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Li M, Yao H, Yi K, Lao YH, Shao D, Tao Y. Emerging nanoparticle platforms for CpG oligonucleotide delivery. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2203-2228. [PMID: 38293828 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01970e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), which were therapeutic DNA with high immunostimulatory activity, have been applied in widespread applications from basic research to clinics as therapeutic agents for cancer immunotherapy, viral infection, allergic diseases and asthma since their discovery in 1995. The major factors to consider for clinical translation using CpG motifs are the protection of CpG ODNs from DNase degradation and the delivery of CpG ODNs to the Toll-like receptor-9 expressed human B-cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Therefore, great efforts have been devoted to the advances of efficient delivery systems for CpG ODNs. In this review, we outline new horizons and recent developments in this field, providing a comprehensive summary of the nanoparticle-based CpG delivery systems developed to improve the efficacy of CpG-mediated immune responses, including DNA nanostructures, inorganic nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, metal-organic-frameworks, lipid-based nanosystems, proteins and peptides, as well as exosomes and cell membrane nanoparticles. Moreover, future challenges in the establishment of CpG delivery systems for immunotherapeutic applications are discussed. We expect that the continuously growing interest in the development of CpG-based immunotherapy will certainly fuel the excitement and stimulation in medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Haochen Yao
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Ke Yi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Yeh-Hsing Lao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Dan Shao
- Institutes of Life Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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2
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Dongye Z, Li J, Wu Y. Toll-like receptor 9 agonists and combination therapies: strategies to modulate the tumour immune microenvironment for systemic anti-tumour immunity. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1584-1594. [PMID: 35902641 PMCID: PMC9333350 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, tremendous progress has taken place in tumour immunotherapy, relying on the fast development of combination therapy strategies that target multiple immunosuppressive signaling pathways in the immune system of cancer patients to achieve a high response rate in clinical practice. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists have been extensively investigated as therapeutics in monotherapy or combination therapies for the treatment of cancer, infectious diseases and allergies. TLR9 agonists monotherapy shows limited efficacy in cancer patients; whereas, in combination with other therapies including antigen vaccines, radiotherapies, chemotherapies and immunotherapies exhibit great potential. Synthetic unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), a commonly used agonist for TLR9, stimulate various antigen-presenting cells in the tumour microenvironment, which can initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. Novel combination therapy approaches, which co-deliver immunostimulatory CpG-ODN with other therapeutics, have been tested in animal models and early human clinical trials to induce anti-tumour immune responses. In this review, we describe the basic understanding of TLR9 signaling pathway; the delivery methods in most studies; discuss the key challenges of each of the above mentioned TLR9 agonist-based combination immunotherapies and provide an overview of the ongoing clinical trial results from CpG-ODN based combination therapies in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangchi Dongye
- grid.410645.20000 0001 0455 0905Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, Shandong PR China ,grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Li
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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3
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Lu Y, Shi Y, You J. Strategy and clinical application of up-regulating cross presentation by DCs in anti-tumor therapy. J Control Release 2021; 341:184-205. [PMID: 34774890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cross presentation of exogenous antigen (Ag) by dendritic cells (DCs) facilitates a diversified mode of T-cell activation, orchestrates specific humoral and cellular immunity, and contributes to an efficient anti-tumor immune response. DCs-mediated cross presentation is subject to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including the homing and phenotype of DCs, the spatiotemporal trafficking and degradation kinetics of Ag, and multiple microenvironmental clues, with many details largely unexplored. Here, we systemically review the current mechanistic understanding and regulation strategies of cross presentation by heterogeneous DC populations. We also provide insights into the future exploitation of DCs cross presentation for a better clinical efficacy in anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Lesnova EI, Masalova OV, Permyakova KY, Kozlov VV, Nikolaeva TN, Pronin AV, Valuev-Elliston VT, Ivanov AV, Kushch AA. Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an Inhibitor of Polyamine Biosynthesis, and Antioxidant N-Acetylcysteine Potentiate Immune Response in Mice to the Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136892. [PMID: 34206987 PMCID: PMC8268280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main triggers of chronic liver disease. Despite tremendous progress in the HCV field, there is still no vaccine against this virus. Potential vaccines can be based on its recombinant proteins. To increase the humoral and, especially, cellular immune response to them, more effective adjuvants are needed. Here, we evaluated a panel of compounds as potential adjuvants using the HCV NS5B protein as an immunogen. These compounds included inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis and urea cycle, the mTOR pathway, antioxidants, and cellular receptors. A pronounced stimulation of cell proliferation and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion in response to concanavalin A was shown for antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor 2-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), and TLR9 agonist CpG ODN 1826 (CpG). Their usage during the immunization of mice with the recombinant NS5B protein significantly increased antibody titers, enhanced lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ production. NAC and CpG decreased relative Treg numbers; CpG increased the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), whereas neither NAC nor DFMO affected MDSC counts. NAC and DFMO suppressed NO and interleukin 10 (IL-10) production by splenocytes, while DFMO increased the levels of IL-12. This is the first evidence of immunomodulatory activity of NAC and DFMO during prophylactic immunization against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina I. Lesnova
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.L.); (K.Y.P.); (V.V.K.); (T.N.N.); (A.V.P.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Olga V. Masalova
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.L.); (K.Y.P.); (V.V.K.); (T.N.N.); (A.V.P.); (A.A.K.)
- Correspondence: (O.V.M.); (A.V.I.); Tel.: +7-499-190-30-49 (O.V.M.); +7-199-135-60-65 (A.V.I.)
| | - Kristina Yu. Permyakova
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.L.); (K.Y.P.); (V.V.K.); (T.N.N.); (A.V.P.); (A.A.K.)
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology—MVA by K.I. Skryabin”, 109472 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav V. Kozlov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.L.); (K.Y.P.); (V.V.K.); (T.N.N.); (A.V.P.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Tatyana N. Nikolaeva
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.L.); (K.Y.P.); (V.V.K.); (T.N.N.); (A.V.P.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Alexander V. Pronin
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.L.); (K.Y.P.); (V.V.K.); (T.N.N.); (A.V.P.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Vladimir T. Valuev-Elliston
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander V. Ivanov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (O.V.M.); (A.V.I.); Tel.: +7-499-190-30-49 (O.V.M.); +7-199-135-60-65 (A.V.I.)
| | - Alla A. Kushch
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.L.); (K.Y.P.); (V.V.K.); (T.N.N.); (A.V.P.); (A.A.K.)
