1
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Tower CW, Lay-Fortenbery A, Su Y, Munson EJ. Predicting the Stability of Formulations Containing Lyophilized Human Serum Albumin and Sucrose/Trehalose Using Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3163-3172. [PMID: 38781678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Stabilization of proteins by disaccharides in lyophilized formulations depends on the interactions between the protein and the disaccharide (system homogeneity) and the sufficiently low mobility of the system. Human serum albumin (HSA) was lyophilized with disaccharides (sucrose and/or trehalose) in different relative concentrations. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy 1H T1 and 1H T1ρ relaxation times were measured to determine the homogeneity of the lyophilized systems on 20-50 and 1-3 nm domains, respectively, with 1H T1 relaxation times also being used to determine the β-relaxation rate. HSA/sucrose systems had longer 1H T1 relaxation times and were slightly more stable than HSA/trehalose systems in almost all cases shown. HSA/sucrose/trehalose systems have 1H T1 relaxation times between the HSA/sucrose and HSA/trehalose systems and did not result in a more stable system compared with binary systems. Inhomogeneity was evident in a sample containing relative concentrations of 10% HSA and 90% trehalose, suggesting trehalose crystallization during lyophilization. Under these stability conditions and with these ssNMR acquisition parameters, a 1H T1 relaxation time below 1.5 s correlated with an unstable sample, regardless of the disaccharide(s) used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole W Tower
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ashley Lay-Fortenbery
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Eric J Munson
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Song J, Tas RP, Martens MCM, Ritten MVM, Wu H, Jones ER, Lebouille JGJL, Vis M, Voets IK, Tuinier R. Freezing-mediated formation of supraproteins using depletion forces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 665:622-633. [PMID: 38552579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Hypothesis Long-acting formulations such as microparticles, injectable depots and implantable devices can realize spatiotemporally controlled delivery of protein drugs to extend their therapeutic in vivo half-lives. To efficiently encapsulate the protein drugs into such drug delivery systems, (sub)micron-sized protein particles are needed. The formation of micronized supraproteins can be induced through the synergistic combination of attractive depletion forces and freezing. The size of the supraproteins can be fine-tuned from submicron to several microns by adjusting the ice crystallization rate through the freeze-quench depth, which is set by the target temperature. Methods Supraprotein micron structures were prepared from protein solutions under various conditions in the presence and absence of nonadsorbing polyethylene glycol. Scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering were employed to determine the sizes of the supraproteins and real-time total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy was used to follow the supraprotein formation during freezing. The protein secondary structure was measured before and after micronization by circular dichroism. A phase diagram of a protein-polyethylene glycol mixture was theoretically predicted to investigate whether the depletion interaction can elucidate the phase behavior. Findings Micronized protein supraparticles could be prepared in a controlled manner by rapid freeze-drying of aqueous mixtures of bovine serum albumin, horseradish peroxidase and lysozyme mixed with polyethylene glycol. Upon freezing, the temperature quench initiates a phase separation process which is reminiscent of spinodal decomposition. This demixing is subsequently arrested during droplet phase separation to form protein-rich microstructures. The final size of the generated protein microparticles is determined by a competition between phase separation and cooling rate, which can be controlled by target temperature. The experimental phase diagram of the aqueous protein-polyethylene glycol dispersion aligns with predictions from depletion theory for charged colloids and nonadsorbing polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Song
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Roderick P Tas
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Self-organizing Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Max C M Martens
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Manon V M Ritten
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hanglong Wu
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mark Vis
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ilja K Voets
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Self-organizing Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Remco Tuinier
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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3
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Sonaglioni D, Libera V, Tombari E, Peters J, Natali F, Petrillo C, Comez L, Capaccioli S, Paciaroni A. Dynamic Personality of Proteins and Effect of the Molecular Environment. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5543-5548. [PMID: 38752860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Protein dynamics display distinct traits that are linked to their specific biological function. However, the interplay between intrinsic dynamics and the molecular environment on protein stability remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigate, by incoherent neutron scattering, the subnanosecond time scale dynamics of three model proteins: the mesophilic lysozyme, the thermophilic thermolysin, and the intrinsically disordered β-casein. Moreover, we address the influence of water, glycerol, and glucose, which create progressively more viscous matrices around the protein surface. By comparing the protein thermal fluctuations, we find that the internal dynamics of thermolysin are less affected by the environment compared to lysozyme and β-casein. We ascribe this behavior to the protein dynamic personality, i.e., to the stiffer dynamics of the thermophilic protein that contrasts the influence of the environment. Remarkably, lysozyme and thermolysin in all molecular environments reach a critical common flexibility when approaching the calorimetric melting temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Sonaglioni
- Physics Department, University of Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Libera
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, via Alessandro Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elpidio Tombari
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici del CNR, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Judith Peters
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LiPhy, 38400 St Martin d'Heres, France
- Institut Laue Langevin, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francesca Natali
- Institut Laue Langevin, 38000 Grenoble, France
- CNR-IOM and INSIDE@ILL c/o OGG, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CEDEX 9, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Caterina Petrillo
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, via Alessandro Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Comez
- CNR-IOM, Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, via Alessandro Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Capaccioli
- Physics Department, University of Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici del CNR, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione dell'Università di Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paciaroni
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, via Alessandro Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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4
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Zografi G, Newman A, Shalaev E. Structural Features of the Glassy State and Their Impact on the Solid-State Properties of Organic Molecules in Pharmaceutical Systems. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00186-2. [PMID: 38768756 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
This paper reviews the structure and properties of amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), including small molecules and proteins, in the glassy state (below the glass transition temperature, Tg). Amorphous materials in the neat state and formulated with excipients as miscible amorphous mixtures are included, and the role of absorbed water in affecting glass structure and stability has also been considered. We defined the term "structure" to indicate the way the various molecules in a glass interact with each other and form distinctive molecular arrangements as regions or domains of varying number of molecules, molecular packing, and density. Evidence is presented to suggest that such systems generally exist as heterogeneous structures made up of high-density domains surrounded by a lower density arrangement of molecules, termed the microstructure. It has been shown that the method of preparation and the time frame for handling and storage can give rise to variable glass structures and varying physical properties. Throughout this paper, examples are given of theoretical, computer simulation, and experimental studies which focus on the nature of intermolecular interactions, the size of heterogeneous higher density domains, and the impact of such systems on the relative physical and chemical stability of pharmaceutical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Zografi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ann Newman
- Seventh Street Development Group LLC, Kure Beach, NC, United States.
