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Collica-Cox K, Day GJ, Bennett A, Maruszewski C. The Impact of Trauma-Sensitive Yoga on Persons Who Are Incarcerated: Identifying, Understanding, and Controlling Emotions. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2024; 20:195-204. [PMID: 38488399 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While persons who are incarcerated have high rates of previous trauma, further traumatization can result from the experience of incarceration. The inability to effectively process trauma can lead to maladaptive behavior, a serious concern for correctional administrators. Acquiring the skills to regulate emotions and mitigate feelings of impulsivity help persons who are incarcerated take responsibility for their actions to make better decisions, simultaneously encouraging prosocial behavior, decreasing institutional misconduct, and reducing behaviors that place one at risk for repeated involvement in the criminal justice system. PURPOSE Trauma-sensitive yoga (TSY) is one correctional intervention that can effectively address misconduct issues. Yet, the specific impact of TSY on populations who are incarcerated has not been empirically investigated. METHODS A mixed-methods study, utilizing pretest and posttest interviewing, was conducted with male residents in a New York jail who completed a 4-week TSY program. RESULTS Data indicated that those who participated in TSY experienced statistically significant improvements in self-esteem, self-control, resilience, institutional conduct, self-efficacy, and emotion regulation. Qualitative data also indicated high levels of connectivity with other TSY class participants. IMPLICATIONS This research implies that cost-effective interventions like TSY have the ability to produce beneficial outcomes within a short time, which is integral to furthering rehabilitative efforts within the transient nature of the jail setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Collica-Cox
- Author Affiliations: Criminal Justice, Pace University & Security Department in New York City and Pleasantville
| | - George J Day
- Department of Government, Stephen F. Austin State University
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Xie M, Su C. Childhood abuse and juvenile offenders' aggressive behavior: Selfesteem and self-control as mediators. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.2224/sbp.11407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We explored the impact of experiencing childhood abuse on exhibiting aggressive behavior, and the mediating roles of self-esteem and selfcontrol in this relationship. Participants were 425 male juvenile offenders at two prisons in China, who completed the Childhood Abuse Questionnaire,
the Self-Esteem Scale, the Self-Control Scale, and the Aggression Questionnaire. As we had predicted, the chain mediating effect of self-esteem and self-control on the relationship between childhood abuse and aggressive behavior was significant. The findings benefit our understanding of the
mechanisms underlying the relationship between childhood abuse and aggressive behavior among juvenile offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Xie
- School of Educational Science, Ludong University, and Institute for Education and Treatment of Problematic Youth, Ludong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjing Su
- School of Educational Science, Ludong University, and Institute for Education and Treatment of Problematic Youth, Ludong University, People's Republic of China
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Timko C, Schonbrun YC, Anderson B, Johnson JE, Stein M. Perceived Substance Use Norms Among Jailed Women with Alcohol Use Disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:1834-1841. [PMID: 32876998 PMCID: PMC7722182 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social norms regarding substance use predict substance use behaviors. In a sample of jailed women with alcohol use disorders (AUDs), we compared (i) jailed women's perceptions of the US women population's rates of substance use, with US women's actual rates of substance use; (ii) jailed women's perceived rates of substance use by US women, with their perceptions of use by their own friends; and (iii) US women's actual rates of substance use, with observed sample substance use rates. METHODS Participants were 205 jailed women who met criteria for an AUD. We used the 1-sample or dependent-samples t-test to make the comparisons. RESULTS Participants overestimated US women's rates of substance use and incarceration rates. They perceived their friends' substance use as less common than US women's. The jailed women reported higher rates of their own substance use than actual rates by US women. In addition, jailed women self-reported less cannabis use, but more alcohol and cocaine use and cigarette smoking, than they perceived their friends to have used. The more women perceived their friends as drinking, the less they had a goal to drink less or abstain from drinking postincarceration; in contrast, perceptions of US women's drinking were not related to personal goals for drinking. CONCLUSIONS Interventions that correct misperceptions about substance use norms may have utility for jailed women with AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Timko
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto
Health Care System and Stanford University School of Medicine, 795 Willow Road,
Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Yael Chatav Schonbrun
