis on development trend in recent years and application prospects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendris Wongso
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Puspiptek, Banten, 15314, Indonesia.
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Xiong B, Zhong Z, Chen C, Huang H, Lin J, Xu Y, Yang J, Yu C. The anxiolytic effect of koumine on a predatory sound stress-induced anxiety model and its associated molecular mechanisms. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 103:154225. [PMID: 35689899 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Koumine is the most abundant alkaloid extracted from Gelsemium elegans Benth.. Preliminary studies by our research group have shown that koumine has significant anxiolytic effect, but this needs to be further confirmed. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE To investigate the potential anxiolytic effect of koumine on predatory sound (PS) stress-induced anxiety models and preliminarily explore its therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The anxiolytic effect of koumine in an animal model of acute PS stress-induced anxiety were determined. Then, neurosteroids levels in the main brain regions involved in anxiety disorders, as well as plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) levels, were determinated. Finally, to clarify the effect of koumine on translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), the affinity between koumine and TSPO was evaluated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology. RESULTS Koumine treatment mitigated anxiety-like behavior following acute PS stress in the open field test and elevated plus maze test. PS exposure significantly decreased progesterone and allopregnanolone levels in the PFC, Hip, and Amy and increased ACTH and CORT levels in plasma, and koumine administration significantly reversed these effects. Finally, the reliable SPR results showed that the KD of koumine with TSPO was 155.33 ± 11.0 μM, indicating that koumine is a human TSPO high-affinity ligand that has an affinity comparable to typical TSPO ligands. CONCLUSION Our results show that koumine has obvious anxiolytic effect in the PS-induced anxiety model. Targeting TSPO-neurosteroids-HPA axis may be an important mechanism by which koumine exerts its anxiolytic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojun Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chaojie Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Resource Recycling, Wuzhou University, Wuzhou 543002, China; Fujian Center for Safety Evaluation of New Drug, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Huihui Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Jinxiang Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Changxi Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
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9
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Liu J, Wang L, Shen R, Zhao J, Qian Y. A novel heptamethine cyanine photosensitizer for FRET-amplified photodynamic therapy and two-photon imaging in A-549 cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 274:121083. [PMID: 35248855 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new cyanine-based photosensitizer Cy-N-Rh was developed for photodynamic therapy. Based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism, utilizing the absorption of the donor rhodamine (Rh), the acceptor heptamethine cyanine unit (Cy) was indirectly excited to produce singlet oxygen (1O2). The efficiency of energy transfer from the donor Rh to the acceptor Cy was 78.5%. Meanwhile, the singlet oxygen yield of Cy-N-Rh (ΦΔ = 12.00%) was much higher than that of the acceptor Cy (ΦΔ = 4.35%) without FRET. Moreover, the dual cation gave Cy-N-Rh with excellent mitochondria-targeting ability with Pearson's correlation coefficients of 0.90 and 0.91, respectively. In the MTT test, Cy-N-Rh had low dark cytotoxicity with cell survival rate above 90% and high photo cytotoxicity with cell survival rate below 40%. The cell apoptosis assay also demonstrated the role of the photosensitizer Cy-N-R visually. More importantly, Cy-N-Rh fulfilled two-photon excitation fluorescence imaging under the 800 nm femtosecond laser. All results indicate that this design strategy provides a new method for the development of higher-level cyanine photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Lingfeng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Ronghua Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Ying Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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10
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Sun S, Yang Y, Niu H, Luo M, Wu ZS. Design and application of DNA nanostructures for organelle-targeted delivery of anticancer drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:707-723. [PMID: 35618266 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2083603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA nanostructures targeting organelles are of great significance for the early diagnosis and precise therapy of human cancers. This review is expected to promote the development of DNA nanostructure-based cancer treatment with organelle-level precision in the future. AREAS COVERED In this review, we introduce the different principles for targeting organelles, summarize the progresses in the development of organelle-targeting DNA nanostructures, highlight their advantages and applications in disease treatment, and discuss current challenges and future prospects. EXPERT OPINION Accurate targeting is a basic problem for effective cancer treatment. However, current DNA nanostructures cannot meet the actual needs. Targeting specific organelles is expected to further improve the therapeutic effect and overcome tumor cell resistance, thereby holding great practical significance for tumor treatment in the clinic. With the deepening of the research on the molecular mechanism of disease development, especially on tumorigenesis and tumor progression, and increasing understanding of the behavior of biological materials in living cells, more versatile DNA nanostructures will be constructed to target subcellular organelles for drug delivery, essentially promoting the early diagnosis of cancers, classification, precise therapy and the estimation of prognosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Sun
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 305108, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Ya Yang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 305108, China
| | - Huimin Niu
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 305108, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Aptamers Technology, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Mengxue Luo
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 305108, China
| | - Zai-Sheng Wu
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 305108, China
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11
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12
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Wang H, Ning X, Wang X, Ding F, Wang Y. A versatile modular preparation strategy for targeted drug delivery systems against multidrug-resistant cancer cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 33:055101. [PMID: 34670212 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is widely used in targeted drug delivery, but different drug delivery systems need to 're-determine' different synthesis schemes, which greatly limits the further expansion of targeted nanomedicine applications. In this study, we propose a facile and versatile modular stacking strategy to fabricate targeted drug delivery systems to enable tailored designs for patient-specific therapeutic responses. The systems were constructed by a pH-sensitive prodrug module and a mitochondrial targeting module via self-assembly. Using this modular strategy, we successfully prepared two targeting nano-drug delivery systems, TPP-DOX and PK-DOX, where the mitochondrial targeting molecules were triphenylphosphonium (TPP) and 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK11195), respectively. Confocal laser microscopy and flow cytometry tests revealed that TPP-DOX and PK-DOX exhibited high mitochondria targeting capability and greatly improved the drug retention in drug-resistant cells. The antitumor activity tests showed that the IC50 values of TPP-DOX and PK-DOX in MCF-7/ADR cells were 2.5- and 8.2-fold lower than that of free DOX, respectively. These results indicated that PK was more effective than TPP. The studies on their therapeutic effects on human breast cancer resistant cells verified the feasibility of the modular approach, indicated that the two modular targeted drug delivery systems: (1) retain the drug toxicity and cell-killing effect of the prodrug module, (2) have precise targeting capabilities due to mitochondrial targeting module, (3) enhance drug uptake, reduce drug efflux and reverse the multidrug resistance effect to a certain extent. The results show that modular stacking is a practical, effective and versatile method for preparing targeting drugs with broad application prospects. This study provides an easy approach on preparing customizable targeted drug delivery systems to improve precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Ning
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ding
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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13
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Xie Q, Li Z, Liu Y, Zhang D, Su M, Niitsu H, Lu Y, Coffey RJ, Bai M. Translocator protein-targeted photodynamic therapy for direct and abscopal immunogenic cell death in colorectal cancer. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:716-729. [PMID: 34329783 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abscopal effect is an attractive cancer therapeutic effect referring to tumor regression at a location distant from the primary treatment site. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) offers a mechanistic link between the primary and remote therapeutic effects by activating favorable anti-tumor immune responses. In this study, we induced ICD in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines in vitro and in vivo by targeting the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), a mitochondrial receptor overexpressed in CRC. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a TSPO-targeted photosensitizer, IR700DX-6T, caused effective apoptotic cell death in fourteen CRC cell lines. In a syngeneic immunocompetent CRC mouse model, the growth of tumors subjected to TSPO-PDT was greatly suppressed. Remarkably, untreated tumors in the opposing flank also showed marked growth suppression. Dendritic and CD8+ T cells were activated after TSPO-PDT treatment, accompanied by decreased Treg cells in both treated and non-treated tumors. In addition, a cancer vaccine developed from TSPO-PDT produced a significant tumor inhibition effect. These results indicate that TSPO-PDT could not only directly suppress tumor growth but also dramatically provoke host anti-tumor immunity, highlighting the potential of TSPO-PDT as a successful therapeutic for CRC that exhibits systemic effects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Abscopal effect is an attractive cancer therapeutic effect referring to tumor regression at a location distant from the primary treatment site. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) offers a mechanistic link between the primary and remote therapeutic effects by activating favorable anti-tumor immune responses. In this study, we report a new therapeutic approach that can reduce the growth of multiple CRC cell lines by inducing ICD. Notably, a direct and abscopal effect was observed in mouse tumor-derived MC38 cells when injected into syngeneic immunocompetent mice. If comparable effects could be achieved in humans, it would establish a novel paradigm for treating micro- and macro-metastasis.