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5
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Cristiglio V, Feng S, Sztucki M, Yuan X, Shalaev E. Two populations of protein molecules detected by small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering (SANS and SAXS) in lyophilized protein:lyoprotector (disaccharide) systems. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3897-3900. [PMID: 38700293 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00028e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Two protein interaction peaks are observed in pharmaceutically-relevant protein (serum albumin) : disaccharide 1 : 1 and 1 : 3 (w/w) freeze-dried systems for the first time. In samples with a higher disaccharide content, the protein-protein distances are longer for both populations, while the fraction of the protein population with a shorter protein-protein distance is lower. Both factors would favor better stability against aggregation for disaccharide-rich protein formulations. This study provides direct experimental support for a "dilution" hypothesis as a potential stabilization mechanism for freeze-dried protein formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaoxin Feng
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc, Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
| | - Michael Sztucki
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Av des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
| | - Xiaoda Yuan
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Evgenyi Shalaev
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 2525 Dupont Dr, Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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6
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Lou H, Luan X, Hu G, Hageman MJ. Development of a drying method for proteins based on protein-hyaluronic acid precipitation. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123940. [PMID: 38408551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to develop a new method to dry proteins based on protein-hyaluronic acid (HA) precipitation and apply the precipitation-redissolution technique to develop highly concentrated protein formulations. Lysozyme was used as a model protein and HA with various molecular weights (MW) were investigated. Under low ionic strength, low-MW HA (e.g., MW: around 5 K) did not induce lysozyme precipitation. Conversely, high-MW HA (e.g., MW: approximately from 40 K to 1.5 M) precipitated more than 90 % of lysozyme. The dried lysozyme-HA precipitates had moisture levels between 4 % and 5 %. The lysozyme-HA precipitates could be redissolved using PBS (pH 7.4, ionic strength: ∼ 163 mM). The viscosity of the reconstituted solution was dependent on HA MW, e.g., 4 cP for HA40K, and 155 cP for HA1.5 M, suggesting low-MW HA might be a proper excipient for highly concentrated solution formulations for subcutaneous/intraocular injection and high-MW HA may fit for other applications. The tertiary structure of lysozyme after the precipitation-redissolution steps had no significant difference from that of the original lysozyme as confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy. The denaturation temperature of lysozyme after the precipitation-redissolution steps and that of the original lysozyme were close, indicating they possessed similar thermal stability. The accelerated stability study revealed that lysozyme stored in the dry precipitates was more physically stable than that in the buffer solution. Overall, this new drying technique is suitable for drying proteins and exhibits several benefits such as minimum energy consumption, cost effectiveness, high production yield, and mild processing conditions. In addition, the precipitation-redissolution technique proposed in this study can potentially be used to develop highly concentrated formulations, especially for proteins experiencing poor stability in the liquid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; Biopharmaceutical Innovation & Optimization Center, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Xi Luan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; Biopharmaceutical Innovation & Optimization Center, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Michael J Hageman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; Biopharmaceutical Innovation & Optimization Center, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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7
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Kölbel J, Anuschek ML, Stelzl I, Santitewagun S, Friess W, Zeitler JA. Dynamical Transition in Dehydrated Proteins. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:3581-3590. [PMID: 38527099 PMCID: PMC11000241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were used to study the role of the dynamics of biomolecules decoupled from solvent effects. Lyophilized sucrose exhibited steadily increasing absorption with temperature as anharmonic excitations commenced as the system emerged from a deep minimum of the potential energy landscape where harmonic vibrations dominate. The polypeptide bacitracin and two globular proteins, lysozyme and human serum albumin, showed a more complex temperature dependence. Further analysis focused on the spectral signature below and above the boson peak. We found evidence of the onset of anharmonic motions that are characteristic for partial unfolding and molecular jamming in the dry biomolecules. The activation of modes of the protein molecules at temperatures comparable to the protein dynamical transition temperature was observed in the absence of hydration. No evidence of Fröhlich coherence, postulated to facilitate biological function, was found in our experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kölbel
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Moritz L. Anuschek
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
- Department
of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Technology
and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians
Universität, Butenandtstrasse
5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ivonne Stelzl
- Department
of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Technology
and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians
Universität, Butenandtstrasse
5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Supawan Santitewagun
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department
of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Technology
and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians
Universität, Butenandtstrasse
5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - J. Axel Zeitler
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
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8
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Lay-Fortenbery A, Tower CW, Ezeajughi E, Calahan J, Duru C, Matejtschuk P, Munson EJ. Predicting the Stability of Lyophilized Human Serum Albumin Formulations Containing Sucrose and Trehalose Using Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy: Effect of Storage Temperature on 1H T 1 Relaxation Times. AAPS J 2024; 26:40. [PMID: 38570383 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In a lyophilized protein/disaccharide system, the ability of the disaccharide to form a homogeneous mixture with the protein and to slow the protein mobility dictates the stabilization potential of the formulation. Human serum albumin was lyophilized with sucrose or trehalose in histidine, phosphate, or citrate buffer. 1H T1 relaxation times were measured by solid-state NMR spectroscopy and were used to assess the homogeneity and mobility of the samples after zero, six, and twelve months at different temperatures. The mobility of the samples decreased after 6 and 12 months storage at elevated temperatures, consistent with structural relaxation of the amorphous disaccharide matrix. Formulations with sucrose had lower mobility and greater stability than formulations with trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lay-Fortenbery
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA
| | - Cole W Tower
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ernest Ezeajughi
- Analytical and Biological Sciences, Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Julie Calahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA
| | - Chinwe Duru
- Analytical and Biological Sciences, Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Analytical and Biological Sciences, Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Eric J Munson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA.
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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9
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Veselý L, Závacká K, Štůsek R, Olbert M, Neděla V, Shalaev E, Heger D. Impact of secondary ice in a frozen NaCl freeze-concentrated solution on the extent of methylene blue aggregation. Int J Pharm 2024; 650:123691. [PMID: 38072147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Freezing and lyophilization have been utilized for decades to stabilize pharmaceutical and food products. Freezing a solution that contains dissolved salt and/or organic matter produces pure primary ice crystal grains separated by freeze-concentrated solutions (FCS). The microscopic size of the primary ice crystals depends on the cooling conditions and the concentration of the solutes. It is generally accepted that primary ice crystals size influences the rate of sublimation and also can impact physico-chemical behaviour of the species in the FCS. This article, however, presents a case where the secondary ice formed inside the FCS plays a critical role. We microscoped the structures of ice-cast FCS with an environmental scanning electron microscope and applied the aggregation-sensitive spectroscopic probe methylene blue to determine how the microstructure affects the molecular arrangement. We show that slow cooling at -50 °C produces large salt crystals with a small specific surface, resulting in a high degree of molecular aggregation within the FCS. In contrast, fast liquid nitrogen cooling yields an ultrafine structure of salt crystals having a large specific surface area and, therefore, inducing smaller aggregation. The study highlights a critical role of secondary ice in solute aggregation and introduces methylene blue as a molecular probe to investigate freezing behaviour of aqueous systems with crystalline solute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Veselý
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Závacká
- Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Štůsek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Olbert
- Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vilém Neděla
- Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Dominik Heger
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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10
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Pan X, Lenka S, Davis J, Nagapudi K, Mantik P, Saggu M, Dai L, Cadang L, Zhang HM, Zhang J, Izadi S, Yang F, Wei B. Probing the Protein-Excipient Interaction in the Orally Delivered Protein by Solid-State Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Dynamics. Anal Chem 2024; 96:802-809. [PMID: 38155586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The oral administration of protein therapeutics in solid dosage form is gaining popularity due to its benefits, such as improved medication adherence, convenience, and ease of use for patients compared to traditional parental delivery. However, formulating oral biologics presents challenges related to pH barriers, enzymatic breakdown, and poor bioavailability. Therefore, understanding the interaction between excipients and protein therapeutics in the solid state is crucial for formulation development. In this Letter, we present a case study focused on investigating the role of excipients in protein aggregation during the production of a solid dosage form of a single variable domain on a heavy chain (VHH) protein. We employed solid-state hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry (ssHDX-MS) at both intact protein and peptide levels to assess differences in protein-excipient interactions between two formulations. ssHDX-MS analysis revealed that one formulation effectively prevents protein aggregation during compaction by blocking β-sheets across the VHH protein, thereby preventing β-sheet-β-sheet interactions. Spatial aggregation propensity (SAP) mapping and cosolvent simulation from molecular dynamics (MD) simulation further validated the protein-excipient interaction sites identified through ssHDX-MS. Additionally, the MD simulation demonstrated that the interaction between the VHH protein and excipients involves hydrophilic interactions and/or hydrogen bonding. This novel approach holds significant potential for understanding protein-excipient interactions in the solid state and can guide the formulation and process development of orally delivered protein dosage forms, ultimately enhancing their efficacy and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Pan
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sunidhi Lenka
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeff Davis
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Priscilla Mantik
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Miguel Saggu
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lulu Dai
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lance Cadang
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hui-Min Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jennifer Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Saeed Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Feng Yang
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bingchuan Wei
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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11
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Vallaster B, Engelsing F, Grohganz H. Influence of water and trehalose on α- and β-relaxation of freeze-dried lysozyme formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 194:1-8. [PMID: 38029940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mobility in form of alpha and beta relaxations is considered crucial for characterization of amorphous lyophilizates and reflected in the transition temperatures Tgα and Tgβ. Based on an overview of applied methods to study beta relaxations, Dynamic Mechanical analysis was used to measure Tgα and Tgβ in amorphous freeze-dried samples. Lysozyme and trehalose as well as their mixtures in varying ratios were investigated. Three different residual moisture levels, ranging from roughly 0.5-7 % (w/w), were prepared via equilibration of the freeze-dried samples. Known plasticising effects of water on Tgα were confirmed, also via differential scanning calorimetry. In addition and contrary to expectations, an influence of water on the Tgβ also was observed. On the other hand, an increasing amount of trehalose lowered Tgα but increased Tgβ showing that Tgα and Tgβ are not paired. The findings were interpreted with regard to their underlying molecular mechanisms and a correlation with the known influences of water and trehalose on stability. The results provide encouraging hints for future stability studies of freeze-dried protein formulations, which are urgently needed, not least for reasons of sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Vallaster
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Florian Engelsing
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Holger Grohganz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Malek-Khatabi A, Rad-Malekshahi M, Shafiei M, Sharifi F, Motasadizadeh H, Ebrahiminejad V, Rad-Malekshahi M, Akbarijavar H, Faraji Rad Z. Botulinum toxin A dissolving microneedles for hyperhidrosis treatment: design, formulation and in vivo evaluation. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7784-7804. [PMID: 37905676 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01301d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple periodic injections of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) are the standard treatment of hyperhidrosis which causes excessive sweating. However, BTX-A injections can create problems, including incorrect and painful injections, the risk of drug entry into the bloodstream, the need for medical expertise, and waste disposal problems. New drug delivery systems can substantially reduce these problems. Transdermal delivery is an effective alternative to conventional BTX-A injections. However, BTX-A's large molecular size and susceptibility to degradation complicate transdermal delivery. Dissolving microneedle patches (DMNPs) encapsulated with BTX-A (BTX-A/DMNPs) are a promising solution that can penetrate the dermis painlessly and provide localized translocation of BTX-A. In this study, using high-precision 3D laser lithography and subsequent molding, DMNPs were prepared based on a combination of biocompatible polyvinylpyrrolidone and hyaluronic acid polymers to deliver BTX-A with ultra-sharp needle tips of 1.5 ± 0.5 µm. Mechanical, morphological and histological assessments of the prepared DMNPs were performed to optimize their physicochemical properties. Furthermore, the BTX-A release and diffusion kinetics across the skin layers were investigated. A COMSOL simulation was conducted to study the diffusion process. The primary stability analysis reported significant stability for three months. Finally, the functionality of the BTX-A/DMNPs for the suppression of sweat glands was confirmed on the hyperhidrosis mouse footpad, which drastically reduced sweat gland activity. The results demonstrate that these engineered DMNPs can be an effective, painless, inexpensive alternative to hypodermic injections when treating hyperhidrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Malek-Khatabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mazda Rad-Malekshahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morvarid Shafiei
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Motasadizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Ebrahiminejad
- School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, 4300, Australia.
| | | | - Hamid Akbarijavar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Faraji Rad
- School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, 4300, Australia.
