Investigation of functional selenium nanoparticles as potent antimicrobial agents against superbugs

A comprehensive review on recent advancements in drug delivery via selenium nanoparticles

Nanotechnology has significantly impacted drug discovery and development over the past three decades, offering novel insights and expanded treatment options. Key to this field is nanoparticles, ranging from 1 to 100 nanometres, with unique properties distinct from larger materials. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are particularly promising due to their low toxicity and selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells. They have shown efficacy in reducing various cancers types and mitigating conditions like diabetic nephropathy and neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. This review highlights SeNPs' role in enhancing drug delivery systems, improving the absorption of water-soluble compounds, proteins, peptides, vaccines, and other biological therapies. By modifying nanoparticle surfaces with targeting ligands, drug delivery can achieve precise site-specific delivery, increasing effectiveness. SeNPs can be synthesised through physical, chemical, and biological methods, each offering advantages in stability, size, and application potential. Additionally, SeNPs enhance immune responses and reduce oxidative stress, validating their role in biotherapy and nanomedicine. Their ability to target macrophages and regulate polarisation underscores their potential in antimicrobial therapies. Recent advancements, such as mannosylated SeNPs for targeted delivery, exemplify innovative nanotechnology applications in medicine. Overall, SeNPs represent a promising frontier in nanomedicine, offering new avenues for treating and managing various diseases.

Silver-quercetin-loaded honeycomb-like Ti-based interface combats infection-triggered excessive inflammation via specific bactericidal and macrophage reprogramming

Excessive inflammation caused by bacterial infection is the primary cause of implant failure. Antibiotic treatment often fails to prevent peri-implant infection and may induce unexpected drug resistance. Herein, a non-antibiotic strategy based on the synergy of silver ion release and macrophage reprogramming is proposed for preventing infection and bacteria-induced inflammation suppression by the organic-inorganic hybridization of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) and quercetin (Que) into a polydopamine (PDA)-based coating on the 3D framework of porous titanium (SQPdFT). Once the planktonic bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) reach the surface of SQPdFT, released Que disrupts the bacterial membrane. Then, AgNP can penetrate the invading bacterium and kill them, which further inhibits the biofilm formation. Simultaneously, released Que can regulate macrophage polarization homeostasis via the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ)-mediated nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway, thereby terminating excessive inflammatory responses. These advantages facilitate the adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), concomitantly suppressing osteoclast maturation, and eventually conferring superior mechanical stability to SQPdFT within the medullary cavity. In summary, owing to its excellent antibacterial effect, immune remodeling function, and pro-osteointegration ability, SQPdFT is a promising protective coating for titanium-based implants used in orthopedic replacement surgery.

One-Step Synthesis of Antimicrobial Polypeptide-Selenium Nanoparticles Exhibiting Broad-Spectrum Efficacy against Bacteria and Fungi with Superior Resistance Prevention

The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) necessitates innovative strategies beyond conventional antibiotics. In response, we developed a rapid one-step method to sythesize antimicrobial peptide (AMP) ε-poly-L-lysine stabilized selenium nanoparticles (ε-PL-Se NPs). These polycrystalline NPs with highly positive net surface charges, exhibited superior antimicrobial activity against a broad panel of pathogens, including the Gram-positive and -negative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their drug-resistant counterparts, as well as the yeast Candida albicans. Notably, 10PL-Se NPs exhibited 6-log reduction of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) at a concentration of 5 μg/mL within 90 min, with minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) below 50 μg/mL for all tested bacterial strains. The minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 10PL-Se NPs against C. albicans was 26 ± 10 μg/mL. Crucially, bacteria exposed to ε-PL-Se NPs exhibited significantly delayed resistance development compared to the conventional antibiotic kanamycin. S. aureus developed resistance to kanamycin after ∼72 generations, whereas resistance to 10PL-Se NPs emerged after ∼216 generations. Remarkably, E. coli showed resistance to kanamycin after ∼39 generations but failed to develop resistance to 10PL-Se NPs even after 300 generations. This work highlights the synergistic interactions between ε-PL and Se NPs, offering a robust and scalable strategy to combat AMR.

Characterization and biological activity of selenium nanoparticles biosynthesized by Yarrowia lipolytica

In this research, biogenic selenium nanoparticles were produced by the fungi Yarrowia lipolytica, and the biological activity of its nanoparticles was studied for the first time. The electron microscopy analyses showed the production of nanoparticles were intracellular and the resulting particles were extracted and characterized by XRD, zeta potential, FESEM, EDX, FTIR spectroscopy and DLS. These analyses showed amorphous spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 110 nm and a Zeta potential of -34.51 ± 2.41 mV. Signatures of lipids and proteins were present in the capping layer of biogenic selenium nanoparticles based on FTIR spectra. The antimicrobial properties of test strains showed that Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis were inhibited at concentrations between 160 and 640 μg/mL, while the growth of Candida albicans was hindered by 80 μg/mL of biogenic selenium nanoparticles. At concentrations between 0.5 and 1.5 mg/mL of biogenic selenium nanoparticles inhibited up to 50% of biofilm formation of Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, the concentration of 20-640 μg/mL of these bioSeNPs showed antioxidant activity. Evaluating the cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles on the HUVEC and HepG2 cell lines did not show any significant toxicity within MIC concentrations of SeNPs. This defines that Y. lipolytica synthesized SeNPs have strong potential to be exploited as antimicrobial agents against pathogens of WHO concern.

Unveiling Green Synthesis and Biomedical Theranostic paradigms of Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs) - A state-of-the-art comprehensive update

The advancements in nanotechnology, pharmaceutical sciences, and healthcare are propelling the field of theranostics, which combines therapy and diagnostics, to new heights; emphasizing the emergence of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) as versatile theranostic agents. This comprehensive update offers a holistic perspective on recent developments in the synthesis and theranostic applications of SeNPs, underscoring their growing importance in nanotechnology and healthcare. SeNPs have shown significant potential in multiple domains, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, wound healing, and cytoprotective therapies. The review highlights the adaptability and biocompatibility of SeNPs, which are crucial for advanced disease detection, monitoring, and personalized treatment. Special emphasis is placed on advancements in green synthesis techniques, underscoring their eco-friendly and cost-effective benefits in biosensing, diagnostics, imaging and therapeutic applications. Additionally, the appraisal scrutinizes the progressive trends in smart stimuli-responsive SeNPs, conferring their role in innovative solutions for disease management and diagnostics. Despite their promising therapeutic and prophylactic potential, SeNPs also present several challenges, particularly regarding toxicity concerns. These challenges and their implications for clinical translation are thoroughly explored, providing a balanced view of the current state and prospects of SeNPs in theranostic applications.

