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Felippe ISA, Río RD, Schultz H, Machado BH, Paton JFR. Commonalities and differences in carotid body dysfunction in hypertension and heart failure. J Physiol 2023; 601:5527-5551. [PMID: 37747109 PMCID: PMC10873039 DOI: 10.1113/jp284114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotid body pathophysiology is associated with many cardiovascular-respiratory-metabolic diseases. This pathophysiology reflects both hyper-sensitivity and hyper-tonicity. From both animal models and human patients, evidence indicates that amelioration of this pathophysiological signalling improves disease states such as a lowering of blood pressure in hypertension, a reduction of breathing disturbances with improved cardiac function in heart failure (HF) and a re-balancing of autonomic activity with lowered sympathetic discharge. Given this, we have reviewed the mechanisms of carotid body hyper-sensitivity and hyper-tonicity across disease models asking whether there is uniqueness related to specific disease states. Our analysis indicates some commonalities and some potential differences, although not all mechanisms have been fully explored across all disease models. One potential commonality is that of hypoperfusion of the carotid body across hypertension and HF, where the excessive sympathetic drive may reduce blood flow in both models and, in addition, lowered cardiac output in HF may potentiate the hypoperfusion state of the carotid body. Other mechanisms are explored that focus on neurotransmitter and signalling pathways intrinsic to the carotid body (e.g. ATP, carbon monoxide) as well as extrinsic molecules carried in the blood (e.g. leptin); there are also transcription factors found in the carotid body endothelium that modulate its activity (Krüppel-like factor 2). The evidence to date fully supports that a better understanding of the mechanisms of carotid body pathophysiology is a fruitful strategy for informing potential new treatment strategies for many cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic diseases, and this is highly relevant clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S. A. Felippe
- Manaaki Manawa – The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Rodrigo Del Río
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Mechanisms of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Harold Schultz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Benedito H. Machado
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julian F. R. Paton
- Manaaki Manawa – The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
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2
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Seckler JM, Getsy PM, May WJ, Gaston B, Baby SM, Lewis THJ, Bates JN, Lewis SJ. Hypoxia releases S-nitrosocysteine from carotid body glomus cells-relevance to expression of the hypoxic ventilatory response. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1250154. [PMID: 37886129 PMCID: PMC10598756 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1250154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have provided indirect pharmacological evidence that hypoxia may trigger release of the S-nitrosothiol, S-nitroso-L-cysteine (L-CSNO), from primary carotid body glomus cells (PGCs) of rats that then activates chemosensory afferents of the carotid sinus nerve to elicit the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). The objective of this study was to provide direct evidence, using our capacitive S-nitrosothiol sensor, that L-CSNO is stored and released from PGCs extracted from male Sprague Dawley rat carotid bodies, and thus further pharmacological evidence for the role of S-nitrosothiols in mediating the HVR. Key findings of this study were that 1) lysates of PGCs contained an S-nitrosothiol with physico-chemical properties similar to L-CSNO rather than S-nitroso-L-glutathione (L-GSNO), 2) exposure of PGCs to a hypoxic challenge caused a significant increase in S-nitrosothiol concentrations in the perfusate to levels approaching 100 fM via mechanisms that required extracellular Ca2+, 3) the dose-dependent increases in minute ventilation elicited by arterial injections of L-CSNO and L-GSNO were likely due to activation of small diameter unmyelinated C-fiber carotid body chemoafferents, 4) L-CSNO, but not L-GSNO, responses were markedly reduced in rats receiving continuous infusion (10 μmol/kg/min, IV) of both S-methyl-L-cysteine (L-SMC) and S-ethyl-L-cysteine (L-SEC), 5) ventilatory responses to hypoxic gas challenge (10% O2, 90% N2) were also due to the activation of small diameter unmyelinated C-fiber carotid body chemoafferents, and 6) the HVR was markedly diminished in rats receiving L-SMC plus L-SEC. This data provides evidence that rat PGCs synthesize an S-nitrosothiol with similar properties to L-CSNO that is released in an extracellular Ca2+-dependent manner by hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Seckler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Paulina M. Getsy
- Departments of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Walter J. May
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Benjamin Gaston
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Tristan H. J. Lewis
- Departments of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - James N. Bates
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Departments of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Departments of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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3