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14
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Zhang D, Xie Q, Liu Y, Li Z, Li H, Li S, Li Z, Cui J, Su M, Jiang X, Xue P, Bai M. Photosensitizer IR700DX-6T- and IR700DX-mbc94-mediated photodynamic therapy markedly elicits anticancer immune responses during treatment of pancreatic cancer. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105811. [PMID: 34390852 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS IR700DX-6T and IR700DX-mbc94 are two chemically synthesized photosensitizers (PSs) that target the translocator protein (TSPO) and type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R), respectively, for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. Recently, we found that IR700DX-6T and IR700DX-mbc94 exhibited high selectivity and efficiency in PDT for breast cancer and malignant astrocytoma. Yet, the phototherapeutic effects of the PSs on pancreatic cancer and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This study investigated the effect of IR700DX-6T- or IR700DX-mbc94-PDT on pancreatic cancer and whether the treatment involves eliciting anticancer immune responses in support of superior therapeutic efficacy. METHODS Four pancreatic cancer cell lines were used for in vitro studies. C57BL/6 mice bearing pancreatic cancer cell-derived xenografts were generated for in vivo studies regarding the therapeutic effects of IR700DX-6T-PDT and IR700DX-mbc94-PDT on pancreatic cancer. The immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive effects of IR700DX-6T-PDT and IR700DX-mbc94-PDT were examined by detecting CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and dendritic cells (DCs) using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS TSPO and CB2R were markedly upregulated in pancreatic cancer cells and tissues. Both IR700DX-6T-PDT and IR700DX-mbc94-PDT significantly inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Notably, assessment of anticancer immune responses revealed that both IR700DX-6T-PDT and IR700DX-mbc94-PDT significantly induced CD8+ T cells, promoted maturation of DCs, and suppressed Tregs, with stronger effects exerted by IR700DX-6T-PDT compared to IR700DX-mbc94-PDT. CONCLUSIONS IR700DX-6T-PDT and IR700DX-mbc94-PDT involves eliciting anticancer immune responses. Our study has also implicated that PDT in combination with immunotherapy holds promise to improve therapeutic efficacy for patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qing Xie
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zongyan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Fourth General Surgery Department, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Meng Su
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Ping Xue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China.
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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15
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The photodynamic and intrinsic effects of Azure B on mitochondrial bioenergetics and the consequences of its intrinsic effects on hepatic energy metabolism. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102446. [PMID: 34289416 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to characterize the intrinsic and photodynamic effects of azure B (AB) on mitochondrial bioenergetics, as well as the consequences of its intrinsic effects on hepatic energy metabolism. METHODS Two experimental systems were utilized: (a) isolated rat liver mitochondria and (b) isolated perfused rat liver. RESULTS AB interacted with mitochondria regardless of photostimulation, but its binding degree was reduced by mitochondrial energization. Under photostimulation, AB caused lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation and decreased the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in mitochondria. AB impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics in at least three distinct ways: (1) uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation; (2) photoinactivation of complexes I and II; and (3) photoinactivation of the FoF1-ATP synthase complex. Without photostimulation, AB also demonstrated mitochondrial toxicity, which was characterized by the induction of lipid peroxidation, loss of inner mitochondrial membrane integrity, and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. The perfused rat liver experiments showed that mitochondria were one of the major targets of AB, even in intact cells. AB inhibited gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis, two biosynthetic pathways strictly dependent on intramitochondrially generated ATP. Contrariwise, AB stimulated glycogenolysis and glycolysis, which are required compensatory pathways for the inhibited oxidative phosphorylation. Similarly, AB reduced the cellular ATP content and the ATP/ADP and ATP/AMP ratios. CONCLUSIONS Although the properties and severe photodynamic effects of AB on rat liver mitochondria might suggest its usefulness in PDT treatment of liver tumors, this possibility should be considered with precaution given the toxic intrinsic effects of AB on mitochondrial bioenergetics and energy-linked hepatic metabolism.
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16
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Xiong B, Jin G, Xu Y, You W, Luo Y, Fang M, Chen B, Huang H, Yang J, Lin X, Yu C. Identification of Koumine as a Translocator Protein 18 kDa Positive Allosteric Modulator for the Treatment of Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:692917. [PMID: 34248642 PMCID: PMC8264504 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.692917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Koumine is an alkaloid that displays notable activity against inflammatory and neuropathic pain, but its therapeutic target and molecular mechanism still need further study. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is a vital therapeutic target for pain treatment, and recent research implies that there may be allostery in TSPO. Our previous competitive binding assay hint that koumine may function as a TSPO positive allosteric modulator (PAM). Here, for the first time, we report the pharmacological characterization of koumine as a TSPO PAM. The results imply that koumine might be a high-affinity ligand of TSPO and that it likely acts as a PAM since it could delay the dissociation of 3H-PK11195 from TSPO. Importantly, the allostery was retained in vivo, as koumine augmented Ro5-4864-mediated analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in several acute and chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. Moreover, the positive allosteric modulatory effect of koumine on TSPO was further demonstrated in cell proliferation assays in T98G human glioblastoma cells. In summary, we have identified and characterized koumine as a TSPO PAM for the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Our data lay a solid foundation for the use of the clinical candidate koumine to treat inflammatory and neuropathic pain, further demonstrate the allostery in TSPO, and provide the first proof of principle that TSPO PAM may be a novel avenue for the discovery of analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojun Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guilin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenbing You
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yufei Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Menghan Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huihui Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Changxi Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Gunaydin G, Gedik ME, Ayan S. Photodynamic Therapy-Current Limitations and Novel Approaches. Front Chem 2021; 9:691697. [PMID: 34178948 PMCID: PMC8223074 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.691697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) mostly relies on the generation of singlet oxygen, via the excitation of a photosensitizer, so that target tumor cells can be destroyed. PDT can be applied in the settings of several malignant diseases. In fact, the earliest preclinical applications date back to 1900’s. Dougherty reported the treatment of skin tumors by PDT in 1978. Several further studies around 1980 demonstrated the effectiveness of PDT. Thus, the technique has attracted the attention of numerous researchers since then. Hematoporphyrin derivative received the FDA approval as a clinical application of PDT in 1995. We have indeed witnessed a considerable progress in the field over the last century. Given the fact that PDT has a favorable adverse event profile and can enhance anti-tumor immune responses as well as demonstrating minimally invasive characteristics, it is disappointing that PDT is not broadly utilized in the clinical setting for the treatment of malignant and/or non-malignant diseases. Several issues still hinder the development of PDT, such as those related with light, tissue oxygenation and inherent properties of the photosensitizers. Various photosensitizers have been designed/synthesized in order to overcome the limitations. In this Review, we provide a general overview of the mechanisms of action in terms of PDT in cancer, including the effects on immune system and vasculature as well as mechanisms related with tumor cell destruction. We will also briefly mention the application of PDT for non-malignant diseases. The current limitations of PDT utilization in cancer will be reviewed, since identifying problems associated with design/synthesis of photosensitizers as well as application of light and tissue oxygenation might pave the way for more effective PDT approaches. Furthermore, novel promising approaches to improve outcome in PDT such as selectivity, bioengineering, subcellular/organelle targeting, etc. will also be discussed in detail, since the potential of pioneering and exceptional approaches that aim to overcome the limitations and reveal the full potential of PDT in terms of clinical translation are undoubtedly exciting. A better understanding of novel concepts in the field (e.g. enhanced, two-stage, fractional PDT) will most likely prove to be very useful for pursuing and improving effective PDT strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurcan Gunaydin
