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Villela MJCDS, Franzolin SDOB, Bom GC, Santos EAMCD, Cunha GFMD, Trettene ADS. Smoking in adolescents with cleft lip and/or palate: prevalence and associated factors. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA : ORGAO OFICIAL DA SOCIEDADE DE PEDIATRIA DE SAO PAULO 2023; 41:e2021316. [PMID: 36921164 PMCID: PMC10014026 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2023/41/2021316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and factors associated with smoking in adolescents with cleft lip and/or palate. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study, developed in a Brazilian public and tertiary hospital between November 2018 and August 2019. Adolescents aged between 12 and 19 years old, previously submitted to cheiloplasty and/or palatoplasty surgeries were included. Data collection was carried out through interviews, guided by questionnaires referring to sociodemographic issues, use and factors associated with smoking. For statistical analysis, Fisher's Exact Test, Chi-square, Student's t test and bivariate logistic regression were used, all with a significance level of 5% (p≤0.05). RESULTS 102 adolescents participated. The prevalence of smoking was 20.6% (n=21). Having cleft lip and palate was associated with smoking (p=0.012). The bivariate analysis showed that not dating (p=0.001; OR=0.19) and owning a home (p=0.032; OR=0.33) were configured as protective factors for the act of being a smoker, while believing that smoking facilitates interaction with young people or with the group of friends (p=0.043; OR=2.95), having friends who use alcoholic beverages (p=0.002; OR=8.40), having friends who use drugs, except cigarettes (p=0.002; OR=5.33), use alcoholic beverages (p<0.001; OR=10.67) and sexual initiation (p<0.001; OR=7.00), were associated with being a smoker. CONCLUSIONS From the knowledge of the profile of adolescents most vulnerable to tobacco use, it is possible to plan and implement educational and preventive actions.
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Liu J, Zhao S, Chen X, Falk E, Albarracín D. The influence of peer behavior as a function of social and cultural closeness: A meta-analysis of normative influence on adolescent smoking initiation and continuation. Psychol Bull 2017; 143:1082-1115. [PMID: 28771020 PMCID: PMC5789806 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the influence of peers on adolescent smoking should vary depending on social dynamics, there is a lack of understanding of which elements are most crucial and how this dynamic unfolds for smoking initiation and continuation across areas of the world. The present meta-analysis included 75 studies yielding 237 effect sizes that examined associations between peers' smoking and adolescents' smoking initiation and continuation with longitudinal designs across 16 countries. Mixed-effects models with robust variance estimates were used to calculate weighted-mean Odds ratios. This work showed that having peers who smoke is associated with about twice the odds of adolescents beginning (OR ¯ = 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.76, 2.19]) and continuing to smoke (OR ¯ = 1.78, 95% CI [1.55, 2.05]). Moderator analyses revealed that (a) smoking initiation was more positively correlated with peers' smoking when the interpersonal closeness between adolescents and their peers was higher (vs. lower); and (b) both smoking initiation and continuation were more positively correlated with peers' smoking when samples were from collectivistic (vs. individualistic) cultures. Thus, both individual as well as population level dynamics play a critical role in the strength of peer influence. Accounting for cultural variables may be especially important given effects on both initiation and continuation. Implications for theory, research, and antismoking intervention strategies are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Liu
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Siman Zhao
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Emily Falk
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
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Urrutia‐Pereira M, Oliano VJ, Aranda CS, Mallol J, Solé D. Prevalence and factors associated with smoking among adolescents. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Urrutia-Pereira M, Oliano VJ, Aranda CS, Mallol J, Solé D. Prevalence and factors associated with smoking among adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2017; 93:230-237. [PMID: 27886805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite anti-smoking prevention programs, many adolescents start smoking at school age. The main objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with smoking in adolescents living in Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil. METHODS A prospective study was conducted in adolescents (12-19 years), enrolled in municipal schools, who answered a self-administered questionnaire on smoking. RESULTS 798 adolescents were enrolled in the study, with equal distribution between genders. The tobacco experimentation frequency (ever tried a cigarette, even one or two puffs) was 29.3%; 14.5% started smoking before 12 years of age and 13.0% reported smoking at least one cigarette/day last month. Having a smoking friend (OR: 5.67, 95% CI: 2.06-7.09), having cigarettes offered by friends (OR: 4.21, 95% CI: 2.46-5.76) and having easy access to cigarettes (OR: 3.82, 95% CI: 1.22-5.41) was identified as factors associated with smoking. Having parental guidance on smoking (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.45-0.77), having no contact with cigarettes at home in the last week (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.11-0.79) and knowing about the dangers of electronic cigarettes (OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.21-0.92) were identified as protection factors. CONCLUSION The prevalence of smoking among adolescents in Uruguaiana is high. The implementation of measures to reduce/stop tobacco use and its new forms of consumption, such as electronic cigarettes and hookah, are urgent and imperative in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Urrutia-Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUC-RS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina S Aranda
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, RS, Brazil
| | - Javier Mallol
- Universidade de Santiago do Chile (USACH), Hospital CRS El Pino, Departamento de Medicina Respiratória Pediátrica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dirceu Solé
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, RS, Brazil.