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13
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Barros CHN, Alfaro M, Costello C, Wang F, Sapre K, Rastogi S, Chiruvolu S, Connolly J, Topp EM. Effect of Atomic Layer Coating on the Stability of Solid Myoglobin Formulations. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4086-4099. [PMID: 37466053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of atomic layer (ALC) coating on physical properties and storage stability were examined in solid powders containing myoglobin, a model protein. Powders containing myoglobin and mannitol (1:1 w/w) were prepared by lyophilization or spray drying and subjected to aluminum oxide or silicon oxide ALC coating. Uncoated samples of these powders as well as coated and uncoated samples of myoglobin as received served as controls. After preparation (t0), samples were analyzed for moisture content, reconstitution time, myoglobin secondary structure, crystallinity, and protein aggregate content. Samples were stored for 3 months (t3) under controlled conditions (53% RH, 40 °C) in both open and closed vials and then analyzed as above. At t3, the recovery of soluble native (i.e., monomeric) protein depended on formulation, coating type, and drying method and was up to 2-fold greater in coated samples than in uncoated controls. Promisingly, some samples with high recovery also showed low soluble aggregate content (<10%) at t3 and low total monomer loss; the latter was correlated to sample moisture content. Overall, the results demonstrate that ALC coatings can stabilize solid protein formulations during storage, providing benefits over uncoated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio H N Barros
- National Institution for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Manuel Alfaro
- National Institution for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Cormac Costello
- National Institution for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Fei Wang
- Applied Materials, Inc., Santa Clara, California 58039, United States
| | - Kedar Sapre
- Applied Materials, Inc., Santa Clara, California 58039, United States
| | - Suneel Rastogi
- Applied Materials, Inc., Santa Clara, California 58039, United States
| | | | - James Connolly
- Applied Materials, Inc., Santa Clara, California 58039, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Topp
- National Institution for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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14
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Fiedler D, Fink E, Aigner I, Leitinger G, Keller W, Roblegg E, Khinast JG. A multi-step machine learning approach for accelerating QbD-based process development of protein spray drying. Int J Pharm 2023:123133. [PMID: 37315637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a new material-efficient multi-step machine learning (ML) approach for the development of a design space (DS) for spray drying proteins. Typically, a DS is developed by performing a design of experiments (DoE) with the spray dryer and the protein of interest, followed by deriving the DoE models via multi-variate regression. This approach was followed as a benchmark to the ML approach. The more complex the process and required accuracy of the final model is, the more experiments are necessary. However, most biologics are expensive and thus experiments should be kept to a minimum. Therefore, the suitability of using a surrogate material and ML for the development of a DS was investigated. To this end, a DoE was performed with the surrogate and the data used for training the ML approach. The ML and DoE model predictions were compared to measurements of three protein-based validation runs. The suitability of using lactose as surrogate was investigated and advantages of the proposed approach were demonstrated. Limitations were identified at protein concentrations >35mg/ml and particle sizes of x50>6µm. Within the investigated DS protein secondary structure was preserved, and most process settings, resulted in yields >75% and residual moisture <10wt.%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fiedler
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Fink
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Isabella Aigner
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Medical University of Graz, Division of Cell Biology, Histology, and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Keller
- University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Structural Biology, Humboldstraße 50/III, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmacy, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes G Khinast
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/III, 8010 Graz, Austria; Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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15
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Mutukuri TT, Ling J, Du Y, Su Y, Zhou QT. Effect of Buffer Salts on Physical Stability of Lyophilized and Spray-Dried Protein Formulations Containing Bovine Serum Albumin and Trehalose. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1355-1371. [PMID: 35764755 PMCID: PMC9794634 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of buffer salts on the physical stability of spray-dried and lyophilized formulations of a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA). BSA formulations with various buffers were dried by either lyophilization or spray drying. The protein powders were then characterized using solid-state Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ssFTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), solid-state hydrogen/deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (ssHDX-MS), and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ssNMR). Particle characterizations such as Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, particle size distribution, and particle morphology were also performed. Results from conventional techniques such as ssFTIR did not exhibit correlations with the physical stability of studied formulations. Deconvoluted peak areas of deuterated samples from the ssHDX-MS study showed a satisfactory correlation with the loss of the monomeric peak area measured by SEC (R2 of 0.8722 for spray-dried formulations and 0.8428 for lyophilized formulations) in the 90-day accelerated stability study conducted at 40°C. mDSC and PXRD was unable to measure phase separation in the samples right after drying. In contrast, ssNMR successfully detected the occurrence of phase separation between the succinic buffer component and protein in the lyophilized formulation, which results in a distribution of microenvironmental acidity and the subsequent loss of long-term stability. Moreover, our results suggested that buffer salts have less impact on physical stability for the spray-dried formulations than the lyophilized solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Tejasvi Mutukuri
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Jing Ling
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Yong Du
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Yongchao Su
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA.
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
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16
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Leandro P, Lino PR, Lopes R, Leandro J, Amaro MP, Sousa P, Vicente JB, Almeida AJ. Isothermal denaturation fluorimetry vs Differential scanning fluorimetry as tools for screening of stabilizers for protein freeze-drying: human phenylalanine hydroxylase as the case study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 187:1-11. [PMID: 37011788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The structural maintenance of therapeutic proteins during formulation and/or storage is a critical aspect, particularly for multi-domain and/or multimeric proteins which usually exhibit intrinsic structural dynamics leading to aggregation with concomitant loss-of-function. Protein freeze-drying is a widely used technique to preserve protein structure and function during storage. To minimize chemical/physical stresses occurring during this process, protein stabilizers are usually included, their effect being strongly dependent on the target protein. Therefore, they should be screened for on a time-consuming case-by-case basis. Herein, differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) and isothermal denaturation fluorimetry (ITDF) were employed to screen, among different classes of freeze-drying additives, for the most effective stabilizer of the model protein human phenylalanine hydroxylase (hPAH). Correlation studies among retrieved DSF and ITDF parameters with recovered enzyme amount and activity indicated ITDF as the most appropriate screening method. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of hPAH freeze-dried with ITDF-selected stabilizers and a long-term storage study (12 months, 5 ± 3 °C) showed that the selected compounds prevented protein aggregation and preserved hPAH structural and functional properties throughout time storage. Our results provide a solid basis towards the choice of ITDF as a high-throughput screening step for the identification of protein freeze-drying protectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Leandro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Paulo R Lino
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Lopes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Leandro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Amaro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo Sousa
- Sofarimex, Indústria Química e Farmacêutica SA, Av. das Indústrias, Alto de Colaride, 2735-521 Agualva, Portugal
| | - João B Vicente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - António J Almeida
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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17
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Kullmann D, Lema Martinez C, Lümkemann J, Huwyler J. Part II: Matrix based scaffold lyophilization facilitates processing as a prerequisite for an innovative packaging system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 184:262-273. [PMID: 36565968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
On large manufacturing lines, the fill finish process of drugs is generally accomplished by filling vials and syringes with their respective deliverable doses. Glass as a final container provides excellent protection of the drug product because of its chemical inertia, gas impermeability and relative robustness. However, due to potential needle stitch issues, diluent mix ups, or the required use of complex closed system transfer devices, lyophilizate vials present a significant challenge for healthcare professionals during the correct preparation of intravenous (IV) infusions. A more suitable container could potentially minimize such shortfalls during the preparation of IV infusions. Our investigations aimed at assessing if a novel medication system, consisting of an infusion bag separated into individual dry product and liquid diluent chambers, could facilitate the storage of a lyophilized product equivalently to the current standard, a vial. By incorporating an intermediate process container into two different dual chamber bags (DCB), the stability of a model monoclonal antibody formulation (mAb) was studied. The DCBs were evaluated over a 24-week period against their liquid and lyophilized dosage form equivalents in glass vials. Their stability was assessed through investigations into protein stability, residual moisture uptake of the dry products and permeability of the foil and film materials. It could be demonstrated that the stability of the incorporated drug is highly dependent on the container configuration. Ultimately it could be shown that the storage of lyophilizates is equally possible in DCBs as it is in vials, while being stored next to the diluent within the administration device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kullmann
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Jörg Lümkemann