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Emre Gedik
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seylan Ayan
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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S Allemailem K, Almatroudi A, Alsahli MA, Aljaghwani A, M El-Kady A, Rahmani AH, Khan AA. Novel Strategies for Disrupting Cancer-Cell Functions with Mitochondria-Targeted Antitumor Drug-Loaded Nanoformulations. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3907-3936. [PMID: 34135584 PMCID: PMC8200140 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s303832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Any variation in normal cellular function results in mitochondrial dysregulation that occurs in several diseases, including cancer. Such processes as oxidative stress, metabolism, signaling, and biogenesis play significant roles in cancer initiation and progression. Due to their central role in cellular metabolism, mitochondria are favorable therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of conditions like neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Subcellular mitochondria-specific theranostic nanoformulations for simultaneous targeting, drug delivery, and imaging of these organelles are of immense interest in cancer therapy. It is a challenging task to cross multiple barriers to target mitochondria in diseased cells. To overcome these multiple barriers, several mitochondriotropic nanoformulations have been engineered for the transportation of mitochondria-specific drugs. These nanoformulations include liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), and inorganic NPs. These nanoformulations are made mitochondriotropic by conjugating them with moieties like dequalinium, Mito-Porter, triphenylphosphonium, and Mitochondria-penetrating peptides. Most of these nanoformulations are meticulously tailored to control their size, charge, shape, mitochondriotropic drug loading, and specific cell-membrane interactions. Recently, some novel mitochondria-selective antitumor compounds known as mitocans have shown high toxicity against cancer cells. These selective compounds form vicious oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species cycles within cancer cells and ultimately push them to cell death. Nanoformulations approved by the FDA and EMA for clinical applications in cancer patients include Doxil, NK105, and Abraxane. The novel use of these NPs still faces tremendous challenges and an immense amount of research is needed to understand the proper mechanisms of cancer progression and control by these NPs. Here in this review, we summarize current advancements and novel strategies of delivering different anticancer therapeutic agents to mitochondria with the help of various nanoformulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aseel Aljaghwani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa M El-Kady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Ali Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Wang R, Li X, Yoon J. Organelle-Targeted Photosensitizers for Precision Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:19543-19571. [PMID: 33900741 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Subcellular organelles are the cornerstones of cells, and destroying them will cause cell dysfunction and even death. Therefore, realizing precise organelle targeting of photosensitizers (PSs) can help reduce PS dosage, minimize side effects, avoid drug resistance, and enhance therapeutic efficacy in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Organelle-targeted PSs provide a new paradigm for the construction of the next generation of PSs and may provide implementable strategies for future precision medicine. In this Review, the recent targeting strategies of different organelles and the corresponding design principles of molecular and nanostructured PSs are summarized and discussed. The current challenges and opportunities in organelle-targeted PDT are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Xingshu Li
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis for Energy and the Environment, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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Kim YJ, Ha JH, Kim YJ. Self-assembled polymeric micelles for targeted photodynamic therapy of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 overexpressing breast cancer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:275101. [PMID: 33780921 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abf2fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively explored as a promising alternative therapeutic approach for many malignant tumors. However, the PDT system generally involves unsatisfactory tumor specificity and nonspecific accumulation of photosensitizers around the target cancer cells, leading to phototoxic damage to adjacent healthy normal cells. In this study, we developed pheophorbide a (Pheo a)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) targeting peptide (epitope form, HLTV, PEG2-LTVSPWY)-co-conjugated methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-lysine hydrochloride) (PEG-PLL)/hyaluronic acid (HA) (P3H2) polymeric micelles via a self-assembly method for HER2-targeted PDT treatment for breast cancer, thereby enhancing the PDT efficacy. The synthesized P3H2 polymeric micelles were spherical, with an average diameter of 125.7 ± 21.2 nm in an aqueous solution. The results ofin vitrocytotoxicity assays demonstrated that the P3H2 polymeric micelles significantly improved PDT efficacy on the SK-BR-3 cells due to the enhanced targeting ability. In addition, PDT treatment using the P3H2 polymeric micelles effectively killed breast cancer cells by inducing higher intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and apoptotic cell death. In particular, the three-dimensional cell culture model proved the synergistic PDT efficacy using P3H2 polymeric micelles on the SK-BR-3 cells. Based on these results, the PDT treatment using P3H2 polymeric micelles can serve as a highly effective therapeutic modality for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hui Ha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Republic of Korea
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21
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Xie Q, Su M, Liu Y, Zhang D, Li Z, Bai M. Translocator protein (TSPO)-Targeted agents for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102209. [PMID: 33561573 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved therapeutic strategy that combines a specific wavelength of light and light-activated photosensitizers (PSs). The usage of PDT for cancer treatment is often hampered by the lack of tumor selectivity of PSs, which may cause photodamage to surrounding normal tissues. Recently, translocator protein (TSPO) has attracted great interest as a tumor biomarker, whose expression correlates with tumor aggressiveness. In this study, we report the development of a series of novel TSPO-PSs based on quinazoline, pyrazolopyrimidine, and tetrahydrocarbazole structures. These TSPO-PSs bind to TSPO with nanomolar affinities and demonstrated efficient and target-specific PDT effect upon light irradiation. Therefore, they may have great potential in the treatment of tumors associated with high-TSPO expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xie
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Meng Su
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 East Changgang Road, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4 Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, PR China
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Zhao X, Liu J, Fan J, Chao H, Peng X. Recent progress in photosensitizers for overcoming the challenges of photodynamic therapy: from molecular design to application. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4185-4219. [PMID: 33527104 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00173b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a therapeutic mode involving light triggering, has been recognized as an attractive oncotherapy treatment. However, nonnegligible challenges remain for its further clinical use, including finite tumor suppression, poor tumor targeting, and limited therapeutic depth. The photosensitizer (PS), being the most important element of PDT, plays a decisive role in PDT treatment. This review summarizes recent progress made in the development of PSs for overcoming the above challenges. This progress has included PSs developed to display enhanced tolerance of the tumor microenvironment, improved tumor-specific selectivity, and feasibility of use in deep tissue. Based on their molecular photophysical properties and design directions, the PSs are classified by parent structures, which are discussed in detail from the molecular design to application. Finally, a brief summary of current strategies for designing PSs and future perspectives are also presented. We expect the information provided in this review to spur the further design of PSs and the clinical development of PDT-mediated cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueze Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China.