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Zhang Q, Guo Y, Zhu L, Liu X, Yang J, Li Y, Zhu X, Zhang C. A nucleic acid nanogel dually bears siRNA and CpG motifs for synergistic tumor immunotherapy. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4755-4764. [PMID: 34036978 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00531f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays a key role in restraining tumor progression. Therefore, enhancing immune functions using immune stimulants, such as unmethylated CpG oligonucleotides, has emerged as a promising strategy for antitumor therapy. However, poor cellular uptake of negatively charged oligonucleotides and M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages remain two major challenges for CpG-based immunotherapy. Herein, we construct a spherical nucleic acid (SNA)-like nanogel assembled by a CpG-grafted polycaprolactone (CpG-g-PCL) brush and an anti-STAT3 siRNA crosslinker for synergistic tumor immunotherapy. After accumulation at the tumor site, this dual siRNA- and CpG-bearing nanogel (CpGgel-siSTAT3) can efficiently trigger M1 type macrophage activation and deter its M2 polarization via block STAT3 signaling, increase the intratumor CD8+ T cell infiltration, and thus successfully restrain tumor growth. Our study demonstrates the new potential of a nucleic acid nanogel platform for the co-delivery of different therapeutic oligonucleotides and combinatorial CpG-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushuang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lijuan Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xinlong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jiapei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yuehua Li
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Chuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Fourie KR, Choudhary P, Ng SH, Obradovic M, Brownlie R, Anand SK, Wilson HL. Evaluation of immunogenicity and protection mediated by Lawsonia intracellularis subunit vaccines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 237:110256. [PMID: 33971523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is an economically important bacterium that causes ileitis in pigs. Current vaccines for L. intracellularis do not allow for differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA), which is beneficial for disease tracking and surveillance. Previously, we identified five putative surface L. intracellularis proteins that were targeted by antibodies from pigs infected with L. intracellularis which could serve as antigens in a subunit vaccine. We conducted two trials to determine whether these antigens were immunogenic and provided protection against infectious challenge and whether truncated glycoprotein D could be used as a DIVA antigen. For Trial 1, 5 week-old piglets were administered intramuscular monovalent vaccines comprised of a recombinant (r) flagella subunit protein (rFliC,) and DIVA antigen (truncated glycoprotein D (TgD), a herpes virus antigen) both formulated with a combination adjuvant consisting of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid(poly I:C), host defense peptide 1002 and polyphosphazene, referred to as Triple Adjuvant (TriAdj). Relative to control animals, animals vaccinated with rFliC and rTgD had significantly elevated antigen-specific humoral immunity in sera suggesting that rFliC and TgD are immunogenic. Control animals had negligible anti-TgD titres suggesting that TgD may be a suitable DIVA antigen for pigs. For Trial 2, piglets were immunized with a trivalent vaccine (FOG vaccine consisting of rFLiC, rOppA protein (a ABC Type dipeptide transport system) and rGroEL (a stress response protein)) and a divalent vaccine (CM vaccine consisting of rClpP (an ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit) and rMetK (a S-adenosyl methionine synthase)) formulated with Emulsigen®. Relative to the control pigs, pigs immunized with the FOG vaccine produced robust and significantly higher serum IgG antibodies against rFliC and rGroEL, and significantly higher anti-FliC and anti-GroEL IgA antibodies in jejunal (GroEL only) and ileal intestinal mucosa. Pigs immunized with CM vaccine produced significantly higher serum antibodies against rClpP and rMetK and significantly higher anti-rClpP IgA antibodies in the ileum relative to the control pigs. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis showed that 18 days after challenge with infectious L. intracellularis, challenged/control pigs and pigs that received the CM vaccine, but not the pigs vaccinated with the FOG vaccine, shed significantly more bacteria in feces than the unchallenged controls pigs. These data suggest that the FOG vaccinated pigs showed limited protection. While promising, more work is needed to enhance the efficiency of the intramuscular vaccine to show significant disease protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezia R Fourie
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Pooja Choudhary
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Siew Hon Ng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Milan Obradovic
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Brownlie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Heather L Wilson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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7
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Montamat G, Leonard C, Poli A, Klimek L, Ollert M. CpG Adjuvant in Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy: Finding the Sweet Spot for the Induction of Immune Tolerance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:590054. [PMID: 33708195 PMCID: PMC7940844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.590054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence and incidence of IgE-mediated allergic diseases have increased over the past years in developed and developing countries. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is currently the only curative treatment available for allergic diseases that has long-term efficacy. Although AIT has been proven successful as an immunomodulatory therapy since its beginnings, it still faces several unmet needs and challenges today. For instance, some patients can experience severe side effects, others are non-responders, and prolonged treatment schedules can lead to lack of patient adherence and therapy discontinuation. A common strategy to improve AIT relies on the use of adjuvants and immune modulators to boost its effects and improve its safety. Among the adjuvants tested for their clinical efficacy, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) was investigated with limited success and without reaching phase III trials for clinical allergy treatment. However, recently discovered immune tolerance-promoting properties of CpG-ODN place this adjuvant again in a prominent position as an immune modulator for the treatment of allergic diseases. Indeed, it has been shown that the CpG-ODN dose and concentration are crucial in promoting immune regulation through the recruitment of pDCs. While low doses induce an inflammatory response, high doses of CpG-ODN trigger a tolerogenic response that can reverse a pre-established allergic milieu. Consistently, CpG-ODN has also been found to stimulate IL-10 producing B cells, so-called B regulatory cells (Bregs). Accordingly, CpG-ODN has shown its capacity to prevent and revert allergic reactions in several animal models showing its potential as both preventive and active treatment for IgE-mediated allergy. In this review, we describe how CpG-ODN-based therapies for allergic diseases, despite having shown limited success in the past, can still be exploited further as an adjuvant or immune modulator in the context of AIT and deserves additional attention. Here, we discuss the past and current knowledge, which highlights CpG-ODN as a potential adjuvant to be reevaluated for the enhancement of AIT when used in appropriate conditions and formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Montamat
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cathy Leonard
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Aurélie Poli
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ludger Klimek
- Centre for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Moran MC, Bence AR, Vallecillo MFS, Lützelschwab CM, Rodriguez MG, Pardo R, Goldbaum FA, Zylberman V, Palma SD, Maletto BA, Estein SM. Polymeric antigen BLSOmp31 formulated with class B CpG-ODN in a nanostructure (BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16) administered by parenteral or mucosal routes confers protection against Brucella ovis in Balb/c mice. Res Vet Sci 2021; 135:217-227. [PMID: 33631456 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that the chimera BLSOmp31 formulated in chitosan microspheres or Poloxamer407-Chitosan administered via the nasal and the ocular mucosa conferred partial protection in sheep against B. ovis. In this work, we tested a new delivery system for mucosal immunization with BLSOmp31 in the murine model to improve the efficacy of previously used formulations. First, we evaluated the protective efficacy against B. ovis induced by BLSOmp31 administered by the subcutaneous route using either BLSOmp31 alone, co-administered with immunostimulatory synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine motifs (CpG-ODN) or with CpG-ODN in a nanostructure called Coa-ASC16 compared with BLSOmp31 emulsified in Incomplete Freund Adjuvant. Then, we evaluated the protection conferred by the best performing formulation (BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16) administered by both subcutaneous and ocular routes. BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 injected subcutaneously did not induce higher IgG antibody levels compared to BLSOmp31 alone or BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN but it did stimulate a mixed immune Th1-Th2 response with the highest levels of IFN-ɣ and conferred significant protection against the B. ovis challenge. Although ocular instillation of BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 showed a similar degree of protection compared to the parenteral route (3.66 and 3.60 logs of protection, respectively), it induced lower levels in serum of specific IgG (with mixed IgG1/IgG2a) and IgA antibodies and, less IFN-ɣ and IL-4 than the subcutaneous route. No antibodies were detected in vaginal lavages or saliva. Fecal antigen-specific IgA was slightly higher in mice immunized with BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 subcutaneously compared with the ocular route. These results indicate that BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 was a safe and effective vaccine against B. ovis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Celeste Moran
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica y Experimental, Departamento SAMP, CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA., F.C.V, U.N.C.P.B.A., Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angel Ricardo Bence
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiopatología, F.C.V, U.N.C.P.B.A., Tandil, Buenos Aires., Argentina; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), Argentina
| | - María Fernanda Sánchez Vallecillo
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia María Lützelschwab
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Box 7028, SE-750-07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Santiago Daniel Palma
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, UNITEFA (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Belkys Angélica Maletto
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvia Marcela Estein
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Papagno L, Kuse N, Lissina A, Gostick E, Price DA, Appay V, Nicoli F. The TLR9 ligand CpG ODN 2006 is a poor adjuvant for the induction of de novo CD8 + T-cell responses in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11620. [PMID: 32669577 PMCID: PMC7363897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists have gained traction in recent years as potential adjuvants for the induction of adaptive immune responses. It has nonetheless remained unclear to what extent such ligands can facilitate the priming events that generate antigen-specific effector and/or memory CD8+ T-cell populations. We used an established in vitro model to prime naive precursors from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence of various adjuvants, including CpG ODN 2006, a synthetic oligonucleotide TLR9 ligand (TLR9L). Unexpectedly, we found that TLR9L induced a suboptimal inflammatory milieu and promoted the antigen-driven expansion and functional maturation of naive CD8+ T cells ineffectively compared with either ssRNA40 or 2'3'-cGAMP, which activate other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). TLR9L also inhibited the priming efficacy of 2'3'-cGAMP. Collectively, these results suggest that TLR9L is unlikely to be a good candidate for the optimal induction of de novo CD8+ T-cell responses, in contrast to adjuvants that operate via discrete PRRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Papagno
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Nozomi Kuse
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Anna Lissina
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Emma Gostick
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Victor Appay
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75013, Paris, France.
- International Research Center of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Francesco Nicoli
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75013, Paris, France.