Use of nanotechnology-based nanomaterial as a substitute for antibiotics in monogastric animals

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising solution for tackling antibiotic resistance in monogastric animals, providing innovative methods to enhance animal health and well-being. This review explores the novel use of nanotechnology-based nanomaterials as substitutes for antibiotics in monogastric animals. With growing global concerns about antibiotic resistance and the need for sustainable practices in animal husbandry, nanotechnology offers a compelling avenue to address these challenges. The objectives of this review are to find out the potential of nanomaterials in improving animal health while reducing reliance on conventional antibiotics. We examine various forms of nanomaterials and their roles in promoting gut health and also emphasize fresh perspectives brought by integrating nanotechnology into animal healthcare. Additionally, we delve into the mechanisms underlying the antibacterial properties of nanomaterials and their effectiveness in combating microbial resistance. By shedding light on the transformative role of nanotechnology in animal production systems. This review contributes to our understanding of how nanotechnology can provide safer and more sustainable alternatives to antibiotics.

PLGA and PDMS-based in situ forming implants loaded with rosuvastatin and copper-selenium nanoparticles: a promising dual-effect formulation with augmented antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity in breast cancer cells

Breast cancer is among the most prevalent tumors worldwide. In this study, in-situ forming implants (ISFIs) containing rosuvastatin calcium were prepared using three types of poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), namely, PLGA 50/50 with ester terminal and PLGA 75/25 with ester or acid terminal. Additionally, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was added in concentrations of 0, 10, 20, and 30% w/v to accelerate matrix formation. The prepared ISFIs were characterized for their rheological behaviors, rate of matrix formation, and in-vitro drug release. All the prepared formulations revealed a Newtonian flow with a matrix formation rate between 0.017 and 0.059 mm/min. Generally, increasing the concentration of PDMS increased the matrix formation rate. The prepared implants' release efficiency values ranged between 46.39 and 89.75%. The ISFI containing PLGA 50/50 with 30% PDMS was selected for further testing, as it has the highest matrix formation rate and a promising release efficiency value. Copper-selenium nanoparticles were prepared with two different particle sizes (560 and 383 nm for CS1 and CS2, respectively) and loaded into the selected formulation to enhance its anticancer activity. The unloaded and loaded implants with rosuvastatin and copper-selenium nanoparticles were evaluated for their antibacterial activity, against Gram-positive and negative microorganisms, and anticancer efficacy, against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The results confirmed the potency of rosuvastatin calcium against cancer cells and the synergistic effect when loaded with smaller particle sizes of copper-selenium nanoparticles. This formulation holds a considerable potential for efficient breast cancer therapy.

Recent advances in the therapeutic applications of selenium nanoparticles

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are an appealing carrier for the targeted delivery. The selenium nanoparticles are gaining global attention because of the potential therapeutic applications in several diseases e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), asthma, liver, and various autoimmune disorders like psoriasis, cancer, diabetes, and a variety of infectious diseases. Despite the fact still there is no recent literature that summarises the therapeutic applications of SeNPs. There are some challenges that need to be addressed like finding targets for SeNPs in various diseases, and the various functionalization techniques utilized to increase SeNP's stability while facilitating wide drug-loaded SeNP distribution to tumor areas and preventing off-target impacts need to focus on understanding more about the therapeutic aspects for better understanding the science behind it. Keeping that in mind we have focused on this gap and try to summarize all recent key targeted therapies for SeNPs in cancer treatment and the numerous functionalization strategies. We have also focused on recent advancements in SeNP functionalization methodologies and mechanisms for biomedical applications, particularly in anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-infection therapeutics. Based on our observation we found that SeNPs could potentially be useful in suppressing viral epidemics, like the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, in complement to their antibacterial and antiparasitic uses. SeNPs are significant nanoplatforms with numerous desirable properties for clinical translation.

In vitro assessment of the effect of magnetic fields on efficacy of biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles by Alborzia kermanshahica

Cyanobacteria represent a rich resource of a wide array of unique bioactive compounds that are proving to be potent sources of anticancer drugs. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have shown an increasing potential as major therapeutic platforms and led to the production of higher levels of ROS that can present desirable anticancer properties. Chitosan-SeNPs have also presented antitumor properties against hepatic cancer cell lines, especially the Cht-NP (Chitosan-NPs), promoting ROS generation and mitochondria dysfunction. It is proposed that magnetic fields can add new dimensions to nanoparticle applications. Hence, in this study, the biosynthesis of SeNPs using Alborzia kermanshahica and chitosan (CS) as stabilizers has been developed. The SeNPs synthesis was performed at different cyanobacterial cultivation conditions, including control (without magnetic field) and magnetic fields of 30 mT and 60 mT. The SeNPs were characterized by uv-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and TEM. In addition, the antibacterial activity, inhibition of bacterial growth, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), as well as the antifungal activity and cytotoxicity of SeNPs, were performed. The results of uv-visible spectrometry, DLS, and zeta potential showed that 60 mT had the highest value regarding the adsorption, size, and stabilization in compared to the control. FTIR spectroscopy results showed consistent spectra, but the increased intensity of peaks indicates an increase in bond number after exposure to 30 mT and 60 mT. The results of the antibacterial activity and the inhibition zone diameter of synthesized nanoparticles showed that Staphylococcus aureus was more sensitive to nanoparticles produced under 60 mT. Se-NPs produced by Alborzia kermanshahica cultured under a 60 mT magnetic field exhibit potent antimicrobial and anticancer properties, making them a promising natural agent for use in the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries.

In vitro digestion and characterization of selenized Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia fermentans and probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Yeasts have the remarkable capability to transform and integrate inorganic selenium into their cellular structures, thereby enhancing its bioavailability and reducing its toxicity. In recent years, yeasts have attracted attention as potential alternative sources of protein.

METHODS

This study explores the selenium accumulation potential of two less explored yeast strains, namely the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii CCDM 2020 and Pichia fermentas CCDM 2012, in comparison to the extensively studied Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCDM 272. Our investigation encompassed diverse stress conditions. Subsequently, the selenized yeasts were subjected to an INFOGEST gastrointestinal model. The adherence and hydrophobicity were determined with undigested cells RESULTS: Stress conditions had an important role in influencing the quantity and size of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) generated by the tested yeasts. Remarkably, SeMet synthesis was limited to Pichia fermentas CCDM 2012 and S. boulardii CCDM 2020, with S. cerevisiae CCDM 272 not displaying SeMet production at all. Throughout the simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the most substantial release of SeCys2, SeMet, and SeNPs from the selenized yeasts occurred during the intestinal phase. Notably, exception was found in strain CCDM 272, where the majority of particles were released during the oral phase.

CONCLUSION

The utilization of both traditional and non-traditional selenized yeast types, harnessed for their noted functional attributes, holds potential for expanding the range of products available while enhancing their nutritional value and health benefits.

Antimicrobial research of carbohydrate polymer- and protein-based hydrogels as reservoirs for the generation of reactive oxygen species: A review

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in biological milieu. Recently, the rapid growth in our understanding of ROS and their promise in antibacterial applications has generated tremendous interest in the combination of ROS generators with bulk hydrogels. Hydrogels represent promising supporters for ROS generators and can locally confine the nanoscale distribution of ROS generators whilst also promoting cellular integration via biomaterial-cell interactions. This review highlights recent efforts and progress in developing hydrogels derived from biological macromolecules with embedded ROS generators with a focus on antimicrobial applications. Initially, an overview of passive and active antibacterial hydrogels is provided to show the significance of proper hydrogel selection and design. These are followed by an in-depth discussion of the various approaches for ROS generation in hydrogels. The structural engineering and fabrication of ROS-laden hydrogels are given with a focus on their biomedical applications in therapeutics and diagnosis. Additionally, we discuss how a compromise needs to be sought between ROS generation and removal for maximizing the efficacy of therapeutic treatment. Finally, the current challenges and potential routes toward commercialization in this rapidly evolving field are discussed, focusing on the potential translation of laboratory research outcomes to real-world clinical outcomes.