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert
Medical School, Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903 USA
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler
Hospital, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI 02906 USA
| | - Bradley Anderson
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler
Hospital, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI 02906 USA
| | - Jennifer E. Johnson
- Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine,
Michigan State University, 200 East 1st Street, Flint, MI 48502 USA
| | - Michael Stein
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler
Hospital, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI 02906 USA
- Department of Health Law, Policy, & Management, Boston
University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118
USA
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Moore KE, Gordon DM, Cornelius T, Kershaw T. Social Network Characteristics among Racial/Ethnic Minority Young Adult Males with Prior Criminal Justice System Involvement. DEVIANT BEHAVIOR 2019; 42:443-457. [PMID: 34024963 PMCID: PMC8132725 DOI: 10.1080/01639625.2019.1685491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research examining social networks and delinquency risk rarely focuses on the unique period of young adulthood. Young adults who have been involved in the criminal justice system (CJS) may associate with high-risk peers or be less central in their social networks, especially in urban, low-resourced contexts. We used social network analysis to examine prior CJS involvement with network composition and centrality among racial/ethnic minority young adult males (n=119). Participants with CJS involvement were highly connected to each other and had high-risk peers, but were no more or less central in their networks. Understanding delinquency risks for racial/ethnic minority young adult males identifies prevention and intervention targets during the transition to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Moore
- East Tennessee State University, Department of Psychology, 420 Rogers-Stout Hall PO Box 70649 , Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - Derrick M. Gordon
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Talea Cornelius
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Department of Medicine, 622 W. 168th St. PH 9-319, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Trace Kershaw
- Yale University School of Public Health, 60 College St., New Haven, CT 06519
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Chamberlain A, Nyamu S, Aminawung J, Wang EA, Shavit S, Fox AD. Illicit substance use after release from prison among formerly incarcerated primary care patients: a cross-sectional study. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2019; 14:7. [PMID: 30782211 PMCID: PMC6381679 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-019-0136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background More than 80% of people in jail or prison report having used illicit substances in their lifetimes. After release from incarceration, resumption of substance use carries risks, including parole revocation, exacerbation of mental health conditions, transmission of infectious diseases, and drug overdose. Methods This cross-sectional study used baseline data from the Transitions Clinic Network (TCN, www.transitionsclinic.org), a multi-site prospective longitudinal cohort study of post-incarceration medical care. We investigated substance use among adults, with at least one chronic health condition or age ≥ 50 years, who had been recently released from incarceration and initiated care at a TCN site. Our primary outcome was any self-reported illicit substance use (heroin or other opioids, cocaine, cannabis, amphetamines, hallucinogens, MDMA, or illicit use of prescription medications) following release from incarceration. Alcohol use post-release was a secondary outcome. Using multivariable logistic regression, we also explored factors associated with illicit substance use. Results Among 751 participants, median age was 47; participants were mostly male (85%), non-white (47% black, 30% Hispanic), and on parole (80%). The proportion of participants reporting any illicit substance use and any alcohol use soon after release from incarceration was 18% and 23%, respectively. In multivariable regression, variables significantly associated with post-release illicit substance use were male gender (aOR = 3.91, 95% CI: 1.73–8.81), housing with friends or family (aOR = 3.33, 95% CI: 1.20–9.28), years incarcerated during latest prison term (aOR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.89–0.98), weeks elapsed before engagement with TCN (aOR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.03–1.10), being on parole (aOR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.34–0.99), and having a drug use disorder (aOR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.40–3.68). Conclusions Among individuals seeking medical care after release from incarceration, self-reported substance use was lower than previously reported estimates of post-incarceration substance use. Known risk factors, such as male gender and having a drug use disorder, were associated with illicit substance use, as were novel risk factors, such as less supervised housing. Though illicit substance use post-incarceration can carry severe consequences, treatment and surveillance interventions should be targeted toward individuals with greatest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylviah Nyamu
