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Papp D, Korcsmaros T, Hautefort I. Revolutionizing immune research with organoid-based co-culture and chip systems. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 218:40-54. [PMID: 38280212 PMCID: PMC11404127 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The intertwined interactions various immune cells have with epithelial cells in our body require sophisticated experimental approaches to be studied. Due to the limitations of immortalized cell lines and animal models, there is an increasing demand for human in vitro model systems to investigate the microenvironment of immune cells in normal and in pathological conditions. Organoids, which are self-renewing, 3D cellular structures that are derived from stem cells, have started to provide gap-filling tissue modelling solutions. In this review, we first demonstrate with some of the available examples how organoid-based immune cell co-culture experiments can advance disease modelling of cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and tissue regeneration. Then, we argue that to achieve both complexity and scale, organ-on-chip models combined with cutting-edge microfluidics-based technologies can provide more precise manipulation and readouts. Finally, we discuss how genome editing techniques and the use of patient-derived organoids and immune cells can improve disease modelling and facilitate precision medicine. To achieve maximum impact and efficiency, these efforts should be supported by novel infrastructures such as organoid biobanks, organoid facilities, as well as drug screening and host-microbe interaction testing platforms. All these together or in combination can allow researchers to shed more detailed, and often patient-specific, light on the crosstalk between immune cells and epithelial cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Papp
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Imperial BRC Organoid Facility, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Imperial BRC Organoid Facility, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Food, Microbiome and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Isabelle Hautefort
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Imperial BRC Organoid Facility, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Food, Microbiome and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Choi J, Kang S, An HI, Kim CE, Lee S, Pack CG, Yoon YI, Jin H, Cho YP, Kim CJ, Namgoong JM, Kim JK, Tak E. Fasudil and viscosity of gelatin promote hepatic differentiation by regulating organelles in human umbilical cord matrix-mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:229. [PMID: 39075621 PMCID: PMC11288082 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human mesenchymal stem cells originating from umbilical cord matrix are a promising therapeutic resource, and their differentiated cells are spotlighted as a tissue regeneration treatment. However, there are limitations to the medical use of differentiated cells from human umbilical cord matrix-mesenchymal stem cells (hUCM-MSCs), such as efficient differentiation methods. METHODS To effectively differentiate hUCM-MSCs into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs), we used the ROCK inhibitor, fasudil, which is known to induce endoderm formation, and gelatin, which provides extracellular matrix to the differentiated cells. To estimate a differentiation efficiency of early stage according to combination of gelatin and fasudil, transcription analysis was conducted. Moreover, to demonstrate that organelle states affect differentiation, we performed transcription, tomographic, and mitochondrial function analysis at each stage of hepatic differentiation. Finally, we evaluated hepatocyte function based on the expression of mRNA and protein, secretion of albumin, and activity of CYP3A4 in mature HLCs. RESULTS Fasudil induced endoderm-related genes (GATA4, SOX17, and FOXA2) in hUCM-MSCs, and it also induced lipid droplets (LDs) inside the differentiated cells. However, the excessive induction of LDs caused by fasudil inhibited mitochondrial function and prevented differentiation into hepatoblasts. To prevent the excessive LDs formation, we used gelatin as a coating material. When hUCM-MSCs were induced into hepatoblasts with fasudil on high-viscosity (1%) gelatin-coated dishes, hepatoblast-related genes (AFP and HNF4A) showed significant upregulation on high-viscosity gelatin-coated dishes compared to those treated with low-viscosity (0.1%) gelatin. Moreover, other germline cell fates, such as ectoderm and mesoderm, were repressed under these conditions. In addition, LDs abundance was also reduced, whereas mitochondrial function was increased. On the other hand, unlike early stage of the differentiation, low viscosity gelatin was more effective in generating mature HLCs. In this condition, the accumulation of LDs was inhibited in the cells, and mitochondria were activated. Consequently, HLCs originated from hUCM-MSCs were genetically and functionally more matured in low-viscosity gelatin. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated an effective method for differentiating hUCM-MSCs into hepatic cells using fasudil and gelatin of varying viscosities. Moreover, we suggest that efficient hepatic differentiation and the function of hepatic cells differentiated from hUCM-MSCs depend not only on genetic changes but also on the regulation of organelle states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwan Choi
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoon Kang
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-In An
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Eun Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghwa Lee
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Gi Pack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-In Yoon
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Jin
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Pil Cho
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation (AMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Man Namgoong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun Ki Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunyoung Tak
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Ismayilzada N, Tarar C, Dabbagh SR, Tokyay BK, Dilmani SA, Sokullu E, Abaci HE, Tasoglu S. Skin-on-a-chip technologies towards clinical translation and commercialization. Biofabrication 2024; 16:042001. [PMID: 38964314 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad5f55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the human body which plays a critical role in thermoregulation, metabolism (e.g. synthesis of vitamin D), and protection of other organs from environmental threats, such as infections, microorganisms, ultraviolet radiation, and physical damage. Even though skin diseases are considered to be less fatal, the ubiquity of skin diseases and irritation caused by them highlights the importance of skin studies. Furthermore, skin is a promising means for transdermal drug delivery, which requires a thorough understanding of human skin structure. Current animal andin vitrotwo/three-dimensional skin models provide a platform for disease studies and drug testing, whereas they face challenges in the complete recapitulation of the dynamic and complex structure of actual skin tissue. One of the most effective methods for testing pharmaceuticals and modeling skin diseases are skin-on-a-chip (SoC) platforms. SoC technologies provide a non-invasive approach for examining 3D skin layers and artificially creating disease models in order to develop diagnostic or therapeutic methods. In addition, SoC models enable dynamic perfusion of culture medium with nutrients and facilitate the continuous removal of cellular waste to further mimic thein vivocondition. Here, the article reviews the most recent advances in the design and applications of SoC platforms for disease modeling as well as the analysis of drugs and cosmetics. By examining the contributions of different patents to the physiological relevance of skin models, the review underscores the significant shift towards more ethical and efficient alternatives to animal testing. Furthermore, it explores the market dynamics ofin vitroskin models and organ-on-a-chip platforms, discussing the impact of legislative changes and market demand on the development and adoption of these advanced research tools. This article also identifies the existing obstacles that hinder the advancement of SoC platforms, proposing directions for future improvements, particularly focusing on the journey towards clinical adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufar Ismayilzada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ceren Tarar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | | | - Begüm Kübra Tokyay
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Sara Asghari Dilmani
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Emel Sokullu
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Hasan Erbil Abaci
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States of America
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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Biswas PK, Park J. Applications, challenges, and prospects of induced pluripotent stem cells for vascular disease. Mol Cells 2024; 47:100077. [PMID: 38825189 PMCID: PMC11260847 DOI: 10.1016/j.mocell.2024.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular disease, including heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease, is one of the leading causes of death and disability and represents a significant global health issue. Since the development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in 2007, hiPSCs have provided unique and tremendous opportunities for studying human pathophysiology, disease modeling, and drug discovery in the field of regenerative medicine. In this review, we discuss vascular physiology and related diseases, the current methods for generating vascular cells (eg, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and pericytes) from hiPSCs, and describe the opportunities and challenges to the clinical applications of vascular organoids, tissue-engineered blood vessels, and vessels-on-a-chip. We then explore how hiPSCs can be used to study and treat inherited vascular diseases and discuss the current challenges and future prospects. In the future, it will be essential to develop vascularized organoids or tissues that can simultaneously undergo shear stress and cyclic stretching. This development will not only increase their maturity and function but also enable effective and innovative disease modeling and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polash Kumar Biswas
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24252, South Korea
| | - Jinkyu Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24252, South Korea; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Zheng F, Tian R, Lu H, Liang X, Shafiq M, Uchida S, Chen H, Ma M. Droplet Microfluidics Powered Hydrogel Microparticles for Stem Cell-Mediated Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401400. [PMID: 38881184 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Stem cell-related therapeutic technologies have garnered significant attention of the research community for their multi-faceted applications. To promote the therapeutic effects of stem cells, the strategies for cell microencapsulation in hydrogel microparticles have been widely explored, as the hydrogel microparticles have the potential to facilitate oxygen diffusion and nutrient transport alongside their ability to promote crucial cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Despite their significant promise, there is an acute shortage of automated, standardized, and reproducible platforms to further stem cell-related research. Microfluidics offers an intriguing platform to produce stem cell-laden hydrogel microparticles (SCHMs) owing to its ability to manipulate the fluids at the micrometer scale as well as precisely control the structure and composition of microparticles. In this review, the typical biomaterials and crosslinking methods for microfluidic encapsulation of stem cells as well as the progress in droplet-based microfluidics for the fabrication of SCHMs are outlined. Moreover, the important biomedical applications of SCHMs are highlighted, including regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, scale-up production of stem cells, and microenvironmental simulation for fundamental cell studies. Overall, microfluidics holds tremendous potential for enabling the production of diverse hydrogel microparticles and is worthy for various stem cell-related biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqiao Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Ruizhi Tian
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongxu Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Liang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uchida
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
- Department of Advanced Nanomedical Engineering, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hangrong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ming Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Du XY, Yang JY. Biomimetic microfluidic chips for toxicity assessment of environmental pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170745. [PMID: 38340832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Various types of pollutants widely present in environmental media, including synthetic and natural chemicals, physical pollutants such as radioactive substances, ultraviolet rays, and noise, as well as biological organisms, pose a huge threat to public health. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately and effectively explore the human physiological responses and toxicity mechanisms of pollutants to prevent diseases caused by pollutants. The emerging toxicological testing method biomimetic microfluidic chips (BMCs) exhibit great potential in environmental pollutant toxicity assessment due to their superior biomimetic properties. The BMCs are divided into cell-on-chips and organ-on-chips based on the distinctions in bionic simulation levels. Herein, we first summarize the characteristics, emergence and development history, composition and structure, and application fields of BMCs. Then, with a focus on the toxicity mechanisms of pollutants, we review the applications and advances of the BMCs in the toxicity assessment of physical, chemical, and biological pollutants, respectively, highlighting its potential and development prospects in environmental toxicology testing. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for further use of BMCs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jin-Yan Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China..
