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Zhang Z, Yu G, Eresen A, Chen Z, Yu Z, Yaghmai V, Zhang Z. Dendritic cell vaccination combined with irreversible electroporation for treating pancreatic cancer-a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2024; 12:77. [PMID: 39118942 PMCID: PMC11304422 DOI: 10.21037/atm-23-1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objective Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is 3rd most lethal cancer in the USA leading to a median survival of six months and less than 5% 5-year overall survival (OS). As the only potentially curative treatment, surgical resection is not suitable for up to 90% of the patients with PDAC due to late diagnosis. Highly fibrotic PDAC with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment restricts cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) infiltration and functions causing limited success with systemic therapies like dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy. In this study, we investigated the potential benefits of irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation therapy in combination with DC vaccine therapy against PDAC. Methods We performed a literature search to identify studies focused on DC vaccine therapy and IRE ablation to boost therapeutic response against PDAC indexed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus until February 20th, 2023. Key Content and Findings IRE ablation destructs tumor structure while preserving extracellular matrix and blood vessels facilitating local inflammation. The studies demonstrated IRE ablation reduces tumor fibrosis and promotes CTL tumor infiltration to PDAC tumors in addition to boosting immune response in rodent models. The administration of the DC vaccine following IRE ablation synergistically enhances therapeutic response and extends OS rates compared to the use of DC vaccination or IRE alone. Moreover, the implementation of data-driven approaches further allows dynamic and longitudinal monitoring of therapeutic response and OS following IRE plus DC vaccine immunoablation. Conclusions The combination of IRE ablation and DC vaccine immunotherapy is a potent strategy to enhance the therapeutic outcomes in patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigeng Zhang
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Guangbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Aydin Eresen
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zhilin Chen
- Department of Human Biology and Business Administration, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zeyang Yu
- Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vahid Yaghmai
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zhuoli Zhang
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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2
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Yu G, Zhang Z, Eresen A, Hou Q, Garcia EE, Yu Z, Abi-Jaoudeh N, Yaghmai V, Zhang Z. MRI radiomics to monitor therapeutic outcome of sorafenib plus IHA transcatheter NK cell combination therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med 2024; 22:76. [PMID: 38243292 PMCID: PMC10797785 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04873-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common liver malignancy with limited treatment options. Previous studies expressed the potential synergy of sorafenib and NK cell immunotherapy as a promising approach against HCC. MRI is commonly used to assess response of HCC to therapy. However, traditional MRI-based metrics for treatment efficacy are inadequate for capturing complex changes in the tumor microenvironment, especially with immunotherapy. In this study, we investigated potent MRI radiomics analysis to non-invasively assess early responses to combined sorafenib and NK cell therapy in a HCC rat model, aiming to predict multiple treatment outcomes and optimize HCC treatment evaluations. METHODS Sprague Dawley (SD) rats underwent tumor implantation with the N1-S1 cell line. Tumor progression and treatment efficacy were assessed using MRI following NK cell immunotherapy and sorafenib administration. Radiomics features were extracted, processed, and selected from both T1w and T2w MRI images. The quantitative models were developed to predict treatment outcomes and their performances were evaluated with area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve. Additionally, multivariable linear regression models were constructed to determine the correlation between MRI radiomics and histology, aiming for a noninvasive evaluation of tumor biomarkers. These models were evaluated using root-mean-squared-error (RMSE) and the Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS A total of 743 radiomics features were extracted from T1w and T2w MRI data separately. Subsequently, a feature selection process was conducted to identify a subset of five features for modeling. For therapeutic prediction, four classification models were developed. Support vector machine (SVM) model, utilizing combined T1w + T2w MRI data, achieved 96% accuracy and an AUROC of 1.00 in differentiating the control and treatment groups. For multi-class treatment outcome prediction, Linear regression model attained 85% accuracy and an AUC of 0.93. Histological analysis showed that combination therapy of NK cell and sorafenib had the lowest tumor cell viability and the highest NK cell activity. Correlation analyses between MRI features and histological biomarkers indicated robust relationships (r = 0.94). CONCLUSIONS Our study underscored the significant potential of texture-based MRI imaging features in the early assessment of multiple HCC treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zigeng Zhang
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 839 Health Sciences Rd., Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - Aydin Eresen
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 839 Health Sciences Rd., Irvine, CA, 92617, USA.
| | - Qiaoming Hou
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 839 Health Sciences Rd., Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | | | - Zeyang Yu
- Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nadine Abi-Jaoudeh
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 839 Health Sciences Rd., Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Vahid Yaghmai
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 839 Health Sciences Rd., Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zhuoli Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 839 Health Sciences Rd., Irvine, CA, 92617, USA.
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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3
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Yin L, Xu A, Zhao Y, Gu J. Bioanalytical Assays for Pharmacokinetic and Biodistribution Study of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1324-1331. [PMID: 37290939 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are produced by the chemical linkage of cytotoxic agents and monoclonal antibodies. The complexity and heterogeneity of ADCs and the low concentration of cytotoxic agent released in vivo poses big challenges to their bioanalysis. Understanding the pharmacokinetic behavior, exposure-safety, and exposure-efficacy relationships of ADCs is needed for their successful development. Accurate analytical methods are required to evaluate intact ADCs, total antibody, released small molecule cytotoxins, and related metabolites. The selection of appropriate bioanalysis methods for comprehensive analysis of ADCs is mainly dependent on the properties of cytotoxic agents, the chemical linker, and the attachment sites. The quality of the information about the whole pharmacokinetic profile of ADCs has been improved due to the development and improvement of analytical strategies for detection of ADCs, such as ligand-binding assays and mass spectrometry-related techniques. In this article, we will focus on the bioanalytical assays that have been used in the pharmacokinetic study of ADCs and discuss their advantages, current limitations, and potential challenges. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This article describes bioanalysis methods which have been used in pharmacokinetic study of ADCs and discusses the advantages, disadvantages and potential challenges of these assays. This review is useful and helpful and will provide insights and reference for bioanalysis and development of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China (L.Y., A.X., Y.Z., J.G.) and School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, PR China (L.Y.)
| | - Aiyun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China (L.Y., A.X., Y.Z., J.G.) and School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, PR China (L.Y.)
| | - Yumeng Zhao
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China (L.Y., A.X., Y.Z., J.G.) and School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, PR China (L.Y.)