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Calori IR, Bi H, Tedesco AC. Expanding the Limits of Photodynamic Therapy: The Design of Organelles and Hypoxia-Targeting Nanomaterials for Enhanced Photokilling of Cancer. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:195-228. [PMID: 35014281 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive clinical protocol that combines a nontoxic photosensitizer (PS), appropriate visible light, and molecular oxygen for cancer treatment. This triad generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in situ, leading to different cell death pathways and limiting the arrival of nutrients by irreversible destruction of the tumor vascular system. Despite the number of formulations and applications available, the advancement of therapy is hindered by some characteristics such as the hypoxic condition of solid tumors and the limited energy density (light fluence) that reaches the target. As a result, the use of PDT as a definitive monotherapy for cancer is generally restricted to pretumor lesions or neoplastic tissue of approximately 1 cm in size. To expand this limitation, researchers have synthesized functional nanoparticles (NPs) capable of carrying classical photosensitizers with self-supplying oxygen as well as targeting specific organelles such as mitochondria and lysosomes. This has improved outcomes in vitro and in vivo. This review highlights the basis of PDT, many of the most commonly used strategies of functionalization of smart NPs, and their potential to break the current limits of the classical protocol of PDT against cancer. The application and future perspectives of the multifunctional nanoparticles in PDT are also discussed in some detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Rodrigo Calori
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Hong Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
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24
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Deng W, McKelvey KJ, Guller A, Fayzullin A, Campbell JM, Clement S, Habibalahi A, Wargocka Z, Liang L, Shen C, Howell VM, Engel AF, Goldys EM. Application of Mitochondrially Targeted Nanoconstructs to Neoadjuvant X-ray-Induced Photodynamic Therapy for Rectal Cancer. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:715-726. [PMID: 32490188 PMCID: PMC7256935 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we brought together two existing clinical techniques used in cancer treatment-X-ray radiation and photodynamic therapy (PDT), whose combination termed X-PDT uniquely allows PDT to be therapeutically effective in deep tissue. To this end, we developed mitochondrially targeted biodegradable polymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanocarriers incorporating a photosensitizer verteporfin, ultrasmall (2-5 nm) gold nanoparticles as radiation enhancers, and triphenylphosphonium acting as the mitochondrial targeting moiety. The average size of the nanocarriers was about 160 nm. Upon X-ray radiation our nanocarriers generated cytotoxic amounts of singlet oxygen within the mitochondria, triggering the loss of membrane potential and mitochondria-related apoptosis of cancer cells. Our X-PDT strategy effectively controlled tumor growth with only a fraction of radiotherapy dose (4 Gy) and improved the survival rate of a mouse model bearing colorectal cancer cells. In vivo data indicate that our X-PDT treatment is cytoreductive, antiproliferative, and profibrotic. The nanocarriers induce radiosensitization effectively, which makes it possible to amplify the effects of radiation. A radiation dose of 4 Gy combined with our nanocarriers allows equivalent control of tumor growth as 12 Gy of radiation, but with greatly reduced radiation side effects (significant weight loss and resultant death).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Graduate School of
Biomedical Engineering, University of New
South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- E-mail:
| | - Kelly J. McKelvey
- Bill
Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, The Northern Clinical
School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District
Research (Kolling Institute), St
Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Anna Guller
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Graduate School of
Biomedical Engineering, University of New
South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Institute
for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
(Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey Fayzullin
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Graduate School of
Biomedical Engineering, University of New
South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Institute
for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
(Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Jared M. Campbell
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Graduate School of
Biomedical Engineering, University of New
South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Sandhya Clement
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Graduate School of
Biomedical Engineering, University of New
South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Abbas Habibalahi
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Graduate School of
Biomedical Engineering, University of New
South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zofia Wargocka
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Graduate School of
Biomedical Engineering, University of New
South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Liuen Liang
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Chao Shen
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Viive Maarika Howell
- Bill
Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, The Northern Clinical
School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District
Research (Kolling Institute), St
Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Alexander Frank Engel
- Sydney Medical
School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Department
of Colorectal Surgery, Royal North Shore
Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Ewa M. Goldys
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Graduate School of
Biomedical Engineering, University of New
South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- E-mail:
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25
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Peptide 18-4/chlorin e6-conjugated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanoparticles for targeted photodynamic therapy of breast cancer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 189:110829. [PMID: 32036332 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chlorin e6 (Ce6), with its high phototoxic potential, has wide applications in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for many human diseases. However, poor cancer cell localization of Ce6 has limited its direct application for PDT. Here, we developed cancer-targeting peptide p 18-4/chlorin e6 (Ce6)-conjugated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (PPC) nanoparticles for improving the targeting ability of Ce6 to breast cancer cells, thereby enhancing PDT efficacy. The synthesized PPC nanoparticles exhibited a spherical shape with an average diameter of 127.2 ± 11.3 nm in aqueous solution. Compared with free Ce6, the immobilization of p 18-4 enhanced the in vitro cellular uptake and targeting ability of PPC nanoparticles in breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. In addition, the intracellular uptake of PPC nanoparticles in MDA-MB-231 cells was dramatically increased compared with other cancer cells, indicating an obvious targeting ability of PPC nanoparticles on breast cancer cells. Upon light irradiation, PPC nanoparticles revealed significantly improved phototoxicity to MDA-MB-231 cells, mainly due to apoptotic cell death. In vivo PDT study suggested that PPC nanoparticles exhibited increased retention in tumor tissues and effectively inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 tumors in a target-specific manner. Overall, these results indicate that PPC nanoparticles are highly effective PDT agents for breast cancer therapy.
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26
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Zhuang Y, Li L, Feng L, Wang S, Su H, Liu H, Liu H, Wu Y. Mitochondrion-targeted selenium nanoparticles enhance reactive oxygen species-mediated cell death. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1389-1396. [PMID: 31913383 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09039h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cell death when accumulated in cancer cells, while rendering anti-oxidation and cancer prevention in healthy tissues at low doses. Although they are promising anticancer agents with fewer side effects, their application is limited by their relative low toxicity to cancer cells. Therefore, we propose a mitochondrion-targeting strategy to improve their cancer cell killing efficiency. Such mitochondrion-targeted SeNPs could efficiently increase ROS production and mitochondrion damage in cancer cells; however, only a slightly increased toxicity to normal cells was observed, indicating a potentially better therapeutic window for anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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27
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Therapeutic Strategies for Regulating Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010083. [PMID: 31948035 PMCID: PMC7023101 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been many reports on the relationship between mitochondrial oxidative stress and various types of diseases. This review covers mitochondrial targeting photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy as a therapeutic strategy for inducing mitochondrial oxidative stress. We also discuss other mitochondrial targeting phototherapeutic methods. In addition, we discuss anti-oxidant therapy by a mitochondrial drug delivery system (DDS) as a therapeutic strategy for suppressing oxidative stress. We also describe cell therapy for reducing oxidative stress in mitochondria. Finally, we discuss the possibilities and problems associated with clinical applications of mitochondrial DDS to regulate mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Characterisation of the ligand binding sites in the translocator protein TSPO using the chimeric bacterial-mammalian constructs. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 164:105456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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29
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Xia J, Li J, Yao Q, Meng Z, Qian M, Cui H, Zhang L, Li Y, Wu S, Chen Q, Wang J, Peng X. Mitochondria specific oxidative injury by near-infrared energy transfer nanoclusters for amplified photodynamic potency. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 557:45-54. [PMID: 31505336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To promote practical applications of photodynamic therapy, near-infrared (NIR) photosensitizers are manufactured based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between donors of anti-stoke NIR upconversion nanoparticles and acceptors of photodynamic chlorin e6. The manufactured FRET constructs displayed deep tissue penetration and FRET activation under 980 nm irradiation. Furthermore, surface decoration with mitochondria-targeting (4-marboxybutyl) triphenyl phosphonium bromide (TPP) led to mitochondrion-targeted accumulation of singlet oxygen resulting in potent cell apoptosis. Notably, in vivo anti-tumor test validates the complete ablation of intractable solid tumors based on single-dose treatment of our proposed photodynamic constructs. Therefore, the obtained results herald the tempting perspective of our carefully engineered photodynamic constructs, which could have broad utilities in clinical treatment of intractable premalignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China; School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Qichao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Ming Qian
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Hongyan Cui
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Liuwei Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Yachen Li
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No.9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Suli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Qixian Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China.
| | - Jingyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China; School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China.