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Lecoq PE, Dupuis C, Mousset X, Benoit-Gonnin X, Peyrin JM, Aider JL. Influence of microgravity on spontaneous calcium activity of primary hippocampal neurons grown in microfluidic chips. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:15. [PMID: 38321051 PMCID: PMC10847089 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The influence of variations of gravity, either hypergravity or microgravity, on the brain of astronauts is a major concern for long journeys in space, to the Moon or to Mars, or simply long-duration missions on the ISS (International Space Station). Monitoring brain activity, before and after ISS missions already demonstrated important and long term effects on the brains of astronauts. In this study, we focus on the influence of gravity variations at the cellular level on primary hippocampal neurons. A dedicated setup has been designed and built to perform live calcium imaging during parabolic flights. During a CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales) parabolic flight campaign, we were able to observe and monitor the calcium activity of 2D networks of neurons inside microfluidic devices during gravity changes over different parabolas. Our preliminary results clearly indicate a modification of the calcium activity associated to variations of gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Ewen Lecoq
- PMMH, ESPCI Paris - PSL, Paris, 75005, France.
- Neurosciences Paris Seine IBPS, UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Sorbonne University, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France.
| | - Chloé Dupuis
- PMMH, ESPCI Paris - PSL, Paris, 75005, France
- Neurosciences Paris Seine IBPS, UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Sorbonne University, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Xavier Mousset
- PMMH, ESPCI Paris - PSL, Paris, 75005, France
- Neurosciences Paris Seine IBPS, UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Sorbonne University, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Peyrin
- Neurosciences Paris Seine IBPS, UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Sorbonne University, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France.
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Shiwarski DJ, Hudson AR, Tashman JW, Bakirci E, Moss S, Coffin BD, Feinberg AW. 3D Bioprinting of Collagen-based Microfluidics for Engineering Fully-biologic Tissue Systems. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.26.577422. [PMID: 38352326 PMCID: PMC10862740 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.26.577422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic and organ-on-a-chip devices have improved the physiologic and translational relevance of in vitro systems in applications ranging from disease modeling to drug discovery and pharmacology. However, current manufacturing approaches have limitations in terms of materials used, non-native mechanical properties, patterning of extracellular matrix (ECM) and cells in 3D, and remodeling by cells into more complex tissues. We present a method to 3D bioprint ECM and cells into microfluidic collagen-based high-resolution internally perfusable scaffolds (CHIPS) that address these limitations, expand design complexity, and simplify fabrication. Additionally, CHIPS enable size-dependent diffusion of molecules out of perfusable channels into the surrounding device to support cell migration and remodeling, formation of capillary-like networks, and integration of secretory cell types to form a glucose-responsive, insulin-secreting pancreatic-like microphysiological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Shiwarski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Andrew R Hudson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Joshua W Tashman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ezgi Bakirci
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Samuel Moss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Brian D Coffin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Adam W Feinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Chen X, Lu N, Huang S, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Wang X. Assessment of doxorubicin toxicity using human cardiac organoids: A novel model for evaluating drug cardiotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 386:110777. [PMID: 37879593 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases pose a huge threat to global human health and are also a major obstacle to drug development and disease treatment. Drug-induced cardiotoxicity remains an important clinical issue. Both traditional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell models and animal models have their own limitations and are not fully suitable for the study of human heart physiology or pathology. Cardiac organoids are three-dimensional (3D) and self-organized structures that accurately retain the biological characteristics and functions of heart tissue. In this study, we successfully established a human cardiac organoid model by inducing the directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells, which recapitulates the patterns of early myocardial development. Moreover, this model accurately characterized the cardiotoxic damage caused by the anticancer drug doxorubicin, including clinical cardiac injury and cardiac function indicators, cell apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis, as well as mitochondrial damage. In general, the cardiac organoid model can be used to evaluate the cardiotoxicity of drugs, opening new directions and ideas for drug screening and cardiotoxicity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Lu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengbo Huang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Thakar RG, Fenton KN. Bioethical implications of organ-on-a-chip on modernizing drug development. Artif Organs 2023; 47:1553-1558. [PMID: 37578206 PMCID: PMC10615722 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-chips are three-dimensional microdevices that emulate the structure, functionality, and behavior of specific tissues or organs using human cells. Combining organoids with microfabricated fluidic channels and microelectronics, these systems offer a promising platform for studying disease mechanisms, drug responses, and tissue performance. By replicating the in vivo microenvironment, these devices can recreate complex cell interactions in controlled conditions and facilitate research in various fields, including drug toxicity and efficacy studies, biochemical analysis, and disease pathogenesis. Integrating human induced pluripotent stem cells further enhances their applicability, thereby enabling patient-specific disease modeling for precision medicine. Although challenges like economy-of-scale, multichip integration, and regulatory compliance exist, advances in this modular technology show promise for lowering drug development costs, improving reproducibility, and reducing the reliance on animal testing. The ethical landscape surrounding organ-on-chip usage presents both benefits and concerns. While these chips offer an alternative to animal testing and potential cost savings, they raise ethical considerations related to community engagement, informed consent, and the need for standardized guidelines. Ensuring public acceptance and involvement in decision-making is vital to address misinformation and mistrust. Furthermore, personalized medicine models using patient-derived cells demand careful consideration of potential ethical dilemmas, such as modeling physiological functions of fetuses or brains and determining the extent of protection for these models. To achieve the full potential of organ-on-a-chip models, collaboration between scientists, ethicists, and regulators is essential to fulfil the promise of transforming drug development, advancing personalized medicine, and contributing to a more ethical and efficient biomedical research landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul G. Thakar
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen N. Fenton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Bioethics, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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11
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Gil JF, Moura CS, Silverio V, Gonçalves G, Santos HA. Cancer Models on Chip: Paving the Way to Large-Scale Trial Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300692. [PMID: 37103886 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cancer kills millions of individuals every year all over the world (Global Cancer Observatory). The physiological and biomechanical processes underlying the tumor are still poorly understood, hindering researchers from creating new, effective therapies. Inconsistent results of preclinical research, in vivo testing, and clinical trials decrease drug approval rates. 3D tumor-on-a-chip (ToC) models integrate biomaterials, tissue engineering, fabrication of microarchitectures, and sensory and actuation systems in a single device, enabling reliable studies in fundamental oncology and pharmacology. This review includes a critical discussion about their ability to reproduce the tumor microenvironment (TME), the advantages and drawbacks of existing tumor models and architectures, major components and fabrication techniques. The focus is on current materials and micro/nanofabrication techniques used to manufacture reliable and reproducible microfluidic ToC models for large-scale trial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ferreira Gil
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028, Portugal
- INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), Rua Alves Redol 9, Lisbon, 1000-029, Portugal
- TEMA, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Carla Sofia Moura
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Applied Research Institute, Coimbra, 3045-093, Portugal
| | - Vania Silverio
- INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), Rua Alves Redol 9, Lisbon, 1000-029, Portugal
- Department of Physics, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, 1049-001, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy - i4HB, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gil Gonçalves
- TEMA, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory (LASI), Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
- W.J. Korf Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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12
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Li Z, Li Q, Zhou C, Lu K, Liu Y, Xuan L, Wang X. Organoid-on-a-chip: Current challenges, trends, and future scope toward medicine. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:051505. [PMID: 37900053 PMCID: PMC10613095 DOI: 10.1063/5.0171350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
In vitro organoid models, typically defined as 3D multicellular aggregates, have been extensively used as a promising tool in drug screening, disease progression research, and precision medicine. Combined with advanced microfluidics technique, organoid-on-a-chip can flexibly replicate in vivo organs within the biomimetic physiological microenvironment by accurately regulating different parameters, such as fluid conditions and concentration gradients of biochemical factors. Since engineered organ reconstruction has opened a new paradigm in biomedicine, innovative approaches are increasingly required in micro-nano fabrication, tissue construction, and development of pharmaceutical products. In this Perspective review, the advantages and characteristics of organoid-on-a-chip are first introduced. Challenges in current organoid culture, extracellular matrix building, and device manufacturing techniques are subsequently demonstrated, followed by potential alternative approaches, respectively. The future directions and emerging application scenarios of organoid-on-a-chip are finally prospected to further satisfy the clinical demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjie Li
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qinyu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong, China
| | - Chenyang Zhou
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kangyi Lu
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lian Xuan
- Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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13
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Luo Y, Li X, Zhao Y, Zhong W, Xing M, Lyu G. Development of Organs-on-Chips and Their Impact on Precision Medicine and Advanced System Simulation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2094. [PMID: 37631308 PMCID: PMC10460056 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs may undergo costly preclinical studies but still fail to demonstrate their efficacy in clinical trials, which makes it challenging to discover new drugs. Both in vitro and in vivo models are essential for disease research and therapeutic development. However, these models cannot simulate the physiological and pathological environment in the human body, resulting in limited drug detection and inaccurate disease modelling, failing to provide valid guidance for clinical application. Organs-on-chips (OCs) are devices that serve as a micro-physiological system or a tissue-on-a-chip; they provide accurate insights into certain functions and the pathophysiology of organs to precisely predict the safety and efficiency of drugs in the body. OCs are faster, more economical, and more precise. Thus, they are projected to become a crucial addition to, and a long-term replacement for, traditional preclinical cell cultures, animal studies, and even human clinical trials. This paper first outlines the nature of OCs and their significance, and then details their manufacturing-related materials and methodology. It also discusses applications of OCs in drug screening and disease modelling and treatment, and presents the future perspective of OCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Burn & Trauma Treatment Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Wound Repair Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Burn & Trauma Treatment Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Wound Repair Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Huai’an 82 Hospital, Huai’an 223003, China