Selenium Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Examination of Synthesis Techniques and Their Diverse Applications in Medical Research and Toxicology Studies

Selenium is a trace and necessary micronutrient for human, animal, and microbial health. Many researchers have recently been interested in selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) due to their biocompatibility, bioavailability, and low toxicity. As a result of their greater bioactivity, selenium nanoparticles are widely employed in a variety of biological applications. Physical, chemical, and biological approaches can all be used to synthesize selenium nanoparticles. Since it uses non-toxic solvents and operates at a suitable temperature, the biological technique is a preferable option. This review article addresses the processes implemented in the synthesis of SeNPs and highlights their medicinal uses, such as the treatment of fungi, bacteria, cancer, and wounds. Furthermore, we discuss the most recent findings on the potential of several biological materials for selenium nanoparticle production. The precursor, extract, process, time, temperature, and other synthesis criteria will be elaborated in conjunction with the product's physical properties (size, shape, and stability). The synergies of SeNP synthesis via various methods aid future researchers in precisely synthesizing SeNPs and using them in desired applications.

Selenium nanoparticles incorporated in nanofibers media eliminate H1N1 activity: a novel approach for virucidal antiviral and antibacterial respiratory mask

The consecutive viral infectious outbreaks impose severe complications on public health besides the economic burden which led to great interest in antiviral personal protective equipment (PPE). Nanofiber-based respiratory mask has been introduced as a significant barrier to eliminate the airborne transmission from aerosols toward reduction the viral infection spreading. Herein, selenium nanoparticles incorporated in polyamide 6 nanofibers coated on spunbond nonwoven were synthesized via electrospinning technique (PA6@SeNPs), with an average diameter of 180 ± 2 nm. The nanofiber-coated media were tested for 0.3 μm particulate filtration efficiency based on Standard NIOSH (42 CFR 84). PA6@SeNPs had a pressure drop of 45 ± 2 Pa and particulate filtration efficiency of more than 97.33 which is comparable to the N95 respiratory mask. The bacterial killing efficiency of these nanofibers was 91.25% and 16.67% against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), respectively. Furthermore, the virucidal antiviral test for H1N1 infected Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells (MDCK) exhibited TCID50 of 108.13, 105.88, and 105.5 for 2, 10, and 120 min of exposure times in comparison with 108.5, 107.5, and 106.5 in PA6 nanofibers as control sample. MTT assay indicated excellent biocompatibility of electrospun PA6@SeNP nanofibers on L292 cells. These results propose the PA6@SeNP nanofibers have a high potential to be used as an efficient layer in respiratory masks for protection against respiratory pathogens.

Highly elastic photothermal nanofibrillated cellulose aerogels for solar-assisted efficient cleanup of viscous oil spill

Frequent oil spills and illegal industrial pollutant discharge cause ecological and resource damages, so it is necessary to establish efficient adsorption and recovery strategies for oils in wastewater. Herein, inspired by solar-driven viscosity-breaking, we propose a facile approach to fabricate multifunctional nanofibrillated cellulose-based aerogel with high elasticity, excellent photothermal conversion, efficient selective oil adsorption and antibacterial properties. Firstly, copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles were in situ deposited on the template of oxidative nanofibrillated cellulose (ONC), aiming at achieving efficient photothermal effect and antibacterial properties. Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) was employed to establish multiple crosslinking network between CuS@ONC and polyethyleneimine (PEI). A thin hydrophobic PMTS layer deposited on the surface of aerogel via a facile gas-solid reaction ensured stable oil selectivity. The resulting composite aerogel can rapidly adsorb oil under solar self-heating, significantly reducing the adsorption time from 25 to 5 min. Furthermore, it exhibits excellent adsorption capacities for various oils, retaining over 92 % of its initial capacity even after 20 adsorption-desorption cycles, and the antibacterial properties extend its lifespan. This work offers a promising method for constructing multifunctional aerogels for efficient oil-water separation, especially beneficial for high-viscosity and high-melting-point oil cleanup.

Cytocompatibility, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of a Mucoadhesive Biopolymeric Hydrogel Embedding Selenium Nanoparticles Phytosynthesized by Sea Buckthorn Leaf Extract

Phytosynthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are less toxic than the inorganic salts of selenium and show high antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Chitosan prevents microbial biofilm formation and can also determine microbial biofilm dispersal. Never-dried bacterial nanocellulose (NDBNC) is an efficient carrier of bioactive compounds and a flexible nanofibrillar hydrophilic biopolymer. This study aimed to develop a selenium-enriched hydrogel nanoformulation (Se-HNF) based on NDBNC from kombucha fermentation and fungal chitosan with embedded biogenic SeNPs phytosynthesized by an aqueous extract of sea buckthorn leaves (SbLEx)-SeNPsSb-in order to both disperse gingival dysbiotic biofilm and prevent its development. We determined the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of SbLEx. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for the identification of polyphenols from SbLEx. SeNPsSb were characterized by transmission electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) in small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS). The hydrogel nanoformulation with embedded SeNPsSb was characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, rheology, mucin binding efficiency, contact angle and interfacial tension measurements. We also assessed the in vitro biocompatibility, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential of SeNPsSb and Se-HNF. TEM, DLS and SAXS evidenced polydisperse SeNPsSb, whereas FTIR highlighted a heterogeneous biocorona with various biocompounds. The contact angle on the polar surface was smaller (52.82 ± 1.23°) than that obtained on the non-polar surface (73.85 ± 0.39°). The interfacial tension was 97.6 ± 0.47 mN/m. The mucin binding efficiency of Se-HNF decreased as the amount of hydrogel decreased, and the SEM analysis showed a relatively compact structure upon mucin contact. FTIR and XRD analyses of Se-HNF evidenced an interaction between BNC and CS through characteristic peak shifting, and the rheological measurements highlighted a pseudoplastic behavior, 0.186 N adhesion force and 0.386 adhesion energy. The results showed a high degree of cytocompatibility and the significant antioxidant and antimicrobial efficiency of SeNPsSb and Se-HNF.