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China (L.Y., A.X., Y.Z., J.G.) and School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, PR China (L.Y.)
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4
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Ramesh A, Deshpande N, Malik V, Nguyen A, Malhotra M, Debnath M, Brouillard A, Kulkarni A. Activatable Nanoreporters for Real-Time Tracking of Macrophage Phenotypic States Associated with Disease Progression. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300978. [PMID: 37317008 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of inflammatory diseases is characterized by identifying symptoms, biomarkers, and imaging. However, conventional techniques lack the sensitivities and specificities to detect disease early. Here, it is demonstrated that the detection of macrophage phenotypes, from inflammatory M1 to alternatively activated M2 macrophages, corresponding to the disease state can be used to predict the prognosis of various diseases. Activatable nanoreporters that can longitudinally detect the presence of the enzyme Arginase 1, a hallmark of M2 macrophages, and nitric oxide, a hallmark of M1 macrophages are engineered, in real-time. Specifically, an M2 nanoreporter enables the early imaging of the progression of breast cancer as predicted by selectively detecting M2 macrophages in tumors. The M1 nanoreporter enables real-time imaging of the subcutaneous inflammatory response that rises from a local lipopolysccharide (LPS) administration. Finally, the M1-M2 dual nanoreporter is evaluated in a muscle injury model, where an initial inflammatory response is monitored by imaging M1 macrophages at the site of inflammation, followed by a resolution phase monitored by the imaging of infiltrated M2 macrophages involved in matrix regeneration and wound healing. It is anticipated that this set of macrophage nanoreporters may be utilized for early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of inflammatory responses in various disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anujan Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Nilesh Deshpande
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Vaishali Malik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Anh Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Mehak Malhotra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Maharshi Debnath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Anthony Brouillard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ashish Kulkarni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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5
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Maxouri O, Bodalal Z, Daal M, Rostami S, Rodriguez I, Akkari L, Srinivas M, Bernards R, Beets-Tan R. How to 19F MRI: applications, technique, and getting started. BJR Open 2023; 5:20230019. [PMID: 37953866 PMCID: PMC10636348 DOI: 10.1259/bjro.20230019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a significant role in the routine imaging workflow, providing both anatomical and functional information. 19F MRI is an evolving imaging modality where instead of 1H, 19F nuclei are excited. As the signal from endogenous 19F in the body is negligible, exogenous 19F signals obtained by 19F radiofrequency coils are exceptionally specific. Highly fluorinated agents targeting particular biological processes (i.e., the presence of immune cells) have been visualised using 19F MRI, highlighting its potential for non-invasive and longitudinal molecular imaging. This article aims to provide both a broad overview of the various applications of 19F MRI, with cancer imaging as a focus, as well as a practical guide to 19F imaging. We will discuss the essential elements of a 19F system and address common pitfalls during acquisition. Last but not least, we will highlight future perspectives that will enhance the role of this modality. While not an exhaustive exploration of all 19F literature, we endeavour to encapsulate the broad themes of the field and introduce the world of 19F molecular imaging to newcomers. 19F MRI bridges several domains, imaging, physics, chemistry, and biology, necessitating multidisciplinary teams to be able to harness this technology effectively. As further technical developments allow for greater sensitivity, we envision that 19F MRI can help unlock insight into biological processes non-invasively and longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Leila Akkari
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Radaram B, Glazer SE, Yang P, Li CW, Hung MC, Gammon ST, Alauddin M, Piwnica-Worms D. Evaluation of 89Zr-Labeled Anti-PD-L1 Monoclonal Antibodies Using DFO and Novel HOPO Analogues as Chelating Agents for Immuno-PET. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17181-17194. [PMID: 37214681 PMCID: PMC10193402 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a type 1 transmembrane immunosuppressive protein that is expressed on a wide range of cell types, including cancer cells. Anti-PD-L1 antibodies have revolutionized cancer therapy and have led to improved outcomes for subsets of cancer patients, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. As a result, PET imaging of PD-L1 protein expression in cancer patients has been explored for noninvasive detection of PD-L1 expressing tumors as well as monitoring response to anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint therapy. Previous studies have indicated that the in vivo stability and in vivo target detection of antibody-based radio-conjugates can be dramatically affected by the chelator used. These reports demonstrated that the chelator HOPO diminishes 89Zr de-chelation compared to DFO. Herein, we report an improved HOPO synthesis and evaluated a series of novel analogues for thermal stability, serum stability, PD-L1-specific binding using the BT-549 TNBC cell line, PET imaging in vivo, as well as biodistribution of 89Zr-labeled anti-PD-L1 antibodies in BT-549 xenograft murine models. A new chelator, C5HOPO, demonstrated high stability in vitro and afforded effective PD-L1 targeting in vivovia immuno-PET. These results demonstrated that an improved HOPO chelator is an effective chelating agent that can be utilized to image therapeutically relevant targets in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhasker Radaram
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Molecular & Cellular
Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Sarah E. Glazer
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Molecular & Cellular
Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Ping Yang
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Molecular & Cellular
Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Chia-Wei Li
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Molecular & Cellular
Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Molecular & Cellular
Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Seth T. Gammon
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Molecular & Cellular
Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Mian Alauddin
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Molecular & Cellular
Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Molecular & Cellular
Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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7