- Mount Sinai St.Luke's and Mount Sinai West Hospitals, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | | | - Emily A Wang
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Shira Shavit
- University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA
| | - Aaron D Fox
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA. .,Montefiore Medical Center, 111 E. 210th Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
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Moore KE, Milam KC, Folk JB, Tangney JP. Self-stigma among Criminal Offenders: Risk and Protective Factors. STIGMA AND HEALTH 2018; 3:241-252. [PMID: 30271876 DOI: 10.1037/sah0000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Those involved in the criminal justice system are swiftly identified as "criminals." Receipt of this label may promote self-stigma, a process wherein criminal stereotypes are internalized and produce negative psychological and behavioral consequences. Research has yet to identify which types of offenders are at risk for, or in contrast, protected from, experiencing self-stigma. The current study examines whether risk and protective factors predict multiple components of the self-stigma process (i.e., perceived stigma, stereotype agreement, internalized stigma, anticipated stigma) in a sample of male jail inmates (N = 111). Results showed that mental health symptoms were a consistent risk factor across three of four self-stigma components, whereas antisocial characteristics were a risk factor for stereotype agreement and internalized stigma. Self-esteem was a protective factor for internalized and anticipated stigma. Implications for preventing self-stigma among offenders are discussed.
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Moore KE, Tangney JP. Managing the Concealable Stigma of Criminal Justice System Involvement: A Longitudinal Examination of Anticipated Stigma, Social Withdrawal, and Post-Release Adjustment. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES 2017; 73:322-340. [PMID: 34334814 PMCID: PMC8320756 DOI: 10.1111/josi.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
People with concealable stigmatized identities, such as a criminal record, often anticipate stigma from others. Anticipated stigma is thought to cause withdrawal from situations in which there is the potential for discrimination, which then negatively impacts behavior and functioning. This may have implications for offenders reentering the community, possibly hindering community integration and encouraging maladaptive behavior postrelease. Drawing upon a sample of 197 male jail inmates, we examine a theoretical model in which anticipated stigma during incarceration predicts behavioral outcomes 1 year after release from jail (i.e., recidivism, substance use disorder symptoms, mental health symptoms, community adjustment) through social withdrawal. Anticipated stigma during incarceration predicted social withdrawal three months postrelease, which then predicted more mental health problems 1 year postrelease. Stigma resistance and optimism buffered the effect of anticipated stigma on social withdrawal. Race moderated multiple paths in the model, suggesting that the relations between anticipated stigma, social withdrawal, and adjustment are more pronounced for White offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Moore
- Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Kelly E. Moore, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06511. Tel: (203)-785-3225; []
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Resumption of injecting drug use following release from prison in Australia. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 168:104-111. [PMID: 27635997 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ex-prisoners with a history of injecting drug use (IDU) experience disproportionate drug-related harm. Rapid resumption of substance use following prison release is common and evidenced in high rates of overdose mortality. However, few studies have documented the rate of IDU resumption following prison release or identified risk factors for relapse. METHODS Structured interviews were conducted with 533 adults with a history of IDU in Queensland, Australia prior to release from prison and approximately 1, 3 and 6 months post-release. Incidence of self-reported IDU resumption was calculated overall and for each follow-up interval. Risk factors associated with time to resumption of IDU were estimated using discrete-time survival analysis. RESULTS IDU resumption was reported by 41% of participants during a median of 98days of follow-up (IQR=94-121), an overall crude incidence of 1.06 per person-year. The highest rate was observed in the first month (23%; crude incidence 2.24 per person-year). In adjusted discrete-time survival analyses, being unemployed at the previous interview (AHR=1.59; 95%CI:1.10-2.30), shorter incarceration (≤90days vs. >365days; AHR=2.20; 95%CI:1.33-3.65), and IDU during the index incarceration (AHR=2.80; 95%CI:1.92-4.09) were significantly associated with time to IDU resumption; parole was protective (AHR=0.66; 95%CI:0.47-0.92). CONCLUSIONS Evidence-based efforts to prevent IDU in prison and IDU resumption after release are important for both prisoner and public health. Enhancing opportunities for employment and capitalising on the short-term benefits of parole for ex-prisoners may delay resumption of IDU after release from prison. These strategies should complement rather than replace harm reduction efforts for this high-risk population.