| | - Yawei Zhao
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Guozhong Lyu
- Burn & Trauma Treatment Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Wound Repair Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
- National Research Center for Emergency Medicine, Beijing 100000, China
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14
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Zingales V, Esposito MR, Torriero N, Taroncher M, Cimetta E, Ruiz MJ. The Growing Importance of Three-Dimensional Models and Microphysiological Systems in the Assessment of Mycotoxin Toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:422. [PMID: 37505691 PMCID: PMC10467068 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Current investigations in the field of toxicology mostly rely on 2D cell cultures and animal models. Although well-accepted, the traditional 2D cell-culture approach has evident drawbacks and is distant from the in vivo microenvironment. To overcome these limitations, increasing efforts have been made in the development of alternative models that can better recapitulate the in vivo architecture of tissues and organs. Even though the use of 3D cultures is gaining popularity, there are still open questions on their robustness and standardization. In this review, we discuss the current spheroid culture and organ-on-a-chip techniques as well as the main conceptual and technical considerations for the correct establishment of such models. For each system, the toxicological functional assays are then discussed, highlighting their major advantages, disadvantages, and limitations. Finally, a focus on the applications of 3D cell culture for mycotoxin toxicity assessments is provided. Given the known difficulties in defining the safety ranges of exposure for regulatory agency policies, we are confident that the application of alternative methods may greatly improve the overall risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Zingales
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain;
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.R.E.); (N.T.); (E.C.)
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittá Della Speranza (IRP)—Lab BIAMET, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Esposito
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.R.E.); (N.T.); (E.C.)
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittá Della Speranza (IRP)—Lab BIAMET, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Noemi Torriero
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.R.E.); (N.T.); (E.C.)
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittá Della Speranza (IRP)—Lab BIAMET, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Mercedes Taroncher
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Elisa Cimetta
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.R.E.); (N.T.); (E.C.)
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittá Della Speranza (IRP)—Lab BIAMET, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - María-José Ruiz
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain;
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15
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Wang Y, Gao Y, Pan Y, Zhou D, Liu Y, Yin Y, Yang J, Wang Y, Song Y. Emerging trends in organ-on-a-chip systems for drug screening. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:2483-2509. [PMID: 37425038 PMCID: PMC10326261 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
New drug discovery is under growing pressure to satisfy the demand from a wide range of domains, especially from the pharmaceutical industry and healthcare services. Assessment of drug efficacy and safety prior to human clinical trials is a crucial part of drug development, which deserves greater emphasis to reduce the cost and time in drug discovery. Recent advances in microfabrication and tissue engineering have given rise to organ-on-a-chip, an in vitro model capable of recapitulating human organ functions in vivo and providing insight into disease pathophysiology, which offers a potential alternative to animal models for more efficient pre-clinical screening of drug candidates. In this review, we first give a snapshot of general considerations for organ-on-a-chip device design. Then, we comprehensively review the recent advances in organ-on-a-chip for drug screening. Finally, we summarize some key challenges of the progress in this field and discuss future prospects of organ-on-a-chip development. Overall, this review highlights the new avenue that organ-on-a-chip opens for drug development, therapeutic innovation, and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Sino-French Engineer School, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yongchun Pan
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dongtao Zhou
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuta Liu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Yin
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yujun Song
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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16
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Mu X, Gerhard-Herman MD, Zhang YS. Building Blood Vessel Chips with Enhanced Physiological Relevance. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 8:2201778. [PMID: 37693798 PMCID: PMC10489284 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202201778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessel chips are bioengineered microdevices, consisting of biomaterials, human cells, and microstructures, which recapitulate essential vascular structure and physiology and allow a well-controlled microenvironment and spatial-temporal readouts. Blood vessel chips afford promising opportunities to understand molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying a range of vascular diseases. The physiological relevance is key to these blood vessel chips that rely on bioinspired strategies and bioengineering approaches to translate vascular physiology into artificial units. Here, we discuss several critical aspects of vascular physiology, including morphology, material composition, mechanical properties, flow dynamics, and mass transport, which provide essential guidelines and a valuable source of bioinspiration for the rational design of blood vessel chips. We also review state-of-art blood vessel chips that exhibit important physiological features of the vessel and reveal crucial insights into the biological processes and disease pathogenesis, including rare diseases, with notable implications for drug screening and clinical trials. We envision that the advances in biomaterials, biofabrication, and stem cells improve the physiological relevance of blood vessel chips, which, along with the close collaborations between clinicians and bioengineers, enable their widespread utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Marie Denise Gerhard-Herman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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17
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Basu J, Madhulika S, Murmu KC, Mohanty S, Samal P, Das A, Mahapatra S, Saha S, Sinha I, Prasad P. Molecular and epigenetic alterations in normal and malignant myelopoiesis in human leukemia 60 (HL60) promyelocytic cell line model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1060537. [PMID: 36819104 PMCID: PMC9932920 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1060537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro cell line model systems are essential in supporting the research community due to their low cost, uniform culturing conditions, homogeneous biological resources, and easy experimental design to study the cause and effect of a gene or a molecule. Human leukemia 60 (HL60) is an in-vitro hematopoietic model system that has been used for decades to study normal myeloid differentiation and leukemia biology. Here, we show that IMDM supplemented with 20% FBS is an optimal culturing condition and induces effective myeloid differentiation compared with RPMI supplemented with 10% FBS when HL60 is induced with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Vit D3) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). The chromatin organization is compacted, and the repressive epigenetic mark H3K27me3 is enhanced upon HL60-mediated terminal differentiation. Differential gene expression analysis obtained from RNA sequencing in HL60 cells during myeloid differentiation showed the induction of pathways involved in epigenetic regulation, myeloid differentiation, and immune regulation. Using high-throughput transcriptomic data (GSE74246), we show the similarities (genes that did not satisfy |log2FC|>1 and FDR<0.05) and differences (FDR <0.05 and |log2FC|>1) between granulocyte-monocyte progenitor vs HL60 cells, Vit D3 induced monocytes (vMono) in HL60 cells vs primary monocytes (pMono), and HL60 cells vs leukemic blasts at the transcriptomic level. We found striking similarities in biological pathways between these comparisons, suggesting that the HL60 model system can be effectively used for studying myeloid differentiation and leukemic aberrations. The differences obtained could be attributed to the fact that the cellular programs of the leukemic cell line and primary cells are different. We validated several gene expression patterns for different comparisons with CD34+ cells derived from cord blood for myeloid differentiation and AML patients. In addition to the current knowledge, our study further reveals the significance of using HL60 cells as in vitro model system under optimal conditions to understand its potential as normal myeloid differentiation model as well as leukemic model at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhinuk Basu
- Chromatin and Epigenetics Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India,RCB, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Swati Madhulika
- Chromatin and Epigenetics Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India,RCB, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Krushna Chandra Murmu
- Chromatin and Epigenetics Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India,RCB, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Smrutishree Mohanty
- Chromatin and Epigenetics Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India,RCB, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Priyanka Samal
- IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Asima Das
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, KIMS, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Soumendu Mahapatra
- Chromatin and Epigenetics Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India,Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), School of Biotechnology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Subha Saha
- Chromatin and Epigenetics Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Indranil Sinha
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Punit Prasad
- Chromatin and Epigenetics Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India,*Correspondence: Punit Prasad,
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18
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Sisodia Y, Shah K, Ali Sayyed A, Jain M, Ali SA, Gondaliya P, Kalia K, Tekade RK. Lung-on-chip microdevices to foster pulmonary drug discovery. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:777-790. [PMID: 36537540 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00951j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases account for unprecedented mortality owing to a lack of personalized or insufficient therapeutic interventions. Fostering pulmonary research into managing pulmonary threat requires a potential alternative approach that can mimick the in vivo complexities of the human body. The in vitro miniaturized bionic simulation of the lung holds great potential in the quest for a successful therapeutic intervention. This review discusses the emerging roles of lung-on-chip microfluidic simulator devices in fostering translational pulmonary drug discovery and personalized medicine. This review also explicates how the lung-on-chip model emulates the breathing patterns, elasticity, and vascularization of lungs in creating a 3D pulmonary microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashi Sisodia
- Department of Biotechnology, National of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Komal Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, National of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Adil Ali Sayyed
- Department of Biotechnology, National of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382355, India.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382355, India.,Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA
| | - Meenakshi Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, National of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Syed Ansar Ali
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Piyush Gondaliya
- Department of Biotechnology, National of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382355, India.,Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Biotechnology, National of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tekade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382355, India.