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Shalaev E, Ohtake S, Moussa EM, Searles J, Nail S, Roberts CJ. Accelerated Storage for Shelf-Life Prediction of Lyophiles: Temperature Dependence of Degradation of Amorphous Small Molecular Weight Drugs and Proteins. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1509-1522. [PMID: 36796635 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of lyophilized product shelf-life using accelerated stability data requires understanding the temperature dependence of the degradation rate. Despite the abundance of published studies on stability of freeze-dried formulations and other amorphous materials, there are no definitive conclusions on the type of pattern one can expect for the temperature dependence of degradation. This lack of consensus represents a significant gap which may impact development and regulatory acceptance of freeze-dried pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Review of the literature demonstrates that the temperature dependence of degradation rate constants in lyophiles can be represented by the Arrhenius equation in most cases. In some instances there is a break in the Arrhenius plot around the glass transition temperature or a related characteristic temperature. The majority of the activation energies (Ea), which are reported for various degradation pathways in lyophiles, falls in the range of 8 to 25 kcal/mol. The degradation Ea values for lyophiles are compared with the Ea for relaxation processes and diffusion in glasses, as wells as solution chemical reactions. Collectively, analysis of the literature demonstrates that the Arrhenius equation represents a reasonable empirical tool for analysis, presentation, and extrapolation of stability data for lyophiles, provided that specific conditions are met.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satoshi Ohtake
- Pfizer BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017 USA
| | - Ehab M Moussa
- Biologics Drug Product Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jim Searles
- Pfizer BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017 USA
| | | | - Christopher J Roberts
- University of Delaware, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Newark DE 19713 USA
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19
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Megoura M, Ispas-Szabo P, Mateescu MA. Enhanced Stability of Vegetal Diamine Oxidase with Trehalose and Sucrose as Cryoprotectants: Mechanistic Insights. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030992. [PMID: 36770661 PMCID: PMC9921882 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric dysfunctions are common for various histamine-related intestinal disorders. Vegetal diamine oxidase (vDAO), an enzyme able to decompose histamine and thus alleviate histamine-related dysfunctions, was formulated in gastro-resistant tablet forms for oral administration as a food supplement and possible therapeutic agent. A major challenge for the use of proteins in the pharmaceutical field is their poor stability. In this study, vDAO was freeze-dried in the absence or in the presence of sucrose or trehalose as cryoprotectants and then formulated as tablets by direct compression. The stability of the obtained preparations was followed during storage at 4 °C and -20 °C for 18 months. In vitro dissolution tests with the vDAO powders formulated as tablets were performed in simulated gastric and in simulated intestinal fluids. The tablets obtained with the powder of the vDAO lyophilized with sucrose or trehalose cryoprotectants offered better protection for enzyme activity. Furthermore, the release of the vDAO lyophilized with the cryoprotectants was around 80% of the total loaded activity (enzyme units) compared to 20% for the control (vDAO powder prepared without cryoprotectants). This report revealed the potential of sucrose and trehalose as cryoprotectants to protect vDAO from freeze-drying stress and during storage, and also to markedly improve the vDAO release performance of tablets obtained with vDAO powders.
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20
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Ó'Fágáin C. Protein Stability: Enhancement and Measurement. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2699:369-419. [PMID: 37647007 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3362-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
This chapter defines protein stability, emphasizes its importance, and surveys the field of protein stabilization, with summary reference to a selection of 2014-2021 publications. One can enhance stability, particularly by protein engineering strategies but also by chemical modification and by other means. General protocols are set out on how to measure a given protein's (i) kinetic thermal stability and (ii) oxidative stability and (iii) how to undertake chemical modification of a protein in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán Ó'Fágáin
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
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21
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Mutukuri TT, Darwish A, Strongrich AD, Peroulis D, Alexeenko A, Zhou QT. Radio Frequency - Assisted Ultrasonic Spray Freeze Drying for Pharmaceutical Protein Solids. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:40-50. [PMID: 36181875 PMCID: PMC9772299 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined physical stability of spray freeze dried (SFD) bovine serum albumin (BSA) solids produced using the radio frequency (RF)-assisted drying technique. BSA formulations were prepared with varying concentrations of trehalose and mannitol, using an excipient-free formulation as control. These formulations were produced using either traditional ultrasonic spray freeze drying (SFD) or RF-assisted ultrasonic spray freeze drying (RFSFD). The dried formulations were then characterized using Karl Fischer moisture content measurement, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and solid-state hydrogen/deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (ssHDX-MS). Moisture content did not have a good correlation with the physical stability of the formulations measured by SEC. ssHDX-MS metrics such as deconvoluted peak areas of the deuterated samples showed a satisfactory correlation (R2 = 0.914) with the SEC stability data. RFSFD improved the stability of formulations with 20 mg/ml of trehalose and no mannitol, and had similar stability with all other formulations as compared to SFD. This study demonstrated that RFSFD technique can significantly reduce the duration of primary drying cycle from 48.0 h to 27.5 h while maintaining or improving protein physical stability as compared to traditional lyophilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Tejasvi Mutukuri
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Ahmad Darwish
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Andrew David Strongrich
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA; Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Dimitrios Peroulis
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Alina Alexeenko
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA; School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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22
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Shaughnessy J, Chabeda A, Tran Y, Zheng B, Nowak N, Steffens C, DeOliveira RB, Gulati S, Lewis LA, Maclean J, Moss JA, Wycoff KL, Ram S. An optimized Factor H-Fc fusion protein against multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Front Immunol 2022; 13:975676. [PMID: 36110842 PMCID: PMC9468773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.975676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel therapeutics against the global threat of multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae are urgently needed. Gonococci evade killing by complement by binding factor H (FH), a key inhibitor of the alternative pathway. FH comprises 20 short consensus repeat (SCR) domains organized as a single chain. Gonococci bind FH through domains 6 and 7, and C-terminal domains 18 through 20. Previously, we showed that a chimeric protein comprising (from the N- to C-terminus) FH domains 18-20 (containing a point mutation in domain 19 to prevent lysis of host cells) fused to human IgG1 Fc (called FH*/Fc1) killed gonococci in a complement-dependent manner and reduced the duration and bacterial burden in the mouse vaginal colonization model of gonorrhea. Considering the N. gonorrhoeae-binding FH domains 18-20 are C-terminal in native FH, we reasoned that positioning Fc N-terminal to FH* (Fc1/FH*) would improve binding and bactericidal activity. Although both molecules bound gonococci similarly, Fc1/FH* displayed a 5-fold lower IC50 (the concentration required for 50% killing in complement-dependent bactericidal assays) than FH*/Fc1. To further increase complement activation, we replaced human IgG1 Fc in Fc1/FH* with Fc from human IgG3, the most potent complement-activating IgG subclass, to obtain Fc3/FH*. Bactericidal activity was further increased ~2.3-fold in Fc3/FH* compared to Fc1/FH*. Fc3/FH* killed (defined by <50% survival) 45/45 (100%) diverse PorB1B-expessing gonococci, but only 2/15 PorB1A-expressing isolates, in a complement-dependent manner. Decreased Fc3/FH* binding accounted for the limited activity against PorB1A strains. Fc3/FH* was efficacious against all four tested PorB1B gonococcal strains in the mouse vaginal colonization model when administered at a dose of 5 µg intravaginally, daily. Furthermore, Fc3/FH* retained bactericidal activity when reconstituted following lyophilization or spray-drying, suggesting feasibility for formulation into intravaginal rings. In conclusion, Fc3/FH* represents a promising prophylactic immunotherapeutic against multidrug-resistant gonococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Shaughnessy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Aleyo Chabeda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Y. Tran
- Planet Biotechnology, Inc., Hayward, CA, United States
| | - Bo Zheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Nancy Nowak
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Carolynn Steffens
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Rosane B. DeOliveira
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Sunita Gulati
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Lisa A. Lewis
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - James Maclean
- Planet Biotechnology, Inc., Hayward, CA, United States
| | - John A. Moss
- Oak Crest Institute of Science, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | | | - Sanjay Ram
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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Stable Dried Catalase Particles Prepared by Electrospraying. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142484. [PMID: 35889708 PMCID: PMC9322511 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins and peptides are clinically important, offering potency while reducing the potential for off-target effects. Research interest in developing therapeutic polypeptides has grown significantly during the last four decades. However, despite the growing research effort, maintaining the stability of polypeptides throughout their life cycle remains a challenge. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) techniques have been widely explored for encapsulation and delivery of many biopharmaceuticals. In this work, we explored monoaxial electrospraying for encapsulation of bovine liver catalase, investigating the effects of the different components of the electrospraying solution on the integrity and bioactivity of the enzyme. The catalase was successfully encapsulated within polymeric particles made of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), dextran, and polysucrose. The polysorbate 20 content within the electrospraying solution (50 mM citrate buffer, pH 5.4) affected the catalase loading—increasing the polysorbate 20 concentration to 500 μg/mL resulted in full protein encapsulation but did not prevent loss in activity. The addition of ethanol (20% v/v) to a fully aqueous solution improves the electrospraying process by reducing surface tension, without loss of catalase activity. The polymer type was shown to have the greatest impact on preserving catalase activity within the electrosprayed particles. When PVP was the carrier there was no loss in activity compared with fresh aqueous solutions of catalase. The optimum particles were obtained from a 20% w/v PVP or 30% w/v PVP-trehalose (1:1 w/w) solution. The addition of trehalose confers stability advantages to the catalase particles. When trehalose-PVP particles were stored at 5 °C, enzymatic activity was maintained over 3 months, whereas for the PVP-only analogue a 50% reduction in activity was seen. This demonstrates that processing catalase by monoaxial electrospraying can, under optimised conditions, result in stable polymeric particles with no loss of activity.