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Aura A, Laatikainen T, Isoaho H, Lazutkina G, Tossavainen K. Adolescents' Attitudes on Smoking Are Related to Experimentation with Smoking, Daily Smoking and Best Friends' Smoking in Two Karelias in Finland and in Russia. Int J Behav Med 2016; 23:679-685. [PMID: 27184970 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-016-9566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Becoming a smoker usually starts during adolescence and is a dynamic process involving experimentation before the establishment of daily smoking. It has been suggested that adolescents who smoke differ from those who do not in their attitudes to smoking. The purpose of this study was to find out whether attitudes related to smoking legislation and restrictions, social pressures in smoking and image of smokers are associated with smoking experimentation, daily smoking and best friends' smoking. METHOD The data were gathered with a self-administered questionnaire in North Karelia, Eastern Finland and in the Pitkyaranta district, Republic of Karelia, Russia. The respondents were 15-year-old 9th grade pupils in local schools. In Pitkyaranta, the data analyses covered pupils in all eight schools in the area (n = 179). In North Karelia, the data analyses comprised of selected eight schools (n = 601). Data were analysed with exploratory factor analysis. RESULTS The models revealed that attitudes related to restrictions and social pressure were significantly associated with experimenting with smoking [OR (95 % CI) 7.923 (5.787-10.847)], daily smoking [OR (95 % CI) 9.575 (6.727-13.628)] and the likelihood of best friends' smoking [OR (95 % CI) 3.154 (2.579-3.858)]. The stronger the young peoples' attitudes and opinions, for example, towards restrictions and with more difficulties in refusing smoking, the higher the likelihood for smoking experimentations, daily smoking as well as the likelihood for their best friends' smoking. The country and factor interactions were not associated with smoking experimentations, daily smoking or best friends' smoking. CONCLUSION Regardless of cultural background, adolescents who smoke have more positive attitudes to smoking, and perceive more social support for smoking, than do adolescents who do not smoke. The study stresses the similarity of the results in both Karelia's despite the enormous differences in culture, economy and public policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamari Aura
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Hospital District of North Karelia, Tikkamäentie 16, 80210, Joensuu, Finland
| | | | - Galina Lazutkina
- State Budgetary Health Care Institution of the Republic of Karelia, Pitkyaranta, Russia
| | - Kerttu Tossavainen
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Prevalence and determinants of cigarette smoking among college students: a cross-sectional study in Douala, Cameroon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 73:47. [PMID: 26693277 PMCID: PMC4685632 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-015-0100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Tobacco is the most important avoidable risk for non communicable diseases. While tobacco consumption is stable or declining in developed countries, it is increasing in the developing world with a rate of 3.4 % per annum. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with cigarette smoking among college students. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2012 to April 2013 in secondary schools in Douala, Cameroon. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data, smoking behavior and peer smoking among college students. Logistic regression analyses was employed to identify factors associated with cigarette smoking. Results Of a total of 2623 students included, 1579 (60.2 %) were female. The mean age of participants was 19.2 ± 2.53 years. The prevalence of current smoking was 11.2 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 10 – 12], with 20 % in males and 5.3 % in females. Cigarette smoking was with significantly associated with friends smoking [Odds ratio (OR) 6.66; 95 % CI 4.69 – 9.45)], male gender (OR 3.61; 95 % CI 2.52 – 5.16), increase in age (OR 1.10; 1.03 – 1.17), parental smoking 1.69 (1.04 – 2.76), and attending general education (OR 1.85; 1.23 – 2.78). Conclusions Cigarette smoking constitutes a significant health hazard in college students in Douala. Youth population and especially male students should be continuously targeted by preventive measures and sensitization campaigns against tobacco use. Parents should be aware on the influence of their smoking behavior on initiation of smoking in their children and should be encouraged to quit smoking.
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Ferreira HR, Rosa EF, Antunes JLF, Duarte DA, Imparato JCP, Pannuti CM, Mendes FM. Prolonged pacifier use during infancy and smoking initiation in adolescence: evidence from a historical cohort study. Eur Addict Res 2015; 21:33-8. [PMID: 25358513 DOI: 10.1159/000365351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association between prolonged pacifier use during childhood and smoking in adolescence and early adulthood. METHODS A historical cohort study including patients from a dental private office was designed. Dental records were used, which contained complete data about sucking habits from 314 children (2-10 years of age) who had attended a private dental office from 1988 to 1994 in Ibiá, Brazil. Then, we collected data about the smoking habits from 261 subjects who were successfully contacted again from 2004 to 2006. Our outcome variable was smoking, and subjects who had smoked more than 100 cigarettes during their lifetime were classified as smokers. Poisson regression analysis matched the association between oral habits and smoking. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. The level of significance was set at 5%. RESULTS We observed a statistically significant association between prolonged pacifier use (more than 24 months) and smoking (IRR = 4.48; 95% CI 2.32-8.65). Breastfeeding, in contrast, was a protective factor (IRR = 0.64; 95% CI 0.42-0.96). CONCLUSIONS Prolonged pacifier use during childhood is positively associated with smoking initiation in adolescence and early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helenice R Ferreira
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