Selenium nanoparticles: Enhanced nutrition and beyond

Selenium is a trace nutrient that has both nutritional and nutraceutical functions, whereas narrow nutritional range of selenium intake limits its use. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are less toxic and more bioavailable than traditional forms of selenium, suggesting that SeNPs have the potential to replace traditional selenium in food industries and/or biomedical fields. From the perspective of how SeNPs can be applied in health area, this review comprehensively discusses SeNPs in terms of its preparation, nutritional aspect, detoxification effect of heavy metals, nutraceutical functions and anti-pathogenic microorganism effects. By physical, chemical, or biological methods, inorganic selenium can be transformed into SeNPs which have increased stability and bioavailability as well as low toxicity. SeNPs are more effective than traditional selenium form in synthesizing selenoproteins like glutathione peroxidases. SeNPs can reshape the digestive system to facilitate digestion and absorption of nutrients. SeNPs have shown excellent potential to adjunctively treat cancer patients, enhance immune system, control diabetes, and prevent rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, SeNPs have good microbial anti-pathogenic effects and can be used with other antimicrobial agents to fight against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Development of novel SeNPs with enhanced functions can greatly benefit the food-, nutraceutical-, and biomedical industries.

Antimicrobial and anti-viral effects of selenium nanoparticles and selenoprotein based strategies: COVID-19 and beyond

Deficiency of selenium (Se) has been described in a significant number of COVID-19 patients having a higher incidence of mortality, which makes it a pertinent issue to be addressed clinically for effective management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) provide a unique option for managing the havoc caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. SeNPs possess promising anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects by virtue of their nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-stimulator of activated B cells (NFκB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) modulatory activity. In addition, SeNPs possess remarkable immunomodulatory effects, making them a suitable option for supplementation with a much lower risk of toxicity compared to their elemental counterpart. Further, SeNPs have been shown to curtail viral and microbial infections, thus, making it a novel means to halt viral growth. In addition, it can be administered in the form of aerosol spray, direct injection, or infused thin-film transdermal patches to reduce the spread of this highly contagious viral infection. Moreover, a considerable decrease in the expression of selenoprotein along with enhanced expression of IL-6 in COVID-19 suggests a potential association among selenoprotein expression and COVID-19. In this review, we highlight the unique antimicrobial and antiviral properties of SeNPs and the immunomodulatory potential of selenoproteins. We provide the rationale behind their potentially interesting properties and further exploration in the context of microbial and viral infections. Further, the importance of selenoproteins and their role in maintaining a successful immune response along with their association to Se status is summarized.

Green Nanopesticide: pH-Responsive Eco-Friendly Pillar[5]arene-Modified Selenium Nanoparticles for Smart Delivery of Carbendazim to Suppress Sclerotinia Diseases

Controlled-release delivery systems have been widely used to improve the efficacy and bioavailability of pesticides and minimize environmental risks. Herein, a fungicide carbendazim (CBZ)-loaded, a kind of nanovalve including trimethylammoniumpillar[5]arene (AP5), and methyl orange (MO)-functionalized mesoporous selenium (MSe) nanopesticides (CBZ@AP5/MSe⊃MO) were prepared. The nanovalve endowed CBZ@AP5/MSe⊃MO with a pH-responsive property, so the CBZ@AP5/MSe⊃MO can respond to the microenvironment of the pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum). First, MO was shed due to protonation, and AP5-functionalized MSe gradually dissolved in an acid environment. Finally, CBZ was released rapidly. It is reported that AP5 and MO as the host and guest functionalized mesoporous selenium (MSe) have never been applied to agriculture. In vitro release experiments showed that the cumulative release rate of CBZ at pH 4.5 was 1.74 times higher than that in a neutral environment. In addition, we found that the contact angle of the CBZ@AP5/MSe⊃MO in maize and rape leaves was effectively decreased, which could retain more in the leaves after washout. It can also decrease the dry biomass and the reducing sugar of S.sclerotiorum. The CBZ@AP5/MSe⊃MO holds a good safety profile for plants, animal cells, and the environment owing to the targeted release properties. These results suggest that CBZ@AP5/MSe⊃MO is an environmentally friendly and effective drug-loaded system against S. sclerotiorum. It provides a new strategy for the design and development of nanopesticides and the control of S. sclerotiorum.

Polydopamine-functionalized selenium nanoparticles as an efficient photoresponsive antibacterial platform

A photoresponsive therapeutic antibacterial platform was designed and constructed using polydopamine-functionalized selenium nanoparticles as a carrier loaded with indocyanine green (Se@PDA-ICG). The therapeutic platform was confirmed by characterization and the antibacterial activity of Se@PDA-ICG against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was investigated. Under 808 nm laser irradiation, the antibacterial rate of Se@PDA-ICG against E. coli and S. aureus was 100% at 125 μg mL-1. Furthermore, in a mouse wound infection model, the wound closure rate of the Se@PDA-ICG photoresponse group was 88.74% compared with 45.8% for the control group after 8 days of treatment, indicating that it could effectively kill bacteria and dramatically accelerate the wound healing process. These results suggested that Se@PDA-ICG could be a promising photo-activated antibacterial candidate material for biomedical applications.

Physiological Benefits of Novel Selenium Delivery via Nanoparticles

Dietary selenium (Se) intake within the physiological range is critical to maintain various biological functions, including antioxidant defence, redox homeostasis, growth, reproduction, immunity, and thyroid hormone production. Chemical forms of dietary Se are diverse, including organic Se (selenomethionine, selenocysteine, and selenium-methyl-selenocysteine) and inorganic Se (selenate and selenite). Previous studies have largely investigated and compared the health impacts of dietary Se on agricultural stock and humans, where dietary Se has shown various benefits, including enhanced growth performance, immune functions, and nutritional quality of meats, with reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, and finally enhanced thyroid health and fertility in humans. The emergence of nanoparticles presents a novel and innovative technology. Notably, Se in the form of nanoparticles (SeNPs) has lower toxicity, higher bioavailability, lower excretion in animals, and is linked to more powerful and superior biological activities (at a comparable Se dose) than traditional chemical forms of dietary Se. As a result, the development of tailored SeNPs for their use in intensive agriculture and as candidate for therapeutic drugs for human pathologies is now being actively explored. This review highlights the biological impacts of SeNPs on growth and reproductive performances, their role in modulating heat and oxidative stress and inflammation and the varying modes of synthesis of SeNPs.

Emerging Nanoparticles in Food: Sources, Application, and Safety

Nanoparticles (NPs) are small-sized, with high surface activity and antibacterial and antioxidant properties. As a result, some NPs are used as functional ingredients in food additives, food packaging materials, nutrient delivery, nanopesticides, animal feeds, and fertilizers to improve the bioavailability, quality, and performance complement or upgrade. However, the widespread use of NPs in the industry increases the exposure risk of NPs to humans due to their migration from the environment to food. Nevertheless, some NPs, such as carbon dots, NPs found in various thermally processed foods, are also naturally produced from the food during food processing. Given their excellent ability to penetrate biopermeable barriers, the potential safety hazards of NPs on human health have attracted increased attention. Herein, three emerging NPs are introduced including carbon-based NPs (e.g., CNTs), nanoselenium NPs (SeNPs), and rare earth oxide NPs (e.g., CeO₂ NPs). In addition, their applications in the food industry, absorption pathways into the human body, and potential risk mechanisms are discussed. Challenges and prospects for the use of NPs in food are also proposed.