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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10
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Shao F, Zhang M, Xu L, Yin D, Li M, Jiang Q, Zhang Q, Yang Y. Multiboosting of Cancer Immunotherapy by a Core-Shell Delivery System. Mol Pharm 2019; 17:338-348. [PMID: 31793786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synergy of chemotherapy and antiangiogenesis therapy is a new strategy for cancer treatment. In this paper, a well-developed core-shell nanoparticle loaded with gambogic acid (GA), heparin (HP), and the immunoadjuvant cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligonucleotide (CpG ODN), called GHC NP, was constructed to treat hepatocellular carcinoma. GHC NPs with liver targeting activity can effectively inhibit tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. With the delivery of nanocarriers and the assistance of GA and HP, the GHC NPs can more effectively upregulate cytotoxic T cell (CTL) levels, promote helper T cell (Th cell) differentiation, and induce Th1 immune responses in long-term treatment compared with single CpG ODN. This synergistically enhanced immunotherapy might have universal application in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuping Shao
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Hefei 230012 , P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Hefei 230012 , P. R. China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Hefei 230012 , P. R. China
| | - Dengke Yin
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Hefei 230012 , P. R. China.,Institute of Pharmaceutics , Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine , Hefei 230012 , P. R. China
| | - Mengying Li
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Hefei 230012 , P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Jiang
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Hefei 230012 , P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Hefei 230012 , P. R. China
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Hefei 230012 , P. R. China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound , Hefei 230012 , P. R. China
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11
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Chuang CC, Tsai MH, Yen HJ, Shyu HF, Cheng KM, Chen XA, Chen CC, Young JJ, Kau JH. A fucoidan-quaternary chitosan nanoparticle adjuvant for anthrax vaccine as an alternative to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 229:115403. [PMID: 31826481 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the efficacy of fucoidan-N-(2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium)propylchitosan nanoparticles (FUC-HTCC NPs) as adjuvants for anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA). Positively and negatively surface-charged FUC-HTCC NPs were prepared via polyelectrolyte complexation by varying the mass ratio of FUC and HTCC. When cultured with L929 cells or JAWS II dendritic cells, both charged NPs showed high cell viability and low cytotoxicity, observed via MTT assay and lactate dehydrogenase release assay, respectively. In addition, we have monitored excellent NPs uptake efficacy by dendritic cells and observed that combining FUC-HTCC NPs with AVA significantly increases the magnitude of IgG-anti-protective antigen titers in A/J mice compared to that by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides plus AVA or AVA alone, and PA-specific IgG1 and IgG2a analysis confirmed that FUC-HTCC NPs strongly stimulated humoral immunity. Furthermore, FUC-HTCC NPs plus AVA provided a superior survival rate (100%) of A/J mice compared to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides plus AVA (75%) or AVA alone (50%) following anthrax lethal toxin challenge. The findings support FUC-HTCC NPs as a potential adjuvant of AVA for rapid induction of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chang Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Hung Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Ju Yen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huey-Fen Shyu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuang-Ming Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Xin-An Chen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Cheung Chen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jenn-Jong Young
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Jyh-Hwa Kau
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC.
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12
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Chiodetti AL, Sánchez Vallecillo MF, Dolina JS, Crespo MI, Marin C, Schoenberger SP, Allemandi DA, Palma SD, Pistoresi-Palencia MC, Morón G, Maletto BA. Class-B CpG-ODN Formulated With a Nanostructure Induces Type I Interferons-Dependent and CD4 + T Cell-Independent CD8 + T-Cell Response Against Unconjugated Protein Antigen. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2319. [PMID: 30364187 PMCID: PMC6192457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for new vaccine adjuvant strategies that offer both vigorous antibody and T-cell mediated protection to combat difficult intracellular pathogens and cancer. To this aim, we formulated class-B synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine motifs (CpG-ODN) with a nanostructure (Coa-ASC16 or coagel) formed by self-assembly of 6-0-ascorbyl palmitate ester. Our previous results demonstrated that mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) and CpG-ODN formulated with Coa-ASC16 (OVA/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16) elicited strong antibodies (IgG1 and IgG2a) and Th1/Th17 cellular responses without toxic systemic effects. These responses were superior to those induced by a solution of OVA with CpG-ODN or OVA/CpG-ODN formulated with aluminum salts. In this study, we investigated the capacity of this adjuvant strategy (CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16) to elicit CD8+ T-cell response and some of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in adaptive response. We also analyzed whether this adjuvant strategy allows a switch from an immunization scheme of three-doses to one of single-dose. Our results demonstrated that vaccination with OVA/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 elicited an antigen-specific long-lasting humoral response and importantly-high quality CD8+ T-cell immunity with a single-dose immunization. Moreover, Coa-ASC16 promoted co-uptake of OVA and CpG-ODN by dendritic cells. The CD8+ T-cell response induced by OVA/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 was dependent of type I interferons and independent of CD4+ T-cells, and showed polyfunctionality and efficiency against an intracellular pathogen. Furthermore, the cellular and humoral responses elicited by the nanostructured formulation were IL-6-independent. This system provides a simple and inexpensive adjuvant strategy with great potential for future rationally designed vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Chiodetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María F. Sánchez Vallecillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Joseph S. Dolina
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - María I. Crespo
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Marin
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Stephen P. Schoenberger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniel A. Allemandi
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Unidad de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago D. Palma
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Unidad de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C. Pistoresi-Palencia
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Morón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Belkys A. Maletto
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Córdoba, Argentina
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Magiri R, Mutwiri G, Wilson HL. Recent advances in experimental polyphosphazene adjuvants and their mechanisms of action. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:465-471. [PMID: 30294754 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination continues to be a very important public health intervention to control infectious diseases in the world. Subunit vaccines are generally poorly immunogenic and require the addition of adjuvants to induce protective immune responses. Despite their critical role in vaccines, adjuvant mechanism of action remains poorly understood, which is a barrier to the development of new, safe and effective vaccines. In the present review, we focus on recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of action of the experimental adjuvants poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] (PCPP) and poly[di(sodiumcarboxylatoethyl-phenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP) (in this review, adjuvants PCPP and PCEP are collectively referred to as PZ denoting polyphosphazenes). PZs are high molecular weight, water-soluble, synthetic polymers that have been shown to regulate innate immune response genes, induce cytokines and chemokines secretion at the site of injection and, also, induce immune cell recruitment to the site of injection to create a local immune-competent environment. There is an evidence that as well as its role as an immunoadjuvant (that activate innate immune responses), PZ can also act as a vaccine carrier. The mechanism of action that explains how PZ leads to these effects is not known and is a barrier to the development of designer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royford Magiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - George Mutwiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
- VIDO-InterVac, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Canada.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived exosomes ameliorates allergic reactions via inducing the T reg response in asthma. Pediatr Res 2018; 84:125-133. [PMID: 29795208 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes are nanovesicles originating from multivesicular bodies that have complex functions and significant therapeutic effects in many diseases. In the present study, we successfully extracted exosomes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and assessed the effect of those exosomes on the development of the allergic response in two types of classic asthma models. METHODS Female BALB/c mice were administrated with P. aeruginosa-derived exosomes 1 week before ovalbumin (OVA) or house dust mite (HDM) sensitization. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serums and lung tissues were collected and analyzed for pathophysiology and immune responses. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that P. aeruginosa-derived exosomes inhibited the development of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), peribronchial and perivascular inflammation in lung tissues and the level of serum IgE. Moreover, this protective effect was associated with an increase in the regulatory T cell (Treg) response and a concomitant decreased Th2 response. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, these observations demonstrated that P. aeruginosa-derived exosomes could induce protection against allergic sensitization in asthma mice, and our study provided a new insight to prevent allergic diseases.