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A cross-sectional study examining youth smoking rates and correlates in Tbilisi, Georgia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:476438. [PMID: 24738059 PMCID: PMC3971510 DOI: 10.1155/2014/476438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Georgia has high smoking rates; however, little is known about the prevalence and correlates of youth smoking. We conducted a secondary data analysis of a 2010 cross-sectional survey of 1,879 secondary and postsecondary school students aged 15 to 24 years in Tbilisi, Georgia, examining substance use, perceived risk, and recreational activities in relation to lifetime and current (past 30 days) smoking. Lifetime and current smoking prevalence was 46.1% and 22.6%, respectively. In secondary schools, lifetime smoking correlates included being male, consuming alcohol, lifetime marijuana use, and lower perceived risk (P's ≤ .001). Correlates of current smoking among lifetime smokers included being male, consuming alcohol, lifetime marijuana use, lower perceived risk, less frequently exercise, and more often going out (P's < .05). In postsecondary schools, lifetime smoking correlates included being male, consuming alcohol, lifetime marijuana use, lower perceived risk, more often going out, and recreational internet use (P's < .0). Correlates of current smoking among lifetime smokers included being male (P's = .04), consuming alcohol, marijuana use, lower perceived risk, and more often going out (P's < .05). Tobacco control interventions might target these correlates to reduce smoking prevalence in Georgian youth.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the risk of becoming a smoker in adulthood associated with parental smoking as well as the smoking of siblings and close friends. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING 4 oral healthcare centres in Finland and a follow-up. PARTICIPANTS An age cohort born in 1979 (n=2586) and living in four Finnish towns. Of those reached by the 2008 follow-up, 46.9% (n=1020) responded. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Smoking behaviour at the age of 29. Smoking behaviour at the age of 13 and smoking behaviour of family members and close friends. RESULTS Smoking of a current close friend was strongly associated with participants' own smoking (OR 5.6, 95% CI 3.6 to 8.8). The smoking of a close friend during schooldays was similarly associated (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.8 to 4.5). Smoking among men was associated with the smoking behaviour of mothers and siblings while that among females was not. CONCLUSIONS The impact of a smoker as a close friend is greater than that of a smoking parent or sibling in school age when it comes to smoking behaviour in adulthood. This should be taken into consideration when attempting to prevent smoking initiation or continuation. TRIAL REGISTRATION At clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01348646).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti J Saari
- Department of General Practice, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- JYTA, Tunkkari Health Care Center, Veteli, Finland
| | | | - Kari J Mattila
- Department of General Practice, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Center of General Practice, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
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Hiemstra M, Kleinjan M, van Schayck OCP, Engels RCME, Otten R. Environmental smoking and smoking onset in adolescence: the role of dopamine-related genes. Findings from two longitudinal studies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86497. [PMID: 24466121 PMCID: PMC3897729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although environmental smoking (i.e., paternal and maternal smoking, sibling smoking, and peer smoking) is one of the most important factors for explaining adolescent smoking behavior, not all adolescents are similarly affected. The extent to which individuals are vulnerable to smoking in their environment might depend on genetic factors. The aim of this study was to examine the interplay between environmental smoking and genes encoding components of the dopaminergic system (i.e., dopamine receptor D2, D4, and dopamine transporter DAT1) in adolescent smoking onset. Data from two longitudinal studies were used. Study 1 consisted of 991 non-smoking early adolescents (mean age = 12.52, SD = .57) whereas study 2 consisted of 365 non-smoking middle to late adolescents (mean age = 14.16, SD = 1.07) who were followed for 16 and 48 months, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were conducted using Mplus. In study 1, we found positive associations between parents' and friends' smoking at the first measurement and smoking status 16 months later. In study 2 we found a positive association between friends' smoking and smoking onset 48 months later. Neither study demonstrated any interaction effects of the DRD2, DRD4, or DAT1 genotypes. In conclusion, the effects of environmental smoking on smoking onset are similar for adolescent carriers and non-carriers of these specific genes related to the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Hiemstra
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Kleinjan
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C. P. van Schayck
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roy Otten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Almquist YB, Ostberg V. Social relationships and subsequent health-related behaviours: linkages between adolescent peer status and levels of adult smoking in a Stockholm cohort. Addiction 2013; 108:629-37. [PMID: 23167674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Peer status reflects the extent to which an individual is accepted by the group. Some studies have reported that low peer status in adolescence is associated with a higher risk of smoking, while others found the reverse. No studies have investigated peer status influences on adult smoking. The aim of the study was therefore to examine the relationship between adolescents' peer status and the intensity of smoking in adulthood. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Stockholm, Sweden. PARTICIPANTS A subsample (n = 2329) of the cohort with information about adult smoking. MEASUREMENTS Peer status was assessed sociometrically at age 13 and information on smoking was gathered through a questionnaire at age 32. Relative risks (RR) for self-reported level of smoking were calculated using multinomial logistic regression. Several family-related and individual variables were included as control variables. FINDINGS Lower peer status in adolescence was associated with smoking of any intensity in adulthood. For example, the risk of heavy smoking was more than threefold (RR = 3.67) among individuals in the lowest status positions. The association with occasional smoking was abolished by controlling for factors related to adolescents' attitude to school and cognitive ability. For regular and heavy smoking the relationship was attenuated by controlling for these factors. CONCLUSIONS Low peer status in adolescence appears to be a risk factor for smoking in adulthood. Part of this association may be explained by adolescents' feelings towards school and cognitive ability. However, being unpopular in adolescence remains a strong risk factor for regular and heavy smoking in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva B Almquist
- Centre for Health Equity Studies, Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mathur C, Erickson DJ, Stigler MH, Forster JL, Finnegan JR. Individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status effects on adolescent smoking: a multilevel cohort-sequential latent growth analysis. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:543-8. [PMID: 23327273 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.300830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the prospective effects of parental education (as a proxy for individual socioeconomic status [SES]) and neighborhood SES on adolescent smoking trajectories and whether the prospective effects of individual SES varied across neighborhood SES. METHODS The study included 3635 randomly recruited adolescents from 5 age cohorts (12-16 years) assessed semiannually for 3 years in the Minnesota Adolescent Community Cohort study. We employed a cohort-sequential latent growth model to examine smoking from age 12 to 18 years with predictors. RESULTS Lower individual SES predicted increased levels of smoking over time. Whereas neighborhood SES had no direct effect, the interaction between individual and neighborhood SES was significant. Among higher and lower neighborhood SES, lower individual SES predicted increased levels of smoking; however, the magnitude of association between lower individual SES and higher smoking levels was significantly greater for higher neighborhood SES. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence for differential effects of individual SES on adolescent smoking for higher and lower neighborhood SES. The group differences underscore social conditions as fundamental causes of disease and development of interventions and policies to address inequality in the resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Mathur