An insight into biofabrication of selenium nanostructures and their biomedical application

Evidence shows that nanoparticles exert lower toxicity, improved targeting, and enhanced bioactivity, and provide versatile means to control the release profile of the encapsulated moiety. Among different NPs, inorganic nanoparticles (Ag, Au, Ce, Fe, Se, Te, Zn, etc.) possess a considerable place owing to their unique bioactivities in nanoforms. Selenium, an essential trace element, played a vital role in the growth and development of living organisms. It has attracted great interest as a therapeutic factor without significant adverse effects in medicine at recommended dose. Selenium nanoparticles can be fabricated by physical, biological, and chemical approaches. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles is shown an advance compared to other procedures, because it is environmentally friendly, relatively reproducible, easily accessible, biodegradable, and often results in more stable materials. The effect of size, shape, and synthesis methods on their applications in biological systems investigated by several studies. This review focused on the procedures for the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles, in particular the biogenesis of selenium nanoparticles and their biomedical characteristics, such as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties. Eventually, a comprehensive future perspective of selenium nanoparticles was also presented.

Evaluation of the antimicrobial mechanism of biogenic selenium nanoparticles against Pseudomonas fluorescens

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) can be biosynthesized by most Lactic acid bacteria thereby converting toxic sodium into SeNPs. However, few studies have reported the antimicrobial activity of biogenic SeNPs against Pseudomonas fluorescens which are the main species of psychrotrophic bacteria in raw milk. This study reported the synthesis and characterization of SeNPs from Lactobacillus casei ZK-AS 1.1482, and the antimicrobial mechanism against P. fluorescens ATCC 13525. The synthesized SeNPs were amorphous with sizes ranging from 52 to 103 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra showed the presence of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids on the surface of particles, which evidently stabilized the SeNPs structure and morphology. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis revealed that the nanoparticles contained selenium. In addition, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SeNPs against P. fluorescens ATCC 13525 was 0.1 mg ml^-1 and the biofilm inhibition rate was 43.52 ± 0.26%. SeNPs decreased the number of living bacteria observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Meanwhile, after SeNPs treatment, the intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration and antioxidant enzyme activity decreased, the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, and lipid peroxidation intensified. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay showed that the expression of flgA, luxR, lapD, MCP, cheA, c-di-GMP, phoB, and pstC gene were down-regulated after SeNPs treatment. The rfbC and DegT/DnrJ/EryC1/StrS gene were significantly up-regulated, indicating that SeNPs could destroy the integrity of cell membrane and thus play an antimicrobial role. Biogenic SeNPs are expected to be developed as an efficient and novel antimicrobial agent for application in the food industry.

Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: Biofilm-Associated Genes, Biofilm-Eradication Potential of Disinfectants, and Biofilm-Inhibitory Effects of Selenium Nanoparticles

This study aimed to investigate the biofilm-production ability of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), the biofilm-eradication potential of 70% ethanol and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, the effects of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) against planktonic and biofilm-embedded CRAB, and the relationship between biofilm production and bacterial genotypes. A total of 111 CRAB isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation, presence of the genes encoding carbapenemases, and biofilm-associated virulence factors. The antibiofilm effects of disinfectants and SeNPs against CRAB isolates were also tested. The vast majority of the tested isolates were biofilm producers (91.9%). The bap, ompA, and csuE genes were found in 57%, 70%, and 76% of the CRAB isolates, with the csuE being significantly more common among biofilm producers (78.6%) compared to non-biofilm-producing CRAB (25%). The tested disinfectants showed a better antibiofilm effect on moderate and strong biofilm producers than on weak producers (p < 0.01). The SeNPs showed an inhibitory effect against all tested planktonic (MIC range: 0.00015 to >1.25 mg/mL) and biofilm-embedded CRAB, with a minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of less than 0.15 mg/mL for 90% of biofilm producers. In conclusion, SeNPs might be used as promising therapeutic and medical device coating agents, thus serving as an alternative approach for the prevention of biofilm-related infections.

Treatments of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Toxoplasma gondii with Selenium Nanoparticles

Toxoplasma gondii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are pathogens that are harmful to humans. When these diseases interact in humans, the result is typically fatal to the public health. Several investigations on the relationship between M. tuberculosis and T. gondii infections have found that there is a strong correlation between them with each infection having a reciprocal effect on the other. TB may contribute to the reactivation of innate toxoplasmosis or enhance susceptibility to a new infection, and toxoplasma co-infection may worsen the severity of pulmonary tuberculosis. As a consequence, there is an earnest and urgent necessity to generate novel therapeutics that can subdue these challenges. Selenium nanostructures' compelling properties have been shown to be a successful treatment for Mycobacterium TB and Toxoplasma gondii. Despite the fact that selenium (Se) offers many health advantages for people, it also has a narrow therapeutic window; therefore, consuming too much of either inorganic or organic compounds based on selenium can be hazardous. Compared to both inorganic and organic Se, Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) are less hazardous. They are biocompatible and excellent in selectively targeting specific cells. As a consequence, this review conducted a summary of the efficacy of biogenic Se NPs in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and toxoplasmosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Toxoplasma gondii, and their co-infection were all briefly described.

Therapeutic potential of selenium nanoparticles

Diseases have always been a disconcerting issue and have changed into being an inevitable member of the world’s population. Medical advancements have brought in improved treatments for particular ailments, but unfortunately those betterments have resulted in either side effects or turned out futile to a certain extent. The emergence of nanotechnology has considerably benefitted medical experts in disease diagnosis and therapeutics. Currently, an expansive range of nanoparticles is being explored for their effectiveness in therapies, and one among them is selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). Nano-selenium exhibits significant properties which make it best suited for this purpose. The article highlights the key role of SeNPs in treating major diseases like cancer, diabetes, and microbial infections.

Green Orange Peel-Mediated Bioinspired Synthesis of Nanoselenium and Its Antibacterial Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

In this study, green orange peel (GOP) was feasibly evidenced in preparing selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). Acting as reducing agents, polyphenolic compounds were extracted from GOP at the optimal extraction conditions (at 70 °C for 1.5 h, mass ratio of dried orange peel/distilled water of 5/100). The formation of SeNPs was observed at the wavelength range of 250-300 nm by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and their highest yield could be reached at the following conditions: volume ratio of extract/selenious acid solution (V _Ext/V _Se) of 40/10, synthesis duration of 4 h, selenious acid concentration (C _Se) of 80 mM, and reaction temperature of 120 °C. The highly crystalline structure of SeNPs in the hexagonal phase was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a lattice parameter of 4.3 Å; meanwhile, their spheres with an average crystal size of 18.3 nm were estimated by high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM). The rationale of bioreducing agents extracted from green orange peel for the formation of SeNPs was also recognized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The antibacterial investigation of the SeNP sample was assessed against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, typically methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), by executing the zone of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests. The SeNP sample demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity with an average diameter of inhibition zones of 20.0 ± 0.7 mm and an MIC of 4.94 μg/L. A comparison of the physicochemical properties of SeNPs synthesized from GOP extract by the hydrothermal method with SeNP products from other green reducing agents and other methods as well as its antibacterial activity compared with other nanoparticles and some antibiotics was conducted to highlight the superiority of GOP-mediated green-synthesized SeNPs.