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Atanasova DY, Dandov AD, Lazarov NE. Neurochemical plasticity of the carotid body in hypertension. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2366-2377. [PMID: 37561329 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The carotid body (CB), a main peripheral arterial chemoreceptor, has lately been implicated in the pathophysiology of various cardiovascular disorders. Emerging experimental evidence supports a causal relationship between CB dysfunction and augmented sympathetic outflow which is the common hallmark of human sympathetic-related diseases, including essential hypertension. To gain insight into the neurotransmitter profile of chemosensory cells in the hypertensive CB, we examined the expression and cellular localization of some classical neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and gaseous signaling molecules as well as neurotrophic factors and their receptors in the CB of spontaneously hypertensive rats, a common animal model of hypertension. Our immunohistochemical experiments revealed an elevated catecholamine and serotonin content in the hypertensive CB compared to normotensive controls. GABA immunostaining was seen in some peripherally located glomus cells in the CB of SHR and it was significantly lower than in control animals. The density of substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive fibers was diminished whereas that of neuropeptide Y-immunostained nerve fibers was increased and that of calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing fibers remained almost unchanged in the hypertensive CB. We have further demonstrated that in the hypertensive state the production of nitric oxide is impaired and that the components of the neurotrophin signaling system display an abnormal enhanced expression. Our results provide immunohistochemical evidence that the altered transmitter phenotype of CB chemoreceptor cells and the elevated production of neurotrophic factors modulate the chemosensory processing in hypertensive animals which contributes to autonomic dysfunction and elicits sympathetic hyperactivity, consequently leading to elevated blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrinka Y Atanasova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Angel D Dandov
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolai E Lazarov
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Lazarov NE, Atanasova DY. Neurochemical Plasticity of the Carotid Body. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2023; 237:105-122. [PMID: 37946079 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44757-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A striking feature of the carotid body (CB) is its remarkable degree of plasticity in a variety of neurotransmitter/modulator systems in response to environmental stimuli, particularly following hypoxic exposure of animals and during ascent to high altitude. Current evidence suggests that acetylcholine and adenosine triphosphate are two major excitatory neurotransmitter candidates in the hypoxic CB, and they may also be involved as co-transmitters in hypoxic signaling. Conversely, dopamine, histamine and nitric oxide have recently been considered inhibitory transmitters/modulators of hypoxic chemosensitivity. It has also been revealed that interactions between excitatory and inhibitory messenger molecules occur during hypoxia. On the other hand, alterations in purinergic neurotransmitter mechanisms have been implicated in ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia. Chronic hypoxia also induces profound changes in other neurochemical systems within the CB such as the catecholaminergic, peptidergic and nitrergic, which in turn may contribute to increased ventilatory and chemoreceptor responsiveness to hypoxia at high altitude. Taken together, current data suggest that complex interactions among transmitters markedly influence hypoxia-induced transmitter release from the CB. In addition, the expression of a wide variety of growth factors, proinflammatory cytokines and their receptors have been identified in CB parenchymal cells in response to hypoxia and their upregulated expression could mediate the local inflammation and functional alteration of the CB under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai E Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Lazarov NE, Atanasova DY. Carotid Body Dysfunction and Mechanisms of Disease. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2023; 237:123-138. [PMID: 37946080 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44757-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that the carotid body (CB) dysfunction is implicated in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. It has been revealed that the CB structure and neurochemical profile alter in certain human sympathetic-related and cardiometabolic diseases. Specifically, a tiny CB with a decrease of glomus cells and their dense-cored vesicles has been seen in subjects with sleep disordered breathing such as sudden infant death syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea patients and people with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Moreover, the CB degranulation is accompanied by significantly elevated levels of catecholamines and proinflammatory cytokines in such patients. The intermittent hypoxia stimulates the CB, eliciting augmented chemoreflex drive and enhanced cardiorespiratory and sympathetic responses. High CB excitability due to blood flow restrictions, oxidative stress, alterations in neurotransmitter gases and disruptions of local mediators is also observed in congestive heart failure conditions. On the other hand, the morpho-chemical changes in hypertension include an increase in the CB volume due to vasodilation, altered transmitter phenotype of chemoreceptor cells and elevated production of neurotrophic factors. Accordingly, in both humans and animal models CB denervation prevents the breathing instability and lowers blood pressure. Knowledge of the morphofunctional aspects of the CB, a better understanding of its role in disease and recent advances in human CB translational research would contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai E Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Getsy PM, Young AP, Bates JN, Baby SM, Seckler JM, Grossfield A, Hsieh YH, Lewis THJ, Jenkins MW, Gaston B, Lewis SJ. S-nitroso-L-cysteine stereoselectively blunts the adverse effects of morphine on breathing and arterial blood gas chemistry while promoting analgesia. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113436. [PMID: 36076552 PMCID: PMC9464305 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alex P Young
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James N Bates
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Santhosh M Baby
- Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 213 Witmer Road, Horsham, PA, USA.