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15
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Zhang H, Chen W, Gong K, Chen J. Nanoscale Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 as Efficient Vehicles for Enhanced Delivery of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:31519-31525. [PMID: 28841289 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) activate the immune system and induce Th 1 responses by stimulation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Thus, CpG ODNs have become immunotherapeutics against various diseases including cancers, allergies, and infection. However, applications of CpG ODNs are largely limited because of their easy degradation by DNase as well as inefficient cellular uptake. Development of efficient delivery systems capable of transferring CpG ODNs into immune cells is important to enhance their therapeutic efficacy. Herein, for the first time, we demonstrated the construction of a novel CpG ODNs delivery system by encapsulating CpG ODNs into zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles. ZIF-8 possessed high CpG ODNs loading capacity due to its porous structure. ZIF-8/CpG ODNs complexes exhibited good stability in a physiological environment but effectively released CpG ODNs in acid conditions corresponding to the TLR 9-localized endolysosomes. ZIF-8/CpG ODNs complexes had no cytotoxicity in contrast to ZIF-8. ZIF-8 significantly increased the intracellular uptake of CpG ODNs in RAW264.7 cells, which further enhanced the secretion of immune cytokines both in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can serve as ideal vehicles for the delivery of CpG ODNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Kai Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China
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Martins PR, de Campos Soares ÂMV, da Silva Pinto Domeneghini AV, Golim MA, Kaneno R. Agaricus brasiliensis polysaccharides stimulate human monocytes to capture Candida albicans, express toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017; 23:17. [PMID: 28344593 PMCID: PMC5364684 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Agaricus brasiliensis is a medicinal mushroom with immunomodulatory and antitumor activities attributed to the β-glucans presented in the polysaccharide fraction of its fruiting body. Since β-glucans enhance cellular immunoresponsiveness, in this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of an acid-treated polysaccharide-rich fraction (ATF) of A. brasiliensis on the ability of human monocytes to adhere/phagocyte C. albicans yeast cells, their expression of pattern recognition receptors and their ability to produce cytokines. Methods Adhesion/phagocytosis of FITC-labeled C. albicans was evaluated by flow cytometry. Cells were incubated with specific fluorochrome-labeled antibodies for TLR2 and 4, βGR and MR and also evaluated by flow cytometry. Monocytes were cultured with ATF, and culture supernatants were collected for analysis of in vitro cytokine production by ELISA (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12 and IL-10). Results ATF significantly increased the adherence/phagocytosis of C. albicans by monocytes and this was associated with enhanced expression of TLR2 and TLR4, while no effect was observed on βGR or MR. Moreover, expression of TLR4 and TLR2 was associated with higher levels of in vitro production of TNF-α and IL-1, respectively. Production of IL-10 was also increased by ATF treatment, but we found no association between its production and the expression of Toll-like receptors. Conclusion Our results provided us with evidence that A. brasiliensis polysaccharides affect human monocytes probably through the modulation of Toll-like receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Raquel Martins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | | | | | - Márjorie Assis Golim
- Blood Bank Division, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Ramon Kaneno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil
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Immune responses to in ovo vaccine formulations containing inactivated fowl adenovirus 8b with poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)]phosphazene (PCEP) and avian beta defensin as adjuvants in chickens. Vaccine 2017; 35:981-986. [PMID: 28087147 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is one of the major viral infections causing substantial economic loss to the global poultry industry. The disease is characterized by a sudden onset of mortality (2-30%) and high morbidity (60-70%). IBH is caused by a number of serotypes of fowl adenovirus with substantially low levels of serotype cross protection. Thus far, there is no effective and safe vaccine commercially available in the North America for the control of IBH in chickens. Poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)]phosphazene (PCEP) is a high molecular weight, biodegradable water soluble polymer that has been well characterized as a safe and effective adjuvant for a number of experimental veterinary vaccines. Similarly, host defence peptides, including β-defensins, have also been shown to exhibit strong adjuvant potential. In this study, we evaluated the adjuvant activity of PCEP and avian beta defensin (ABD) in a vaccine formulation containing inactivated fowl adenovirus (FAdV) serotype 8b administered in ovo. Our data showed that a combination of PCEP and inactivated virus is capable of inducing a robust and long lasting antibody response. Moreover, significant enhancement of IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-12(p40) and IL-6 gene expression under the influence of PCEP suggests that as an in ovo adjuvant PCEP has the ability to activate a substantial balanced immune response in chickens. To our knowledge, these are the first studies in which PCEP and ABD have been characterized as adjuvants for the development of an in ovo poultry vaccine. It is expected that these preliminary studies will be helpful in the development of safer and more effective in ovo vaccine against IBH and other infectious diseases affecting chickens.
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Zhang H, Yan T, Xu S, Feng S, Huang D, Fujita M, Gao XD. Graphene oxide-chitosan nanocomposites for intracellular delivery of immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 73:144-151. [PMID: 28183591 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) activate innate and adaptive immune responses, and show strong potential as immunotherapeutic agents against various diseases. Benefiting from their unique physicochemical properties, graphene oxide (GO) has recently attracted great attention in nanomedicine. In this study, we developed a novel CpG ODNs delivery system based on GO-chitosan (GO-CS) nanocomposites. GO-CS nanocomposites were prepared by self-assembly of both components via electrostatic interactions. Compared with GO, GO-CS nanocomposites possessed smaller size, positive surface charge and lower cytotoxicity. CpG ODNs were loaded onto GO-CS nanocomposites via electrostatic interactions. GO-CS nanocomposites greatly improved the loading capacity and cellular uptake of CpG ODNs. GO-CS/CpG ODNs complexes further resulted in an enhanced interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production compared with that of free CpG ODNs and GO/CpG ODNs complexes. Therefore, GO-CS nanocomposites can serve as efficient nanocarriers for enhancing the delivery efficiency of CpG ODNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ting Yan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Sha Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shini Feng
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dandi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Phase Behavior of Ascorbyl Palmitate Coagels Loaded with Oligonucleotides as a New Carrier for Vaccine Adjuvants. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-016-1816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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20
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Liu Q, Jia J, Yang T, Fan Q, Wang L, Ma G. Pathogen-Mimicking Polymeric Nanoparticles based on Dopamine Polymerization as Vaccines Adjuvants Induce Robust Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:1744-1757. [PMID: 26849717 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to enhance the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines, a novel antigen delivery and adjuvant system based on dopamine polymerization on the surface of poly(D,L-lactic-glycolic-acid) nanoparticles (NPs) with multiple mechanisms of immunity enhancement is developed. The mussel-inspired biomimetic polydopamine (pD) not only serves as a coating to NPs but also functionalizes NP surfaces. The method is facile and mild including simple incubation of the preformed NPs in the weak alkaline dopamine solution, and incorporation of hepatitis B surface antigen and TLR9 agonist unmethylated cytosine-guanine (CpG) motif with the pD surface. The as-constructed NPs possess pathogen-mimicking manners owing to their size, shape, and surface molecular immune-activating properties given by CpG. The biocompatibility and biosafety of these pathogen-mimicking NPs are confirmed using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Pathogen-mimicking NPs hold great potential as vaccine delivery and adjuvant system due to their ability to: 1) enhance cytokine secretion and immune cell recruitment at the injection site; 2) significantly activate and maturate dendritic cells; 3) induce stronger humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo. Furthermore, this simple and versatile dopamine polymerization method can be applicable to endow NPs with characteristics to mimic pathogen structure and function, and manipulate NPs for the generation of efficacious vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jilei Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tingyuan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qingze Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lianyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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Zhang H, Gao XD. Nanodelivery systems for enhancing the immunostimulatory effect of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 70:935-946. [PMID: 27772724 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing immunostimulatory CpG motif mimic bacterial DNA and are potent activator of innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, CpG ODNs have significant potentials as immunotherapeutic agent for treatment of infectious diseases, allergy and cancer. Many clinical trials involving CpG ODNs either used alone or as adjuvant have been initiated. However, delivery of CpG ODNs to target sites still remains a great challenge due to their extreme susceptibility to nuclease degradation in serum and poor cellular uptake. Chemical modification of CpG ODNs backbone can protect them against degradation by nucleases, but have raised concern regarding several severe side effects. Development of efficient CpG ODNs delivery systems to address these issues and enhance their immunostimulatory effect are highly desirable. In recent years, the emergence of nanotechnology has provided unprecedented opportunities to encapsulate CpG ODN into various nanocarriers or synthesize CpG ODNs nanostructures. This review provides an overview of the delivery systems based on nanomaterials and nanostructures newly developed for enhancing the immunostimulatory effect of CpG ODNs, together with a brief discussion on perspectives for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Sánchez Vallecillo MF, Minguito de la Escalera MM, Aguirre MV, Ullio Gamboa GV, Palma SD, González-Cintado L, Chiodetti AL, Soldano G, Morón G, Allemandi DA, Ardavín C, Pistoresi-Palencia MC, Maletto BA. A liquid crystal of ascorbyl palmitate, used as vaccine platform, provides sustained release of antigen and has intrinsic pro-inflammatory and adjuvant activities which are dependent on MyD88 adaptor protein. J Control Release 2015; 214:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhang H, Feng S, Yan T, Zhi C, Gao XD, Hanagata N. Polyethyleneimine-functionalized boron nitride nanospheres as efficient carriers for enhancing the immunostimulatory effect of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5343-53. [PMID: 26346655 PMCID: PMC4554408 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s88774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Thus, these molecules are promising therapeutic agents and vaccine adjuvants against various diseases. In this study, we developed a novel CpG ODNs delivery system based on polyethyleneimine (PEI)-functionalized boron nitride nanospheres (BNNS). PEI was coated on the surface of BNNS via electrostatic interactions. The prepared BNNS–PEI complexes had positive zeta potential and exhibited enhanced dispersity and stability in aqueous solution. In vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that the BNNS–PEI complexes with concentrations up to 100 μg/mL exhibited no obvious cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the positively charged surface of the BNNS–PEI complexes greatly improved the loading capacity and cellular uptake efficiency of CpG ODNs. Class B CpG ODNs loaded on the BNNS–PEI complexes enhanced the production of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α from peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared with CpG ODNs directly loaded on BNNS. Contrary to the free CpG ODNs or CpG ODNs directly loaded on BNNS, class B CpG ODNs loaded on the BNNS–PEI complexes induced interferon-α simultaneously. PEI coating may have changed the physical form of class B CpG ODNs on BNNS, which further affected their interaction with Toll-like receptor 9 and induced interferon-α. Therefore, BNNS–PEI complexes can be used to enhance the immunostimulatory effect and therapeutic activity of CpG ODNs and the treatment of diseases requiring interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shini Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Zhi
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowlong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Nobutaka Hanagata
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan ; Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan
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Marcq C, Marlier D, Beckers Y. Improving adjuvant systems for polyclonal egg yolk antibody (IgY) production in laying hens in terms of productivity and animal welfare. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 165:54-63. [PMID: 25813905 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The antibody production in the egg yolks of immunized laying hens is seen as a way of improving animal welfare compared with conventional production by mammals. Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) technology, however, has still to address welfare issues linked to the widespread use of an adjuvant in vaccines. Currently, Freund's adjuvants, complete (FCA) or incomplete (FIA), remain the standard. This study sought to evaluate various approaches used to enhance egg yolk antibody production in terms of both productivity and avian welfare. The outer membrane protein (OMP) of Salmonella Typhimurium was used as the prototype antigen. At 20 weeks of age, 56 ISA Brown hens, with specific-Salmonella-free status, were divided into seven groups (n=8) and received an initial intramuscular immunization. Hens in the two negative control groups received phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or FIA alone. Hens in the other groups received 80μg of Salmonella OMP emulsified with one of the following adjuvants: 200μl of FIA alone (T1); 200μl of FIA supplemented with 8μg of C-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) (T2); and 280μl of Montanide ISA 70 VG (T4). Birds in the T3 group received the antigen in emulsion with FIA and were given the tested immunostimulatory component (l-carnitine) via their feed (100mg/kg). A positive control group (PC) received FCA for the first and final immunizations and FIA for the other boosters. Immunization was repeated after 20, 46, 82 and 221 days. Eggs were collected regularly until 242 days after the first immunization and the anti-Salmonella Typhimurium activities in the yolk were determined by ELISA. After 242 days, the birds were euthanized and the injection sites were evaluated for gross and microscopic lesions. Among the tested immunostimulatory approaches, supplementation of FIA with CpG-ODN led to a significant and long-lasting enhancement of the specific antibody response. This treatment was even higher than the positive benchmark using FCA in the first immunization. The study results showed that a clinical examination of injection sites is insufficient for drawing conclusions about the local tolerance of vaccines. Tissue damage was noticeable in all treatment groups. The birds receiving the Montanide adjuvant, however, had fewer and less severe lesions. Given these limited side-effects, Montanide ISA 70 VG could provide the depot effect needed to ensure the immunomodulatory efficiency of CpG-ODN. The association of these two adjuvants could prove a promising alternative to Freund's adjuvants (FA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Marcq
- University of Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Animal Science Unit, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Didier Marlier
- University of Liege - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Bird, Rabbit and Rodent Medicine, Boulevard de Colonster 20, Bât B42, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Yves Beckers
- University of Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Animal Science Unit, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Zhang D, Li H, Zhang Z, Sun S, Cheng Z, Liu J, Zhao P, Ren Q, Guo H. Antibody responses induced by recombinant ALV-A gp85 protein vaccine combining with CpG-ODN adjuvant in breeder hens and the protection for their offspring against early infection. Antiviral Res 2015; 116:20-6. [PMID: 25637708 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To observe the antibody responses induced by recombinant A subgroup avian leukosis virus (ALV-A) gp85 protein vaccine plus CpG-ODN adjuvant and the protection of maternal antibodies (MAbs) for the hatched chickens against early infection, the gp85 gene was amplified from the proviral cDNA of ALV-A-SDAU09C1 strain using PCR and the recombinant plasmid containing target gene was constructed and expressed in EscherichiaColi. The expressed product was confirmed using SDS-PAGE and western blot that it is about 46KD of recombinant protein. The purified recombinant proteins combining with CpG-ODN adjuvant or Freund's adjuvant were inoculated into the breeder hens, the ALV-A antibodies in serum and in egg-yolk were detected; the fertilized eggs from the vaccinated hens with different titers of egg-yolk antibody were hatched and then challenged with 10(4.2)/0.1mL TCID50 of ALV-A-SDAU09C1 strain, all the hatched chickens were weekly detected for the viremias and the cloacal swab P27 antigen and pathological lesions; the neutralizing test of antisera in vitro was conducted. The results showed that the recombinant gp85 proteins combining with CpG-ODN adjuvant could induce the breeder hens to produce better antibody responses than gp85 protein with Freund's adjuvant or without adjuvant; the MAbs with higher titers induced by CpG-ODN+gp85 proteins could obviously decrease the ratios of viremias (13% vs 33%), cloacal detoxification (20% vs 67%) and death (0% vs 22%) caused by ALV-A infection than those by gp85 protein without adjuvant. The results of the neutralizing test indicated that the antisera from the hatched chickens could neutralize the ALV-A-SDAU09C1 strain in vitro, but which depends on the antibody titers. The results of IFA confirmed that the serum antibody could combine with the ALV in DF1 cells. It can be concluded that the prepared ALV-A gp85 subunit vaccine combining with CpG-ODN adjuvant could induce the breeder hens to produce better neutralizing antibody responses and protect 80% of their offspring chickens against early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Zhongsheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Shuhong Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Qingya Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Huijun Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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Garai P, Gogoi M, Gopal G, Radhakrishnan Y, Nandakumar KS, Chakravortty D. The basics and advances of immunomodulators and antigen presentation: a key to development of potent memory response against pathogens. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1383-97. [PMID: 24897303 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.925871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunomodulators are agents, which can modulate the immune response to specific antigens, while causing least toxicity to the host system. Being part of the modern vaccine formulations, these compounds have contributed remarkably to the field of therapeutics. Despite the successful record maintained by these agents, the requirement of novel immunomodulators keeps increasing due to the increasing severity of diseases. Hence, research regarding the same holds great importance. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the role of immunomodulators in improving performance of various vaccines used for counteracting most threatening infectious diseases, mechanisms behind their action and criteria for development of novel immunomodulators. EXPERT OPINION Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying immune response is a prerequisite for development of effective therapeutics as these are often exploited by pathogens for their own propagation. Keeping this in mind, the present research in the field of immunotherapy focuses on developing immunomodulators that would not only enhance the protection against pathogen, but also generate a long-term memory response. With the introduction of advanced formulations including combination of different kinds of immunomodulators, one can expect tremendous success in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Garai
- Indian Institute of Science, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology , Bangalore, 560012 , India +91 80 2293 2842 ; +91 80 2360 2697 ;
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Mutwiri G, Gerdts V, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Auray G, Eng N, Garlapati S, Babiuk LA, Potter A. Combination adjuvants: the next generation of adjuvants? Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:95-107. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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28
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High doses of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides stimulate a tolerogenic TLR9-TRIF pathway. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1852. [PMID: 23673637 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CpG-rich oligodeoxynucleotides activate the immune system, leading to innate and acquired immune responses. The immune-stimulatory effects of CpG-rich oligodeoxynucleotides are being exploited as a therapeutic approach. Here we show that at high doses, CpG-rich oligodeoxynucleotides promote an opposite, tolerogenic response in mouse plasmacytoid dendritic cells in vivo and in a human in vitro model. Unveiling a previously undescribed role for TRIF and TRAF6 proteins in Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signalling, we demonstrate that physical association of TLR9, TRIF and TRAF6 leads to activation of noncanonical NF-κB signalling and the induction of IRF3- and TGF-β-dependent immune-suppressive tryptophan catabolism. In vivo, the TLR9-TRIF circuit--but not MyD88 signalling--was required for CpG protection against allergic inflammation. Our findings may be relevant to an increased understanding of the complexity of Toll-like receptor signalling and optimal exploitation of CpG-rich oligodeoxynucleotides as immune modulators.