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Sharma G, Enriquez JS, Armijo R, Wang M, Bhattacharya P, Pudakalakatti S. Enhancing Cancer Diagnosis with Real-Time Feedback: Tumor Metabolism through Hyperpolarized 1- 13C Pyruvate MRSI. Metabolites 2023; 13:606. [PMID: 37233647 PMCID: PMC10224418 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article discusses the potential of hyperpolarized (HP) 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) as a noninvasive technique for identifying altered metabolism in various cancer types. Hyperpolarization significantly improves the signal-to-noise ratio for the identification of 13C-labeled metabolites, enabling dynamic and real-time imaging of the conversion of [1-13C] pyruvate to [1-13C] lactate and/or [1-13C] alanine. The technique has shown promise in identifying upregulated glycolysis in most cancers, as compared to normal cells, and detecting successful treatment responses at an earlier stage than multiparametric MRI in breast and prostate cancer patients. The review provides a concise overview of the applications of HP [1-13C] pyruvate MRSI in various cancer systems, highlighting its potential for use in preclinical and clinical investigations, precision medicine, and long-term studies of therapeutic response. The article also discusses emerging frontiers in the field, such as combining multiple metabolic imaging techniques with HP MRSI for a more comprehensive view of cancer metabolism, and leveraging artificial intelligence to develop real-time, actionable biomarkers for early detection, assessing aggressiveness, and interrogating the early efficacy of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - José S. Enriquez
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 75390, USA; (J.S.E.); (R.A.); (M.W.); (P.B.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ryan Armijo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 75390, USA; (J.S.E.); (R.A.); (M.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Muxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 75390, USA; (J.S.E.); (R.A.); (M.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Pratip Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 75390, USA; (J.S.E.); (R.A.); (M.W.); (P.B.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shivanand Pudakalakatti
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 75390, USA; (J.S.E.); (R.A.); (M.W.); (P.B.)
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8
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Santana JG, Petukhova-Greenstein A, Gross M, Hyder F, Pekurovsky V, Gottwald LA, Boustani A, Walsh JJ, Kucukkaya AS, Malpani R, Madoff DC, Goldberg SN, Ahmed M, Joshi N, Coman D, Chapiro J. MR Imaging-Based In Vivo Macrophage Imaging to Monitor Immune Response after Radiofrequency Ablation of the Liver. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2023; 34:395-403.e5. [PMID: 36423815 PMCID: PMC11042914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish molecular magnetic resonance (MR) imaging instruments for in vivo characterization of the immune response to hepatic radiofrequency (RF) ablation using cell-specific immunoprobes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-two C57BL/6 wild-type mice underwent standardized hepatic RF ablation (70 °C for 5 minutes) to generate a coagulation area measuring 6-7 mm in diameter. CD68+ macrophage periablational infiltration was characterized with immunohistochemistry 24 hours, 72 hours, 7 days, and 14 days after ablation (n = 24). Twenty-one mice were subjected to a dose-escalation study with either 10, 15, 30, or 60 mg/kg of rhodamine-labeled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) or 2.4, 1.2, or 0.6 mg/kg of gadolinium-160 (160Gd)-labeled CD68 antibody for assessment of the optimal in vivo dose of contrast agent. MR imaging experiments included 9 mice, each receiving 10-mg/kg SPIONs to visualize phagocytes using T2∗-weighted imaging in a horizontal-bore 9.4-T MR imaging scanner, 160Gd-CD68 for T1-weighted MR imaging of macrophages, or 0.1-mmol/kg intravenous gadoterate (control group). Radiological-pathological correlation included Prussian blue staining, rhodamine immunofluorescence, imaging mass cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS RF ablation-induced periablational infiltration (206.92 μm ± 12.2) of CD68+ macrophages peaked at 7 days after ablation (P < .01) compared with the untreated lobe. T2∗-weighted MR imaging with SPION contrast demonstrated curvilinear T2∗ signal in the transitional zone (TZ) (186 μm ± 16.9), corresponsing to Iron Prussian blue staining. T1-weighted MR imaging with 160Gd-CD68 antibody showed curvilinear signal in the TZ (164 μm ± 3.6) corresponding to imaging mass cytometry. CONCLUSIONS Both SPION-enhanced T2∗-weighted and 160Gd-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging allow for in vivo monitoring of macrophages after RF ablation, demonstrating the feasibility of this model to investigate local immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Santana
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alexandra Petukhova-Greenstein
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Gross
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Vasily Pekurovsky
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Luzie A Gottwald
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annemarie Boustani
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John J Walsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ahmet S Kucukkaya
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rohil Malpani
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David C Madoff
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - S Nahum Goldberg
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Radiology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Muneeb Ahmed
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nikhil Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Daniel Coman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Julius Chapiro
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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9
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The Role of Molecular Imaging in Personalized Medicine. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020369. [PMID: 36836603 PMCID: PMC9959741 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of personalized medicine refers to the tailoring of medical treatment to each patient's unique characteristics. Scientific advancements have led to a better understanding of how a person's unique molecular and genetic profile makes them susceptible to certain diseases. It provides individualized medical treatments that will be safe and effective for each patient. Molecular imaging modalities play an essential role in this aspect. They are used widely in screening, detection and diagnosis, treatment, assessing disease heterogeneity and progression planning, molecular characteristics, and long-term follow-up. In contrast to conventional imaging approaches, molecular imaging techniques approach images as the knowledge that can be processed, allowing for the collection of relevant knowledge in addition to the evaluation of enormous patient groups. This review presents the fundamental role of molecular imaging modalities in personalized medicine.