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China
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Lan M, Zhao S, Liu W, Lee C, Zhang W, Wang P. Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900132. [PMID: 31067008 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As an emerging clinical modality for cancer treatment, photodynamic therapy (PDT) takes advantage of the cytotoxic activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are generated by light irradiating photosensitizers (PSs) in the presence of oxygen (O2 ). However, further advancements including tumor selectivity and ROS generation efficiency are still required. Substantial efforts are devoted to design and synthesize smart PSs with optimized properties for achieving a desirable therapeutic efficacy. This review summarizes the recent progress in developing intelligent PSs for efficient PDT, ranging from single molecules to delicate nanomaterials. The strategies to improve ROS generation through optimizing photoinduced electron transfer and energy transfer processes of PSs are highlighted. Moreover, the approaches that combine PDT with other therapeutics (e.g., chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, and radiotherapy) and the targeted delivery in cancer cells or tumor tissue are introduced. The main challenges for the clinical application of PSs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhuan Lan
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product SafetyCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Shaojing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product SafetyCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and DevicesTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Chun‐Sing Lee
- Center of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR CN P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Center of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR CN P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and DevicesTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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31
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Xie R, Lian S, Peng H, OuYang C, Li S, Lu Y, Cao X, Zhang C, Xu J, Jia L. Mitochondria and Nuclei Dual-Targeted Hollow Carbon Nanospheres for Cancer Chemophotodynamic Synergistic Therapy. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2235-2248. [PMID: 30896172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dual-targeted nanoparticles are gaining increasing importance as a more effective anticancer strategy by attacking double key sites of tumor cells, especially in chemophotodynamic therapy. To retain the nuclei inhibition effect and enhance doxorubicin (DOX)-induced apoptosis by mitochondrial pathways simultaneously, we synthesized the novel nanocarrier (HKH) based on hollow carbon nitride nanosphere (HCNS) modified with hyaluronic acid (HA) and the mitochondrial localizing peptide D[KLAKLAK]2 (KLA). DOX-loaded HKH nanoparticles (HKHDs) showed satisfactory drug-loading efficiency, excellent solubility, and very low hemolytic effect. HA/CD44 binding and electrostatic attraction between positively charged KLA and A549 cells facilitated HKHD uptake via the endocytosis mechanism. Acidic microenvironment, hyaluronidase, and KLA targeting together facilitate doxorubicin toward the mitochondria and nuclei, resulting in apoptosis, DNA intercalation, cell-cycle arrest at the S phase, and light-induced reactive oxygen species production. Intravascular HKHD inhibited tumor growth in A549-implanted mice with good safety. The present study, for the first time, systemically reveals biostability, targetability, chemophotodynamics, and safety of the functionalized novel HKHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Xie
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Shu Lian
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Huayi Peng
- College of Pharmacy , Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350116 , China
| | - Changhe OuYang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Shuhui Li
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Yusheng Lu
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350116 , China
- Institute of Oceanography , Minjiang University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350108 , China
| | - Xuning Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Institute of Oceanography , Minjiang University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350108 , China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- College of Pharmacy , Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350116 , China
| | - Lee Jia
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350116 , China
- Institute of Oceanography , Minjiang University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350108 , China
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18F-PBR06 PET/CT imaging for evaluating atherosclerotic plaques linked to macrophage infiltration. Nucl Med Commun 2019; 40:370-376. [PMID: 30875334 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study explored the 18 kDa translocator protein radioligand [F]N-fluoroacetyl-N-(2,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-2-phenoxyaniline (F-PBR06) targeting macrophages for PET imaging of atherosclerotic plaques and evaluating the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques toward rupture. MATERIALS AND METHODS F-PBR06 was synthesized using a Synthra RNplus module automatically. RAW264.7 cells were used for cell binding study with F-PBR06. In-vivo micro-PET/CT imaging for ApoE mice and C57 mice was performed 1 h after injection of F-PBR06. CD68 and F480 immunofluorescence stainings were performed in the aorta tissues. RESULTS In-vitro cell studies showed uptake of F-PBR06 to RAW264.7 cells. Micro-PET/CT imaging identified the atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic arch of ApoE mice successfully, whereas no signal was observed in C57 mice. The ratio of plaque-to-muscle in ApoE mice of 32 weeks was significantly higher than that in ApoE mice of 22 weeks, which was confirmed by CD68 immunofluorescence staining and F480 immunofluorescence staining. CONCLUSION TSPO radioligand F-PBR06 allows noninvasive PET/CT imaging of macrophage-abundant atherosclerotic plaques as well as positive correlation between PET imagings and ex-vivo immunofluorescence staining of plaques in mice with different ages, thereby representing a potential attractive tool for evaluating the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques towards rupture.
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Yu J, Pin S, Lin X, Su M, Bai M, Kim K. Photostable, hydrophilic, and near infrared quaterrylene-based dyes for photoacoustic imaging. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 93:1012-1019. [PMID: 30274031 PMCID: PMC6172961 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Novel near-infrared contrast agents based on the quaterrylene structure were strategically developed and tested for high photo-stability. Both a dendrimeric quaterrylene molecule, QR-G2-COOH, and a small molecule cationic quaterrylene dye, QR-4PyC4, remain optically stable and continue to generate a competitive photoacoustic response when irradiated by short near-infrared laser pulses for a relatively long time in an in-vitro cell study, unlike indocyanine green that rapidly decreases photoacoustic signal amplitude. The small molecule dye, QR-4PyC4 exhibits not only significantly higher cellular uptake rate than QR-G2-COOH and indocyanine green, but also low toxicity at a concentration of up to 10 μM. The dendrimeric dye, QR-G2-COOH that has surface functional groups available for conjugation with targeting and therapeutic agents shows the highest photoacoustic amplitude with high optical stability. Therefore, QR-4PyC4 can be a promising universal, sensitive and reliable photoacoustic contrast agent and QR-G2-COOH has great potential as a nano-platform with stable photoacoustic imaging capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesok Yu
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine & Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Shao Pin
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Xiangwei Lin
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine & Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Meng Su
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
| | - Kang Kim
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine & Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Battogtokh G, Choi YS, Kang DS, Park SJ, Shim MS, Huh KM, Cho YY, Lee JY, Lee HS, Kang HC. Mitochondria-targeting drug conjugates for cytotoxic, anti-oxidizing and sensing purposes: current strategies and future perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:862-880. [PMID: 30505656 PMCID: PMC6251809 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial targeting is a promising approach for solving current issues in clinical application of chemotherapy and diagnosis of several disorders. Here, we discuss direct conjugation of mitochondrial-targeting moieties to anticancer drugs, antioxidants and sensor molecules. Among them, the most widely applied mitochondrial targeting moiety is triphenylphosphonium (TPP), which is a delocalized cationic lipid that readily accumulates and penetrates through the mitochondrial membrane due to the highly negative mitochondrial membrane potential. Other moieties, including short peptides, dequalinium, guanidine, rhodamine, and F16, are also known to be promising mitochondrial targeting agents. Direct conjugation of mitochondrial targeting moieties to anticancer drugs, antioxidants and sensors results in increased cytotoxicity, anti-oxidizing activity and sensing activity, respectively, compared with their non-targeting counterparts, especially in drug-resistant cells. Although many mitochondria-targeted anticancer drug conjugates have been investigated in vitro and in vivo, further clinical studies are still needed. On the other hand, several mitochondria-targeting antioxidants have been analyzed in clinical phases I, II and III trials, and one conjugate has been approved for treating eye disease in Russia. There are numerous ongoing studies of mitochondria-targeted sensors.
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Key Words
- (Fx, r)3, (l-cyclohexyl alanine-d-arginine)3
- 4-AT, 4-amino-TEMPO
- 5-FU, 5-Fluorouracil
- AD, Alzheimer׳s disease
- AIE, aggregation-induced emission
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Anticancer agents
- Antioxidants
- Arg, arginine
- Aβ, beta amyloid
- BODIPY, boron-dipyrromethene
- C-dots, carbon dots
- CAT, catalase
- COX, cytochrome c oxidase
- CZBI, carbazole and benzo[e]indolium
- CoA, coenzyme A
- DDS, drug delivery system
- DEPMPO, 5-(diethylphosphono)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide
- DIPPMPO, 5-(diisopropoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide
- DQA, dequalinium
- Direct conjugation
- Dmt, dimethyltyrosine
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- F16, (E)-4-(1H-indol-3-ylvinyl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide
- GPX, glutathione peroxidase
- GS, gramicidin S
- HTPP, 5-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin
- IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane
- IMS, intermembrane space
- IOA, imidazole-substituted oleic acid
- LA, lipoic acid
- LAH2, dihydrolipoic acid
- Lys, lysine
- MET, mesenchymal-epithelial transition
- MLS, mitochondria localization sequences
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- MPP, mitochondria-penetrating peptides
- MitoChlor, TPP-chlorambucil
- MitoE, TPP-vitamin E
- MitoLA, TPP-lipoic acid
- MitoQ, TPP-ubiquinone
- MitoVES, TPP-vitamin E succinate
- Mitochondria-targeting
- Nit, nitrooxy
- NitDOX, nitrooxy-DOX
- OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- PD, Parkinson׳s disease
- PDT, photodynamic therapy
- PET, photoinduced electron transfer
- PS, photosensitizer
- PTPC, permeability transition pore complex
- Phe, phenylalanine
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SS peptide, Szeto-Schiller peptides
- Sensing agents
- SkQ1, Skulachev ion-quinone
- TEMPOL, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl
- TPEY-TEMPO, [2-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-ylimino)-ethyl]-triphenyl-phosphonium
- TPP, triphenylphosphonium
- Tyr, tyrosine
- VDAC/ANT, voltage-dependent anion channel/adenine nucleotide translocase
- VES, vitamin E succinate
- XO, xanthine oxidase
- mitoTEMPO, (2-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-ylamino)-2-oxoethyl)triphenylphosphonium)
- mtCbl, (Fx,r)3-chlorambucil
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- mtPt, mitochondria-targeting (Fx,r)3-platinum(II)
- nDNA, nuclear DNA
- αTOS, alpha-tocopheryl succinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gantumur Battogtokh
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Su Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Seop Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Park
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Shim
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
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Ling X, Zhang S, Liu Y, Bai M. Light-activatable cannabinoid prodrug for combined and target-specific photodynamic and cannabinoid therapy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-9. [PMID: 30334393 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.10.108001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are emerging as promising antitumor drugs. However, complete tumor eradication solely by cannabinoid therapy remains challenging. In this study, we developed a far-red light activatable cannabinoid prodrug, which allows for tumor-specific and combinatory cannabinoid and photodynamic therapy. This prodrug consists of a phthalocyanine photosensitizer (PS), reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive linker, and cannabinoid. It targets the type-2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) overexpressed in various types of cancers. Upon the 690-nm light irradiation, the PS produces cytotoxic ROS, which simultaneously cleaves the ROS-sensitive linker and subsequently releases the cannabinoid drug. We found that this unique multifunctional prodrug design offered dramatically improved therapeutic efficacy, and therefore provided a new strategy for targeted, controlled, and effective antitumor cannabinoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Ling
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Shaojuan Zhang
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Liu Y, Su M, Ling X, Liu F, Ge Y, Bai M. Combined CB2 receptor agonist and photodynamic therapy synergistically inhibit tumor growth in triple negative breast cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:185-191. [PMID: 30240926 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the deadliest form of breast cancer because it is more aggressive, diagnosed at later stage and more likely to develop local and systemic recurrence. Many patients do not experience adequate tumor control after current clinical treatments involving surgical removal, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, leading to disease progression and significantly decreased quality of life. Here we report a new combinatory therapy strategy involving cannabinoid-based medicine and photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of TNBC. This combinatory therapy targets two proteins upregulated in TNBC: the cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2R, a G-protein coupled receptor) and translocator protein (TSPO, a mitochondria membrane receptor). We found that the combined CB2R agonist and TSPO-PDT treatment resulted in synergistic inhibition in TNBC cell and tumor growth. This combinatory therapy approach provides new opportunities to treat TNBC with high efficacy. In addition, this study provides new evidence on the therapeutic potential of CB2R agonists for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, #1 Fuwai Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, China
| | - Shaojuan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Meng Su
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Ling
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Funan Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yinghui Ge
- Department of Radiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, #1 Fuwai Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, China.