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
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Reda AA, Moges A, Yazew B, Biadgilign S. Determinants of cigarette smoking among school adolescents in eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Harm Reduct J 2012; 9:39. [PMID: 23227891 PMCID: PMC3541105 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7517-9-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) attributes more than 4 million deaths a year to tobacco, and it is expected that this figure will rise to 10 million deaths a year by 2020. Moreover, it is now a growing public health problem in the developing world. OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of cigarette use and its determinant factors among high school students in eastern Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using structured self-administered questionnaires among 1,721 school adolescents in Harar town, eastern Ethiopia. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to examine associations. RESULTS The analysis revealed that prevalence of ever cigarette smoking was 12.2% (95% CI 10.8% - 13.9%). Reasons mentioned for smoking cigarettes were for enjoyment (113, 52.8%), for trial (92, 42.9%), and for other reasons (9, 4.3%). The main predictors of cigarette smoking were sex (OR 4.32; 95% CI 2.59-7.22), age (OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.05-1.38) and having friends who smoke (OR 8.14; 95% CI 5.19-12.70). Living with people who smoke cigarettes was not significantly associated with smoking among adolescents (OR 1.25; 95% CI 0.81-1.92). CONCLUSION This study concluded that high proportion of school adolescents in Harar town smoked cigarettes. Sex, age and peer influence were identified as important determinants of smoking. There is a need for early cost-effective interventions and education campaigns that target secondary school students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayalu A Reda
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 235, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Asmamaw Moges
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 235, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Yazew
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Health Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Sibhatu Biadgilign
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Schaefer DR, Haas SA, Bishop NJ. A dynamic model of US adolescents' smoking and friendship networks. Am J Public Health 2012; 102:e12-8. [PMID: 22515861 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.300705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the associations between smoking and friend selection in the social networks of US adolescents. METHODS We used a stochastic actor-based model to simultaneously test the effects of friendship networks on smoking and several ways that smoking can affect the friend selection process. Data are from 509 US high school students in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 1994-1996 (46.6% female, mean age at outset=15.4 years). RESULTS Over time, adolescents' smoking became more similar to their friends. Smoking also affected who adolescents selected as friends; adolescents were more likely to select friends whose smoking level was similar to their own, and smoking enhanced popularity such that smokers were more likely to be named as friends than were nonsmokers, after controlling for other friend selection processes. CONCLUSIONS Both friend selection and peer influence are associated with smoking frequency. Interventions to reduce adolescent smoking would benefit by focusing on selection and influence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Schaefer
- School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3701, USA.
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Chang FC, Lee CM, Miao NF, Lin SH, Lee SC, Lung CN, Liao HJ. Parent–adolescent discrepancies in reports of adolescent tobacco and alcohol use associated with family relationships in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2012.674624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Primack BA, Longacre MR, Beach ML, Adachi-Mejia AM, Titus LJ, Dalton MA. Association of established smoking among adolescents with timing of exposure to smoking depicted in movies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:549-55. [PMID: 22423010 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not known whether exposure to smoking depicted in movies carries greater influence during early or late adolescence. We aimed to quantify the independent relative contribution to established smoking of exposure to smoking depicted in movies during both early and late adolescence. METHODS We prospectively assessed 2049 nonsmoking students recruited from 14 randomly selected public schools in New Hampshire and Vermont. At baseline enrollment, students aged 10-14 years completed a written survey to determine personal, family, and sociodemographic characteristics and exposure to depictions of smoking in the movies (early exposure). Seven years later, we conducted follow-up telephone interviews to ascertain follow-up exposure to movie smoking (late exposure) and smoking behavior. We used multiple regression models to assess associations between early and late exposure and development of established smoking. RESULTS One-sixth (17.3%) of the sample progressed to established smoking. In analyses that controlled for covariates and included early and late exposure in the same model, we found that students in the highest quartile for early exposure had 73% greater risk of established smoking than those in the lowest quartile for early exposure (27.8% vs 8.6%; relative risk for Q4 vs Q1 = 1.73, 95% confidence interval = 1.14 to 2.62). However, late exposure to depictions of smoking in movies was not statistically significantly associated with established smoking (22.1% vs 14.0%; relative risk for Q4 vs Q1 = 1.13, 95% confidence interval = 0.89 to 1.44). Whereas 31.6% of established smoking was attributable to early exposure, only an additional 5.3% was attributable to late exposure. CONCLUSIONS Early exposure to smoking depicted in movies is associated with established smoking among adolescents. Educational and policy-related interventions should focus on minimizing early exposure to smoking depicted in movies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Primack
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 230 McKee Place, Ste 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA.