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Multimodality Treatment with Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy in Older Adults: Rationale, Evolving Data, and Current Recommendations. Semin Radiat Oncol 2022; 32:142-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Leung D, Bonacorsi S, Smith RA, Weber W, Hayes W. Molecular Imaging and the PD-L1 Pathway: From Bench to Clinic. Front Oncol 2021; 11:698425. [PMID: 34497758 PMCID: PMC8420047 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.698425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors target the important molecular interplay between PD-1 and PD-L1, a key pathway contributing to immune evasion in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Long-term clinical benefit has been observed in patients receiving PD-(L)1 inhibitors, alone and in combination with other treatments, across multiple tumor types. PD-L1 expression has been associated with response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, and treatment strategies are often guided by immunohistochemistry-based diagnostic tests assessing expression of PD-L1. However, challenges related to the implementation, interpretation, and clinical utility of PD-L1 diagnostic tests have led to an increasing number of preclinical and clinical studies exploring interrogation of the TME by real-time imaging of PD-(L)1 expression by positron emission tomography (PET). PET imaging utilizes radiolabeled molecules to non-invasively assess PD-(L)1 expression spatially and temporally. Several PD-(L)1 PET tracers have been tested in preclinical and clinical studies, with clinical trials in progress to assess their use in a number of cancer types. This review will showcase the development of PD-(L)1 PET tracers from preclinical studies through to clinical use, and will explore the opportunities in drug development and possible future clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Leung
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Samuel Bonacorsi
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Ralph Adam Smith
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Wolfgang Weber
- Technische Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wendy Hayes
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
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Sellmyer MA, Lee IK, Mankoff DA. Building the Bridge: Molecular Imaging Biomarkers for 21 st Century Cancer Therapies. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:jnumed.121.262484. [PMID: 34446450 PMCID: PMC8612205 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine, where the molecular underpinnings of the disease are assessed for tailored therapies, has greatly impacted cancer care. In parallel, a new pillar of therapeutics has emerged with profound success, including immunotherapies such as checkpoint inhibitors and cell-based therapies. Nonetheless, it remains essential to develop paradigms to predict and monitor for therapeutic response. Molecular imaging has the potential to add substantially to all phases of cancer patient care: predicative, companion diagnostics can illuminate therapeutic target density within a tumor, and pharmacodynamic imaging biomarkers can complement traditional modalities to judge a favorable treatment response. This "Focus on Molecular Imaging" article discusses the current role of molecular imaging in oncology and highlights an additional step in clinical paradigm termed a "therapeutic biomarker," which serves to assess whether next generation drugs reach their target to elicit a favorable clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Sellmyer
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Iris K. Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David A. Mankoff
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Monitoring CD8a + T Cell Responses to Radiotherapy and CTLA-4 Blockade Using [ 64Cu]NOTA-CD8a PET Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:1021-1030. [PMID: 32086762 PMCID: PMC7343759 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Current response assessment systems for cancer patients receiving immunotherapy are limited. This is due to the associated inflammatory response that may confound the conventional morphological response evaluation criteria in solid tumors and metabolic positron emission tomography (PET) response criteria in solid. Recently, novel PET imaging techniques using radiolabeled antibodies and fragments have emerged as a particularly sensitive and specific modality for quantitative tracking of immune cell dynamics. Therefore, we sought to investigate the utility of Cu-64 labeled F(ab)′2 fragments for in vivo detection of CD8a+ T cells as a prognostic imaging biomarker of response to immunotherapy in an immunocompetent mouse model of colorectal cancer. Procedures [64Cu]NOTA-CD8a was produced by enzymatic digestion of rat-anti-mouse CD8a antibody (clone YTS169.4), purified yielding isolated CD8a-F(ab)′2 fragments and randomly conjugated with the 2-S-(isothiocyanatbenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (p-SCN-Bn-NOTA) chelator. NOTA-CD8a was radiolabeled with Cu-64 and injected into CT26 tumor-bearing mice for longitudinal assessment. To investigate the value of [64Cu]NOTA-CD8a PET imaging for assessment of treatment response, CT26 tumor-bearing mice were subjected to external radiation therapy (XRT) in combination with anti-CTLA-4 therapy. Imaging data was supported by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results Combination treatment with XRT and anti-CTLA-4 effectively inhibited tumor growth until day 22 post-therapy initiation (p = 0.0025) and increased the overall survival of mice compared to control (p = 0.0017). The [64Cu]NOTA-CD8a tumor-to-heart ratio was increased in XRT + anti-CTLA-4-treated mice on day 8 after initiation of therapy (p = 0.0246). Flow cytometry and IHC confirmed the increase in tumor-infiltrating CD8a+ cells in XRT + anti-CTLA-4-treated mice. Furthermore, [64Cu]NOTA-CD8a PET imaging distinguished responders and non-responders prior to treatment-induced changes in tumor volume among mice. Conclusion In the present study, we demonstrated that [64Cu]NOTA-CD8a was able to detect treatment-induced changes in CD8a+ infiltration in murine CT26 colon tumors following a common preclinical combination treatment protocol. Overall, [64Cu]NOTA-CD8a exhibited good prognostic and predictive value. We suggest that [64Cu]NOTA-CD8a PET imaging can be used as an early biomarker of response to therapy in preclinical models.