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Skjaervø I, Skurtveit S, Clausen T, Bukten A. Substance use pattern, self-control and social network are associated with crime in a substance-using population. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016; 36:245-252. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Skjaervø
- SERAF, Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Svetlana Skurtveit
- SERAF, Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Division of Epidemiology; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo Norway
| | - Thomas Clausen
- SERAF, Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Anne Bukten
- SERAF, Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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Staton-Tindall M, Webster JM, Oser CB, Havens JR, Leukefeld CG. Drug use, hepatitis C, and service availability: perspectives of incarcerated rural women. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 30:385-96. [PMID: 25950907 PMCID: PMC4425245 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2015.1021024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examined drug use, hepatitis C, and service availability and use among a high-risk sample of rural women serving time in jails. Data was collected from female offenders (N = 22) who participated in four focus groups in three rural jail facilities located in Appalachia. Findings indicated that drug misuse is prevalent in this impoverished area of the country, and that the primary route of administration of drug use is injection. Findings also indicate that injection drug use is also commonly associated with contracting hepatitis C (HCV), which is also perceived to be prevalent in the area. Despite knowledge associated with HCV risks, women in this sample were seemingly apathetic about the increasing spread of HCV in the area and unconcerned about the long-term consequences of the course of the infection. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Matthew Webster
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Carrie B. Oser
- Department of Sociology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Havens
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Carl G. Leukefeld
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Abstract
I describe a test of linear moderated mediation in path analysis based on an interval estimate of the parameter of a function linking the indirect effect to values of a moderator-a parameter that I call the index of moderated mediation. This test can be used for models that integrate moderation and mediation in which the relationship between the indirect effect and the moderator is estimated as linear, including many of the models described by Edwards and Lambert ( 2007 ) and Preacher, Rucker, and Hayes ( 2007 ) as well as extensions of these models to processes involving multiple mediators operating in parallel or in serial. Generalization of the method to latent variable models is straightforward. Three empirical examples describe the computation of the index and the test, and its implementation is illustrated using Mplus and the PROCESS macro for SPSS and SAS.
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Pahl K, Brook JS, Lee JY. Adolescent self-control predicts joint trajectories of marijuana use and depressive mood into young adulthood among urban African Americans and Puerto Ricans. J Behav Med 2013; 37:675-82. [PMID: 23670644 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-013-9518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified an association between depressive mood and marijuana use. We examined adolescent self-control as a predictor of membership in joint developmental trajectories of depressive mood and marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood. Urban African Americans and Puerto Ricans (N = 838) were sampled when participants were on average 14, 19, 24, and 29 years old. Using growth mixture modeling, four joint trajectory groups of depressive mood and marijuana use were established: low marijuana use/low depressive mood, low marijuana use/intermediate depressive mood, high marijuana use/low depressive mood, and high marijuana use/high depressive mood. Weighted logistic regression analysis showed that self-control at age 14 distinguished the high marijuana use/high depressive mood group and the low marijuana use/low depressive mood group from each of the other groups. Findings show that the co-occurrence of high levels of marijuana use and depressive mood from adolescence into young adulthood is predicted by low levels of self-control in adolescence. On the other hand, high selfcontrol is associated with low marijuana use and low levels of depression over time. Thus, while deficits in self-control in adolescence constitute a significant risk for maladjustment over time, high self-control exerts a protective factor with regard to marijuana use and depressive mood into young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Pahl
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 215 Lexington Avenue, 15th floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA,
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