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19
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Hrynevich A, Li Y, Cedillo-Servin G, Malda J, Castilho M. (Bio)fabrication of microfluidic devices and organs-on-a-chip. 3D Print Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-89831-7.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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20
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Zommiti M, Connil N, Tahrioui A, Groboillot A, Barbey C, Konto-Ghiorghi Y, Lesouhaitier O, Chevalier S, Feuilloley MGJ. Organs-on-Chips Platforms Are Everywhere: A Zoom on Biomedical Investigation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:646. [PMID: 36354557 PMCID: PMC9687856 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the decades, conventional in vitro culture systems and animal models have been used to study physiology, nutrient or drug metabolisms including mechanical and physiopathological aspects. However, there is an urgent need for Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS) and more sophisticated platforms and devices to approach the real complexity of human physiology and provide reliable extrapolations for clinical investigations and personalized medicine. Organ-on-a-chip (OOC), also known as a microphysiological system, is a state-of-the-art microfluidic cell culture technology that sums up cells or tissue-to-tissue interfaces, fluid flows, mechanical cues, and organ-level physiology, and it has been developed to fill the gap between in vitro experimental models and human pathophysiology. The wide range of OOC platforms involves the miniaturization of cell culture systems and enables a variety of novel experimental techniques. These range from modeling the independent effects of biophysical forces on cells to screening novel drugs in multi-organ microphysiological systems, all within microscale devices. As in living biosystems, the development of vascular structure is the salient feature common to almost all organ-on-a-chip platforms. Herein, we provide a snapshot of this fast-evolving sophisticated technology. We will review cutting-edge developments and advances in the OOC realm, discussing current applications in the biomedical field with a detailed description of how this technology has enabled the reconstruction of complex multi-scale and multifunctional matrices and platforms (at the cellular and tissular levels) leading to an acute understanding of the physiopathological features of human ailments and infections in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zommiti
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-infectious Strategies (CBSA, UR4312), University of Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc G. J. Feuilloley
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-infectious Strategies (CBSA, UR4312), University of Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France
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21
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Habibey R, Rojo Arias JE, Striebel J, Busskamp V. Microfluidics for Neuronal Cell and Circuit Engineering. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14842-14880. [PMID: 36070858 PMCID: PMC9523714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The widespread adoption of microfluidic devices among the neuroscience and neurobiology communities has enabled addressing a broad range of questions at the molecular, cellular, circuit, and system levels. Here, we review biomedical engineering approaches that harness the power of microfluidics for bottom-up generation of neuronal cell types and for the assembly and analysis of neural circuits. Microfluidics-based approaches are instrumental to generate the knowledge necessary for the derivation of diverse neuronal cell types from human pluripotent stem cells, as they enable the isolation and subsequent examination of individual neurons of interest. Moreover, microfluidic devices allow to engineer neural circuits with specific orientations and directionality by providing control over neuronal cell polarity and permitting the isolation of axons in individual microchannels. Similarly, the use of microfluidic chips enables the construction not only of 2D but also of 3D brain, retinal, and peripheral nervous system model circuits. Such brain-on-a-chip and organoid-on-a-chip technologies are promising platforms for studying these organs as they closely recapitulate some aspects of in vivo biological processes. Microfluidic 3D neuronal models, together with 2D in vitro systems, are widely used in many applications ranging from drug development and toxicology studies to neurological disease modeling and personalized medicine. Altogether, microfluidics provide researchers with powerful systems that complement and partially replace animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Habibey
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik
Bonn, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Straße 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jesús Eduardo Rojo Arias
- Wellcome—MRC
Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge
Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Striebel
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik
Bonn, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Straße 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik
Bonn, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Straße 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
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22
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Abstract
Over the past decade, organ-on-chip research has been one of the most prolific areas of the entire field of tissue engineering. The development of organ-on-chip models requires an integrated interdisciplinary approach merging technologies and concepts from several different disciplines, including microfabrication, microfluidics, biomaterials, stem cell science, pharma-/toxicology, and medicine. In this perspective, we follow the journey of an organ-on-chip through its many different stages, from (i) the initial idea/specific scientific question to (ii) the design/concept phase, (iii) the engineering (fabrication and materials, sensor/actuator integration) and (iv) biology considerations (cell sources, biomaterials/scaffold), (v) the cell injection and tissue assembly process, (vi) the assay development, and (vii) the functional validation, all the way to (viii) the final applications. By summarizing some of the key learnings and findings from a developer's perspective and identifying suitable introductory reviews, this perspective strives to provide a conceptual, stepwise guide for the holistic development of an organ-on-chip model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rogal
- Department for Microphysiological Systems, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Katharina Schlünder
- Department for Microphysiological Systems, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany.,NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
| | - Peter Loskill
- Department for Microphysiological Systems, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany.,NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen 72770, Germany.,3R-Center for In vitro Models and Alternatives to Animal Testing, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
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23
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Recent advances in lung-on-a-chip models. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2593-2602. [PMID: 35724916 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the global burden of respiratory diseases, rapid identification of the best therapeutic measures to combat these diseases is essential. Animal models and 2D cell culture models do not replicate the findings observed in vivo. To gain deeper insight into lung pathology and physiology, 3D and advanced lung-on-a-chip models have been developed recently. Lung-on-a-chip models more accurately simulate the lung's microenvironment and functions in vivo, resulting in more-accurate assessments of drug safety and effectiveness. This review discusses the transition from 2D to 3D models and the recent advances in lung-on-a-chip platforms, their implementation and the numerous challenges faced. Finally, a general overview of this platform and its potential applications in respiratory disease research and drug discovery is highlighted.
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24
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Koyilot MC, Natarajan P, Hunt CR, Sivarajkumar S, Roy R, Joglekar S, Pandita S, Tong CW, Marakkar S, Subramanian L, Yadav SS, Cherian AV, Pandita TK, Shameer K, Yadav KK. Breakthroughs and Applications of Organ-on-a-Chip Technology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111828. [PMID: 35681523 PMCID: PMC9180073 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) is an emerging technology based on microfluid platforms and in vitro cell culture that has a promising future in the healthcare industry. The numerous advantages of OOAC over conventional systems make it highly popular. The chip is an innovative combination of novel technologies, including lab-on-a-chip, microfluidics, biomaterials, and tissue engineering. This paper begins by analyzing the need for the development of OOAC followed by a brief introduction to the technology. Later sections discuss and review the various types of OOACs and the fabrication materials used. The implementation of artificial intelligence in the system makes it more advanced, thereby helping to provide a more accurate diagnosis as well as convenient data management. We introduce selected OOAC projects, including applications to organ/disease modelling, pharmacology, personalized medicine, and dentistry. Finally, we point out certain challenges that need to be surmounted in order to further develop and upgrade the current systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mufeeda C. Koyilot
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Priyadarshini Natarajan
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Clayton R. Hunt
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Sonish Sivarajkumar
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Romy Roy
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Shreeram Joglekar
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Shruti Pandita
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Carl W. Tong
- School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Shamsudheen Marakkar
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | | | - Shalini S. Yadav
- Department of Immunology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Anoop V. Cherian
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Tej K. Pandita
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (T.K.P.); (K.S.); (K.K.Y.)
| | - Khader Shameer
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Correspondence: (T.K.P.); (K.S.); (K.K.Y.)
| | - Kamlesh K. Yadav
- School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (T.K.P.); (K.S.); (K.K.Y.)
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25
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Ex Vivo Perfusion Using a Mathematical Modeled, Controlled Gas Exchange Self-Contained Bioreactor Can Maintain a Mouse Kidney for Seven Days. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111822. [PMID: 35681517 PMCID: PMC9180119 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine requires better pre-clinical tools in order to increase the efficiency of novel therapies transitioning to the clinic. Current monolayer cell culture methods are suboptimal for effectively testing new therapies and live mouse models are expensive, time consuming and require invasive procedures. Fetal organ culture, organoids, microfluidics and culture of thick sections of adult organs all aim to fill the knowledge gap between monolayer culture and live mouse studies. Here we report on an ex vivo organ perfusion system that can support whole adult mouse organs. Ex vivo perfusion of healthy and diseased mouse organs allows for real-time analysis that provides immediate feedback and accurate data collection throughout the experiment. Having a suitable normothermic ex vivo perfusion system for mouse organs provides a tool that will help contribute to our understanding of kidney physiology and disease and can take advantage of the many mouse models of human disease that already exist. Furthermore, an ex vivo kidney perfusion system can be used for testing novel cell therapies, drug screening, drug validation and for the detection of nephrotoxic substances. Critical to the success of mouse ex vivo organ perfusion is having a suitable bioreactor to maintain the organ. Here we have focused on the mouse kidney and mathematically modeled, built and validated a bioreactor that can maintain a kidney for 7 days. The long duration of the ex vivo perfusion will help to advance studies on kidney disease and can rapidly test for new regenerative medicine therapies compared to whole animal studies.