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17
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Otten R, Bricker JB, Liu J, Comstock BA, Peterson AV. Adolescent psychological and social predictors of young adult smoking acquisition and cessation: A 10-year longitudinal study. Health Psychol 2011; 30:163-70. [PMID: 21401250 DOI: 10.1037/a0022352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A 10-year follow-up study to test the extent to which theory-based adolescent psychological and social factors directly predict and moderate the prediction of young adult smoking acquisition and cessation. DESIGN A prospective community-based sample. A total of 2,970 adolescents participated in the large Washington State Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project (HSPP) longitudinal cohort. As predictors, psychological factors (i.e., parentnoncompliance, friendcompliance, rebelliousness, achievement motivation, and thrill seeking) and social environmental factors (i.e., parent's and friend's smoking) were measured when adolescents were 17-18 years old. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES As main outcome measures, smoking acquisition and cessation were assessed both at ages 18 and 28. RESULTS Psychological and social factors predicted 3% to 7% probability (p < .05) of smoking acquisition and a nonsignificant to 24% probability (p < .05) of smoking continuation (not quitting) in young adulthood. Both friendcompliance and rebelliousness were more powerful predictors of young adult-smoking continuation than of smoking acquisition. CONCLUSION First evidence that parent noncompliance, friend compliance, and a lack of achievement motivation predict smoking acquisition and (with the exception of parent noncompliance) smoking continuation in young adulthood. Including these psychological factors in future interventions designed to promote young adult smoking cessation may be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Otten
- Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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18
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Mohammadpoorasl A, Fakhari A, Shamsipour M, Rostami F, Rashidian H. Transitions between the stages of smoking in Iranian adolescents. Prev Med 2011; 52:136-8. [PMID: 21145915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the prevalence of smoking, the rates of transitions, and predictors of transition through the three stages of smoking. METHODS A total of 1785 high school students in Tabriz (northwest of Iran) were assessed at 2 time points with a 12-month interval in 2005 and 2006, regarding changes in smoking stages. The predictor variables were measured when the students were in the 10th grade. Logistic regression was employed to predict the different smoking stages at grade 11. RESULTS The results showed that 14.3% (95% confidence interval, 12.3%-16.4%) and 2.8% (2.0%-4.0%) of the never smokers became experimenters and regular smokers, respectively, whereas 16.5% (12.4%-21.7%) of the experimenters became regular smokers. Among never smokers, participation in groups with at least one smoker (odds ratio, 1.24 (95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.47)), having smoker friends (1.85 (1.21-2.83)), and a positive attitude toward smoking (1.22 (1.02-1.46)) predicted smoking experience. Among the experimenters, those who had general risk behaviors (2.56 (1.12-5.87)) and participated in groups with at least one smoker (2.58 (1.26-5.31)) significantly progressed to becoming a regular smoker at the follow-up. CONCLUSION Prevention of smoking in adolescence should begin by focusing on the predictors of transition through smoking stages, especially participating in smoker groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Mohammadpoorasl
- National Public Health Management Center (NPMC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Bidstrup PE, Tjørnhøj-Thomsen T, Mortensen EL, Vinther-Larsen M, Johansen C. Critical discussion of social-cognitive factors in smoking initiation among adolescents. Acta Oncol 2011; 50:88-98. [PMID: 21174611 DOI: 10.3109/02841861003801155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Social-cognitive models have often been used in research on prevention in adolescent populations, even though the models were designed to describe adult behavior. The aim of the study reported here was to examine critically and constructively the five social-cognitive factors in the 'attitude, social influence, self-efficacy' (ASE) model. Methods. The examination draws on the results of a qualitative follow-up study of smoking initiation based on semi-structured interviews and observations of 12 adolescents in two Danish school classes, grades 7 and 8. The qualitative study was conducted in connection with and sampled from a large quantitative study and the results of both studies are discussed. In the analyses, we explored the ASE constructs according to how they are described in the ASE theory. Furthermore, we examined contradictions and aspects which are not explained in the model and if relevant discussed these aspects using other theoretical frameworks. Results. The results showed that aspects other than those in the ASE model are also important. Smoking initiation was often situational and unplanned and was sometimes used in negotiating social relationships and identity. Furthermore, the social-cognitive models are based on the assumption that adolescents talk about smoking norms and have a high degree of individual reflexivity, which is not always characteristic of adolescent behavior. Conclusion. Applying theoretical models in health research should be a continuous process of both applying the model and discussing the theoretical assumptions of the model when applied to a specific sample. The results of the qualitative study provide some support for use of the ASE model, but the results also suggest that further studies are needed to explore how social-cognitive models can be expanded to be more comprehensive behavioral models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Envold Bidstrup
- Department of Psychosocial Cancer Research, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Abstract
AIMS This paper is a report of a study comparing children with smoking parents and those with non-smoking parents, in terms of knowledge and attitude towards smoking and the influence of parents and peers on smoking initiation. BACKGROUND Adolescence is a developmental stage when smoking habits are likely to start. Adolescents are most influenced by the smoking habits of their parents and friends. METHOD A cross-section study was conducted with students aged 13-15 years in two schools in 2008, using a questionnaire that collected information on the smoking habits of their parents and peers, knowledge and attitude towards smoking, initiation and inclination towards smoking. Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were used to analyse the data. RESULTS A total of 257 of 575 (44·7%) students had smoking parent(s), and 25·4% reported having peers who smoked. Children with non-smoking parents were more likely than those with smoking parents to consider 'smoking as disgusting' (67·3% vs. 45·9%), and to know that 'smoking is addictive' (80·5% vs. 70·4%) and 'harmful to health' (81·8% vs. 67·7%). More of those with smoking parents had tried smoking than those with non-smoking parents (13·2% vs. 3·8%). CONCLUSION Preventive programmes should involve smoking parents to increase their awareness of the impact their smoking has on their children. Interventions should include problem-solving skills for children to deal with daily stresses and thus eradicate the potential risk of smoking initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Yuen Loke