| | - James M Seckler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alan Grossfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Yee-Hsee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tristan H J Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Benjamin Gaston
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Stephen J Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Getsy PM, Baby SM, Gruber RB, Gaston B, Lewis THJ, Grossfield A, Seckler JM, Hsieh YH, Bates JN, Lewis SJ. S-Nitroso-L-Cysteine Stereoselectively Blunts the Deleterious Effects of Fentanyl on Breathing While Augmenting Antinociception in Freely-Moving Rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:892307. [PMID: 35721204 PMCID: PMC9199495 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.892307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenously administered S-nitrosothiols modulate the activities of central and peripheral systems that control breathing. We have unpublished data showing that the deleterious effects of morphine on arterial blood-gas chemistry (i.e., pH, pCO2, pO2, and sO2) and Alveolar-arterial gradient (i.e., index of gas exchange) were markedly diminished in anesthetized Sprague Dawley rats that received a continuous intravenous infusion of the endogenous S-nitrosothiol, S-nitroso-L-cysteine. The present study extends these findings by showing that unanesthetized adult male Sprague Dawley rats receiving an intravenous infusion of S-nitroso-L-cysteine (100 or 200 nmol/kg/min) markedly diminished the ability of intravenous injections of the potent synthetic opioid, fentanyl (10, 25, and 50 μg/kg), to depress the frequency of breathing, tidal volume, and minute ventilation. Our study also found that the ability of intravenously injected fentanyl (10, 25, and 50 μg/kg) to disturb eupneic breathing, which was measured as a marked increase of the non-eupneic breathing index, was substantially reduced in unanesthetized rats receiving intravenous infusions of S-nitroso-L-cysteine (100 or 200 nmol/kg/min). In contrast, the deleterious effects of fentanyl (10, 25, and 50 μg/kg) on frequency of breathing, tidal volume, minute ventilation and non-eupneic breathing index were fully expressed in rats receiving continuous infusions (200 nmol/kg/min) of the parent amino acid, L-cysteine, or the D-isomer, namely, S-nitroso-D-cysteine. In addition, the antinociceptive actions of the above doses of fentanyl as monitored by the tail-flick latency assay, were enhanced by S-nitroso-L-cysteine, but not L-cysteine or S-nitroso-D-cysteine. Taken together, these findings add to existing knowledge that S-nitroso-L-cysteine stereoselectively modulates the detrimental effects of opioids on breathing, and opens the door for mechanistic studies designed to establish whether the pharmacological actions of S-nitroso-L-cysteine involve signaling processes that include 1) the activation of plasma membrane ion channels and receptors, 2) selective intracellular entry of S-nitroso-L-cysteine, and/or 3) S-nitrosylation events. Whether alterations in the bioavailability and bioactivity of endogenous S-nitroso-L-cysteine is a key factor in determining the potency/efficacy of fentanyl on breathing is an intriguing question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M. Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - Ryan B. Gruber
- Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Horsham, PA, United States
| | - Benjamin Gaston
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Tristan H. J. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alan Grossfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - James M. Seckler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yee-Hsee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - James N. Bates
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Ventilatory responses during and following hypercapnic gas challenge are impaired in male but not female endothelial NOS knock-out mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20557. [PMID: 34663876 PMCID: PMC8523677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99922-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the ventilatory responses during and after a hypercapnic gas challenge (HCC, 5% CO2, 21% O2, 74% N2) were assessed in freely-moving female and male wild-type (WT) C57BL6 mice and eNOS knock-out (eNOS-/-) mice of C57BL6 background using whole body plethysmography. HCC elicited an array of ventilatory responses that were similar in male and female WT mice, such as increases in breathing frequency (with falls in inspiratory and expiratory times), and increases in tidal volume, minute ventilation, peak inspiratory and expiratory flows, and inspiratory and expiratory drives. eNOS-/- male mice had smaller increases in minute ventilation, peak inspiratory flow and inspiratory drive, and smaller decreases in inspiratory time than WT males. Ventilatory responses in female eNOS-/- mice were similar to those in female WT mice. The ventilatory excitatory phase upon return to room-air was similar in both male and female WT mice. However, the post-HCC increases in frequency of breathing (with decreases in inspiratory times), and increases in tidal volume, minute ventilation, inspiratory drive (i.e., tidal volume/inspiratory time) and expiratory drive (i.e., tidal volume/expiratory time), and peak inspiratory and expiratory flows in male eNOS-/- mice were smaller than in male WT mice. In contrast, the post-HCC responses in female eNOS-/- mice were equal to those of the female WT mice. These findings provide the first evidence that the loss of eNOS affects the ventilatory responses during and after HCC in male C57BL6 mice, whereas female C57BL6 mice can compensate for the loss of eNOS, at least in respect to triggering ventilatory responses to HCC.