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Kelly MP, Makonnen S, Hickey C, Arnold TC, Giurleo JT, Tavaré R, Danton M, Granados C, Chatterjee I, Dudgeon D, Retter MW, Ma D, Olson WC, Thurston G, Kirshner JR. Preclinical PET imaging with the novel human antibody 89Zr-DFO-REGN3504 sensitively detects PD-L1 expression in tumors and normal tissues. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002025. [PMID: 33483343 PMCID: PMC7831708 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blocking antibodies including cemiplimab have generated profound clinical activity across diverse cancer types. Tumorous PD-L1 expression, as assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), is an accepted predictive marker of response to therapy in some cancers. However, expression is often dynamic and heterogeneous, and therefore not reliably captured by IHC from tumor biopsies or archival samples. Thus, there is significant need for accurate whole-body quantification of PD-L1 levels. Methods We radiolabeled the novel human anti-PD-L1 antibody REGN3504 with zirconium-89 (89Zr) using the chelator p-SCN-Bn-Deferoxamine to enable non-invasive immuno-positron emission tomography (immuno-PET) of PD-L1 expression. PET imaging assessed the localization of 89Zr-REGN3504 to multiple human tumor xenografts. Mice genetically humanized for PD-1 and PD-L1 were used to assess the biodistribution of 89Zr-REGN3504 to normal tissues and the estimated human radiation dosimetry of 89Zr-REGN3504 was also determined. Pharmacokinetics of REGN3504 was assessed in monkeys. Results Clear localization of 89Zr-REGN3504 to human tumor xenografts was observed via PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution studies demonstrated high (fourfold to sixfold) tumor:blood ratios. 89Zr-REGN3504 specifically localized to spleen and lymph nodes in the PD-1/PD-L1 humanized mice. 89Zr-REGN3504 immuno-PET accurately detected a significant reduction in splenic PD-L1 positive cells following systemic treatment with clodronate liposomes. Radiation dosimetry suggested absorbed doses would be within guidelines for other 89Zr radiolabeled, clinically used antibodies. Pharmacokinetics of REGN3504 was linear. Conclusion This work supports the clinical translation of 89Zr-REGN3504 immuno-PET for the assessment of PD-L1 expression. Future clinical studies will aim to investigate the utility of 89Zr-REGN3504 immuno-PET for predicting and monitoring response to anti-PD-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Hickey
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - T Cody Arnold
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Drew Dudgeon
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Marc W Retter
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Dangshe Ma
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
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15
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Kim W, Yoon HY, Lim S, Stayton PS, Kim IS, Kim K, Kwon IC. In vivo tracking of bioorthogonally labeled T-cells for predicting therapeutic efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapy. J Control Release 2020; 329:223-236. [PMID: 33290794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive tracking of T-cells may help to predict the patient responsiveness and therapeutic outcome. Herein, we developed bioorthogonal T-cell labeling and tracking strategy using bioorthogonal click chemistry. First, ovalbumin (OVA) antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) were incubated with N-azidoacetyl-D-mannosamine-tetraacylated (Ac4ManNAz) for incorporating azide (N3) groups on the surface of CTLs via metabolic glycoengineering. Subsequently, azide groups on the CTLs were chemically labeled with near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) dye, Cy5.5, conjugated dibenzylcyclooctyne (DBCO-Cy5.5) via bioorthogonal click chemistry, resulting in Cy5.5-labeled CTLs (Cy5.5-CTLs). The labeling efficiency of Cy5.5-CTLs could be readily controlled by changing concentrations of Ac4ManNAz and DBCO-Cy5.5 in cultured cells. Importantly, Cy5.5-CTLs presented the strong NIRF signals in vitro and they showed no significant changes in the functional properties, such as cell viability, proliferation, and antigen-specific cytolytic activity. In ovalbumin (OVA)-expressing E.G-7 tumor-bearing immune-deficient mice, intravenously injected Cy5.5-CTLs were clearly observed at targeted solid tumors via non-invasive NIRF imaging. Moreover, tumor growth inhibition of E.G-7 tumors was closely correlated with the intensity of NIRF signals from Cy5.5-CTLs at tumors after 2-3 days post-injection. The Cy5.5-CTLs showed different therapeutic responses in E.G-7 tumor-bearing immune-competent mice, in which they were divided by their tumor growth efficacy as 'high therapeutic response (TR (+))' and 'low therapeutic response (TR (-))'. These different therapeutic responses of Cy5.5-CTLs were highly correlated with the NIRF signals of Cy5.5-CTLs at targeted tumor tissues in the early stage. Therefore, non-invasive tracking of T-cells can be able to predict and elicit therapeutic responses in the adoptive T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojun Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Yeol Yoon
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungho Lim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Patrick S Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - In-San Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; KIST-DFCI On-Site-Lab, Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America.