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA.
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Han C, Zhang C, Ma T, Zhang C, Luo J, Xu X, Zhao H, Chen Y, Kong L. Hypericin-functionalized graphene oxide for enhanced mitochondria-targeting and synergistic anticancer effect. Acta Biomater 2018; 77:268-281. [PMID: 30006311 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Effective targeting of mitochondria has emerged as a beneficial strategy in cancer therapy. However, the development of mitochondria-targeting ligands is difficult because of the low permeability of the mitochondrial double membrane. We found that hypericin (HY), a natural product isolated from Hypericum perforatum L., is an effective mitochondria-targeting ligand. HY-functionalized graphene oxide (GO) loaded with doxorubicin (GO-PEG-SS-HY/DOX) increased the synergistic anticancer efficacy of phototherapy and chemotherapy in the absence of apparent adverse side effects. In vitro and in vivo assays suggested GO-PEG-SS-HY/DOX induced the expression of the key proteins of the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway and caused apoptosis of breast carcinoma cells. In addition, GO vehicle exhibited low toxicity toward normal cells, indicating high safety of functionalized GO preparations in antitumor therapy. Therefore, HY-functionalized GO can be successfully used as a platform technology to target mitochondria in cancer cells and improve the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Induction of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis is a promising approach in cancer therapy. However, mitochondria are difficult to access and permeate because of their negative membrane potential and highly dense double membrane. Mitochondria-targeting ligands can be conjugated to nanoparticles or small-molecule drugs to enhance their antitumor effect. Here, we showed that the natural photosensitizer hypericin is a novel mitochondria-targeting ligand and that graphene oxide particles co-loaded with hypericin and the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin exhibited a synergistic antitumor effect mediated by the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Treatment with such particles in combination with laser irradiation led to apoptosis of the tumor MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, treatment with hypericin/doxorubicin-functionalized graphene oxide had low cellular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Can Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ting Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jianguang Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Huijun Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Battogtokh G, Cho YY, Lee JY, Lee HS, Kang HC. Mitochondrial-Targeting Anticancer Agent Conjugates and Nanocarrier Systems for Cancer Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:922. [PMID: 30174604 PMCID: PMC6107715 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is an important intracellular organelle for drug targeting due to its key roles and functions in cellular proliferation and death. In the last few decades, several studies have revealed mitochondrial functions, attracting the focus of many researchers to work in this field over nuclear targeting. Mitochondrial targeting was initiated in 1995 with a triphenylphosphonium-thiobutyl conjugate as an antioxidant agent. The major driving force for mitochondrial targeting in cancer cells is the higher mitochondrial membrane potential compared with that of the cytosol, which allows some molecules to selectively target mitochondria. In this review, we discuss mitochondria-targeting ligand-conjugated anticancer agents and their in vitro and in vivo behaviors. In addition, we describe a mitochondria-targeting nanocarrier system for anticancer drug delivery. As previously reported, several agents have been known to have mitochondrial targeting potential; however, they are not sufficient for direct application for cancer therapy. Thus, many studies have focused on direct conjugation of targeting ligands to therapeutic agents to improve their efficacy. There are many variables for optimal mitochondria-targeted agent development, such as choosing a correct targeting ligand and linker. However, using the nanocarrier system could solve some issues related to solubility and selectivity. Thus, this review focuses on mitochondria-targeting drug conjugates and mitochondria-targeted nanocarrier systems for anticancer agent delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
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Ren G, Tang M, Chai F, Wu H. One-Pot Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent Carbon Dots from Spinach and Multipurpose Applications. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201701080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guojuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials; Colleges of Heilongjiang Province; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Normal University; 150025 Harbin P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials; Colleges of Heilongjiang Province; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Normal University; 150025 Harbin P. R. China
| | - Fang Chai
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials; Colleges of Heilongjiang Province; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Normal University; 150025 Harbin P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials; Colleges of Heilongjiang Province; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Normal University; 150025 Harbin P. R. China
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Ren G, Meng Y, Zhang Q, Tang M, Zhu B, Chai F, Wang C, Su Z. Nitrogen-doped carbon dots for the detection of mercury ions in living cells and visualization of latent fingerprints. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj05170k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) were synthesised using a simple and straightforward solvothermal method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Colleges of Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin 150025
| | - Yuxi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Colleges of Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin 150025
| | - Qi Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Colleges of Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin 150025
| | - Baoya Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Colleges of Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin 150025
| | - Fang Chai
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Colleges of Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin 150025
| | - Chungang Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Su
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
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Multilayer photodynamic therapy for highly effective and safe cancer treatment. Acta Biomater 2017; 54:271-280. [PMID: 28285077 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent efforts to develop tumor-targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) photosensitizers (PSs) have greatly advanced the potential of PDT in cancer therapy, although complete eradication of tumor cells by PDT alone remains challenging. As a way to improve PDT efficacy, we report a new combinatory PDT therapy technique that specifically targets multilayers of cells. Simply mixing different PDT PSs, even those that target distinct receptors (this may still lead to similar cell-killing pathways), may not achieve ideal therapeutic outcomes. Instead, significantly improved outcomes likely require synergistic therapies that target various cellular pathways. In this study, we target two proteins upregulated in cancers: the cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2R, a G-protein coupled receptor) and translocator protein (TSPO, a mitochondria membrane receptor). We found that the CB2R-targeted PS, IR700DX-mbc94, triggered necrotic cell death upon light irradiation, whereas PDT with the TSPO-targeted IR700DX-6T agent led to apoptotic cell death. Both PSs significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo in a target-specific manner. As expected, the combined CB2R- and TSPO-PDT resulted in enhanced cell killing efficacy and tumor inhibition with lower drug dose. The median survival time of animals with multilayer PDT treatment was extended by as much as 2.8-fold over single PDT treatment. Overall, multilayer PDT provides new opportunities to treat cancers with high efficacy and low side effects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly used as a minimally invasive, controllable and effective therapeutic procedure for cancer treatment. However, complete eradication of tumor cells by PDT alone remains challenging. In this study, we investigate the potential of multilayer PDT in cancer treatment with high efficacy and low side effects. Through PDT targeting two cancer biomarkers located at distinct subcellular localizations, remarkable synergistic effects in cancer cell killing and tumor inhibition were observed in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. This strategy may be widely applied to treat various cancer types by using strategically designed PDT photosensitizers that target corresponding upregulated receptors at tactical subcellular localization.