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Getsy PM, Sundararajan S, May WJ, von Schill GC, McLaughlin DK, Palmer LA, Lewis SJ. Short-term facilitation of breathing upon cessation of hypoxic challenge is impaired in male but not female endothelial NOS knock-out mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18346. [PMID: 34526532 PMCID: PMC8443732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreases in arterial blood oxygen stimulate increases in minute ventilation via activation of peripheral and central respiratory structures. This study evaluates the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the expression of the ventilatory responses during and following a hypoxic gas challenge (HXC, 10% O2, 90% N2) in freely moving male and female wild-type (WT) C57BL6 and eNOS knock-out (eNOS-/-) mice. Exposure to HXC caused an array of responses (of similar magnitude and duration) in both male and female WT mice such as, rapid increases in frequency of breathing, tidal volume, minute ventilation and peak inspiratory and expiratory flows, that were subject to pronounced roll-off. The responses to HXC in male eNOS-/- mice were similar to male WT mice. In contrast, several of the ventilatory responses in female eNOS-/- mice (e.g., frequency of breathing, and expiratory drive) were greater compared to female WT mice. Upon return to room-air, male and female WT mice showed similar excitatory ventilatory responses (i.e., short-term potentiation phase). These responses were markedly reduced in male eNOS-/- mice, whereas female eNOS-/- mice displayed robust post-HXC responses that were similar to those in female WT mice. Our data demonstrates that eNOS plays important roles in (1) ventilatory responses to HXC in female compared to male C57BL6 mice; and (2) expression of post-HXC responses in male, but not female C57BL6 mice. These data support existing evidence that sex, and the functional roles of specific proteins (e.g., eNOS) have profound influences on ventilatory processes, including the responses to HXC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M. Getsy
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Research Building BRB 319, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue Mail Stop 1714, Cleveland, OH 44106-1714 USA ,grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Sripriya Sundararajan
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XPediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA USA ,grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Present Address: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Walter J. May
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XPediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Graham C. von Schill
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XPediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Dylan K. McLaughlin
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XPediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Lisa A. Palmer
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XPediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Research Building BRB 319, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue Mail Stop 1714, Cleveland, OH 44106-1714 USA ,grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA ,grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
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Brognara F, Felippe ISA, Salgado HC, Paton JFR. Autonomic innervation of the carotid body as a determinant of its sensitivity: implications for cardiovascular physiology and pathology. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:1015-1032. [PMID: 32832979 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The motivation for this review comes from the emerging complexity of the autonomic innervation of the carotid body (CB) and its putative role in regulating chemoreceptor sensitivity. With the carotid bodies as a potential therapeutic target for numerous cardiorespiratory and metabolic diseases, an understanding of the neural control of its circulation is most relevant. Since nerve fibres track blood vessels and receive autonomic innervation, we initiate our review by describing the origins of arterial feed to the CB and its unique vascular architecture and blood flow. Arterial feed(s) vary amongst species and, unequivocally, the arterial blood supply is relatively high to this organ. The vasculature appears to form separate circuits inside the CB with one having arterial venous anastomoses. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves are present with postganglionic neurons located within the CB or close to it in the form of paraganglia. Their role in arterial vascular resistance control is described as is how CB blood flow relates to carotid sinus afferent activity. We discuss non-vascular targets of autonomic nerves, their possible role in controlling glomus cell activity, and how certain transmitters may relate to function. We propose that the autonomic nerves sub-serving the CB provide a rapid mechanism to tune the gain of peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity based on alterations in blood flow and oxygen delivery, and might provide future therapeutic targets. However, there remain a number of unknowns regarding these mechanisms that require further research that is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Brognara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton Auckland 1023, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor S A Felippe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Helio C Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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