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26
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Lai WH, Mu H, Lu Y, Chen H, Wen JW, Wu HJ, Cheng CM, Huang J. Dual-cell culture system with identical culture environment for comparison of anti-cancer drug toxicity. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Kim H, Kamm RD, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Wu JC. Progress in multicellular human cardiac organoids for clinical applications. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:503-514. [PMID: 35395186 PMCID: PMC9352318 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in self-organizing cardiac organoids to recapitulate human cardiogenesis have provided a powerful tool for unveiling human cardiac development, studying cardiovascular diseases, testing drugs, and transplantation. Here, we highlight the recent remarkable progress on multicellular cardiac organoids and review the current status for their practical applications. We then introduce key readouts and tools for assessing cardiac organoids for clinical applications, address major challenges, and provide suggestions for each assessment method. Lastly, we discuss the current limitations of cardiac organoids as miniature models of the human heart and suggest a direction for moving forward toward building the mini-heart from cardiac organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonyu Kim
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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28
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Nitsche KS, Müller I, Malcomber S, Carmichael PL, Bouwmeester H. Implementing organ-on-chip in a next-generation risk assessment of chemicals: a review. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:711-741. [PMID: 35103818 PMCID: PMC8850248 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-chip (OoC) technology is full of engineering and biological challenges, but it has the potential to revolutionize the Next-Generation Risk Assessment of novel ingredients for consumer products and chemicals. A successful incorporation of OoC technology into the Next-Generation Risk Assessment toolbox depends on the robustness of the microfluidic devices and the organ tissue models used. Recent advances in standardized device manufacturing, organ tissue cultivation and growth protocols offer the ability to bridge the gaps towards the implementation of organ-on-chip technology. Next-Generation Risk Assessment is an exposure-led and hypothesis-driven tiered approach to risk assessment using detailed human exposure information and the application of appropriate new (non-animal) toxicological testing approaches. Organ-on-chip presents a promising in vitro approach by combining human cell culturing with dynamic microfluidics to improve physiological emulation. Here, we critically review commercial organ-on-chip devices, as well as recent tissue culture model studies of the skin, intestinal barrier and liver as the main metabolic organ to be used on-chip for Next-Generation Risk Assessment. Finally, microfluidically linked tissue combinations such as skin-liver and intestine-liver in organ-on-chip devices are reviewed as they form a relevant aspect for advancing toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic studies. We point to recent achievements and challenges to overcome, to advance non-animal, human-relevant safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina S Nitsche
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8000, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Iris Müller
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Sophie Malcomber
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Paul L Carmichael
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8000, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8000, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Seixas MLGA, Mitre LP, Shams S, Lanzuolo GB, Bartolomeo CS, Silva EA, Prado CM, Ureshino R, Stilhano RS. Unraveling Muscle Impairment Associated With COVID-19 and the Role of 3D Culture in Its Investigation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:825629. [PMID: 35223956 PMCID: PMC8867096 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.825629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been considered a public health emergency, extensively investigated by researchers. Accordingly, the respiratory tract has been the main research focus, with some other studies outlining the effects on the neurological, cardiovascular, and renal systems. However, concerning SARS-CoV-2 outcomes on skeletal muscle, scientific evidence is still not sufficiently strong to trace, treat and prevent possible muscle impairment due to the COVID-19. Simultaneously, there has been a considerable amount of studies reporting skeletal muscle damage in the context of COVID-19. Among the detrimental musculoskeletal conditions associated with the viral infection, the most commonly described are sarcopenia, cachexia, myalgia, myositis, rhabdomyolysis, atrophy, peripheral neuropathy, and Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Of note, the risk of developing sarcopenia during or after COVID-19 is relatively high, which poses special importance to the condition amid the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The yet uncovered mechanisms by which musculoskeletal injury takes place in COVID-19 and the lack of published methods tailored to study the correlation between COVID-19 and skeletal muscle hinder the ability of healthcare professionals to provide SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with an adequate treatment plan. The present review aims to minimize this burden by both thoroughly exploring the interaction between COVID-19 and the musculoskeletal system and examining the cutting-edge 3D cell culture techniques capable of revolutionizing the study of muscle dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza G. A. Seixas
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Pari Mitre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shahin Shams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gabriel Barbugian Lanzuolo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Silva Bartolomeo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A. Silva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carla Maximo Prado
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ureshino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Sessa Stilhano
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Roberta Sessa Stilhano
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30
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Adaptation of the Kirkstall QV600 LLI Microfluidics System for the Study of Gastrointestinal Absorption by Mass Spectrometry Imaging and LC-MS/MS. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020364. [PMID: 35214096 PMCID: PMC8878338 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Absorption studies on oral drugs can be difficult due to the challenge of replicating the complex structure and environment of the GI tract. Drug absorption studies can be conducted using in vivo and ex vivo animal tissue or animal-free techniques. These studies typically involve the use of Caco-2 cells. However, Caco-2 cells do not incorporate all the cell types found in intestinal tissue and lack P450 metabolizing enzymes. The QV600 LLI system is a microfluidics system designed for use with cell culture. Here, it has been adapted to house appropriate sections of ex vivo porcine tissue to act as a system that models the duodenum section of the small intestine. A pH regulated solution of Atorvastatin was flowed over the apical layer of the GI tissue and a nutrient solution flowed over the basal layer of the tissue to maintain tissue viability. The tissue samples were snap-frozen, cryosectioned, and imaged using MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI). A proof-of-concept study on the effect of excipients on absorption was conducted. Different concentrations of the solubilizing agent were added to the donor circuit of the QV600 LLI. The amount of Atorvastatin in the acceptor circuit was determined to study the effect of the excipient on the amount of drug that had permeated through the tissue. Using these data, Papp, pig values were calculated and compared with the literature.
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31
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Zarrintaj P, Saeb MR, Stadler FJ, Yazdi MK, Nezhad MN, Mohebbi S, Seidi F, Ganjali MR, Mozafari M. Human Organs-on-Chips: A Review of the State-of-the-Art, Current Prospects, and Future Challenges. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 6:e2000526. [PMID: 34837667 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
New emerging technologies, remarkably miniaturized 3D organ models and microfluidics, enable simulation of the real in vitro microenvironment ex vivo more closely. There are many fascinating features of innovative organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technology, including the possibility of integrating semipermeable and/or stretchable membranes, creating continuous perfusion of fluids into microchannels and chambers (while maintaining laminar flow regime), embedding microdevices like microsensors, microstimulators, micro heaters, or different cell lines, along with other 3D cell culture technologies. OOC systems are designed to imitate the structure and function of human organs, ranging from breathing lungs to beating hearts. This technology is expected to be able to revolutionize cell biology studies, personalized precision medicine, drug development process, and cancer diagnosis/treatment. OOC systems can significantly reduce the cost associated with tedious drug development processes and the risk of adverse drug reactions in the body, which makes drug screening more effective. The review mainly focus on presenting an overview of the several previously developed OOC systems accompanied by subjects relevant to pharmacy-, cancer-, and placenta-on-a-chip. The challenging issues and opportunities related to these systems are discussed, along with a future perspective for this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Zarrintaj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 420 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Florian J Stadler
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Mohsen Khodadadi Yazdi
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417466191, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Nasiri Nezhad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, 57166-419, Iran
| | - Shabnam Mohebbi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tabriz University, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417466191, Iran.,Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14395-1179, Iran
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
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32
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Osteosphere Model to Evaluate Cell-Surface Interactions of Implantable Biomaterials. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195858. [PMID: 34640255 PMCID: PMC8510223 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Successful biomaterials for bone tissue therapy must present different biocompatible properties, such as the ability to stimulate the migration and proliferation of osteogenic cells on the implantable surface, to increase attachment and avoid the risks of implant movement after surgery. The present work investigates the applicability of a three-dimensional (3D) model of bone cells (osteospheres) in the evaluation of osteoconductive properties of different implant surfaces. Three different titanium surface treatments were tested: machined (MA), sandblasting and acid etching (BE), and Hydroxyapatite coating by plasma spray (PSHA). The surfaces were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), confirming that they present very distinct roughness. After seeding the osteospheres, cell–surface interactions were studied in relation to cell proliferation, migration, and spreading. The results show that BE surfaces present higher densities of cells, leaving the aggregates towards than titanium surfaces, providing more evidence of migration. The PSHA surface presented the lowest performance in all analyses. The results indicate that the 3D model allows the focal analysis of an in vitro cell/surfaces interaction of cells and surfaces. Moreover, by demonstrating the agreement with the clinical data observed in the literature, they suggest a potential use as a predictive preclinical tool for investigating osteoconductive properties of novel biomaterials for bone therapy.