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24
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Water structure in glycerol: Spectroscopic and computer simulation investigation of hydrogen bonding and water clustering. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Rosi BP, D’Angelo A, Buratti E, Zanatta M, Tavagnacco L, Natali F, Zamponi M, Noferini D, Corezzi S, Zaccarelli E, Comez L, Sacchetti F, Paciaroni A, Petrillo C, Orecchini A. Impact of the Environment on the PNIPAM Dynamical Transition Probed by Elastic Neutron Scattering. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta P. Rosi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, Via Alessandro Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Arianna D’Angelo
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 510 Rue André Rivière, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Elena Buratti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, CNR-ISC c/o Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Zanatta
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Letizia Tavagnacco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, CNR-ISC c/o Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Natali
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
- CNR-IOM, OGG, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Michaela Zamponi
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Daria Noferini
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
- European Spallation Source ERIC, Box 176, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Silvia Corezzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, Via Alessandro Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Zaccarelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, CNR-ISC c/o Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Lucia Comez
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, CNR-IOM c/o Università di Perugia, via Alessandro Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Sacchetti
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, Via Alessandro Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paciaroni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, Via Alessandro Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Caterina Petrillo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, Via Alessandro Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Orecchini
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, Via Alessandro Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, CNR-IOM c/o Università di Perugia, via Alessandro Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Mitsudome T. Characterization of proton T2 relaxation time of bovine lactoferrin powder before and after high-temperature storage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Munjal B, Patel SM, Suryanarayanan R. Role of Arginine Salts in Preventing Freezing-induced Increase in Subvisible Particles in Protein Formulations. Int J Pharm 2022; 619:121694. [PMID: 35331829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
While arginine hydrochloride (ArgHCl) has emerged as a potential stabilizer of protein drugs in liquid formulations the purpose of this manuscript was to evaluate its stabilization potential in frozen solutions. The phase behavior of frozen AgHCl solutions was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and low temperature powder X-ray diffractometry. The aggregation of β-galactosidase was evaluated following freeze-thaw cycling in ArgHCl solutions with and without mannitol. ArgHCl (5% w/v) was retained amorphous in frozen aqueous solutions and effectively inhibited protein aggregation even after 5 freeze-thaw cycles. Annealing frozen arginine solution (5% w/v) containing mannitol (10% w/v) induced mannitol crystallization which in turn facilitated crystallization of ArgHCl. The stabilizing effect of ArgHCl was completely lost in the presence of mannitol. Use of alternate arginine salts (aspartate, glutamate, and acetate) allowed selective crystallization of mannitol while the arginine was retained amorphous and stabilized the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Munjal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Sajal M Patel
- Dosage Form Design & Development, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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Trenkenschuh E, Richter M, Heinrich E, Koch M, Fuhrmann G, Friess W. Enhancing the Stabilization Potential of Lyophilization for Extracellular Vesicles. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2100538. [PMID: 34310074 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are an emerging technology as immune therapeutics and drug delivery vehicles. However, EVs are usually stored at -80 °C which limits potential clinical applicability. Freeze-drying of EVs striving for long-term stable formulations is therefore studied. The most appropriate formulation parameters are identified in freeze-thawing studies with two different EV types. After a freeze-drying feasibility study, four lyophilized EV formulations are tested for storage stability for up to 6 months. Freeze-thawing studies revealed improved colloidal EV stability in presence of sucrose or potassium phosphate buffer instead of sodium phosphate buffer or phosphate-buffered saline. Less aggregation and/or vesicle fusion occurred at neutral pH compared to slightly acidic or alkaline pH. EVs colloidal stability can be most effectively preserved by addition of low amounts of poloxamer 188. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone failed to preserve EVs upon freeze-drying. Particle size and concentration of EVs are retained over 6 months at 40 °C in lyophilizates containing 10 mm K- or Na-phosphate buffer, 0.02% poloxamer 188, and 5% sucrose. The biological activity of associated beta-glucuronidase is maintained for 1 month, but decreased after 6 months. Here optimized parameters for lyophilization of EVs that contribute to generate long-term stable EV formulations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Trenkenschuh
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics Department of Pharmacy Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universitaet Muenchen Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Maximilian Richter
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group (BION) Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) Campus E8.1 Saarbruecken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8.1 Saarbruecken 66123 Germany
| | - Eilien Heinrich
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group (BION) Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) Campus E8.1 Saarbruecken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8.1 Saarbruecken 66123 Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2 2 Saarbruecken 66123 Germany
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group (BION) Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) Campus E8.1 Saarbruecken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8.1 Saarbruecken 66123 Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics Department of Pharmacy Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universitaet Muenchen Munich 81377 Germany
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Impact of lyoprotectors on protein-protein separation in the solid state: Neutron- and X-ray-scattering investigation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130101. [PMID: 35151821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyhydroxycompounds (PHC) are used as lyoprotectors to minimize aggregation of pharmaceutical proteins during freeze-drying and storage. METHODS Lysozyme/PHC mixtures with 1:1 and 1:3 (w/w) ratios are freeze-dried from either H2O or D2O solutions. Disaccharides (sucrose and trehalose), monosaccharide (glucose), and sugar alcohol (sorbitol) are used in the study. Small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering (SANS and SAXS) are applied to study protein-protein interaction in the freeze-dried samples. RESULTS Protein interaction peak in the freeze-dried mixtures has been detected by both SANS (D2O-based samples only) and SAXS (both D2O- and H2O-based). In the 1:1 mixtures, protein separation distances are similar (center-of-mass distance of approx. 31 Å) between all lyoprotectors studied. Mixtures with a higher content of the disaccharides (1:3 ratio) have a higher separation distance of approx 40 Å. The higher separation could reduce protein-protein contacts and therefore be associated with less favourable aggregation conditions. In the 1:3 mixtures with glucose and sorbitol, complex SANS and SAXS/WAXS patterns are observed. The pattern for the glucose sample indicate two populations of lysozyme molecules, while the origin of multiple SAXS peaks in the lysozyme/sorbitol 1:3 mixture is uncertain. CONCLUSIONS Protein-protein separation distance is determined predominantly by the lyoprotector/protein weight ratio. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Use of SANS and SAXS improves understanding of mechanisms of protein stabilization by sugars in freeze-dried formulations, and provide a tool to verify hypothesis on relationship between protein/protein separation and aggregation propensity in the dried state.
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30
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Effect of Trehalose on the Physicochemical Properties of Freeze-Dried Powder of Royal Jelly of Northeastern Black Bee. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose is known for its effect of improving the stability of freeze-dried foods. In this work, vacuum freeze-drying (VFD) technology was employed to prepare northeast black bee royal jelly into lyophilized powder and a novel method mixing trehalose into royal jelly is successfully developed to enhance the free radical scavenging ability and the nutrition stability of royal jelly lyophilized powder. The effects of different trehalose content (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 wt.%) on the physicochemical properties of lyophilized royal jelly powder were studied. With systematic analysis, it was found that the incorporation of suitable trehalose content in lyophilized royal jelly powder can reduce the loss of the protein, total sugar, total flavone content during the VFD process and enhance the total phenolic antioxidant capacity, solubility, angle of repose, and bulk density of the royal jelly powder. Finally, lyophilized royal jelly with 0.5 wt.% trehalose is selected as the suitable addition content which exhibits the best radical scavenging ability as well as the lowest hygroscopicity. From the perspective of sensory evaluation, all royal jelly lyophilized powders with trehalose are acceptable.