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29
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Sánchez Vallecillo MF, Ullio Gamboa GV, Palma SD, Harman MF, Chiodetti AL, Morón G, Allemandi DA, Pistoresi-Palencia MC, Maletto BA. Adjuvant activity of CpG-ODN formulated as a liquid crystal. Biomaterials 2013; 35:2529-42. [PMID: 24382332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The adjuvants approved in human vaccine with recombinant/purified antigens induce weak cellular immune response and so the development of new adjuvant strategies is critical. CpG-ODN has successfully been used as an adjuvant (phase I-III clinical trials) but its bioavailability needs to be improved. We investigated the adjuvant ability of CpG-ODN formulated with a liquid crystal nanostructure of 6-O-ascorbyl palmitate (Coa-ASC16). Mice immunized with OVA/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 elicited a potent specific IgG1, IgG2a, Th1 and Th17 cellular response without systemic adverse effects. These responses were superior to those induced by OVA/CpG-ODN (solution of OVA with CpG-ODN) and to those induced by the formulation OVA/CpG-ODN/Al(OH)3. Immunization with OVA/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 resulted in a long-lasting cell-mediated immune response (at least 6.5 months). Furthermore, Coa-ASC16 alone allows a controlled release of CpG-ODN in vitro and induces local inflammatory response, independent of TLR4 signaling, characterized by an influx of neutrophils and Ly6C(high) monocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Remarkably, the adjuvant capacity of CpG-ODN co-injected with Coa-ASC16 (OVA/CpG-ODN plus Coa-ASC16) was similar to the adjuvant activity of OVA/CpG-ODN, supporting the requirement for whole formulation to help CpG-ODN adjuvanticity. These results show the potential of this formulation, opening a new avenue for the development of better vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Sánchez Vallecillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Gabriela V Ullio Gamboa
- Departamento de Farmacia, UNITEFA (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Santiago D Palma
- Departamento de Farmacia, UNITEFA (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - María F Harman
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Ana L Chiodetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Morón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Allemandi
- Departamento de Farmacia, UNITEFA (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - María C Pistoresi-Palencia
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Belkys A Maletto
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina.
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Dou W, Li H, Cheng Z, Zhao P, Liu J, Cui Z, Liu H, Jing W, Guo H. Maternal antibody induced by recombinant gp85 protein vaccine adjuvanted with CpG-ODN protects against ALV-J early infection in chickens. Vaccine 2013; 31:6144-9. [PMID: 23831319 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the efficacy of a recombinant protein vaccine encoding the gp85 gene from the subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) co-administered with cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) or Freund's adjuvants was investigated for the protection against early ALV-J infection in chickens. The gp85 gene from ALV-J was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant protein was injected intramuscularly into the breeder hens along with CpG-ODN or Freund's adjuvants, and the antibodies in the serum were assayed regularly post inoculation. The fertilized eggs from the vaccinated hens were hatched, the hatched chickens were challenged with 10(2.2) 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) ALV-J on 1 day, and the maternal antibodies in the hatched chickens were examined regularly before and after the challenge. The viremia was determined weekly, and a histopathological analysis of the immunosuppressive lesions was performed. The results suggest that the gp85 recombinant protein was successfully prepared and was inoculated with CpG-ODN adjuvant into breeder hens to induce serological antibody against ALV-J in the hens and in the hatched chickens. The positive maternal antibodies in the hatched chickens provided effective protection for most chickens against viremia and dramatically decreased the number of immunosuppressive lesions; these protective effects were better than those of the gp85 recombinant protein plus Freund's adjuvant. The data will provide a scientific basis for the application of the ALV-J subunit vaccine to control ALV-J infection in chicken flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Dou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
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31
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Guo X, Jia H, Zhang Q, Yuan W, Zhu G, Xin T, Zhu H, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. CpG-enriched plasmid enhances the efficacy of the traditional foot-and-mouth disease killed vaccine. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 56:332-7. [PMID: 22335800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A CpG-enriched recombinant plasmid (pUC18-CpG) as an adjuvant of FMD killed vaccine was tested for immunization and vaccination challenge in a porcine model. Our preliminary results had indicated that the recombinant plasmid could enhance the humoral immune response triggered by the traditional oil-adjuvant vaccine after the initial inoculation. A subsequent vaccination-challenge test showed an increased PD(50) value. Thus, coadministration of the recombinant plasmid with the oil-adjuvant vaccine helped illicit an immune response earlier than that elicited by giving the vaccine alone. Our results showed that pUC18-CpG can be a potent immunoadjuvant for the traditional FMD killed vaccine and can greatly enhance the traditional vaccine's efficacy when given in combination with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Guo
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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32
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Liu J, Xu C, Liu YL, Matsuo H, Hsieh RPF, Lo JF, Tseng PH, Yuan CJ, Luo Y, Xiang R, Chuang TH. Activation of rabbit TLR9 by different CpG-ODN optimized for mouse and human TLR9. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:443-51. [PMID: 22560893 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) are potent adjuvants that accelerate and boost antigen-specific immune responses. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is the cellular receptor for these CpG-ODN. Previous studies have shown species-specific activation of mouse TLR9 (mTLR9) and human TLR9 (hTLR9) by their optimized CpG-ODN. The interaction between rabbit TLR9 (rabTLR9) and CpG-ODN, however, has not been previously investigated. Here, we cloned and characterized rabTLR9 and comparatively investigated the activation of the rabbit, mouse, and human TLR9 by CpG-ODN. The complete open reading frame of rabTLR9 encodes 1028 amino acid residues, which share 70.6% and 75.5% of the identities of mTLR9 and hTLR9, respectively. Rabbit TLR9 is preferentially expressed in immune cells rich tissues, and is localized in intracellular vesicles. While mTLR9 and hTLR9 displayed species-specific recognition of their optimized CpG-ODN, rabbit TLR9 was activated by these CpG-ODN without any preference. This result suggests that rabTLR9 has a broader ligand-recognition profile than mouse and human TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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Activation of adjuvant core response genes by the novel adjuvant PCEP. Mol Immunol 2012; 51:292-303. [PMID: 22521769 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are critical components of many vaccines but their mechanisms of action are often poorly understood. Understanding the mechanisms of adjuvant activity is critical in defining how innate immunity influenced adaptive immunity. We investigated the capacity of a novel adjuvant, poly[di(sodiumcarboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP), to induce innate immune responses at the site of injection. PCEP induced time-dependent changes in the gene expression of many "adjuvant core response genes" including cytokines, chemokines, innate immune receptors, interferon-induced genes, adhesion molecules and antigen-presentation genes. In addition, PCEP triggered local production of cytokines and the chemokine CCL-2 as indicated by ELISA. Interestingly, PCEP up-regulated the gene expression of the inflammasome receptor, Nlrp3, and induced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, and IL-18 at the site of injection. Secretion of these cytokines is predominantly a result of activation of the inflammasome, a multi-protein complex that activates caspase-1, leading to the processing and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that PCEP may modulate antigen-specific immune responses by strongly activating early innate immune responses and promoting a strong immuno-stimulatory environment at the site of injection.
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Costa LB, Noronha FJ, Roche JK, Sevilleja JE, Warren CA, Oriá R, Lima A, Guerrant RL. Novel in vitro and in vivo models and potential new therapeutics to break the vicious cycle of Cryptosporidium infection and malnutrition. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1464-71. [PMID: 22454464 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several animal models of cryptosporidiosis have been reported, most involve genetically or pharmacologically immune-suppressed hosts. METHODS We report challenge with excysted (in vitro and in vivo) and unexcysted (in vivo) Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in human colonic adenocarcinoma (HCT-8) cells and weaned nourished and malnourished C57BL/6 mice, following outcomes of growth rate, stool shedding, and tissue burden. We tested treatment with an oligodeoxynucleotide containing unmethylated CpG motif (CpG-ODN) and alanyl-glutamine in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS C. parvum-challenged mice showed prolonged weight loss (>10% over 4 days), robust stool shedding (>3 logs/d over 7 days), and epithelial infection in the ileum, cecum, and colon. Of 2 potential therapeutic compounds evaluated in the model, CpG-ODN reduced body weight loss (to <6% on days 3-7 after challenge), reduced shedding of organisms (by 25% on days 1 and 3 after challenge), and decreased the burden of parasites in the ileum. Alanyl-glutamine showed similar benefits. In vitro findings suggested that effects on the epithelial component of the mucosa probably likely responsible for beneficial effects seen in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Weaned mice provide a convenient and reproducible model of cryptosporidial disease, including its vicious cycle with body weight loss and heavier infection with malnutrition, and this model may be useful in exploring innovative therapeutic solutions for this challenging infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourrany B Costa
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Vaccination of neonates: Problem and issues. Vaccine 2012; 30:1541-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Meurens F, Summerfield A, Nauwynck H, Saif L, Gerdts V. The pig: a model for human infectious diseases. Trends Microbiol 2011; 20:50-7. [PMID: 22153753 PMCID: PMC7173122 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An animal model to study human infectious diseases should accurately reproduce the various aspects of disease. Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) are closely related to humans in terms of anatomy, genetics and physiology, and represent an excellent animal model to study various microbial infectious diseases. Indeed, experiments in pigs are much more likely to be predictive of therapeutic treatments in humans than experiments in rodents. In this review, we highlight the numerous advantages of the pig model for infectious disease research and vaccine development and document a few examples of human microbial infectious diseases for which the use of pigs as animal models has contributed to the acquisition of new knowledge to improve both animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Meurens
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, 37380, Nouzilly (Tours), France.