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Woodham AW, Zeigler SH, Zeyang EL, Kolifrath SC, Cheloha RW, Rashidian M, Chaparro RJ, Seidel RD, Garforth SJ, Dearling JL, Mesyngier M, Duddempudi PK, Packard AB, Almo SC, Ploegh HL. In vivo detection of antigen-specific CD8 + T cells by immuno-positron emission tomography. Nat Methods 2020; 17:1025-1032. [PMID: 32929269 PMCID: PMC7541633 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-0934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The immune system's ability to recognize peptides on major histocompatibility molecules contributes to the eradication of cancers and pathogens. Tracking these responses in vivo could help evaluate the efficacy of immune interventions and improve mechanistic understanding of immune responses. For this purpose, we employ synTacs, which are dimeric major histocompatibility molecule scaffolds of defined composition. SynTacs, when labeled with positron-emitting isotopes, can noninvasively image antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in vivo. Using radiolabeled synTacs loaded with the appropriate peptides, we imaged human papillomavirus-specific CD8+ T cells by positron emission tomography in mice bearing human papillomavirus-positive tumors, as well as influenza A virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the lungs of influenza A virus-infected mice. It is thus possible to visualize antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell populations in vivo, which may serve prognostic and diagnostic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Woodham
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stad H Zeigler
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ella L Zeyang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen C Kolifrath
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ross W Cheloha
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Scott J Garforth
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jason L Dearling
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maia Mesyngier
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Alan B Packard
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Won SE, Park HJ, Byun S, Pyo J, Kim JH, Choi CM, Lee JC, Lee DH, Kim SW, Yoon S, Kim KW. Impact of pseudoprogression and treatment beyond progression on outcome in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1776058. [PMID: 32923136 PMCID: PMC7458612 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1776058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have become an important treatment option for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to evaluate the clinical impact of pseudoprogression (PsP) and treatment beyond RECIST1.1-defined progressive disease (TBP) on outcome in NSCLC patients treated with ICI. Methods NSCLC patients treated with ICI between Mar 2016 and July 2018 were recruited in a consecutive manner. Response was assessed every 8–12 weeks using RECIST1.1 and iRECIST. Based on iRECIST, PsP was defined as progressive disease (PD) on RECIST1.1 subsequently reset to non-PD categories. Using log-rank test, progression-free survival (PFS) was compared between patients with and without PsP, and overall survival (OS) was compared between patients treated with and without TBP. The impact of TBP on OS was evaluated through multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. Results Of the 189 patients, seven (3.7%) experienced PsP which mostly occurred approximately 3 months after baseline. The median PFS was significantly longer in patients with PsP (not reached) than those without PsP (3.8 months, P = .02). Among patients who demonstrated PD according to RECIST1.1, median OS was significantly longer in patients with TBP (17.2 months) than those without TBP (7.4 months, P < .001). On multivariate analysis adjusting other covariates, TBP (HR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2–0.7) remained as a significant protective factor for mortality. Conclusion PsP occurred in 3.7% of NSCLC patients under ICI treatment. Based on iRECIST scheme, PsP and TBP may be associated with survival benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Won
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Image Metrics, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Park
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Image Metrics, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangil Byun
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Image Metrics, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhee Pyo
- WHO Collaborating Center for Pharmaceutical Policy and Regulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jwa Hoon Kim
- Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Min Choi
- Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Cheol Lee
- Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ho Lee
- Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-We Kim
- Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinkyo Yoon
- Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Image Metrics, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Li M, Ehlerding EB, Jiang D, Barnhart TE, Chen W, Cao T, Engle JW, Cai W. In vivo characterization of PD-L1 expression in breast cancer by immuno-PET with 89Zr-labeled avelumab. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:1862-1872. [PMID: 32509182 PMCID: PMC7270013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death protein 1 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) have been widely studied as one of the most critical immune check-point pairs in the cancer microenvironment. In breast cancer (BrCa), the expression of PD-L1 is regarded as a determinant biomarker for patient stratification and prediction of inhibition response. Quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of PD-L1 expression in tumors using a therapeutic antibody in the clinic seems to be a promising approach that can complement conventional histopathological methods and overcome several issues, such as the tumor heterogeneities, sampling representativeness and clear differentiation of positive and negative results. In this study, we synthesized and evaluated 89Zr-labeled avelumab (Ave) for the in vivo characterization of PD-L1 expression in BrCa. Confocal imaging of BrCa cells and flow cytometry were employed to evaluate PD-L1 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. The intact human monoclonal antibody targeting PD-L1, i.e., Ave, was conjugated to p-SCN-Deferoxamine (Df) and labeled with 89Zr. After intravenous injection of 89Zr-Df-avelumab (89Zr-Df-Ave), PET imaging of MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing mice, with or without blocking, was performed. High PD-L1 expression of MDA-MB-231 cells was confirmed by in vitro immuno-fluorescent staining and flow cytometry. PET imaging indicated the peak uptake of 89Zr-Df-Ave in the tumor (6.4±1.0 %ID/g), spleen (10.2±0.7 %ID/g) and lymph nodes (6.9±1.0 %ID/g) at 48 h after injection (n=4). Blocking study using unlabeled Ave could reduce the tracer uptake in these tissues (5.2±1.0 %ID/g in the tumor, 4.9±0.5 %ID/g in the spleen and 5.8±1.1 %ID/g in lymph nodes at 48 h, n=4), which demonstrated the specificity of 89Zr-Df-Ave. Biodistribution study and immuno-fluorescent staining were consistent with the quantitative data from PET imaging. Herein, we offer the evidence supporting the value of immuno-PET imaging using 89Zr-Df-Ave for non-invasive characterization of PD-L1 expression in BrCa and the applicability of this tracer in BrCa for treatment evaluation after immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University277 West Yanta Road, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison1111 Highland Avenue, Madison 53705, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Emily B Ehlerding
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison1111 Highland Avenue, Madison 53705, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison1111 Highland Avenue, Madison 53705, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison1111 Highland Avenue, Madison 53705, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Weiyu Chen
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison1111 Highland Avenue, Madison 53705, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Tianye Cao
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison1111 Highland Avenue, Madison 53705, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison1111 Highland Avenue, Madison 53705, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison1111 Highland Avenue, Madison 53705, Wisconsin, United States
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Oliveira FA, Nucci MP, Filgueiras IS, Ferreira JM, Nucci LP, Mamani JB, Alvieri F, Souza LEB, Rego GNA, Kondo AT, Hamerschlak N, Gamarra LF. Noninvasive Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem Cells in a Bone Marrow Transplant Model. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040939. [PMID: 32290257 PMCID: PMC7226958 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hematopoietic stem cell engraftment depends on adequate cell numbers, their homing, and the subsequent short and long-term engraftment of these cells in the niche. We performed a systematic review of the methods employed to track hematopoietic reconstitution using molecular imaging. We searched articles indexed, published prior to January 2020, in PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus with the following keyword sequences: (Hematopoietic Stem Cell OR Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell) AND (Tracking OR Homing) AND (Transplantation). Of 2191 articles identified, only 21 articles were included in this review, after screening and eligibility assessment. The cell source was in the majority of bone marrow from mice (43%), followed by the umbilical cord from humans (33%). The labeling agent had the follow distribution between the selected studies: 14% nanoparticle, 29% radioisotope, 19% fluorophore, 19% luciferase, and 19% animal transgenic. The type of graft used in the studies was 57% allogeneic, 38% xenogeneic, and 5% autologous, being the HSC receptor: 57% mice, 9% rat, 19% fish, 5% for dog, porcine and salamander. The imaging technique used in the HSC tracking had the following distribution between studies: Positron emission tomography/single-photon emission computed tomography 29%, bioluminescence 33%, fluorescence 19%, magnetic resonance imaging 14%, and near-infrared fluorescence imaging 5%. The efficiency of the graft was evaluated in 61% of the selected studies, and before one month of implantation, the cell renewal was very low (less than 20%), but after three months, the efficiency was more than 50%, mainly in the allogeneic graft. In conclusion, our review showed an increase in using noninvasive imaging techniques in HSC tracking using the bone marrow transplant model. However, successful transplantation depends on the formation of engraftment, and the functionality of cells after the graft, aspects that are poorly explored and that have high relevance for clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A. Oliveira
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (F.A.O.); (I.S.F.); (J.M.F.); (J.B.M.); (F.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (A.T.K.); (N.H.)