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31
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Maidannyk VA, McSweeney DJ, Montgomery S, Cenini VL, O’Hagan BMG, Gallagher L, Miao S, McCarthy NA. The Effect of High Protein Powder Structure on Hydration, Glass Transition, Water Sorption, and Thermomechanical Properties. Foods 2022; 11:292. [PMID: 35159444 PMCID: PMC8834494 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor solubility of high protein milk powders can be an issue during the production of nutritional formulations, as well as for end-users. One possible way to improve powder solubility is through the creation of vacuoles and pores in the particle structure using high pressure gas injection during spray drying. The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in particle morphology effect physical properties, such as hydration, water sorption, structural strength, glass transition temperature, and α-relaxation temperatures. Four milk protein concentrate powders (MPC, 80%, w/w, protein) were produced, i.e., regular (R) and agglomerated (A) without nitrogen injection and regular (RN) and agglomerated (AN) with nitrogen injection. Electron microscopy confirmed that nitrogen injection increased powder particles' sphericity and created fractured structures with pores in both regular and agglomerated systems. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) showed that nitrogen injection enhanced the moisture uptake and solubility properties of RN and AN as compared with non-nitrogen-injected powders (R and A). In particular, at the final swelling at over 100% relative humidity (RH), R, A, AN, and RN powders showed an increase in particle size of 25, 20, 40, and 97% respectively. The injection of nitrogen gas (NI) did not influence calorimetric glass transition temperature (Tg), which could be expected as there was no change to the powder composition, however, the agglomeration of powders did effect Tg. Interestingly, the creation of porous powder particles by NI did alter the α-relaxation temperatures (up to ~16 °C difference between R and AN powders at 44% RH) and the structural strength (up to ~11 °C difference between R and AN powders at 44% RH). The results of this study provide an in-depth understanding of the changes in the morphology and physical-mechanical properties of nitrogen gas-injected MPC powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyn A. Maidannyk
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (V.A.M.); (D.J.M.); (S.M.); (S.M.)
| | - David J. McSweeney
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (V.A.M.); (D.J.M.); (S.M.); (S.M.)
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Sharon Montgomery
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (V.A.M.); (D.J.M.); (S.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Valeria L. Cenini
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK; (V.L.C.); (B.M.G.O.); (L.G.)
| | - Barry M. G. O’Hagan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK; (V.L.C.); (B.M.G.O.); (L.G.)
| | - Lucille Gallagher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK; (V.L.C.); (B.M.G.O.); (L.G.)
| | - Song Miao
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (V.A.M.); (D.J.M.); (S.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Noel A. McCarthy
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (V.A.M.); (D.J.M.); (S.M.); (S.M.)
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32
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Wang X, Xie Z, Zhao J, Zhu Z, Yang C, Liu Y. Prospects of Inhaled Phage Therapy for Combatting Pulmonary Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:758392. [PMID: 34938668 PMCID: PMC8685529 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.758392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With respiratory infections accounting for significant morbidity and mortality, the issue of antibiotic resistance has added to the gravity of the situation. Treatment of pulmonary infections (bacterial pneumonia, cystic fibrosis-associated bacterial infections, tuberculosis) is more challenging with the involvement of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains, which act as etiological agents. Furthermore, with the dearth of new antibiotics available and old antibiotics losing efficacy, it is prudent to switch to non-antibiotic approaches to fight this battle. Phage therapy represents one such approach that has proven effective against a range of bacterial pathogens including drug resistant strains. Inhaled phage therapy encompasses the use of stable phage preparations given via aerosol delivery. This therapy can be used as an adjunct treatment option in both prophylactic and therapeutic modes. In the present review, we first highlight the role and action of phages against pulmonary pathogens, followed by delineating the different methods of delivery of inhaled phage therapy with evidence of success. The review aims to focus on recent advances and developments in improving the final success and outcome of pulmonary phage therapy. It details the use of electrospray for targeted delivery, advances in nebulization techniques, individualized controlled inhalation with software control, and liposome-encapsulated nebulized phages to take pulmonary phage delivery to the next level. The review expands knowledge on the pulmonary delivery of phages and the advances that have been made for improved outcomes in the treatment of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Zuozhou Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Jinhong Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenghua Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
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Wang Y, Corradini MG, Ludescher RD. Temperature-dependence of riboflavin phosphorescence in cryosolvents. Food Chem 2021; 376:131928. [PMID: 34968903 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mobility of amorphous excipients is important for the stability of biomaterials during preservation, facilitating matrix formulation and product design. Phosphorescence spectroscopy is a sensitive optical method to study molecular mobility. However, there is a need to expand the pool of probes available for analysis since molecules differ in sensitivity. This research explored the feasibility and limitations of using riboflavin as a phosphorescent probe for monitoring matrix molecular mobility. Phosphorescence decays of riboflavin in four amorphous cryosolvents (aqueous solutions of glycerol, ethanol, sucrose, and dextran) were collected at 77 K to capture its natural phosphorescence lifetime (estimated at 170 ms). Decays were also collected during ballistic heating to assess the sensitivity of riboflavin towards changes in matrix molecular mobility. Riboflavin exhibited good sensitivity towards matrix secondary relaxations in the glass, indicating that riboflavin has excellent potential as an edible phosphorescent probe for molecular mobility in food and pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Maria G Corradini
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Richard D Ludescher
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
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Tan M, Ye J, Xie J. Freezing-induced myofibrillar protein denaturation: Role of pH change and freezing rate. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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35
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Tan M, Ding Z, Mei J, Xie J. Effect of cellobiose on the myofibrillar protein denaturation induced by pH changes during freeze-thaw cycles. Food Chem 2021; 373:131511. [PMID: 34763934 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate myofibrillar protein (MFP) denaturation induced by pH changes during freeze-thaw (FT) cycles, and to propose an effective mitigation strategy. Owing to the selective crystallization of Na2HPO4·12H2O and the consequent pH change, a pH change of 3.32 units was observed when the MFP solution were frozen. The surface hydrophobicity, particle size and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that the protein molecules gradually unfolded and formed larger protein aggregation as the number of FT cycles increases. Additionally, protein degradation, secondary and tertiary structure alterations suggested that the FT cycle could disrupt structural integrity. The addition of cellobiose could maximize the inhibition of pH changes (decrease of ∼0.62 unit), no Na2HPO4·12H2O crystallization was observed by X-ray diffraction. Cellobiose could minimize FT damage to myofibrillar protein, which was closest to the control. Thus, cellobiose can be used as a new and effective cryoprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtang Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing&Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China; Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jun Mei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing&Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China; Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing&Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China; Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Groёl S, Menzen T, Winter G. Calorimetric Investigation of the Relaxation Phenomena in Amorphous Lyophilized Solids. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1735. [PMID: 34684028 PMCID: PMC8538343 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the thermal history and relaxation of solid amorphous drug product matrices by calorimetry is a well-known approach, particularly in the context of correlating the matrix parameters with the long-term stability of freeze-dried protein drug products. Such calorimetric investigations are even more relevant today, as the application of new process techniques in freeze-drying (which strongly influence the thermal history of the products) has recently gained more interest. To revive the application of calorimetric methods, the widely scattered knowledge on this matter is condensed into a review and completed with new experimental data. The calorimetric methods are applied to recent techniques in lyophilization, such as controlled nucleation and aggressive/collapse drying. Phenomena such as pre-Tg events in differential scanning calorimetry and aging shoulders in isothermal microcalorimetry are critically reviewed and supplemented with data of freeze-dried products that have not been characterized with these methods before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Groёl
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Menzen
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, 82152 Munich, Germany;
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Bama JA, Dudognon E, Affouard F. Impact of Low Concentration of Strongly Hydrogen-Bonded Water Molecules on the Dynamics of Amorphous Terfenadine: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11292-11307. [PMID: 34590855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The impact of low water concentration of strongly hydrogen-bonded water molecules on the dynamical properties of amorphous terfenadine (TFD) is investigated through complementary molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) experiments. In this article, we especially highlight the important role played by some residual water molecules in the concentration of 1-2% (w/w) trapped in the TFD glassy matrix, which are particularly difficult to remove experimentally without a specific heating/drying process. From MD computations and analyses of the hydrogen bonding (HB) interactions, different categories of water molecules are revealed and particularly the presence of strongly HB water molecules. These latter localize themselves in small pockets in empty spaces existing in between the TFD molecules due to the poor packing of the glassy state and preferentially interact with the polar groups close to the flexible central part of the TFD molecules. We present a simple model which rationalizes at the molecular scale the effect of these strongly HB water molecules on dynamics and how they give rise to a supplementary relaxation process (namely process S) which is detected for the first time in the glassy state of TFD annealed at room temperature while this process is completely absent in a non-annealed glass. It also explains how this supplementary relaxation is coupled with the intramolecular motion (namely process γ) of the very flexible central part of the TFD molecule. The present findings help to understand more generally the microscopic origin of the secondary relaxations often detected by DRS in the glassy states of molecular compounds for which the exact nature is still debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne-Annick Bama
- University Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207-UMET-Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Emeline Dudognon
- University Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207-UMET-Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Frédéric Affouard
- University Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207-UMET-Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille F-59000, France