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Arginase-dependent suppression by CpG-ODN plus IFA-induced splenic myeloid CD11b(+)Gr1(+) cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 90:710-21. [PMID: 22083526 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine guanine motifs (CpG-ODN) to induce both stimulatory and counter-regulatory responses offers novel opportunities for using these molecules as immunomodulatory agents in different therapeutic strategies. Here, we investigated the potential of CpG-ODN to activate the arginase (ARG) enzyme in vivo and focused on the consequences of this activation in T-cell proliferation. Challenging mice subcutaneously with CpG-ODN emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) induced ARG and reduced T-cell proliferation associated with CD3ζ chain downregulation. Interestingly, impaired T-cell expansion correlated with elevated levels of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) myeloid cells localized near T-cell areas in the spleen. In addition, purified CD11b(+) cells obtained from the spleen of CpG-ODN+IFA-treated mice exhibited increased ARG activity and ARG I expression along with an augmented [(3)H]-L-arginine uptake. CD11b(+) myeloid cells significantly suppressed T-cell proliferation and CD3ζ chain expression induced by a polyclonal stimulus. Furthermore, these effects could be recovered by the addition of excess L-arginine or by treatment of CD11b(+) cells with a specific ARG inhibitor. This study provides a novel evidence that CpG-ODN+IFA are able to induce splenic CD11b(+) cells with ARG activity, with this population being responsible for the impaired T-cell proliferation observed after the treatment with CpG-ODN+IFA. These results underscore a key role of CpG-ODN on ARG activity in vivo and add support to the growing body of evidence in favor of a counter-regulatory role for CpG-ODN in an immune response.
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Strandskog G, Villoing S, Iliev DB, Thim HL, Christie KE, Jørgensen JB. Formulations combining CpG containing oliogonucleotides and poly I:C enhance the magnitude of immune responses and protection against pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1116-1127. [PMID: 21527278 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Both CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and double-stranded RNA (poly I:C) have documented effects as treatments against several viral diseases in fish. However, as stand-alone treatments their effects have been modest. We have tested here whether CpG and poly I:C, alone or in combination induce protection against Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV), the causative agent of pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon. Our results revealed a significant reduction of viraemia 2 weeks after ip injection of the combined treatment and 1 week after challenge with SAV subtype 3, followed by reduced SAV induced heart pathology 3 weeks later. The SAV titers in blood samples from the combination group were lower as compared to single treatments with either CpG or poly I:C. Surprisingly, reduced SAV levels could also be found in fish as long as 7 weeks after receiving the combination treatment. The expression of IFNγ and to a lesser extent IFNa and Mx was up-regulated in head kidney and spleen 5 days after the fish had been treated with CpG and poly I:C. Furthermore, the complement factor C4 was depleted in serum 8 weeks post treatment, suggesting complement activation leading to C4 consumption. We hypothesize that the CpG/poly I:C-induced protection against SAV3 is mediated by mechanisms involving type I and type II IFN induced antiviral activity and complement mediated protective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro Strandskog
- Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Mutwiri G. TLR9 agonists: immune mechanisms and therapeutic potential in domestic animals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 148:85-9. [PMID: 21700345 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins that recognize conserved microbial molecules. Engagement of TLRs activates innate and adaptive immunity. TLR-mediated activation of immune cells results in upregulation of cytokines, chemokines and costimulatory molecules. These early innate responses control pathogen spread and initiates adaptive immune responses. Synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), agonists for TLR9, had shown great promise as immunotherapeutic agents and vaccine adjuvants in laboratory animal models of infectious disease, allergy and cancer. However, it has become apparent that CpG ODN are less potent immune activators in domestic animals and humans. The disparity in immune responses between rodents and mammals has been mainly attributed to differences in cellular expression of TLR9 in the various species. In this article, our current understanding of the immune mechanisms, as well as the potential applications of CpG ODN will be reviewed, with particular emphasis on domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mutwiri
- VIDO/International Vaccine Center & School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Ramaprakash H, Shibata T, Duffy KE, Ismailoglu UB, Bredernitz RM, Moreira AP, Coelho AL, Das AM, Fursov N, Chupp GL, Hogaboam CM. Targeting ST2L potentiates CpG-mediated therapeutic effects in a chronic fungal asthma model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:104-15. [PMID: 21640974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
IL-33 and its soluble receptor and cell-associated receptor (ST2L) are all increased in clinical and experimental asthma. The present study addressed the hypothesis that ST2L impairs the therapeutic effects of CpG in a fungal model of asthma. C57BL/6 mice were sensitized to Aspergillus fumigatus and challenged via i.t. instillation with live A. fumigatus conidia. Mice were treated with IgG alone, anti-ST2L monoclonal antibody (mAb) alone, CpG alone, IgG plus CpG, or anti-ST2L mAb plus CpG every other day from day 14 to day 28 and investigated on day 28 after conidia. Lung ST2L and toll-like receptor 9 protein expression levels concomitantly increased in a time-dependent manner during fungal asthma. Therapeutic blockade of ST2L with an mAb attenuated key pathological features of this model. At subtherapeutic doses, neither anti-ST2L mAb nor CpG alone affected fungal asthma severity. However, airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus cell metaplasia, peribronchial fibrosis, and fungus retention were markedly reduced in asthmatic mice treated with the combination of both. Whole lung CXCL9 levels were significantly elevated in the combination group but not in the controls. Furthermore, in asthmatic mice treated with the combination therapy, dendritic cells generated significantly greater IL-12p70 with CpG in vitro compared with control dendritic cells. The combination of anti-ST2L mAb with CpG significantly attenuated experimental asthma, suggesting that targeting ST2L might enhance the therapeutic efficacy of CpG during allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth Ramaprakash
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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Gupta GK, Agrawal DK. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as TLR9 agonists: therapeutic application in allergy and asthma. BioDrugs 2010; 24:225-35. [PMID: 20623989 DOI: 10.2165/11536140-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides in microbial DNA sequences activate Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, and previous studies have shown that oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing CpG in specific base sequence motifs (CpG ODNs) can reiterate the majority of the immunomodulatory effects produced by bacterial DNA. Many of the manifestations in allergic diseases are primarily due to T helper (T(h))-2 cell-type responses. CpG ODNs can induce T(h)1 and T-regulatory (T(reg)) cell-type cytokines that can suppress the T(h)2 response. The therapeutic application of TLR9 has been explored extensively in recent years, and many studies are being conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of TLR9 agonists in various diseases, including atopic and infectious diseases, and cancer. Studies in murine models have shown that the development of atopic airway disease can be prevented by treatment with CpG ODNs. Various clinical trials are currently ongoing to determine the efficacy of CpG ODNs as a therapeutic tool for atopic diseases. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic application of CpG ODNs in allergy and asthma. CpG ODNs may be used alone or as an adjuvant to immunotherapy to treat these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav K Gupta
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
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Nicholls EF, Madera L, Hancock REW. Immunomodulators as adjuvants for vaccines and antimicrobial therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1213:46-61. [PMID: 20946578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly effective strategy for combating infectious diseases is to enhance host defenses using immunomodulators, either preventatively, through vaccination, or therapeutically. The effectiveness of many vaccines currently in use is due in part to adjuvants, molecules that have little immunogenicity by themselves but which help enhance and appropriately skew the immune response to an antigen. The development of new vaccines necessitates the development of new types of adjuvants to ensure an appropriate immune response. Herein, we review commonly used vaccine adjuvants and discuss promising adjuvant candidates. We also discuss various other immunomodulators (namely cytokines, Toll-like receptor agonists, and host defense peptides) that are, or have potential to be, useful for antimicrobial therapies that exert their effects by boosting host immune responses rather than targeting pathogens directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin F Nicholls
- Center for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Stimulation and inhibition of FVIII-specific memory B-cell responses by CpG-B (ODN 1826), a ligand for Toll-like receptor 9. Blood 2010; 117:259-67. [PMID: 20889922 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-289009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Factor VIII (FVIII)-specific memory B cells are essential components for regulating anamnestic antibody responses against FVIII in hemophilia A with FVIII inhibitors. We asked how stimulation and inhibition of FVIII-specific memory B cells by low and high concentrations of FVIII, respectively, are affected by concurrent activation of the innate immune system. Using CD138(-) spleen cells from hemophilic mice treated with FVIII to study restimulation and differentiation of memory B cells in vitro, we tested modulating activities of agonists for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9. Ligands for TLR7 and 9 were most effective. They not only amplified FVIII-specific memory responses in the presence of stimulating concentrations of FVIII, but also countered inhibition in the presence of inhibitory concentrations of FVIII. Notably, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN), a ligand for TLR9, expressed biphasic effects. It amplified memory responses at low concentrations and inhibited memory responses at high concentrations, both in vitro and in vivo. Both stimulatory and inhibitory activities of CpG-ODN resulted from specific interactions with TLR9. Despite their strong immunomodulatory effects in the presence of FVIII, ligands for TLR induced negligible restimulation in the absence of FVIII in vitro and no restimulation in the absence of FVIII in vivo.