Treating Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infections by Functionalized Nano-Bismuth Sulfide through the Synergy of Immunotherapy and Bacteria-Sensitive Phototherapy

Owing to its flexibility and high treatment efficiency, phototherapy is rapidly emerging for treating bacteria-induced diseases, but how to improve the sensitivity of bacteria to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and heat simultaneously to kill bacteria under mild conditions is still a challenge. Herein, we designed a NIR light catalyst (Bi₂S₃-S-nitrosothiol-acetylcholine (BSNA)) by transforming ^•O₂^- into peroxynitrite in situ, which can enhance the bacterial sensibility to ROS and heat and kill bacteria under a mild temperature. The transformed peroxynitrite in situ possessed a stronger ability to penetrate cell membranes and antioxidant capacity. The BSNA nanoparticles (NPs) inhibited the bacterial glucose metabolic process through down-regulated xerC/xerD expression and disrupted the HSP70/HSP90 secondary structure through nitrifying TYR179. Additionally, the synergistic effect of the designed BSNA and clinical antibiotics increased the antibacterial activity. In the case of tetracycline-class antibiotics, BSNA NPs induced phenolic hydroxyl group structure changes and inhibited the interaction between tetracycline and targeted t-RNA recombinant protein. Besides, BSNA stimulated production of more CD8⁺ T cells and reduced common complications in peritonitis, which provided immunotherapy activity. The targeted and anti-infective effect of BSNA suggested that we propose a nanotherapeutic strategy to achieve more efficient synergistic therapy under mild temperatures.

EGCG-coated silver nanoparticles self-assemble with selenium nanowires for treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections by generating ROS and disrupting biofilms

Bacterial infections pose a serious threat to human health, and the development of new antibiotics has not kept pace with the development of bacterial resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to design antibiotic-like nano-formulations that break through bacterial resistance mechanisms. In this work, we successfully synthesized a safe and effective antibacterial nano-formulation of Se@Ag@EGCG by self-assembly of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-coated silver nanoparticles (Ag) on the surface of selenium nanowires (Se). Thein vitrobacteriostatic results showed that 40μg ml^-1Se@Ag@EGCG had significant antibacterial activity against drug-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) andEscherichia coli(E. coli) by destroying the formation of bacterial biofilm, promoting the production of high concentration reactive oxygen species and destroying bacterial cell wall. In addition, the results ofin vivoantibacterial experiments showed that subcutaneous administration of 10 mg kg^-1of Se@Ag@EGCG could promote wound healing by reducing apoptosis and inflammatory responses in infected wounds. It is worth mentioning that the reduced and modified Se@Ag@EGCG by this natural product has negligiblein vivotoxicity. This development strategy of nano-antibacterial materials, which breaks through the drug resistance mechanism, provides new ideas for the development of drugs for drug-resistant bacterial infections.

Application of Nanocomposites from Bees Products and Nano-Selenium in Edible Coating for Catfish Fillets Biopreservation

Bee products, e.g., chitosan and propolis (Pro), have extraordinary importance in many disciplines including food biopreservation. Fish meat is highly susceptible to vast spoilage, especially catfish (Clarias gariepinus) products. The current work involved the extraction of bees’ chitosan nanoparticles (BCht), Pro, Pro-mediated SeNPs and their composites, to evaluate them as potential antimicrobial and preservative nano-compounds, for the preservation of catfish fillets and augment their quality. BCht was extracted from bees (Apis mellifera) corpses and had a 151.9 nm mean particle diameter. The Pro was used for biosynthesis of SeNPs, which had 11.2 nm mean diameters. The entire compounds/composites exhibited powerful antibacterial acts against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium, where S aureus had the uppermost resistance. BCht/Pro/SeNPs were the most forceful toward all bacterial strains. The constructed edible coatings (ECs) from produced compounds/composites (BCht, Pro, Pro/SeNPs, Pro/BCht and BCht/Pro/SeNPs) had elevated efficiency for preserving catfish fillets during cold storages for 7 days. The microbiological (total counts, psychrophilic bacteria, yeast and molds), spoilage chemical parameters (TVB-N, TBARS) and sensorial attributes (appearance, odor, color, overall quality) of ECs-treated fillets indicated the nanocomposite’s efficiency for protecting the fish from microbial growth, the progress of chemical spoilage indicators and maintaining the sensorial quality of treated stored fillets. The most effective nanocomposite for maintaining the entire fillet’s quality was the BCht/Pro/SeNP. The based ECs on BNCt, Pro/SeNPs and their nanocomposites could be endorsed for prospective employment in the biopreservation of various seafoods.

Novel functionalized selenium nanowires as antibiotic adjuvants in multiple ways to overcome drug resistance of multidrug-resistant bacteria

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) is a multi-drug resistant bacteria that pose a serious threat to human health. Antibacterial nanomaterials are becoming a promising antibiotic substitute or antibiotic adjuvants. In this work, selenium nanowires were modified with nano‑silver (Ag NPs) with antibacterial activity and [Ru(bpy)₂dppz]²⁺ with fluorescent labeling of DNA (SRA), and the antibacterial activity, antibacterial mechanism and biological toxicity of SRA synergistic antibiotics were studied. In vitro, antibacterial results show that SRA (12 μg/mL) improves the antibacterial activity of various antibiotics against resistant bacteria and significantly slows the development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Studies on antibacterial mechanisms have shown that SRA synergistic antibiotics destroy drug-resistant bacteria through a combination of physical (physical damage) and chemical pathways (destruction of biofilm, membrane depolarization, cell membrane destruction, adenosine triphosphate consumption and reactive oxygen species production). Transcriptomics analysis found that SRA affects bacterial activity by affecting bacterial biosynthesis, ATP synthesis and biofilm formation. Furthermore, SRA synergistic antibiotics can accelerate wound healing of bacterial infection by reducing the inflammatory response. The toxicity evaluation results show that SRA has extremely low cellular and in vivo toxicity. SRA has the potential of clinical application as multiple antibiotic adjuvants to deal with resistant bacterial infections.

The Role of Selenium Nanoparticles in Agriculture and Food Technology

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for diverse organisms such as mammals, bacteria, some insects and nematodes, archaea, and algae, as it is involved in a large number of physiological and metabolic processes and is part of approximately 25 selenoproteins in mammals. In plants, Se has no essential metabolic role, high concentrations of inorganic Se can lead to the formation of Se-amino acids, and its incorporation into selenoproteins can generate toxicity. Conversely, low doses of Se can trigger a variety of beneficial effects as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, or stress-modulating agent without being an essential element. Therefore, Se can generate toxicity depending on the dose and the chemical form in which it is supplied. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have emerged as an approach to reduce this negative effect and improve its biological properties. In turn, SeNPs have a wide range of potential advantages, making them an alternative for areas such as agriculture and food technology. This review focuses on the use of SeNPs and their different applications as antimicrobial agents, growth promoters, crop biofortification, and nutraceuticals in agriculture. In addition, the utilization of SeNPs in the generation of packaging with antioxidant and antimicrobial traits and Se enrichment of animal source foods for human consumption as part of food technology is addressed. Additionally, possible action mechanisms and potential adverse effects are discussed. The concentration, size, and synthesis method of SeNPs are determining factors of their biological properties.