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Isaev N, Steinhoff HJ. Protein and solutes freeze-concentration in water/glycerol mixtures revealed by pulse EPR. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 169:44-51. [PMID: 34534655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lyophilization can extend protein drugs stability and shelf life, but it also can lead to protein degradation in some cases. The development of safe freeze-drying approaches for sensitive proteins requires a better understanding of lyophilization on the molecular level. The evaluation of the freezing process and its impact on the protein environment in the nm scale is challenging because feasible experimental methods are scarce. In the present work we apply pulse EPR as a tool to study the local concentrations of the solute in the 20 nm range and of the solvent in the 1 nm range for a spin labeled 27 kDa monomeric green fluorescent protein, mEGFP, and the 172 Da TEMPOL spin probe, frozen in different water/glycerol-d5 mixtures. For average glycerol volume fractions, φgly-d5avg, ≥ 0.4 we observed transparent glassy media; the local concentration and the 1 nm solvent shell of TEMPOL and the protein correspond to those of a uniform vitrified glass. At φgly-d5avg ≤ 0.3 we observed partial ice crystallization, which led to ice exclusion of glycerol and TEMPOL with freeze-concentration up to the glycerol maximal-freeze local volume fraction, φgly-d5loc, of 0.64. The protein concentration and its shell behavior was similar except for the lowest φgly-d5avg (0.1), which showed a 4.7-fold freeze-concentration factor compared to sevenfold for TEMPOL, and also a smaller φgly-d5loc. We explain this behavior with an increased probability for proteins to get stuck in the ice phase during fast freezing at higher freeze-concentration and the related large-scale mass transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Isaev
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Mutukuri TT, Maa YF, Gikanga B, Sakhnovsky R, Zhou QT. Electrostatic spray drying for monoclonal antibody formulation. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:120942. [PMID: 34324986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the feasibility of electrostatic spray drying for producing a monoclonal antibody (mAb) powder formulation at lower drying temperatures than conventional spray drying and its effect on protein stability. A mAb formulation was dried by either conventional spray drying or electrostatic spray drying with charge (ESD). The protein powders were then characterized using solid-state Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ssFTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and solid-state hydrogen/deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (ssHDX-MS). Particle characterizations such as BET surface area, particle size distribution, and particle morphology were also performed. Conventional spray drying of the mAb formulation at the inlet temperature of 70 °C failed to generate dry powders due to poor drying efficiency; electrostatic spray drying at the same temperature and 5 kV charge enabled the formation of powder formulation with satisfactory moisture contents. Deconvoluted peak areas of deuterated samples from the ssHDX-MS study showed a good correlation with the loss of the monomeric peak area measured by size exclusion chromatography in the 90-day accelerated stability study conducted at 40 °C. Low-temperature (70 °C inlet temperature) drying with an electrostatic charge (5 kV) led to better protein physical stability as compared with the samples spray-dried at the high temperature (130 °C inlet temperature) without charge. This study shows that electrostatic spray drying can produce solid monoclonal antibody formulation at lower inlet temperature than traditional spray drying with better physical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Tejasvi Mutukuri
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yuh-Fun Maa
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Benson Gikanga
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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40
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Shmool TA, Martin LK, Bui-Le L, Moya-Ramirez I, Kotidis P, Matthews RP, Venter GA, Kontoravdi C, Polizzi KM, Hallett JP. An experimental approach probing the conformational transitions and energy landscape of antibodies: a glimmer of hope for reviving lost therapeutic candidates using ionic liquid. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9528-9545. [PMID: 34349928 PMCID: PMC8278930 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02520a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding protein folding in different environmental conditions is fundamentally important for predicting protein structures and developing innovative antibody formulations. While the thermodynamics and kinetics of folding and unfolding have been extensively studied by computational methods, experimental methods for determining antibody conformational transition pathways are lacking. Motivated to fill this gap, we prepared a series of unique formulations containing a high concentration of a chimeric immunoglobin G4 (IgG4) antibody with different excipients in the presence and absence of the ionic liquid (IL) choline dihydrogen phosphate. We determined the effects of different excipients and IL on protein thermal and structural stability by performing variable temperature circular dichroism and bio-layer interferometry analyses. To further rationalise the observations of conformational changes with temperature, we carried out molecular dynamics simulations on a single antibody binding fragment from IgG4 in the different formulations, at low and high temperatures. We developed a methodology to study the conformational transitions and associated thermodynamics of biomolecules, and we showed IL-induced conformational transitions. We showed that the increased propensity for conformational change was driven by preferential binding of the dihydrogen phosphate anion to the antibody fragment. Finally, we found that a formulation containing IL with sugar, amino acids and surfactant is a promising candidate for stabilising proteins against conformational destabilisation and aggregation. We hope that ultimately, we can help in the quest to understand the molecular basis of the stability of antibodies and protein misfolding phenomena and offer new candidate formulations with the potential to revive lost therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia A Shmool
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK +44 (0)20 7594 5388
| | - Laura K Martin
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PJ UK
| | - Liem Bui-Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK +44 (0)20 7594 5388
| | - Ignacio Moya-Ramirez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK +44 (0)20 7594 5388
| | - Pavlos Kotidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK +44 (0)20 7594 5388
| | - Richard P Matthews
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK +44 (0)20 7594 5388
| | - Gerhard A Venter
- Scientific Computing Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK +44 (0)20 7594 5388
| | - Karen M Polizzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK +44 (0)20 7594 5388
| | - Jason P Hallett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK +44 (0)20 7594 5388
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Bansal R, Jha SK, Jha NK. Size-based Degradation of Therapeutic Proteins - Mechanisms, Modelling and Control. Biomol Concepts 2021; 12:68-84. [PMID: 34146465 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein therapeutics are in great demand due to their effectiveness towards hard-to-treat diseases. Despite their high demand, these bio-therapeutics are very susceptible to degradation via aggregation, fragmentation, oxidation, and reduction, all of which are very likely to affect the quality and efficacy of the product. Mechanisms and modelling of these degradation (aggregation and fragmentation) pathways is critical for gaining a deeper understanding of stability of these products. This review aims to provide a summary of major developments that have occurred towards unravelling the mechanisms of size-based protein degradation (particularly aggregation and fragmentation), modelling of these size-based degradation pathways, and their control. Major caveats that remain in our understanding and control of size-based protein degradation have also been presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Bansal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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42
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Gomez M, Archer M, Barona D, Wang H, Ordoubadi M, Bin Karim S, Carrigy NB, Wang Z, McCollum J, Press C, Gerhardt A, Fox CB, Kramer RM, Vehring R. Microparticle encapsulation of a tuberculosis subunit vaccine candidate containing a nanoemulsion adjuvant via spray drying. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 163:23-37. [PMID: 33753213 PMCID: PMC8096719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spray drying is a technique that can be used to stabilize biopharmaceuticals, such as vaccines, within dry particles. Compared to liquid pharmaceutical products, dry powder has the potential to reduce costs associated with refrigerated storage and transportation. In this study, spray drying was investigated for processing an adjuvanted tuberculosis subunit vaccine, formulated as an oil-in-water nanoemulsion, into a dry powder composed of microparticles. Applying in-silico approaches to the development of formulation and processing conditions, successful encapsulation of the adjuvanted vaccine within amorphous microparticles was achieved in only one iteration, with high retention (>90%) of both the antigen and adjuvant system. Moisture-controlled stability studies on the powder were conducted over 26 months at temperatures up to 40 °C. Results showed that the powder was physically stable after 26 months of storage for all tested temperatures. Adjuvant system integrity was maintained at temperatures up to 25 °C after 26 months and after one month of storage at 40 °C. The spray-dried product demonstrated improved antigen thermostability when stored above refrigerated temperatures as compared to the liquid product. These results demonstrate the feasibility of spray drying as a method of encapsulating and stabilizing an adjuvanted vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellissa Gomez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - David Barona
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mani Ordoubadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shabab Bin Karim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nicholas B Carrigy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Chris Press
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryan M Kramer
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Reinhard Vehring
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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44
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Keil TWM, Zimmermann C, Baldassi D, Adams F, Friess W, Mehta A, Merkel OM. Impact of crystalline and amorphous matrices on successful spray drying of siRNA polyplexes for inhalation of nano-in-microparticles. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2100073. [PMID: 34337144 PMCID: PMC7611418 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To develop stable and inhalable dry powder formulations with long shelf life, we spray dried polyplexes consisting of siRNA and a polyethylenimine based block copolymer in presence of mannitol or trehalose. We investigated the effect of inlet (T-In) and outlet (T-Out) temperature on the recovery of siRNA as well as adsorption effects within the tubing material. Choosing a low abrasion silicon tubing prevented siRNA loss due to adsorption. Mannitol and trehalose formulations preserved siRNA integrity regardless of excipient concentration and temperature at T-Out below the siRNA melting temperature. Trehalose formulations allowed full siRNA recovery whereas mannitol formulations resulted in spray drying induced losses of ~20 % siRNA and of 50-60 % polymer. Mannitol formulations showed optimal aerodynamic characteristics as confirmed by next generation impaction analysis based upon siRNA content. All spray dried formulations resulted in GFP silencing comparable or better than freshly prepared polyplexes. To test if the observed results could be transferred, formulations of siRNA and transferrin-PEI conjugates were spray dried, characterized and used to transfect primary human T cells ex vivo. Results confirmed successful silencing of the Th2 transcription factor GATA3 in primary CD4+ T cells with spray dried formulations as a potential treatment for severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias WM Keil
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Zimmermann
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Domizia Baldassi
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Friederike Adams
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Aditi Mehta
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Thakral S, Sonje J, Munjal B, Suryanarayanan R. Stabilizers and their interaction with formulation components in frozen and freeze-dried protein formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:1-19. [PMID: 33741437 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on protein stabilization during freezing and freeze-drying in relation to stress conditions commonly encountered during these processes. The traditional as well as refined mechanisms by which excipients may stabilize proteins are presented. These stabilizers encompass a wide variety of compounds including sugars, sugar alcohols, amino acids, surfactants, buffers and polymers. The rational selection of excipients for use in frozen and freeze-dried protein formulations is presented. Lyophilized protein formulations are generally multicomponent systems, providing numerous possibilities of excipient-excipient and protein-excipient interactions. The interplay of different formulation components on the protein stability and excipient functionality in the frozen and freeze-dried systems are reviewed, with discussion of representative examples of such interactions.