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
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21
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Song AV, Glantz SA, Halpern-Felsher BL. Perceptions of second-hand smoke risks predict future adolescent smoking initiation. J Adolesc Health 2009; 45:618-25. [PMID: 19931835 PMCID: PMC2814413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To directly test whether perceptions of second-hand smoke risks deter adolescent smoking initiation. METHODS A longitudinal survey design was utilized in this study. Baseline surveys measuring perceptions of tobacco-related risks and smoking behaviors were administered to 395 high school students, with three follow-up assessments every 6 months. RESULTS Perceptions of personal second-hand smoke risks and parental second-hand smoke risks significantly deterred adolescent smoking initiation. Perceptions of personal second-hand smoke risks reduced the odds of smoking by a factor of 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.42-0.94) for each quartile increase in perceptions of personal second-hand smoke risks. Adolescents who provided the highest estimates of risks for personal second-hand smoke were 0.25 as likely to smoke as adolescents who provided the lowest estimates of risk. Perceptions of parental second-hand smoke risks reduced the odds of smoking by a factor of 0.64 (95% CI=0.43-0.93) for each quartile increase. Adolescents who perceived the highest estimates of risks associated with parental second-hand smoke were 0.26 as likely to smoke in the future compared to adolescents who provided the lowest estimates of risk. These effects are over three times as large as a smoking peer's influence on a nonsmoking adolescents' risk for smoking initiation, odds ratio [OR]=1.18 (95% CI=1.02-1.35). CONCLUSIONS Adolescent perceptions of risks of second-hand smoke are strongly associated with smoking initiation. Encouraging adolescents to express their objections to second-hand smoke, as well as encouraging parents to create smoke-free homes, may be powerful tobacco control strategies against adolescent smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Song
- University of California, Merced, School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, Psychological Sciences, Merced, California
| | - Stanton A. Glantz
- University of California, San Francisco, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Institute for Health Policy Studies, and Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Bonnie L. Halpern-Felsher
- University of California, San Francisco, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, San Francisco, California
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22
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Bricker JB, Rajan KB, Zalewski M, Ramey M, Peterson AV, Andersen MR. Psychological and social risk factors in adolescent smoking transitions: a population-based longitudinal study. Health Psychol 2009; 28:439-47. [PMID: 19594268 DOI: 10.1037/a0014568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study longitudinally investigated psychological and social risk factors consistent with the Theory of Triadic Influence (TTI) as predictors of adolescent smoking transitions. DESIGN Among 4218 adolescents, five psychological risk factors (i.e., parent-noncompliance, friend-compliance, rebelliousness, low achievement motivation, and thrill seeking) were assessed in 9th grade (age 14), two social influence risk factors (i.e., parents' and close friends' smoking) were assessed in Grades 3 (age 8) and 9 (age 14), respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Adolescent smoking transitions occurring between the 9th and 12th (ages 14-17) grade interval. RESULTS The probabilities contributed by each of the five psychological risk factors to the overall probability of making a specific smoking transition were: 22% to 27% for the transition from never to trying smoking, 10% to 13% for the transition from trying to monthly smoking, and, for three of the five risk factors, 11% to 16% for the transition from monthly to daily smoking. For predicting trying smoking, the probability contributed by these psychological factors was greater than the probability contributed by each parent's and close friend's smoking. Parent-compliance had a higher contribution to the probability of trying smoking when an adolescent's parent smoked (p < .05), whereas friend-compliance had a higher contribution to the probability of trying smoking when an adolescent's friend smoked (p < .001). CONCLUSION These psychological and social factors have an important influence on adolescent smoking transitions. Implications for TTI and smoking prevention interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Bricker
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
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23
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Caris L, Wagner FA, Ríos-Bedoya CF, Anthony JC. Opportunities to use drugs and stages of drug involvement outside the United States: Evidence from the Republic of Chile. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 102:30-4. [PMID: 19328635 PMCID: PMC4922899 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying youthful drug involvement in the Republic of Chile, we sought to replicate North American research findings about the earliest stages of drug involvement (e.g., initial opportunities to use tobacco and alcohol, and transitions leading toward illegal drug use). METHODS A nationally representative multistage probability sample of middle and high school students was drawn; 30,490 youths completed surveys that assessed age at first drug exposure opportunities and first actual drug use. Cox discrete-time survival models accommodate the complex sample design and provide transition probability estimates. RESULTS An estimated 39% of the students had an opportunity to use cannabis, and 70% of these transitioned to actual cannabis use. The probability of cannabis use and the conditional probability of cannabis use (given opportunity) are greater for users of alcohol only, tobacco only, and alcohol plus tobacco, as compared to non-users of alcohol and tobacco. Male-female differences in cannabis use were traced back to male-female differences in drug exposure opportunities. CONCLUSION In Chile as in North America, when cannabis use follows alcohol and tobacco use, the mechanism may be understood in two parts: users of alcohol and tobacco are more likely to have opportunities to try cannabis, and once the opportunity occurs, they are more likely to use cannabis. Male-female differences do not seem to be operative within the mechanism that governs transition to use, once the chance to use cannabis has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Caris
- University of Chile, School of Public Health. Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Fernando A. Wagner
- Morgan State University, Center for the Study and Prevention of Drug Use; Center for Health Disparities Solutions; & School of Community Health and Policy. Baltimore, MD 21251
| | - Carlos F. Ríos-Bedoya
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University. East Lansing, MI 48824
,Department of Family Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University. East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - James C. Anthony
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University. East Lansing, MI 48824
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24