| | - Mariana P. Nucci
- LIM44—Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil;
| | - Igor S. Filgueiras
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (F.A.O.); (I.S.F.); (J.M.F.); (J.B.M.); (F.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (A.T.K.); (N.H.)
| | - João M. Ferreira
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (F.A.O.); (I.S.F.); (J.M.F.); (J.B.M.); (F.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (A.T.K.); (N.H.)
| | - Leopoldo P. Nucci
- Centro Universitário do Planalto Central, Brasília DF 72445-020, Brazil;
| | - Javier B. Mamani
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (F.A.O.); (I.S.F.); (J.M.F.); (J.B.M.); (F.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (A.T.K.); (N.H.)
| | - Fernando Alvieri
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (F.A.O.); (I.S.F.); (J.M.F.); (J.B.M.); (F.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (A.T.K.); (N.H.)
| | - Lucas E. B. Souza
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto SP 14049-900, Brazil;
| | - Gabriel N. A. Rego
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (F.A.O.); (I.S.F.); (J.M.F.); (J.B.M.); (F.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (A.T.K.); (N.H.)
| | - Andrea T. Kondo
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (F.A.O.); (I.S.F.); (J.M.F.); (J.B.M.); (F.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (A.T.K.); (N.H.)
| | - Nelson Hamerschlak
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (F.A.O.); (I.S.F.); (J.M.F.); (J.B.M.); (F.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (A.T.K.); (N.H.)
| | - Lionel F. Gamarra
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (F.A.O.); (I.S.F.); (J.M.F.); (J.B.M.); (F.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (A.T.K.); (N.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-2151-0243
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Abstract
Immunotherapy has changed the treatment landscape for many cancers; however, not all patients treated have a favorable response and others can develop immune-related adverse events. A method to predict the treatment response to immunotherapeutic agents could allow for improved selection of patients more likely to benefit from treatment while sparing those who would suffer serious complications. While this has been an active area of research and has resulted in significant insights, current proposed mechanisms do not fully explain responses to therapy. One problem is that our understanding relies mostly on tumor biopsy samples that do not account for the complex spatiotemporal heterogeneity of cancers and their microenvironment. Radiolabeled probes targeting immune biomarkers and imaged using positron emission tomography with computed tomography could provide in vivo, real-time and non-invasive imaging of these biomarkers. Here we review the current field of functional nuclear imaging agents in immuno-oncology including antibodies and small molecule tracers to image PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, T-cell markers and other targets being studied for potential therapies. Treatment response of cancers to immunotherapy is difficult to predict. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging may help predict treatment response. PET to evaluate immunotherapeutic targets or markers of immune activation shows promise. Antibodies and small molecules used for PET have different imaging characteristics. More studies are needed to better interpret and validate PET scans for this purpose.