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Trenkenschuh E, Friess W. Freeze-drying of nanoparticles: How to overcome colloidal instability by formulation and process optimization. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 165:345-360. [PMID: 34052428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lyophilization of nanoparticle (NP) suspensions is a promising technology to improve stability, especially during long-term storage, and offers new routes of administration in solid state. Although considered as a gentle drying process, freeze-drying is also known to cause several stresses leading to physical instability, e.g. aggregation, fusion, or content leakage. NPs are heterogeneous regarding their physico-chemical properties which renders them different in their sensitivity to lyophilization stress and upon storage. But still basic concepts can be deducted. We summarize basic colloidal stabilization mechanisms of NPs in the liquid and the dried state. Furthermore, we give information about stresses occurring during the freezing and the drying step of lyophilization. Subsequently, we review the most commonly investigated NP types including lipophilic, polymeric, or vesicular NPs regarding their particle properties, stabilization mechanisms in the liquid state, and important freeze-drying process, formulation and storage strategies. Finally, practical advice is provided to facilitate purposeful formulation and process development to achieve NP lyophilizates with high colloidal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Trenkenschuh
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Chang RYK, Chow MY, Khanal D, Chen D, Chan HK. Dry powder pharmaceutical biologics for inhalation therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:64-79. [PMID: 33705876 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic biologics such as genes, peptides, proteins, virus and cells provide clinical benefits and are becoming increasingly important tools in respiratory medicine. Pulmonary delivery of therapeutic biologics enables the potential for safe and effective treatment option for respiratory diseases due to high bioavailability while minimizing absorption into the systemic circulation, reducing off-target toxicity to other organs. Development of inhalable powder formulation requires stabilization of complex biological materials, and each type of biologics may present unique challenges and require different formulation strategy combined with manufacture process to ensure biological and physical stabilities during production and over shelf-life. This review examines key formulation strategies for stabilizing proteins, nucleic acids, virus (bacteriophages) and bacterial cells in inhalable powders. It also covers characterization methods used to assess physicochemical properties and aerosol performance of the powders, biological activity and structural integrity of the biologics, and chemical analysis at the nanoscale. Furthermore, the review includes manufacture technologies which are based on lyophilization and spray-drying as they have been applied to manufacture Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved protein powders. In perspective, formulation and manufacture of inhalable powders for biologic are highly challenging but attainable. The key requirements are the stability of both the biologics and the powder, along with the powder dispersibility. The formulation to be developed depends on the manufacture process as it will subject the biologics to different stresses (temperature, mechanical and chemical) which could lead to degradation by different pathways. Stabilizing excipients coupled with the suitable choice of process can alleviate the stability issues of inhaled powders of biologics.
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Bolje A, Gobec S. Analytical Techniques for Structural Characterization of Proteins in Solid Pharmaceutical Forms: An Overview. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040534. [PMID: 33920461 PMCID: PMC8070348 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins as biopharmaceuticals have emerged as a very important class of drugs for the treatment of many diseases. However, they are less stable compared to conventional pharmaceuticals. Their long-term stability in solid forms, which is critical for product performance, depends heavily on the retention of the native protein structure during the lyophilization (freeze-drying) process and, thereafter, in the solid state. Indeed, the biological function of proteins is directly related to the tertiary and secondary structure. Besides physical stability and biological activity, conformational stability (three-dimensional structure) is another important aspect when dealing with protein pharmaceuticals. Moreover, denaturation as loss of higher order structure is often a precursor to aggregation or chemical instability. Careful study of the physical and chemical properties of proteins in the dried state is therefore critical during biopharmaceutical drug development to deliver a final drug product with built-in quality that is safe, high-quality, efficient, and affordable for patients. This review provides an overview of common analytical techniques suitable for characterizing pharmaceutical protein powders, providing structural, and conformational information, as well as insights into dynamics. Such information can be very useful in formulation development, where selecting the best formulation for the drug can be quite a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljoša Bolje
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (S.G.); Tel.: +386-147-69500 (A.B.); +386-147-69585 (S.G.)
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (S.G.); Tel.: +386-147-69500 (A.B.); +386-147-69585 (S.G.)
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49
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Development of mAb-loaded 3D-printed (FDM) implantable devices based on PLGA. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120337. [PMID: 33549812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to explore the feasibility to print monoclonal antibody (mAb)-loaded implantable systems using fused-deposition modelling (FDM) to build complex dosage form designs. Indeed, to our knowledge, this work is the first investigation of mAb-loaded devices using FDM. To make this possible, different steps were developed and optimized. A mAb solution was stabilized using trehalose (TRE), sucrose (SUC), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), sorbitol or inulin (INU) in order to be spray dried (SD). Printable filaments were then made of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and mAb powder (15% w/w) using hot melt extrusion (HME). The FDM process was optimized to print these filaments without altering the mAb stability. TRE was selected and associated to L-leucine (LEU) to increase the mAb stability. The stability was then evaluated considering high and low molecular weight species levels. The mAb-based devices were well-stabilized with the selected excipients during both the HME and the FDM processes. The 3D-printed devices showed sustained-release profiles with a low burst effect. The mAb-binding capacity was preserved up to 70% following the whole fabrication process. These promising results demonstrate that FDM could be used to produce mAb-loaded devices with good stability, affinity and sustained-release profiles of the mAb.
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50
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Mamedov MD, Milanovsky GE, Malferrari M, Vitukhnovskaya LA, Francia F, Semenov AY, Venturoli G. Trehalose matrix effects on electron transfer in Mn-depleted protein-pigment complexes of Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148413. [PMID: 33716033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of flash-induced re-reduction of the Photosystem II (PS II) primary electron donor P680 was studied in solution and in trehalose glassy matrices at different relative humidity. In solution, and in the re-dissolved glass, kinetics were dominated by two fast components with lifetimes in the range of 2-7 μs, which accounted for >85% of the decay. These components were ascribed to the direct electron transfer from the redox-active tyrosine YZ to P680+. The minor slower components were due to charge recombination between the primary plastoquinone acceptor QA- and P680+. Incorporation of the PS II complex into the trehalose glassy matrix and its successive dehydration caused a progressive increase in the lifetime of all kinetic phases, accompanied by an increase of the amplitudes of the slower phases at the expense of the faster phases. At 63% relative humidity the fast components contribution dropped to ~50%. A further dehydration of the trehalose glass did not change the lifetimes and contribution of the kinetic components. This effect was ascribed to the decrease of conformational mobility of the protein domain between YZ and P680, which resulted in the inhibition of YZ → P680+ electron transfer in about half of the PS II population, wherein the recombination between QA- and P680+ occurred. The data indicate that PS II binds a larger number of water molecules as compared to PS I complexes. We conclude that our data disprove the "water replacement" hypothesis of trehalose matrix biopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahir D Mamedov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Leninskye gory, 1, b.40, Russia
| | - Georgy E Milanovsky
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Leninskye gory, 1, b.40, Russia
| | - Marco Malferrari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Via Irnerio, 42, Italy
| | - Liya A Vitukhnovskaya
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Leninskye gory, 1, b.40, Russia; N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Kosygina Street, 4, b.1, Russia
| | - Francesco Francia
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Via Irnerio, 42, Italy
| | - Alexey Yu Semenov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Leninskye gory, 1, b.40, Russia; N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Kosygina Street, 4, b.1, Russia.
| | - Giovanni Venturoli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Via Irnerio, 42, Italy; Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia, CNISM, c/o Department of Physics and Astronomy "Augusto Righi", DIFA, University of Bologna, Bologna, Via Irnerio, 46, Italy.
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