Tailoring of Selenium-Plated Novasomes for Fine-Tuning Pharmacokinetic and Tumor Uptake of Quercetin: In Vitro Optimization and In Vivo Radiobiodistribution Assessment in Ehrlich Tumor-Bearing Mice

Quercetin (QRC) is a bioflavonoid with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, yet QRC poor bioavailability has hampered its clinical implementation. The aim of the current work was to harness novasomes (NOVs), free fatty acid enriched vesicles, as a novel nano-cargo for felicitous QRC delivery with subsequent functionalization with selenium (SeNOVs), to extend the systemic bio-fate of NOVs and potentiate QRC anticancer efficacy through the synergy with selenium. QRC-NOVs were primed embedding oleic acid, Brij 35, and cholesterol adopting thin-film hydration technique according to Box–Behnken design. Employing Design-Expert^® software, the impact of formulation variables on NOVs physicochemical characteristics besides the optimum formulation election were explored. Based on the optimal NOVs formulation, QRC-SeNOVs were assembled via electrostatic complexation/in situ reduction method. The MTT cytotoxicity assay of the uncoated, and coated nanovectors versus crude QRC was investigated in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. The in vivo pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies after intravenous administrations of technetium-99m (^99mTc)-labeled QRC-NOVs, QRC-SeNOVs, and QRC-solution were scrutinized in Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice. QRC-NOVs and QRC-SeNOVs disclosed entrapment efficiency of 67.21 and 70.85%, vesicle size of 107.29 and 129.16 nm, ζ potential of −34.71 and −43.25 mV, and accumulatively released 43.26 and 31.30% QRC within 24 h, respectively. Additionally, QRC-SeNOVs manifested a far lower IC₅₀ of 5.56 μg/mL on RD cells than that of QRC-NOVs (17.63 μg/mL) and crude QRC (38.71 μg/mL). Moreover, the biodistribution study elicited higher preferential uptake of ^99mTc-QRC-SeNOVs within the tumorous tissues by 1.73- and 5.67-fold as compared to ^99mTc-QRC-NOVs and ^99mTc-QRC-solution, respectively. Furthermore, the relative uptake efficiency of ^99mTc-QRC-SeNOVs was 5.78, the concentration efficiency was 4.74 and the drug-targeting efficiency was 3.21. Hence, the engineered QRC-SeNOVs could confer an auspicious hybrid nanoparadigm for QRC delivery with fine-tuned pharmacokinetics, and synergized antitumor traits.

Synthesis of silymarin-selenium nanoparticle conjugate and examination of its biological activity in vitro

Silymarin (Sil) was conjugated to selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) to increase Sil bioavailability. The conjugates were monodisperse; the average diameter of the native SeNPs was ~ 20-50 ± 1.5 nm, whereas that of the conjugates was 30-50 ± 0.5 nm. The use of SeNPs to increase the bioavailability of Sil was examined with the MH-22a, EPNT-5, HeLa, Hep-2, and SPEV-2 cell lines. The EPNT-5 (glioblastoma) cells were the most sensitive to the conjugates compared to the conjugate-free control. The conjugates increased the activity of cellular dehydrogenases and promoted the penetration of Sil into the intracellular space. Possibly, SeNPs play the main part in Sil penetration of cells and Sil penetration is not associated with phagocytosis. Thus, SeNPs are promising for use as a Sil carrier and as protective antigens.

Novel Antiviral and Antibacterial Durable Polyester Fabrics Printed with Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs)

The COVID-19 pandemic has clearly shown the importance of developing advanced protective equipment, and new antiviral fabrics for the protection and prevention of life-threatening viral diseases are needed. In this study, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were combined with polyester fabrics using printing technique to obtain multifunctional properties, including combined antiviral and antibacterial activities as well as coloring. The properties of the printed polyester fabrics with SeNPs were estimated, including tensile strength and color fastness. Characterization of the SeNPs was carried out using TEM and SEM. The results of the analysis showed good uniformity and stability of the particles with sizes range from 40-60 nm and 40-80 nm for SeNPs 25 mM and 50 mM, respectively, as well as uniform coating of the SeNPs on the fabric. In addition, the SeNPs-printed polyester fabric exhibited high disinfection activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with an inhibition percentage of 87.5%. Moreover, a toxicity test of the resulting printed fabric revealed low cytotoxicity against the HFB4 cell line. In contrast, the treated fabric under study showed excellent killing potentiality against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli). This multifunctional fabric has high potential for use in protective clothing applications by providing passive and active protection pathways.

The application of selenium nanoparticles for enhancing the efficacy of photodynamic inactivation of planktonic communities and the biofilm of Streptococcus mutans

Objective

Streptococcus mutans is one of the principal causative agents of dental caries (tooth decay) found in the oral cavity. Therefore, this study investigates whether selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) enhance the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) against both planktonic communities and the one-day-old biofilm of S. mutans. In this study, the planktonic and 24-h biofilm of S. mutans have been prepared in 96-cell microplates. These forms were treated by methylene blue (MB) and SeNPs and then were exposed to light-emitting diode (LED) lighting. Finally, the results have been reported as CFU/ml.

Results

The outcomes demonstrated that MB-induced PDT and SeNPs significantly reduced the number of planktonic bacteria (P-value < 0.001). The comparison between the treated and untreated groups showed that combining therapy with SeNPs and PDT remarkably decreased colony-forming units of one-day-old S. mutans biofilm (P-value < 0.05). The findings revealed that PDT modified by SeNPs had a high potential to destroy S. mutans biofilm. This combination therapy showed promising results to overcome oral infection in dental science.

Comparison of antimicrobial effect of selenium nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles coated orthodontic mini-implants – An in vitro study

Objectives:

Mini-implants have earned a significant role in orthodontic treatment, by augmenting anchorage requirements. Peri-implantitis contributes to miniscrew failures where progressive peri-implant bone loss occurs in conjunction with soft-tissue inflammation due to the growth of microorganisms such as Streptococcus and Lactobacillus. Nanoparticles have increased surface area and have increased interactions with biological targets like bacteria. This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on orthodontic mini-implants.

Material and Methods:

Mini-implant (Ti-6Al-4V) was coated with AgNP and SeNP with biopolymer (Ti-BPAgNP and Ti-BPSeNP) by dip-coating technique. The crystal structure and crystallite size of AgNPs and SeNPs were characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. The size distribution and morphology of SeNP and AgNP were determined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The antibacterial activity of Ti-BP-AgNP and Ti-BPSeNP was detected from the zone of inhibition by disk diffusion assay.

Results:

The SEM image of AgNP was roughly spherical, uniformly distributed and SeNPs were spherical, well distributed on the biopolymer surface. The area of the zone of inhibition of Ti-BP-SeNP-coated mini-implants shows a negligible difference in antibacterial activity compared to Ti-BPAgNP-coated mini-implants.

Conclusion:

Ti-BP-AgNP and Ti-BP-SeNP showed that a strong antibacterial activity was against Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans was slightly less than observed in other bacteria. SeNP shows only a marginal difference in antibacterial activity when compared to AgNP.