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dos Santos AF, Terra LF, Wailemann RAM, Oliveira TC, Gomes VDM, Mineiro MF, Meotti FC, Bruni-Cardoso A, Baptista MS, Labriola L. Methylene blue photodynamic therapy induces selective and massive cell death in human breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:194. [PMID: 28298203 PMCID: PMC5353937 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the main cause of mortality among women. The disease presents high recurrence mainly due to incomplete efficacy of primary treatment in killing all cancer cells. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), an approach that causes tissue destruction by visible light in the presence of a photosensitizer (Ps) and oxygen, appears as a promising alternative therapy that could be used adjunct to chemotherapy and surgery for curing cancer. However, the efficacy of PDT to treat breast tumours as well as the molecular mechanisms that lead to cell death remain unclear. METHODS In this study, we assessed the cell-killing potential of PDT using methylene blue (MB-PDT) in three breast epithelial cell lines that represent non-malignant conditions and different molecular subtypes of breast tumours. Cells were incubated in the absence or presence of MB and irradiated or not at 640 nm with 4.5 J/cm2. We used a combination of imaging and biochemistry approaches to assess the involvement of classical autophagic and apoptotic pathways in mediating the cell-deletion induced by MB-PDT. The role of these pathways was investigated using specific inhibitors, activators and gene silencing. RESULTS We observed that MB-PDT differentially induces massive cell death of tumour cells. Non-malignant cells were significantly more resistant to the therapy compared to malignant cells. Morphological and biochemical analysis of dying cells pointed to alternative mechanisms rather than classical apoptosis. MB-PDT-induced autophagy modulated cell viability depending on the cell model used. However, impairment of one of these pathways did not prevent the fatal destination of MB-PDT treated cells. Additionally, when using a physiological 3D culture model that recapitulates relevant features of normal and tumorous breast tissue morphology, we found that MB-PDT differential action in killing tumour cells was even higher than what was detected in 2D cultures. CONCLUSIONS Finally, our observations underscore the potential of MB-PDT as a highly efficient strategy which could use as a powerful adjunct therapy to surgery of breast tumours, and possibly other types of tumours, to safely increase the eradication rate of microscopic residual disease and thus minimizing the chance of both local and metastatic recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancély F. dos Santos
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Letícia F. Terra
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Rosangela A. M. Wailemann
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Talita C. Oliveira
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Vinícius de Morais Gomes
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Marcela Franco Mineiro
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Flávia Carla Meotti
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Alexandre Bruni-Cardoso
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Maurício S. Baptista
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Leticia Labriola
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
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van Straten D, Mashayekhi V, de Bruijn HS, Oliveira S, Robinson DJ. Oncologic Photodynamic Therapy: Basic Principles, Current Clinical Status and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9020019. [PMID: 28218708 PMCID: PMC5332942 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved cancer therapy, based on a photochemical reaction between a light activatable molecule or photosensitizer, light, and molecular oxygen. When these three harmless components are present together, reactive oxygen species are formed. These can directly damage cells and/or vasculature, and induce inflammatory and immune responses. PDT is a two-stage procedure, which starts with photosensitizer administration followed by a locally directed light exposure, with the aim of confined tumor destruction. Since its regulatory approval, over 30 years ago, PDT has been the subject of numerous studies and has proven to be an effective form of cancer therapy. This review provides an overview of the clinical trials conducted over the last 10 years, illustrating how PDT is applied in the clinic today. Furthermore, examples from ongoing clinical trials and the most recent preclinical studies are presented, to show the directions, in which PDT is headed, in the near and distant future. Despite the clinical success reported, PDT is still currently underutilized in the clinic. We also discuss the factors that hamper the exploration of this effective therapy and what should be changed to render it a more effective and more widely available option for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demian van Straten
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
| | - Vida Mashayekhi
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
| | - Henriette S de Bruijn
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Postbox 204, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands.
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands.
| | - Dominic J Robinson
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Postbox 204, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands.
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Li W, Xie Q, Lai L, Mo Z, Peng X, Leng E, Zhang D, Sun H, Li Y, Mei W, Gao S. In vitro evaluation of ruthenium complexes for photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 18:83-94. [PMID: 28193566 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising anti-tumor treatment strategy. Photosensitizer is one of the most important components of PDT. In this work, the anticancer activities of PDT mediated by six new ruthenium porphyrin complexes were screened. The mechanisms of the most efficacious candidate were investigated. METHODS Photocytotoxicity of the six porphyrins was tested. The most promising complex, Rup-03, was further investigated using Geimsa staining, which indirectly detects reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subcellular localization. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cell apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, c-Myc gene expression, and telomerase activities were also assayed. RESULTS Rup-03 and Rup-04 had the lowest IC50 values. Rup-03 had an IC50 value of 29.5±2.3μM in HepG2 cells and 59.0±6.1μM in RAW264.7 cells, while Rup-04 had an IC50 value of 40.0±3.8μM in SGC-7901 cells. The complexes also induced cellular morphological changes and impaired cellular ability to scavenge ROS, and accumulated preferentially in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Rup-03 reduced MMP levels, induced apoptosis, and repressed both c-Myc mRNA expression and telomerase activity in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Among six candidates, Rup-03-mediated PDT is most effective against HepG2 and RAW264.7, with a similar efficacy as that of Rup-04-mediated PDT against SGC-7901 cells. Repression of ROS scavenging activities and c-Myc expression, which mediated DNA damage-induced cell apoptosis and repression of telomerase activity, respectively, were found to be involved in the anticancer mechanisms of Rup-03.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Li
- Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519041, China.