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33
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Dellaquila A, Le Bao C, Letourneur D, Simon‐Yarza T. In Vitro Strategies to Vascularize 3D Physiologically Relevant Models. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100798. [PMID: 34351702 PMCID: PMC8498873 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vascularization of 3D models represents a major challenge of tissue engineering and a key prerequisite for their clinical and industrial application. The use of prevascularized models built from dedicated materials could solve some of the actual limitations, such as suboptimal integration of the bioconstructs within the host tissue, and would provide more in vivo-like perfusable tissue and organ-specific platforms. In the last decade, the fabrication of vascularized physiologically relevant 3D constructs has been attempted by numerous tissue engineering strategies, which are classified here in microfluidic technology, 3D coculture models, namely, spheroids and organoids, and biofabrication. In this review, the recent advancements in prevascularization techniques and the increasing use of natural and synthetic materials to build physiological organ-specific models are discussed. Current drawbacks of each technology, future perspectives, and translation of vascularized tissue constructs toward clinics, pharmaceutical field, and industry are also presented. By combining complementary strategies, these models are envisioned to be successfully used for regenerative medicine and drug development in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Dellaquila
- Université de ParisINSERM U1148X Bichat HospitalParisF‐75018France
- Elvesys Microfluidics Innovation CenterParis75011France
- Biomolecular PhotonicsDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of BielefeldBielefeld33615Germany
| | - Chau Le Bao
- Université de ParisINSERM U1148X Bichat HospitalParisF‐75018France
- Université Sorbonne Paris NordGalilée InstituteVilletaneuseF‐93430France
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34
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Maoz BM. Brain-on-a-Chip: Characterizing the next generation of advanced in vitro platforms for modeling the central nervous system. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:030902. [PMID: 34368601 PMCID: PMC8325567 DOI: 10.1063/5.0055812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the human brain creates significant, almost insurmountable challenges for neurological drug development. Advanced in vitro platforms are increasingly enabling researchers to overcome these challenges, by mimicking key features of the brain's composition and functionality. Many of these platforms are called "Brains-on-a-Chip"-a term that was originally used to refer to microfluidics-based systems containing miniature engineered tissues, but that has since expanded to describe a vast range of in vitro central nervous system (CNS) modeling approaches. This Perspective seeks to refine the definition of a Brain-on-a-Chip for the next generation of in vitro platforms, identifying criteria that determine which systems should qualify. These criteria reflect the extent to which a given platform overcomes the challenges unique to in vitro CNS modeling (e.g., recapitulation of the brain's microenvironment; inclusion of critical subunits, such as the blood-brain barrier) and thereby provides meaningful added value over conventional cell culture systems. The paper further outlines practical considerations for the development and implementation of Brain-on-a-Chip platforms and concludes with a vision for where these technologies may be heading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M. Maoz
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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35
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Ahmed HMMAM, Moreira Teixeira LS. New Endeavors of (Micro)Tissue Engineering: Cells Tissues Organs on-Chip and Communication Thereof. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 211:721-735. [PMID: 34198305 DOI: 10.1159/000516356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new therapies is tremendously hampered by the insufficient availability of human model systems suitable for preclinical research on disease target identification, drug efficacy, and toxicity. Thus, drug failures in clinical trials are too common and too costly. Animal models or standard 2D in vitro tissue cultures, regardless of whether they are human based, are regularly not representative of specific human responses. Approaching near human tissues and organs test systems is the key goal of organs-on-chips (OoC) technology. This technology is currently showing its potential to reduce both drug development costs and time-to-market, while critically lessening animal testing. OoC are based on human (stem) cells, potentially derived from healthy or disease-affected patients, thereby amenable to personalized therapy development. It is noteworthy that the OoC market potential goes beyond pharma, with the possibility to test cosmetics, food additives, or environmental contaminants. This (micro)tissue engineering-based technology is highly multidisciplinary, combining fields such as (developmental) biology, (bio)materials, microfluidics, sensors, and imaging. The enormous potential of OoC is currently facing an exciting new challenge: emulating cross-communication between tissues and organs, to simulate more complex systemic responses, such as in cancer, or restricted to confined environments, as occurs in osteoarthritis. This review describes key examples of multiorgan/tissue-on-chip approaches, or linked organs/tissues-on-chip, focusing on challenges and promising new avenues of this advanced model system. Additionally, major emphasis is given to the translation of established tissue engineering approaches, bottom up and top down, towards the development of more complex, robust, and representative (multi)organ/tissue-on-chip approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haysam M M A M Ahmed
- Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands,
| | - Liliana S Moreira Teixeira
- Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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36
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Dutton JS, Hinman SS, Kim R, Attayek PJ, Maurer M, Sims CS, Allbritton NL. Hyperglycemia minimally alters primary self-renewing human colonic epithelial cells while TNFα-promotes severe intestinal epithelial dysfunction. Integr Biol (Camb) 2021; 13:139-152. [PMID: 33989405 PMCID: PMC8204630 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is thought to increase production of inflammatory cytokines and permeability of the large intestine. Resulting intestinal inflammation is then often characterized by excess secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Thus, hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients suffering from severe trauma or disease is frequently accompanied by TNFα secretion, and the combined impact of these insults on the intestinal epithelium is poorly understood. This study utilized a simple yet elegant model of the intestinal epithelium, comprised of primary human intestinal stem cells and their differentiated progeny, to investigate the impact of hyperglycemia and inflammatory factors on the colonic epithelium. When compared to epithelium cultured under conditions of physiologic glucose, cells under hyperglycemic conditions displayed decreased mucin-2 (MUC2), as well as diminished alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Conditions of 60 mM glucose potentiated secretion of the cytokine IL-8 suggesting that cytokine secretion during hyperglycemia may be a source of tissue inflammation. TNFα measurably increased secretion of IL-8 and IL-1β, which was enhanced at 60 mM glucose. Surprisingly, intestinal permeability and paracellular transport were not altered by even extreme levels of hyperglycemia. The presence of TNFα increased MUC2 presence, decreased ALP activity, and negatively impacted monolayer barrier function. When TNFα hyperglycemia and ≤30 mM glucose and were combined, MUC2 and ALP activity remained similar to that of TNFα alone, although synergistic effects were seen at 60 mM glucose. An automated image analysis pipeline was developed to assay changes in properties of the zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)-demarcated cell boundaries. While hyperglycemia alone had little impact on cell shape and size, cell morphologic properties were extraordinarily sensitive to soluble TNFα. These results suggest that TNFα acted as the dominant modulator of the epithelium relative to glucose, and that control of inflammation rather than glucose may be key to maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Dutton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Samuel S Hinman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raehyun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter J Attayek
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mallory Maurer
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Christopher S Sims
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Ustun M, Rahmani Dabbagh S, Ilci IS, Bagci-Onder T, Tasoglu S. Glioma-on-a-Chip Models. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:490. [PMID: 33926127 PMCID: PMC8145995 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioma, as an aggressive type of cancer, accounts for virtually 80% of malignant brain tumors. Despite advances in therapeutic approaches, the long-term survival of glioma patients is poor (it is usually fatal within 12-14 months). Glioma-on-chip platforms, with continuous perfusion, mimic in vivo metabolic functions of cancer cells for analytical purposes. This offers an unprecedented opportunity for understanding the underlying reasons that arise glioma, determining the most effective radiotherapy approach, testing different drug combinations, and screening conceivable side effects of drugs on other organs. Glioma-on-chip technologies can ultimately enhance the efficacy of treatments, promote the survival rate of patients, and pave a path for personalized medicine. In this perspective paper, we briefly review the latest developments of glioma-on-chip technologies, such as therapy applications, drug screening, and cell behavior studies, and discuss the current challenges as well as future research directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Ustun
- Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Sajjad Rahmani Dabbagh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey;
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irem Sultan Ilci
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Tugba Bagci-Onder
- Brain Cancer Research and Therapy Lab, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey;
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey;
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Çengelköy, 34684 Istanbul, Turkey
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Cho S, Lee C, Skylar-Scott MA, Heilshorn SC, Wu JC. Reconstructing the heart using iPSCs: Engineering strategies and applications. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 157:56-65. [PMID: 33895197 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have emerged as a key component of cardiac tissue engineering, enabling studies of cardiovascular disease mechanisms, drug responses, and developmental processes in human 3D tissue models assembled from isogenic cells. Since the very first engineered heart tissues were introduced more than two decades ago, a wide array of iPSC-derived cardiac spheroids, organoids, and heart-on-a-chip models have been developed incorporating the latest available technologies and materials. In this review, we will first outline the fundamental biological building blocks required to form a functional unit of cardiac muscle, including iPSC-derived cells differentiated by soluble factors (e.g., small molecules), extracellular matrix scaffolds, and exogenous biophysical maturation cues. We will then summarize the different fabrication approaches and strategies employed to reconstruct the heart in vitro at varying scales and geometries. Finally, we will discuss how these platforms, with continued improvements in scalability and tissue maturity, can contribute to both basic cardiovascular research and clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkyun Cho
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94025, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94025, USA
| | - Chelsea Lee
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94025, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94025, USA
| | - Mark A Skylar-Scott
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94025, USA; Betty Irene Moore Children's Heart Center, Stanford Children's Health, Stanford, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94025, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94025, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94025, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94025, USA.