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Eng NF, Garlapati S, Gerdts V, Babiuk LA, Mutwiri GK. PCEP enhances IgA mucosal immune responses in mice following different immunization routes with influenza virus antigens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNE BASED THERAPIES AND VACCINES 2010; 8:4. [PMID: 20735838 PMCID: PMC2936874 DOI: 10.1186/1476-8518-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background We previously demonstrated that polyphosphazenes, particularly PCEP, enhance immune responses in mice immunized subcutaneously and intranasally. The objective of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of polyphosphazenes as adjuvants when delivered through different routes of vaccine administration. Methods BALB/c mice were immunized through intranasal, subcutaneous, oral and intrarectal delivery with vaccine formulations containing either influenza X:31 antigen alone or formulated in PCEP. Serum and mucosal washes were collected and assayed for antigen-specific antibody responses by ELISA, while splenocytes were assayed for antigen-specific cytokine production by ELISPOT. Results Intranasal immunization with PCEP+X:31 induced significantly higher IgA titers in all mucosal secretions (lung, nasal, and vaginal) compared to the other routes. Serum analysis showed that all mice given the PCEP+X:31 combination showed evidence of enhanced IgG2a titers in all administered routes, indicating that PCEP can be effective as an adjuvant in enhancing systemic immune responses when delivered via different routes of administration. Conclusions We conclude that PCEP is a potent and versatile mucosal adjuvant that can be administered in a variety of routes and effectively enhances systemic and local immune responses. Furthermore, intranasal immunization was found to be the best administration route for enhancing IgA titers, providing further evidence for the potential of PCEP as a mucosal adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson F Eng
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization/International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Srinivas Garlapati
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization/International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization/International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Lorne A Babiuk
- University of Alberta, 3-7 University Hall, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2J9, Canada
| | - George K Mutwiri
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization/International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
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Nichani AK, Dar MA, Mirakhur KK, Krieg AM, Booth JS, Townsend HGG, Potter AA, Babiuk LA, Mutwiri GK. Subcutaneous, but not intratracheal administration of the TLR9 agonist, CpG DNA transiently reduces parainfluenza-3 virus shedding in newborn lambs. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 33:e111-7. [PMID: 20619456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs signal through TLR9 and activate innate immunity resulting in protection against a variety of parasitic, bacterial and viral pathogens in mouse models. However, few studies have demonstrated protection in humans and large animals. In the present investigations, we evaluated protection by CpG ODN in a parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) virus infection in neonatal lambs. Subcutaneous (SC) injection of CpG ODN induced high levels of 2'5'-A synthetase and significantly reduced PI-3 virus shedding in newborn lambs. Furthermore, pre-treatment of newborn lambs with SC CpG ODN 2 days, but not 6 days prior to the virus challenge was protective. In contrast, intratracheal (IT) administration of CpG ODN induced 2'5'-A synthetase but had no significant impact on PI-3 virus shedding in nasal secretions. We conclude that a systemic administration of CpG ODN and the timing of the treatment are critical for the protection of neonatal lambs against a respiratory viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Nichani
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization/International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3
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Booth JS, Buza JJ, Potter A, Babiuk LA, Mutwiri GK. Co-stimulation with TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists induce down-regulation of innate immune responses in sheep blood mononuclear and B cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:572-578. [PMID: 20051250 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Stimulation with multiple TLR agonists may result in synergistic, complimentary or inhibitory effects on innate immune responses. In this study, we investigated the effects of co-stimulation of sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and B cells with agonists for TLR3, 4, 7/8 and 9. Sheep PBMC stimulated with either CpG (TLR9 agonist) or RNA oligoribonucleotides ([ORNs], TLR7/8 agonist) exhibited significant IL-12 production, but only CpG induced IFNalpha, IgM and proliferative responses. In contrast, poly(I:C) (TLR3 agonist) and LPS (TLR4 agonist) did not induce any of these responses. Interestingly, we observed that co-stimulation of PBMC with CpG+ORN or CpG+imiquimod (another TLR7/8 agonist) resulted in significant reduction in CpG-induced IFNalpha production, B cell proliferation and IgM responses. Pre-incubation of cells with CpG prior to exposure of the cells to imiquimod resulted in similar inhibitory responses indicating that the down-regulatory mechanisms are not associated with competition for cellular uptake or for receptors of the two agonists. Sheep B cells constitutively expressed TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 mRNA transcripts, suggesting a possible role of TLR cross-talk in the down-regulatory mechanisms. Down-regulation of responses by co-stimulation with closely related TLRs may be a regulatory mechanism by which the host prevents overstimulation of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S Booth
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization/International Vaccine Center, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Quan Z, Qin ZG, Zhen W, Feng XZ, Hong J, Fei ZH. Plasmid containing CpG oligodeoxynucleotides can augment the immune responses of pigs immunized with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome killed virus vaccine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 136:257-64. [PMID: 20394988 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the causative agent of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), causes serious health problems in swine, resulting in great economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) killed virus (KV) vaccine has been widely used in China but has been linked with side effects in pigs and only partial protection. A few studies have demonstrated the immunostimulatory adjuvant effects of the synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) motifs in humans and animals. In this study, the adjuvant efficacy and the protective effects of recombinant plasmid containing CpG ODN, in combination with PRRS KV vaccine against PRRSV were evaluated. The concentration of PRRSV-specific antibodies and cytokines and the clinical parameters (body temperature, weight gain and behavior) on the challenge and post-challenge virological profiles (virus distribution in tissues and virus titers in serum at autopsy) were investigated to define the immune responses of pigs. Our findings indicated that the immune responses of the pigs immunized with plasmid containing CpG ODN and PRRS KV vaccine were stronger than those induced by PRRS KV vaccine or PBS alone. Furthermore, the protection ratios, PRRSV titers in serum samples and virus tissue distribution, all demonstrated that the plasmid containing CpG ODN could augment the immune responses and improve the protective effect of PRRSV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Quan
- Collge of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, WenHui East Road 12, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Pone EJ, Zan H, Zhang J, Al-Qahtani A, Xu Z, Casali P. Toll-like receptors and B-cell receptors synergize to induce immunoglobulin class-switch DNA recombination: relevance to microbial antibody responses. Crit Rev Immunol 2010; 30:1-29. [PMID: 20370617 PMCID: PMC3038989 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.v30.i1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of naïve B cells, including immunoglobulin class-switch DNA recombination, is critical for the immune response and depends on the extensive integration of signals from the B-cell receptor (BCR), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and cytokine receptors. TLRs and BCR synergize to induce class-switch DNA recombination in T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antibody responses to microbial pathogens. BCR triggering together with simultaneous endosomal TLR engagement leads to enhanced B-cell differentiation and antibody responses. Te requirement of both BCR and TLR engagement would ensure appropriate antigen-specific activation in an infection. Co-stimulation of TLRs and BCR likely plays a significant role in anti-microbial antibody responses to contain pathogen loads until the T cell-dependent antibody responses peak. Furthermore, the temporal sequence of different signals is also critical for optimal B cell responses, as exemplified by the activation of B cells by initial TLR engagement, leading to the up-regulation of co-stimulatory CD80 and MCH-II receptors, which result in more efficient interactions with T cells, thereby enhancing the germinal center reaction and antibody affinity maturation. Overall, BCR and TLR stimulation and the integration with signals from the pathogen or immune cells and their products determine the ensuing B-cell antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egest J. Pone
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Hong Zan
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Ahmed Al-Qahtani
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Zhenming Xu
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Paolo Casali
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
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Moreno-Mendieta SA, Rocha-Zavaleta L, Rodriguez-Sanoja R. Adjuvants in tuberculosis vaccine development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:75-84. [PMID: 20002177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem around the world. Because the Mycobacterium bovis Bacilli-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine fails to protect adults from pulmonary tuberculosis, there is an urgent need for improved vaccine formulations. Unlike BCG, recombinant vaccines purified from bacterial expression vectors, as well as naked DNA, require an additional adjuvant. Recent improvements in our understanding of disease immunopathology, together with advances in biochemical and molecular techniques, have permitted the successful development of promising tuberculosis vaccine delivery and adjuvant combinations for human use. Here, we summarize the current state of adjuvant development and its impact on tuberculosis vaccine progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Moreno-Mendieta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, México D.F., Mexico
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