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Gau SSF, Lai MC, Chiu YN, Liu CT, Lee MB, Hwu HG. Individual and family correlates for cigarette smoking among Taiwanese college students. Compr Psychiatry 2009; 50:276-85. [PMID: 19374974 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This college-based questionnaire survey aimed to explore the individual, family, and peer correlates for cigarette smoking among first-year college students. METHOD The sample included 2918 first-year college students (males, 45.5%) recruited from a national university in Taiwan (participation rate, 79.1%). The participants reported on questions about various substances, attitudes toward substances, personality characteristics, psychopathology, suicidal behaviors, parenting style, family function and use of substances, and peer substance use. RESULTS There were 263 (9.0%; males, 70.6%) current smokers. Compared to nonsmokers, college smokers were more extraverted and neurotic, and showed less harm avoidance, and more novelty seeking in their personality. They had more hostile, somatic, depressive, paranoid, and psychotic symptoms in terms of psychopathology. Smokers were more likely to use other substances, and to have suicidal ideations, wishes, plans, and attempts. Smokers perceived lower family cohesion, less care from their fathers, and less overprotection from their mothers. They were more likely to have peers and family members who also smoked or used other substances. The most associated correlates were male sex, older age, other substance use, novelty seeking, suicidal ideation and attempts, sibling and peer substance use, a prosubstance attitude, and less maternal overprotection. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the association of cigarette use in Taiwanese young adults with several individual, family, and peer factors identified in Western studies. Intervention in cigarette use should be multifaceted, by taking its correlates and the concurrent psychopathology, use of substances, and suicidality into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
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25
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Dalton MA, Beach ML, Adachi-Mejia AM, Longacre MR, Matzkin AL, Sargent JD, Heatherton TF, Titus-Ernstoff L. Early exposure to movie smoking predicts established smoking by older teens and young adults. Pediatrics 2009; 123:e551-8. [PMID: 19336346 PMCID: PMC2758519 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Movie smoking exposure is a strong predictor of smoking initiation by adolescents; however, we do not know whether it is a long-term predictor of established smoking. We conducted a prospective study to determine whether movie smoking exposure during early adolescence predicts established smoking in older teens and young adults. DESIGN We assessed movie smoking exposure and smoking status through a written school-based survey in 1999, when participants were 10 to 14 years of age. We enrolled 73% (n = 2603) of those who had never tried smoking in a follow-up study. In 2006-2007, we conducted telephone interviews with 69% (n = 1791) of the cohort to ascertain current smoking status. The primary outcome was established smoking, defined as having smoked >100 cigarettes. Mean age at follow-up was 18.7 years. RESULTS Thirteen percent (n = 235) progressed from never smoking to established smoking during the follow-up period. Eighty-nine percent (n = 209) of established smokers smoked during the 30 days before the survey. Even after controlling for a wide range of baseline characteristics, the relative risk for established smoking increased by one third with each successive quartile of movie smoking exposure. Those in the highest quartile for baseline movie smoking exposure were twice as likely to be established smokers at follow-up compared with those in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSIONS Movie smoking exposure significantly predicted progression to established smoking in long-term follow-up. We estimate that 34.9% of established smoking in this cohort can be attributed to movie smoking exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline A. Dalton
- Community Health Research Program, Hood Center for Children and Families, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Michael L. Beach
- Community Health Research Program, Hood Center for Children and Families, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Department of Anesthesia; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Anna M. Adachi-Mejia
- Community Health Research Program, Hood Center for Children and Families, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Meghan R. Longacre
- Community Health Research Program, Hood Center for Children and Families, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Aurora L. Matzkin
- Community Health Research Program, Hood Center for Children and Families, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - James D. Sargent
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Todd F. Heatherton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Linda Titus-Ernstoff
- Community Health Research Program, Hood Center for Children and Families, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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26
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Vitória PD, Salgueiro MF, Silva SA, De Vries H. The impact of social influence on adolescent intention to smoke: combining types and referents of influence. Br J Health Psychol 2009; 14:681-99. [PMID: 19288976 DOI: 10.1348/135910709x421341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Theory and research suggest that the intention to smoke is the main determinant of smoking initiation and emphasizes the role of cognitive and social factors on the prediction of the intention to smoke. However, extended models such as the I-Change and results from published studies reveal inconsistencies regarding the impact of social influence on the intention to smoke. Possible explanations for this may be the definition and measurement of the constructs that have been used. DESIGN AND METHODS The current study was designed with two main goals: (i) to test a measurement model for social influence, combining different types of social influence (subjective norms, perceived behaviour, and direct pressure) with various referents of influence (parents, siblings, peers, and teachers); (ii) to investigate the impact of social influence on adolescent intention to smoke, controlling for smoking behaviour. LISREL was used to test these models. The sample includes 3,064 Portuguese adolescents, with a mean age of 13.5 years, at the beginning of the seventh school grade. RESULTS The hypothesized measurement model of social influence was supported by results and explained 29% of the variance of the intention to smoke. A more extended model, including attitude and self-efficacy, explained 55% of the variance of the intention to smoke. Perceived behaviour of peers, parental norms, and perceived behaviour of parents were the social influence factors with impact on adolescent intention to smoke. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that different referents exert their influence through distinct types of social influence and recommend further work on the definition and measurement of social influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo D Vitória
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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27