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Pfohl U, Pflaume A, Regenbrecht M, Finkler S, Graf Adelmann Q, Reinhard C, Regenbrecht CRA, Wedeken L. Precision Oncology Beyond Genomics: The Future Is Here-It Is Just Not Evenly Distributed. Cells 2021; 10:928. [PMID: 33920536 PMCID: PMC8072767 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multifactorial disease with increasing incidence. There are more than 100 different cancer types, defined by location, cell of origin, and genomic alterations that influence oncogenesis and therapeutic response. This heterogeneity between tumors of different patients and also the heterogeneity within the same patient's tumor pose an enormous challenge to cancer treatment. In this review, we explore tumor heterogeneity on the longitudinal and the latitudinal axis, reviewing current and future approaches to study this heterogeneity and their potential to support oncologists in tailoring a patient's treatment regimen. We highlight how the ideal of precision oncology is reaching far beyond the knowledge of genetic variants to inform clinical practice and discuss the technologies and strategies already available to improve our understanding and management of heterogeneity in cancer treatment. We will focus on integrating multi-omics technologies with suitable in vitro models and their proficiency in mimicking endogenous tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Pfohl
- CELLphenomics GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (U.P.); (A.P.); (C.R.); (Q.G.A.); (C.R.A.R.)
- ASC Oncology GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 1, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alina Pflaume
- CELLphenomics GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (U.P.); (A.P.); (C.R.); (Q.G.A.); (C.R.A.R.)
- ASC Oncology GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Manuela Regenbrecht
- Helios Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Schwanebecker Chaussee 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Sabine Finkler
- ASC Oncology GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Quirin Graf Adelmann
- CELLphenomics GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (U.P.); (A.P.); (C.R.); (Q.G.A.); (C.R.A.R.)
- ASC Oncology GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Christoph Reinhard
- CELLphenomics GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (U.P.); (A.P.); (C.R.); (Q.G.A.); (C.R.A.R.)
- ASC Oncology GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Christian R. A. Regenbrecht
- CELLphenomics GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (U.P.); (A.P.); (C.R.); (Q.G.A.); (C.R.A.R.)
- ASC Oncology GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena Wedeken
- CELLphenomics GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (U.P.); (A.P.); (C.R.); (Q.G.A.); (C.R.A.R.)
- ASC Oncology GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
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Nelson EA, Qiu J, Chavkin NW, Hirschi KK. Directed Differentiation of Hemogenic Endothelial Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Vis Exp 2021:10.3791/62391. [PMID: 33871448 PMCID: PMC8675434 DOI: 10.3791/62391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are ubiquitously distributed within all tissues of the body and perform diverse functions. Thus, derivation of mature vascular endothelial cells, which line blood vessel lumens, from human pluripotent stem cells is crucial for a multitude of tissue engineering and regeneration applications. In vivo, primordial endothelial cells are derived from the mesodermal lineage and are specified toward specific subtypes, including arterial, venous, capillary, hemogenic, and lymphatic. Hemogenic endothelial cells are of particular interest because, during development, they give rise to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, which then generate all blood lineages throughout life. Thus, creating a system to generate hemogenic endothelial cells in vitro would provide an opportunity to study endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, and may lead to ex vivo production of human blood products and reduced reliance on human donors. While several protocols exist for the derivation of progenitor and primordial endothelial cells, generation of well-characterized hemogenic endothelial cells from human stem cells has not been described. Here, a method for the derivation of hemogenic endothelial cells from human embryonic stem cells in approximately 1 week is presented: a differentiation protocol with primitive streak cells formed in response to GSK3β inhibitor (CHIR99021), then mesoderm lineage induction mediated by bFGF, followed by primordial endothelial cell development promoted by BMP4 and VEGF-A, and finally hemogenic endothelial cell specification induced by retinoic acid. This protocol yields a well-defined population of hemogenic endothelial cells that can be used to further understand their molecular regulation and endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, which has the potential to be applied to downstream therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Nelson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | - Jingyao Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Nicholas W Chavkin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia; Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine;
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41
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Vargas R, Egurbide-Sifre A, Medina L. Organ-on-a-Chip systems for new drugs development. ADMET AND DMPK 2021; 9:111-141. [PMID: 35299767 PMCID: PMC8920106 DOI: 10.5599/admet.942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on alternatives to the use of animal models and cell cultures has led to the creation of organ-on-a-chip systems, in which organs and their physiological reactions to the presence of external stimuli are simulated. These systems could even replace the use of human beings as subjects for the study of drugs in clinical phases and have an impact on personalized therapies. Organ-on-a-chip technology present higher potential than traditional cell cultures for an appropriate prediction of functional impairments, appearance of adverse effects, the pharmacokinetic and toxicological profile and the efficacy of a drug. This potential is given by the possibility of placing different cell lines in a three-dimensional-arranged polymer piece and simulating and controlling specific conditions. Thus, the normal functioning of an organ, tissue, barrier, or physiological phenomenon can be simulated, as well as the interrelation between different systems. Furthermore, this alternative allows the study of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Its design combines different disciplines such as materials engineering, cell cultures, microfluidics and physiology, among others. This work presents the main considerations of OoC systems, the materials, methods and cell lines used for their design, and the conditions required for their proper functioning. Examples of applications and main challenges for the development of more robust systems are shown. This non-systematic review is intended to be a reference framework that facilitates research focused on the development of new OoC systems, as well as their use as alternatives in pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Vargas
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Costa Rica 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Egurbide-Sifre
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Medina
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Tu C, Cunningham NJ, Zhang M, Wu JC. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Screening Platform for Drug-Induced Vascular Toxicity. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:613837. [PMID: 33790786 PMCID: PMC8006367 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.613837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of potential vascular injury is an essential part of the safety study during pharmaceutical development. Vascular liability issues are important causes of drug termination during preclinical investigations. Currently, preclinical assessment of vascular toxicity primarily relies on the use of animal models. However, accumulating evidence indicates a significant discrepancy between animal toxicity and human toxicity, casting doubt on the clinical relevance of animal models for such safety studies. While the causes of this discrepancy are expected to be multifactorial, species differences are likely a key factor. Consequently, a human-based model is a desirable solution to this problem, which has been made possible by the advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In particular, recent advances in the field now allow the efficient generation of a variety of vascular cells (e.g., endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and pericytes) from iPSCs. Using these cells, different vascular models have been established, ranging from simple 2D cultures to highly sophisticated vascular organoids and microfluidic devices. Toxicity testing using these models can recapitulate key aspects of vascular pathology on molecular (e.g., secretion of proinflammatory cytokines), cellular (e.g., cell apoptosis), and in some cases, tissue (e.g., endothelium barrier dysfunction) levels. These encouraging data provide the rationale for continuing efforts in the exploration, optimization, and validation of the iPSC technology in vascular toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Tu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Nathan J Cunningham
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mao Zhang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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43
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Lam CK, Wu JC. Clinical Trial in a Dish: Using Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Identify Risks of Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1019-1031. [PMID: 33472401 PMCID: PMC11006431 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced cardiotoxicity is a significant clinical issue, with many drugs in the market being labeled with warnings on cardiovascular adverse effects. Treatments are often prematurely halted when cardiotoxicity is observed, which limits their therapeutic potential. Moreover, cardiotoxicity is a major reason for abandonment during drug development, reducing available treatment options for diseases and creating a significant financial burden and disincentive for drug developers. Thus, it is important to minimize the cardiotoxic effects of medications that are in use or in development. To this end, identifying patients at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular adverse effects for the drug of interest may be an effective strategy. The discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells has enabled researchers to generate relevant cell types that retain a patient's own genome and examine patient-specific disease mechanisms, paving the way for precision medicine. Combined with the rapid development of pharmacogenomic analysis, the ability of induced pluripotent stem cell-derivatives to recapitulate patient-specific drug responses provides a powerful platform to identify subsets of patients who are particularly vulnerable to drug-induced cardiotoxicity. In this review, we will discuss the current use of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells in identifying populations who are at risk to drug-induced cardiotoxicity and their potential applications in future precision medicine practice. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Keung Lam
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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44
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Hwang SH, Lee S, Park JY, Jeon JS, Cho YJ, Kim S. Potential of Drug Efficacy Evaluation in Lung and Kidney Cancer Models Using Organ-on-a-Chip Technology. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:215. [PMID: 33669950 PMCID: PMC7924856 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) is an exponential technology with the potential to revolutionize disease, toxicology research, and drug discovery. Recent advances in OoC could be utilized for drug screening in disease models to evaluate the efficacy of new therapies and support new tools for the understanding of disease mechanisms. Rigorous validation of this technology is required to determine whether OoC models may represent human-relevant physiology and predict clinical outcomes in target disease models. Achievements in the OoC field could reveal exciting new avenues for drug development and discovery. This review attempts to highlight the benefits of OoC as per our understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways in lung and kidney cancer models, and discusses the challenges in evaluating drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hye Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (Y.-J.C.)