Operando Investigation of Locally Enhanced Electric Field Treatment (LEEFT) Harnessing Lightning-Rod Effect for Rapid Bacteria Inactivation

The growth of undesired bacteria causes numerous problems. Here, we show that locally enhanced electric field treatment (LEEFT) can cause rapid bacteria inactivation by electroporation. The bacteria inactivation is studied in situ at the single-cell level on a lab-on-a-chip that has nanowedge-decorated electrodes. Rapid bacteria inactivation occurs at the nanowedge tips where the electric field is enhanced due to the lightning-rod effect. Electroporation induced by the locally enhanced electric field is the predominant mechanism. The antimicrobial performance depends on the strength of the enhanced electric field instead of the applied voltage, and no generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is detected when >90% bacteria inactivation is achieved. Quick membrane pore closure under lower voltages confirms that electroporation is induced in LEEFT. This work is the first-time visualization and mechanism elucidation of LEEFT for bacteria inactivation at the single-cell level, and the findings will provide strong support for its future applications.

Multifunctional Dyeing of Wool Fabrics Using Selenium Nanoparticles

This work aims to utilize selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) as a novel dyestuff, which endows wool fibers with an orange color because of their localized surface plasmon resonance. The color characteristics of dyed fibers were evaluated and analyzed. The color depth of the dyed fabrics under study was increased with the increase in Se content and dyeing temperature. The colored wool fabrics were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results indicated that spherical Se-NPs with a spherical shape were consistently deposited onto the surface of wool fibers with good distribution. In addition, the influence of high temperature on the color characteristics and imparted functionalities of the dyed fabrics were also investigated. The obtained results showed that the proposed dyeing process is highly durable to washing after 10 cycles of washes, and the acquired functionalities, mainly antimicrobial activity and UV-blocking properties, were only marginally affected, maintaining an excellent fastness property.

Polymeric Nanomaterials for Efficient Delivery of Antimicrobial Agents

Bacterial infections have threatened the lives of human beings for thousands of years either as major diseases or complications. The elimination of bacterial infections has always occupied a pivotal position in our history. For a long period of time, people were devoted to finding natural antimicrobial agents such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), antibiotics and silver ions or synthetic active antimicrobial substances including antimicrobial peptoids, metal oxides and polymers to combat bacterial infections. However, with the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR), bacterial infection has become one of the most urgent problems worldwide. The efficient delivery of antimicrobial agents to the site of infection precisely is a promising strategy for reducing bacterial resistance. Polymeric nanomaterials have been widely studied as carriers for constructing antimicrobial agent delivery systems and have shown advantages including high biocompatibility, sustained release, targeting and improved bioavailability. In this review, we will highlight recent advances in highly efficient delivery of antimicrobial agents by polymeric nanomaterials such as micelles, vesicles, dendrimers, nanogels, nanofibers and so forth. The biomedical applications of polymeric nanomaterial-based delivery systems in combating MDR bacteria, anti-biofilms, wound healing, tissue engineering and anticancer are demonstrated. Moreover, conclusions and future perspectives are also proposed.

A Review of the Antimicrobial Activity of Selenium Nanoparticles

Antimicrobial resistance has become a severe problem for health systems worldwide, and counteractions are challenging because of the lack of interest of pharmaceutical companies in generating new and effective antimicrobial drugs. Selenium nanoparticles have attracted considerable interest in treating bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses of clinical importance due to their high therapeutic efficacy and almost zero generation of adverse effects. Some studies have revealed that the antimicrobial activity of these nanoparticles is due to the generation of reactive oxygen species, but more studies are needed to clarify their antimicrobial mechanisms. Other studies show that their antimicrobial activity is increased when the surface of the nanoparticles is functionalized with some biomolecules or when their surface carries a specific drug. This review addresses the existing background on the antimicrobial potential offered by selenium nanoparticles against viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites of clinical importance.

Prevention of abdominal adhesion by a polycaprolactone/phospholipid hybrid film containing quercetin and silver nanoparticles

Aim: To develop quercetin-loaded poly(caprolactone) (PCL)/soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC) films coated with silver (Ag) to prevent the formation of postoperative adhesions (POA). Materials & methods: Films were prepared using the solvent casting method, coated with Ag, and underwent in vitro tests. In vivo studies were conducted employing an animal model of sidewall defect and cecum abrasion. Results: Films showed sustained release behavior of quercetin and Ag. Coating films with Ag improved their antimicrobial activity. In vivo studies confirmed superior antiadhesion properties of films compared with the control groups evaluated by gross observation, histochemical staining and immunohistochemistry analyses. Conclusion: Ag-Q-PCL-PC films are a potential candidate to prevent POA by acting as a sustained release delivery system and physical barrier.

Use of Chemical Nano-Selenium as an Antibacterial and Antifungal Agent in Quail Diets and Its Effect on Growth, Carcasses, Antioxidant, Immunity and Caecal Microbes

Nano-minerals are used to enhance mineral bioavailability, which helps improve animal growth and health. The use of chemical nano-selenium (Che-SeNPs) has lately attracted great scientific interest, mainly due to its potential benefits for poultry. The current study was conducted to investigate the impact of the dietary supplementation of Che-SeNPs on the growth performance, carcass traits, blood constituents, antioxidant status, immunity, and gut microbiota of Japanese quails. A total of one week-old 180 Japanese quails were randomly distributed into four equal groups, and each group consisted of 45 unsexed birds with five replications (nine birds each). The first group was fed a basal diet without supplementation (0 g/kg Che-SeNPs), and the second, third, and fourth groups were fed diets containing 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 g/kg Che-SeNPs, respectively. The results showed that the dietary supplementation of Che-SeNPs significantly (p < 0.0001) increased body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio, but decreased feed intake (p < 0.0001) compared to the control group. The highest values of growth performance were recorded in the group fed 0.4 g Che-SeNPs g/kg feed. Che-SeNPs levels did not affect the carcass traits, relative organs (except liver), or blood hematology (except platelet count and hemoglobin level) of quails. Plasma total protein, albumin, aspartate amino transferase (AST), and urea values were not affected by dietary Che-SeNPs, but alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase values declined. Globulin and creatinine values were linearly increased with the inclusion of Che-SeNPs (0.4 and 0.6 g/kg) in quail diets compared to the control. The supplementation of Che-SeNPs in quail diets significantly improved (p < 0.05) the plasma lipid profile and activities of antioxidant enzymes compared to the control group. Immunoglobulin G values of Che-SeNPs (0.4 and 0.6 g/kg) were higher (p < 0.05) than those in the control group. The groups fed diets supplemented with Che-SeNPs showed lower (p < 0.0001) total bacterial count, total yeast and molds count, Coliform, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Salmonella spp. colonization, and higher (p = 0.0003 and 0.0048) lactic acid bacteria counts than those in the control group. In conclusion, Che-SeNPs supplemented up to 0.4 g/kg can improve the performance, lipid profile, antioxidant indices, and immunity, as well as decrease intestinal pathogens in quails during the fattening period (1-5 weeks of age).