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Bidstrup PE, Frederiksen K, Siersma V, Mortensen EL, Ross L, Vinther-Larsen M, Grønbaek M, Johansen C. Social-cognitive and school factors in initiation of smoking among adolescents: a prospective cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:384-92. [PMID: 19190152 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to examine the association between social-cognitive factors, school factors, and smoking initiation among adolescents who had never smoked. METHODS The study was based on longitudinal data on Danish adolescents attending randomly selected public schools. Adolescents enrolled in grade 7 (mean age, 13 years) who had never smoked (n = 912) were followed up for 6 months after baseline. Those who had still never smoked were followed up again 18 months after baseline, in grade 8 (n = 442). Social-cognitive factors were examined with five measures: self-efficacy, social influence (norms), social influence (behavior), social influence (pressure), and attitude. We used multilevel analyses to estimate the associations between social-cognitive factors at baseline and smoking initiation as well as the random effects of school, school class, and gender group in the school class. RESULTS At the first follow-up, we found significant associations between attitude, father's smoking, best friend's smoking, and smoking initiation. At the second follow-up, we found a significant association with pressure to smoke from friends. Of the school factors, gender group in the school class showed an effect at both first and second follow-up. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that father's smoking, best friend's smoking, attitude, and pressure to smoke from friends affect smoking initiation. The results for school factors suggest an effect of classmates of the same gender, which has not previously been examined longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Envold Bidstrup
- Department of Psychosocial Cancer Research, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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28
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Bricker JB, Andersen MR, Rajan KB, Sarason IG, Peterson AV. The role of schoolmates' smoking and non-smoking in adolescents' smoking transitions: a longitudinal study. Addiction 2007; 102:1665-75. [PMID: 17854343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The first longitudinal investigation of the extent to which same-age and older schoolmates' smoking and non-smoking are associated with adolescents' smoking transitions during three grade intervals. DESIGN Same-age and older schoolmates' smoking and non-smoking were assessed when adolescents were at grades 5 (age 10), 7 (age 12) and 9 (age 14). Adolescents' smoking transitions were assessed at three grade intervals: 5th-7th (age 10-12), 7th-9th (age 12-14) and 9th-12th (age 14-17). SETTING Forty Washington State school districts. PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS Smoking questionnaire data were gathered on a cohort of adolescents (n = 4354 for same-age schoolmate analysis; n = 1833 for older schoolmate analysis) that was 49% female and 91% Caucasian. FINDINGS No significant evidence that same-age schoolmates' smoking or non-smoking was associated with any of the adolescent smoking transitions at any of the three grade intervals. In contrast, the probability that each older schoolmate's smoking was associated with the adolescent making the transition to trying smoking was 1% (95% CI: 0.4%, 1.5%) and with the transition from trying to monthly smoking was also 1% (95% CI: 0.2%, 2.0%) during the 7th-9th grade (age 12-14) interval. Moreover, each older schoolmate's non-smoking was associated with a 1.001-1.006 (all P < 0.05) relative risk of an adolescent not trying smoking or escalating from trying to monthly smoking at several grade intervals. CONCLUSIONS Interventions should perhaps focus on the influence of both smoking and non-smoking older schoolmates during late childhood and early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Bricker
- Cancer Prevention Research Program, Division of Public Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
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29
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Liu J, Peterson AV, Kealey KA, Mann SL, Bricker JB, Marek PM. Addressing challenges in adolescent smoking cessation: design and baseline characteristics of the HS Group-Randomized trial. Prev Med 2007; 45:215-25. [PMID: 17628650 PMCID: PMC2040060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Well-documented challenges have hampered both intervention development and research in teen smoking cessation. Addressing these challenges, the Hutchinson Study of High School Smoking (HS Study), the largest group-randomized trial in adolescent smoking cessation to date, incorporates several design innovations to investigate the effect of a counselor-initiated, individually tailored telephone counseling smoking cessation intervention for older adolescents. This paper presents and discusses these innovative design features, and baseline findings on the resulting study population. METHOD The trial used a population-based survey to proactively identify and recruit all high school juniors who had smoked in the past month - potentially expanding intervention reach to all smokers, even those who smoked less than daily and those not motivated to quit. For ethical and intervention reasons, some nonsmokers were enrolled in the intervention, also. Other important design features included the random allocation of schools into experimental conditions (intervention vs. no-intervention control) and a multi-wave design. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The design innovations address problems and challenges identified in adolescent smoking cessation literature. The heterogeneous baseline characteristics of the study population, well-balanced between the two arms, have three significant implications: They (1) demonstrate the effectiveness of the trial's design features, (2) highlight several intervention-related issues, and (3) provide assurance that the trial's evaluation of intervention effectiveness will be unbiased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Liu
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview, Ave N., M2-C826, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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30
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Bricker JB, Peterson AV, Sarason IG, Andersen MR, Rajan KB. Changes in the influence of parents' and close friends' smoking on adolescent smoking transitions. Addict Behav 2007; 32:740-57. [PMID: 16854532 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Revised: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper examined changes in the influence of parents' and close friends' smoking on smoking transitions occurring over the course of adolescence, using a large (N=6,006) longitudinal study. The three grade periods were 5th to 7th (ages 10-12), 7th to 9th (ages 12-14), and 9th to 12th grade (ages 14-17). Smoking transitions examined were: (1) never to trying, (2) trying to monthly, and (3) monthly to daily. Results showed that the influence of parents' smoking was substantial for all three transitions during most of the grade periods and, for the transition from monthly to daily smoking, increased (p=.006) during adolescence. In contrast, the influence of close friends' smoking was strongest for the transition to trying smoking and did not significantly change (all p>.05) for any of the smoking transitions as the adolescent became older. In conclusion, the influence of close friends' smoking on smoking transitions might be stable during adolescence whereas the influence of parents' smoking on the transition to daily smoking might markedly increase across adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Bricker
- Cancer Prevention Research Program, Division of Public Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
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