| | - Qiang Xie
- The Third Affiliation Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Linglin Lai
- Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519041, China
| | - Zhentao Mo
- Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519041, China
| | - Xiaofang Peng
- Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519041, China
| | - Ennian Leng
- Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519041, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519041, China
| | - Hongxia Sun
- Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519041, China
| | - Yiqi Li
- Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519041, China
| | - Wenjie Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Shuying Gao
- Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519041, China
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Liu Y, Li H, Xie J, Zhou M, Huang H, Lu H, Chai Z, Chen J, Hu Y. Facile construction of mitochondria-targeting nanoparticles for enhanced phototherapeutic effects. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:1022-1031. [DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00878j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An illustration of the preparation of ICG/rPAA@SWCNT nanoparticles which target mitochondria for amplifying photodynamic therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Road Structure and Material of Ministry of Transport
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation
- Changsha University of Science and Technology
- Changsha 410114
- P.R. China
| | - Heping Li
- Key Laboratory of Road Structure and Material of Ministry of Transport
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation
- Changsha University of Science and Technology
- Changsha 410114
- P.R. China
| | - Jin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Mengxue Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Hui Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Huiru Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Zhifang Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Jun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Yi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
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46
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Jiang S, Zhu R, He X, Wang J, Wang M, Qian Y, Wang S. Enhanced photocytotoxicity of curcumin delivered by solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 12:167-178. [PMID: 28053531 PMCID: PMC5191853 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s123107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (Cur) is a promising photosensitizer that could be used in photodynamic therapy. However, its poor solubility and hydrolytic instability limit its clinical use. The aim of the present study was to encapsulate Cur into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) in order to improve its therapeutic activity. The Cur-loaded SLNs (Cur-SLNs) were prepared using an emulsification and low-temperature solidification method. The functions of Cur and Cur-SLNs were studied on the non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells for photodynamic therapy. The results revealed that Cur-SLNs induced ~2.27-fold toxicity higher than free Cur at a low concentration of 15 μM under light excitation, stocking more cell cycle at G2/M phase. Cur-SLNs could act as an efficient drug delivery system to increase the intracellular concentration of Cur and its accumulation in mitochondria; meanwhile, the hydrolytic stability of free Cur could be improved. Furthermore, Cur-SLNs exposed to 430 nm light could produce more reactive oxygen species to induce the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blot analysis revealed that Cur-SLNs increased the expression of caspase-3, caspase-9 proteins and promoted the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. Overall, the results from these studies demonstrated that the SLNs could enhance the phototoxic effects of Cur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Tenth People's Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Tenth People's Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University
| | - Xiaolie He
- Tenth People's Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University
| | - Jiao Wang
- Tenth People's Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University
| | - Mei Wang
- Tenth People's Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University
| | - Yechang Qian
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilong Wang
- Tenth People's Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University
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47
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Pereira PMR, Silva S, Bispo M, Zuzarte M, Gomes C, Girão H, Cavaleiro JAS, Ribeiro CAF, Tomé JPC, Fernandes R. Mitochondria-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy with a Galactodendritic Chlorin to Enhance Cell Death in Resistant Bladder Cancer Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2762-2769. [PMID: 27750007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the rational design of a new third-generation photosensitizer (PS), a chlorin conjugated with galactodendritic units, ChlGal8, to improve the effectiveness of bladder cancer treatment. ChlGal8 shows better photochemical and photophysical properties than a recently reported homologous porphyrin, PorGal8. In addition to inheriting excellent photostability, the ability to generate singlet oxygen, and the ability to interact with the proteins galectin-1 and human serum albumin (HSA), ChlGal8 exhibits high absorption in the red region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In vitro studies of anticancer activity of ChlGal8 revealed that once this PS is taken up by UM-UC-3 bladder cancer cells, it induces high cytotoxicity after a single dose of light irradiation. In HT-1376 bladder cancer cells resistant to therapy, a second light irradiation treatment enhanced in vitro and in vivo photodynamic efficacy. The enhanced phototoxicity in HT-1376 cancer cells seems to be due to the ability of ChlGal8 to accumulate in the mitochondria, via facilitative glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), in the period between single and repeated irradiation. A photodynamic therapy (PDT) regimen using an extra dose of light irradiation and ChlGal8 as PS represents a promising strategy in treating resistant cancers in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M R Pereira
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.,IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandrina Silva
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Bispo
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mónica Zuzarte
- IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Célia Gomes
- IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics, and Oncobiology , 3001-301 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José A S Cavaleiro
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos A F Ribeiro
- IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João P C Tomé
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.,CQE, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Avenue Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics, and Oncobiology , 3001-301 Coimbra, Portugal
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48
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Li KT, Chen Q, Wang DW, Duan QQ, Tian S, He JW, Ou YS, Bai DQ. Mitochondrial pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress participate in the photosensitizing effectiveness of AE-PDT in MG63 cells. Cancer Med 2016; 5:3186-3193. [PMID: 27700017 PMCID: PMC5119974 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment in cancer therapy, with a photosensitizer activated by visible light. Aloe‐emodin (AE) is a promising photosensitive agent. In this study, the photosensitizing effects and possible mechanisms of AE‐PDT in MG63 cells were evaluated. The efficiency of AE‐PDT was analyzed by MTT assay. The mode of cell death was investigated by Hoechst 33,342 staining and flow cytometer. The intracellular distribution of AE was detected with confocal microscopy. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by DCFH‐DA. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was measured by Rhodamine 123. The expression of proteins including cytochrome c, caspase‐3, ‐9, and ‐12, CHOP and GRP78 was detected by western blot. Apoptosis is the primary mode of cell death in our study, which occurs in a manner of depending on AE concentration and irradiation dose. Confocal microscopy showed that AE was primarily localized on the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of MG63 cells. AE‐PDT resulted in rapid increases of intracellular ROS production, which reached a peak at 2 h, followed by declining of mitochondrial membrane potential, releasing of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, and up‐regulation of caspase‐3, ‐9, and ‐12, CHOP and GRP78. These results suggest that death of MG63 cells induced by AE‐PDT is triggered by ROS. Meanwhile, Mitochondria and ER serve as the subcellular targets, which are responsible for AE‐PDT‐induced death of MG63 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ting Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Da-Wu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin-Qin Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Longquan, Chengdu, China
| | - Si Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan-Wen He
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun-Sheng Ou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ding-Qun Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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49
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Wu J, Xiao Q, Zhang N, Xue C, Leung AW, Zhang H, Xu C, Tang QJ. Photodynamic action of palmatine hydrochloride on colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 15:53-8. [PMID: 27181460 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Palmatine hydrochloride (PaH) is a natural active compound from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The present study aims to evaluate the effect of PaH as a new photosensitizer on colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells upon light irradiation. Firstly, the absorption and fluorescence spectra of PaH were measured using a UV-vis spectrophotometer and RF-1500PC spectrophotometer, respectively. Singlet oxygen ((1)O2) production of PaH was determined using 1, 3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF). Dark toxicity of PaH was estimated using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cellular uptake of PaH in HT-29 cells was detected at different time intervals. Subellular localization of PaH in HT-29 cells was observed using confocal laser fluorescence microscopy. For photodynamic treatment, HT-29 cells were incubated with PaH and then irradiated by visible light (470nm) from a LED light source. Photocytotoxicity was investigated 24h after photodynamic treatment using MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was observed 18h after photodynamic treatment using a flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI staining. Results showed that PaH has an absorption peak in the visible region from 400nm to 500nm and a fluorescence emission peak at 406nm with an excitation wavelength of 365nm. PaH was activated by the 470nm visible light from a LED light source to produce (1)O2. Dark toxicity showed that PaH alone treatment had no cytotoxicity to HT-29 cancer cells and NIH-3T3 normal cells after incubation for 24h. After incubation for 40min, the cellular uptake of PaH reached to the maximum and PaH was located in mitochondria. Photodynamic treatment of PaH demonstrated a significant photocytotoxicity on HT-29 cells. The rate of cell death increased significantly in a PaH concentration-dependent and light dose-dependent manner. Further evaluation revealed that the early and late apoptotic rate of HT-29 cells increased remarkably up to 21.54% and 5.39% after photodynamic treatment of PaH at the concentration of 5μM and energy density of 10.8J/cm(2). Our findings demonstrated that PaH as a naturally occurring photosensitizer has potential in photodynamic therapy on colon adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Laboratory of Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Qicai Xiao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Laboratory of Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Changhu Xue
- Laboratory of Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Albert Wingnang Leung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chuanshan Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Qing-Juan Tang
- Laboratory of Food Science and Human Health, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China.
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50
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Roncaroli F, Su Z, Herholz K, Gerhard A, Turkheimer FE. TSPO expression in brain tumours: is TSPO a target for brain tumour imaging? Clin Transl Imaging 2016; 4:145-156. [PMID: 27077069 PMCID: PMC4820497 DOI: 10.1007/s40336-016-0168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) alone or in combination with MRI is increasingly assuming a central role in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for brain tumours with the aim of addressing tumour heterogeneity, assisting in patient stratification, and contributing to predicting treatment response. The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is expressed in high-grade gliomas, while its expression is comparatively low in normal brain. In addition, the evidence of elevated TSPO in neoplastic cells has led to studies investigating TSPO as a transporter of anticancer drugs for brain delivery and a selective target for tumour tissue. The TSPO therefore represents an ideal candidate for molecular imaging studies. Knowledge of the biology of TSPO in normal brain cells, in-depth understanding of TSPO functions and biodistribution in neoplastic cells, accurate methods for quantification of uptake of TSPO tracers and pharmacokinetic data regarding TSPO-targeted drugs are required before introducing TSPO PET and TSPO-targeted treatment in clinical practice. In this review, we will discuss the impact of preclinical PET studies and the application of TSPO imaging in human brain tumours, the advantages and disadvantages of TSPO imaging compared to other imaging modalities and other PET tracers, and pathology studies on the extent and distribution of TSPO in gliomas. The suitability of TSPO as molecular target for treatment of brain tumours will also be the appraised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Roncaroli
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, 7 Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester, M20 3LJ UK
| | - Zhangjie Su
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, 7 Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester, M20 3LJ UK
| | - Karl Herholz
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, 7 Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester, M20 3LJ UK
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, 7 Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester, M20 3LJ UK
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