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21
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Andersson R, Pereira CF, Bauden M, Ansari D. Is immunotherapy the holy grail for pancreatic cancer? Immunotherapy 2019; 11:1435-1438. [PMID: 31747808 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Andersson
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University & Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carlos-Filipe Pereira
- Molecular Medicine & Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Monika Bauden
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University & Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ansari
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University & Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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22
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Kasten BB, Udayakumar N, Leavenworth JW, Wu AM, Lapi SE, McConathy JE, Sorace AG, Bag AK, Markert JM, Warram JM. Current and Future Imaging Methods for Evaluating Response to Immunotherapy in Neuro-Oncology. Theranostics 2019; 9:5085-5104. [PMID: 31410203 PMCID: PMC6691392 DOI: 10.7150/thno.34415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging plays a central role in evaluating responses to therapy in neuro-oncology patients. The advancing clinical use of immunotherapies has demonstrated that treatment-related inflammatory responses mimic tumor growth via conventional imaging, thus spurring the development of new imaging approaches to adequately distinguish between pseudoprogression and progressive disease. To this end, an increasing number of advanced imaging techniques are being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies. These novel molecular imaging approaches will serve to complement conventional response assessments during immunotherapy. The goal of these techniques is to provide definitive metrics of tumor response at earlier time points to inform treatment decisions, which has the potential to improve patient outcomes. This review summarizes the available immunotherapy regimens, clinical response criteria, current state-of-the-art imaging approaches, and groundbreaking strategies for future implementation to evaluate the anti-tumor and immune responses to immunotherapy in neuro-oncology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B. Kasten
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Neha Udayakumar
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jianmei W. Leavenworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Anna M. Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Suzanne E. Lapi
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jonathan E. McConathy
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Anna G. Sorace
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Asim K. Bag
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - James M. Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jason M. Warram
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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23
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Lorenz JW, Schott D, Rein L, Mostafaei F, Noid G, Lawton C, Bedi M, Li XA, Schultz CJ, Paulson E, Hall WA. Serial T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Images Acquired on a 1.5 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Linear Accelerator Reveal Radiomic Feature Variation in Organs at Risk: An Exploratory Analysis of Novel Metrics of Tissue Response in Prostate Cancer. Cureus 2019; 11:e4510. [PMID: 31259119 PMCID: PMC6590865 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
"Delta-radiomics" investigates variations in quantitative image metrics over time and can yield important clinical information. We hypothesized that in patients undergoing active radiation therapy (RT) for prostate cancer (PCa), there would exist observable variation in the quantitative metrics that describe the T2-weighted (T2W) intensity histogram in the prostate and surrounding organs at risk (OAR) over time. We investigated the feasibility of acquisition and subsequent analysis of the delta-radiomic profiles of these regions of interest (ROI) in serial T2W magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained on a 1.5 Tesla (T) Magnetic Resonance Linear Accelerator (MRL). Principally, we sought to illustrate the significance of longitudinal radiomic data acquisition for tissue response monitoring and provide a framework for future hypothesis driven research. Patients with PCa undergoing treatment with RT were compiled from an ongoing prospective observational imaging trial using a 1.5 T MRL (NCT30500081). Contiguous axial slices of prostate parenchyma were contoured and temporally normalized to sections of Sartorius muscle which served as a control. Similarly, contiguous sections of rectal and bladder wall adjacent to the prostate were contoured and temporally normalized to regions of these organs further removed from the planning target volume (PTV). First order statistical descriptors of the T2W intensity histogram were extracted and evaluated for changes over time using linear mixed effects regression modeling and post-hoc contrasts. Benjamini-Hochberg corrections were employed to reduce the effects of multiple testing and control for the false discovery rate (FDR). Four patients with a median age of 69 comprised this exploratory cohort. One patient had low-risk disease, two had intermediate (one favorable, one unfavorable), and one had high risk disease. Three out of four patients underwent definitive radiation to 75.6 Gray (Gy) in 42 fractions and one received hypofractionated therapy to a total dose of 70 Gy over 28 fractions, and all received treatment on a conventional linear accelerator. The most significant acute toxicity event was grade 2 GU dysfunction observed in two patients. Follow up ranged from 1 month to 10 months post treatment, and no long-term complications were reported in patients who completed treatment at least one month prior. Bladder wall adjacent to the prostate demonstrated significant variation in the mean and median metric values after the first week of treatment. In addition, rectal wall adjacent to the prostate exhibited significant variation in the mean, median, and standard deviation metric values by the second week of treatment. No significant variation in any radiomic feature was observed in the Sartorius control. This exploratory study is one of the earliest examining the delta-radiomic characteristics of the T2W intensity histogram in OAR extracted from images acquired on a 1.5 T MRL in patients actively being treated with RT for PCa. We demonstrated a feasible approach to longitudinal radiomic data acquisition providing limitless opportunity for future research. Analysis of the delta-radiomic profiles in OAR revealed significant variation in metrics after only one week of RT in bladder and rectal wall adjacent to the prostate. These findings must be further investigated and validated with expanded data sets with long-term follow up and correlation to clinical outcomes including toxicity and tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Lorenz
- Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Diane Schott
- Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Lisa Rein
- Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | | | - George Noid
- Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Colleen Lawton
- Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Meena Bedi
- Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - X A Li
- Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | | | - Eric Paulson
- Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - William A Hall
- Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
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24
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Rashid AS, Venigalla S, Dzeda M, Masters GA. A Case Report of the Clinico-radiologic Challenges of Assessing Treatment Response after Stereotactic Radiation of Oligometastases Preceded by Immunotherapy: Pseudoprogression, Mixed Response Patterns, and Opportunities for Precision Radiation. Cureus 2019; 11:e4264. [PMID: 31139523 PMCID: PMC6519981 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As immunotherapy continues to translate to the clinic and is combined with existing modalities, such as radiation therapy, novel treatment response patterns have been observed which complicate conventional clinical assessment and management. Herein, we describe a case study of a patient with non-small cell lung cancer treated initially with definitive chemoradiation who subsequently developed oligorecurrent disease which was managed with nivolumab and then comprehensive salvage stereotactic radiation. Serial radiographic assessment had shown worsening at these limited sites of disease after initiating immunotherapy, improvement after radiation, and then heterogeneous response behavior across sites during longer-term follow-up. Given the dual effects ablative radiation may have in the context of global immune checkpoint inhibition, both cytotoxic and synergistic immune-related, assessment of treatment response to such treatment is complicated. Such assessment is further complicated by novel immunotherapy response phenomena, e.g. pseudoprogression, which are being uncovered and are not fully characterized. Current clinical and radiologic assessment strategies are inadequate to interrogate and discern between immunomodulation-influenced response behavior and further diagnostic innovation is warranted to meet the needs of evolving clinical practice in the era of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif S Rashid
- Radiation Oncology, Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Sriram Venigalla
- Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michael Dzeda
- Radiation Oncology, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center - Christiana Care Health System, Newark, USA
| | - Gregory A Masters
- Oncology, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center - Christiana Care Health System, Newark, USA
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