| | - Sangchul Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Jee Yoon Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | | | - Young-Jae Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (Y.-J.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sejoong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (Y.-J.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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45
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Baddal B, Marrazzo P. Refining Host-Pathogen Interactions: Organ-on-Chip Side of the Coin. Pathogens 2021; 10:203. [PMID: 33668558 PMCID: PMC7918822 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioinspired organ-level in vitro platforms that recapitulate human organ physiology and organ-specific responses have emerged as effective technologies for infectious disease research, drug discovery, and personalized medicine. A major challenge in tissue engineering for infectious diseases has been the reconstruction of the dynamic 3D microenvironment reflecting the architectural and functional complexity of the human body in order to more accurately model the initiation and progression of host-microbe interactions. By bridging the gap between in vitro experimental models and human pathophysiology and providing alternatives for animal models, organ-on-chip microfluidic devices have so far been implemented in multiple research areas, contributing to major advances in the field. Given the emergence of the recent pandemic, plug-and-play organ chips may hold the key for tackling an unmet clinical need in the development of effective therapeutic strategies. In this review, latest studies harnessing organ-on-chip platforms to unravel host-pathogen interactions are presented to highlight the prospects for the microfluidic technology in infectious diseases research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Baddal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
| | - Pasquale Marrazzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
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46
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Pant AB. The Implementation of the Three Rs in Regulatory Toxicity and Biosafety Assessment: The Indian Perspective. Altern Lab Anim 2021; 48:234-251. [PMID: 33523713 DOI: 10.1177/0261192920986811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Animal models have long served as a basis for scientific experimentation, biomedical research, drug development and testing, disease modelling and toxicity studies, as they are widely thought to provide meaningful, human-relevant predictions. However, many of these systems are resource intensive and time-consuming, have low predictive value and are associated with great social and ethical dilemmas. Often drugs appear to be effective and safe in these classical animal models, but later prove to be ineffective and/or unsafe in clinical trials. These issues have paved the way for a paradigm shift from the use of in vivo approaches, toward the 'science of alternatives'. This has fuelled several research and regulatory initiatives, including the ban on the testing of cosmetics on animals. The new paradigm has been shifted toward increasing the relevance of the models for human predictivity and translational efficacy, and this has resulted in the recent development of many new methodologies, from 3-D bio-organoids to bioengineered 'human-on-a-chip' models. These improvements have the potential to significantly advance medical research globally. This paper offers a stance on the existing strategies and practices that utilise alternatives to animals, and outlines progress on the incorporation of these models into basic and applied research and education, specifically in India. It also seeks to provide a strategic roadmap to streamline the future directions for the country's policy changes and investments. This strategic roadmap could be a useful resource to guide research institutions, industries, regulatory agencies, contract research organisations and other stakeholders in transitioning toward modern approaches to safety and risk assessment that could replace or reduce the use of animals without compromising the safety of humans or the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya B Pant
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, 538266Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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47
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Guo QR, Zhang LL, Liu JF, Li Z, Li JJ, Zhou WM, Wang H, Li JQ, Liu DY, Yu XY, Zhang JY. Multifunctional microfluidic chip for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanotheranostics 2021; 5:73-89. [PMID: 33391976 PMCID: PMC7738943 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.49614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic chip is not a chip in the traditional sense. It is technologies that control fluids at the micro level. As a burgeoning biochip, microfluidic chips integrate multiple disciplines, including physiology, pathology, cell biology, biophysics, engineering mechanics, mechanical design, materials science, and so on. The application of microfluidic chip has shown tremendous promise in the field of cancer therapy in the past three decades. Various types of cell and tissue cultures, including 2D cell culture, 3D cell culture and tissue organoid culture could be performed on microfluidic chips. Patient-derived cancer cells and tissues can be cultured on microfluidic chips in a visible, controllable, and high-throughput manner, which greatly advances the process of personalized medicine. Moreover, the functionality of microfluidic chip is greatly expanding due to the customizable nature. In this review, we introduce its application in developing cancer preclinical models, detecting cancer biomarkers, screening anti-cancer drugs, exploring tumor heterogeneity and producing nano-drugs. We highlight the functions and recent development of microfluidic chip to provide references for advancing cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Ru Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Ji-Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R.China
| | - Jia-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Wen-Min Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Hui Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics/Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Jing-Quan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, P.R.China
| | - Da-Yu Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Xi-Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Jian-Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R.China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, P.R.China
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Nikolakopoulou P, Rauti R, Voulgaris D, Shlomy I, Maoz BM, Herland A. Recent progress in translational engineered in vitro models of the central nervous system. Brain 2020; 143:3181-3213. [PMID: 33020798 PMCID: PMC7719033 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the human brain poses a substantial challenge for the development of models of the CNS. Current animal models lack many essential human characteristics (in addition to raising operational challenges and ethical concerns), and conventional in vitro models, in turn, are limited in their capacity to provide information regarding many functional and systemic responses. Indeed, these challenges may underlie the notoriously low success rates of CNS drug development efforts. During the past 5 years, there has been a leap in the complexity and functionality of in vitro systems of the CNS, which have the potential to overcome many of the limitations of traditional model systems. The availability of human-derived induced pluripotent stem cell technology has further increased the translational potential of these systems. Yet, the adoption of state-of-the-art in vitro platforms within the CNS research community is limited. This may be attributable to the high costs or the immaturity of the systems. Nevertheless, the costs of fabrication have decreased, and there are tremendous ongoing efforts to improve the quality of cell differentiation. Herein, we aim to raise awareness of the capabilities and accessibility of advanced in vitro CNS technologies. We provide an overview of some of the main recent developments (since 2015) in in vitro CNS models. In particular, we focus on engineered in vitro models based on cell culture systems combined with microfluidic platforms (e.g. 'organ-on-a-chip' systems). We delve into the fundamental principles underlying these systems and review several applications of these platforms for the study of the CNS in health and disease. Our discussion further addresses the challenges that hinder the implementation of advanced in vitro platforms in personalized medicine or in large-scale industrial settings, and outlines the existing differentiation protocols and industrial cell sources. We conclude by providing practical guidelines for laboratories that are considering adopting organ-on-a-chip technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Nikolakopoulou
- AIMES, Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rossana Rauti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dimitrios Voulgaris
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iftach Shlomy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ben M Maoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anna Herland
- AIMES, Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Pandey S, Dvorakova MC. Future Perspective of Diabetic Animal Models. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:25-38. [PMID: 31241444 PMCID: PMC7360914 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190626143832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective The need of today’s research is to develop successful and reliable diabetic animal models for understanding the disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. Enormous success of animal models had already been acclaimed for identifying key genetic and environmental factors like Idd loci and effects of microorganisms including the gut microbiota. Furthermore, animal models had also helped in identifying many therapeutic targets and strategies for immune-intervention. In spite of a quite success, we have acknowledged that many of the discovered immunotherapies are working on animals and did not have a significant impact on human. Number of animal models were developed in the past to accelerate drug discovery pipeline. However, due to poor initial screening and assessment on inequivalent animal models, the percentage of drug candidates who succeeded during clinical trials was very low. Therefore, it is essential to bridge this gap between pre-clinical research and clinical trial by validating the existing animal models for consistency. Results and Conclusion In this review, we have discussed and evaluated the significance of animal models on behalf of published data on PUBMED. Amongst the most popular diabetic animal models, we have selected six animal models (e.g. BioBreeding rat, “LEW IDDM rat”, “Nonobese Diabetic (NOD) mouse”, “STZ RAT”, “LEPR Mouse” and “Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rat” and ranked them as per their published literature on PUBMED. Moreover, the vision and brief imagination for developing an advanced and robust diabetic model of 21st century was discussed with the theme of one mice-one human concept including organs-on-chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Pandey
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena C Dvorakova
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Wang X, Hou Y, Ai X, Sun J, Xu B, Meng X, Zhang Y, Zhang S. Potential applications of microfluidics based blood brain barrier (BBB)-on-chips for in vitro drug development. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110822. [PMID: 33059264 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex multi-dimensional reticular barrier system composed of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes and a variety of neurons. The conventional in vitro cell culture model fails to truly present the dynamic hemodynamics of BBB and the interaction between neurons. And it is even more impossible to explore brain-related multi-organ diseases, which brings huge obstacles to explore diseases of the central nervous system and the interaction between brain-related multi-organs, and evaluate drug efficacy. Miniaturized microfluidics based BBB chips are being commonly used to co-culture a variety of cells on a small-sized chip to construct a three-dimensional (3D) BBB or BBB-related organ disease models. By combining with other electrophysiological, biochemical sensors or equipment and imaging systems, it can in real time and quickly screen disease-related markers and evaluate drug efficacy. This review systematically summarized the research progress of in vitro BBB and BBB-related organ chips, and analyzed the obstacles of BBB models in depth. Parallelly combined with the current research trends and hot spots, we give the further improvement measures of microfluidic BBB chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ya Hou
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ai
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Binjie Xu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Sanyin Zhang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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