1
|
Núñez-Marín G, Palau P, Domínguez E, de la Espriella R, López L, Flor C, Marín P, Lorenzo M, Miñana G, Bodí V, Sanchis J, Núñez J. CA125 outperforms NT-proBNP in the prediction of maximum aerobic capacity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and kidney dysfunction. Clin Kidney J 2024; 17:sfae199. [PMID: 39135938 PMCID: PMC11317843 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfae199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) often coexists with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Exercise intolerance is a major determinant of quality of life and morbidity in both scenarios. We aimed to evaluate the associations between N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) with maximal aerobic capacity (peak VO2) in ambulatory HFpEF and whether these associations were influenced by kidney function. Methods This single-centre study prospectively enrolled 133 patients with HFpEF who performed maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Patients were stratified across estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) categories (<60 ml/min/1.73 m2 versus ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2). Results The mean age of the sample was 73.2 ± 10.5 years and 56.4% were female. The median of peak VO2 was 11.0 ml/kg/min (interquartile range 9.0-13.0). A total of 67 (50.4%) patients had an eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Those patients had higher levels of NT-proBNP and lower peak VO2, without differences in CA125. In the whole sample, NT-proBNP and CA125 were inversely correlated with peak VO2 (r = -0.43, P < .001 and r = -0.22, P = .010, respectively). After multivariate analysis, we found a differential association between NT-proBNP and peak VO2 across eGFR strata (P for interaction = .045). In patients with an eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2, higher NT-proBNP identified patients with poorer maximal functional capacity. In individuals with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, NT-proBNP was not significantly associated with peak VO2 [β = 0.02 (95% confidence interval -0.19-0.23), P = .834]. Higher CA125 was linear and significantly associated with worse functional capacity without evidence of heterogeneity across eGFR strata (P for interaction = .620). Conclusions In patients with stable HFpEF, NT-proBNP was not associated with maximal functional capacity when CKD was present. CA125 emerged as a useful biomarker for estimating effort intolerance in HFpEF irrespective of the presence of CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Núñez-Marín
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Palau
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eloy Domínguez
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Espriella
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura López
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Flor
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Marín
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Lorenzo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gema Miñana
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Bodí
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Sanchis
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Núñez
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Scrutinio D, Guida P, Passantino A. Functional limitation predicts mortality in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Intern Med 2024:S0953-6205(24)00331-5. [PMID: 39084953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2024.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the prognostic value of six-minute walking test (6MWT) in patients with heart failure (HF) and reduced ejection fraction has been firmly established, there are few or no data correlating the distance walked during 6MWT (6MWD) with mortality in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) METHODS: We studied 482 patients with HFpEF who had been admitted to inpatients cardiac rehabilitation. The primary outcome was 3-year all-cause mortality. The association between 6MWD and the primary outcome was assessed using multivariable models. Established risk markers were incorporated into the models. RESULTS 174 patients died during the 3-year follow-up. Taking the highest tertile of 6MWD (≥360 m) as reference, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of the primary outcome was 2.23 (95 % CI 1.31-3.78; p = .003) for the patients in the intermediate tertile (241-359 m) and 4.94 (95 % CI 2.90-8.39; p < .001) for those in the lowest tertile (≤240 m). The annual mortality rate was 25.0 % in the lowest tertile, 10.9 % in the intermediate tertile, and 5.3 % in the highest tertile. When the distance walked was normalized for age, sex, and body mass index and expressed as percent-of-predicted walking distance, the adjusted HR was 1.30 (95 % CI 0.76-2.22; p = .331) for the patients in the intermediate tertile (58.2 % to 77.6 %) and 3.52 (95 % CI 2.12-5.85; p < .001) for those in the lowest tertile (≤58.1 %). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that measuring functional capacity by evaluating the distance that a patient can walk over a period of 6 min provides important prognostic information in HFpEF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Scrutinio
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB, IRCCS, Institute of Bari, Via Generale Nicola Bellomo 73/75, Bari, Italy.
| | - Pietro Guida
- Regional General Hospital "F. Miulli", Acquaviva delle Fonti, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Passantino
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB, IRCCS, Institute of Bari, Via Generale Nicola Bellomo 73/75, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng T, Yu D, Tan J, Liao S, Zhou L, OuYang W, Wen Z. Development a nomogram prognostic model for survival in heart failure patients based on the HF-ACTION data. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2024; 24:197. [PMID: 39030567 PMCID: PMC11264587 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-024-02593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk assessment for survival in heart failure (HF) remains one of the key focuses of research. This study aims to develop a simple and feasible nomogram model for survival in HF based on the Heart Failure-A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise TraiNing (HF-ACTION) to support clinical decision-making. METHODS The HF patients were extracted from the HF-ACTION database and randomly divided into a training cohort and a validation cohort at a ratio of 7:3. Multivariate Cox regression was used to identify and integrate significant prognostic factors to form a nomogram, which was displayed in the form of a static nomogram. Bootstrap resampling (resampling = 1000) and cross-validation was used to internally validate the model. The prognostic performance of the model was measured by the concordance index (C-index), calibration curve, and the decision curve analysis. RESULTS There were 1394 patients with HF in the overall analysis. Seven prognostic factors, which included age, body mass index (BMI), sex, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), exercise duration, peak exercise oxygen consumption (peak VO2), and loop diuretic, were identified and applied to the nomogram construction based on the training cohort. The C-index of this model in the training cohort was 0.715 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.700, 0.766) and 0.662 (95% CI: 0.646, 0.752) in the validation cohort. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) value of 365- and 730-day survival is (0.731, 0.734) and (0.640, 0.693) respectively in the training cohort and validation cohort. The calibration curve showed good consistency between nomogram-predicted survival and actual observed survival. The decision curve analysis (DCA) revealed net benefit is higher than the reference line in a narrow range of cutoff probabilities and the result of cross-validation indicates that the model performance is relatively robust. CONCLUSIONS This study created a nomogram prognostic model for survival in HF based on a large American population, which can provide additional decision information for the risk prediction of HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cheng
- Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Yu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaojun Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine (Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine (Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenwei OuYang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine (Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zehuai Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine (Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
- Science and Technology Innovation Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Naito A, Kagami K, Yuasa N, Harada T, Sorimachi H, Murakami F, Saito Y, Tani Y, Kato T, Wada N, Adachi T, Ishii H, Obokata M. Prognostic utility of cardiopulmonary exercise testing with simultaneous exercise echocardiography in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2024. [PMID: 38840564 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.3334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) combined with exercise echocardiography (CPETecho) allows simultaneous assessments of cardiac, pulmonary, and ventilation in heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). This study sought to determine whether simultaneous assessment of CPET variables could provide additive predictive value over exercise stress echocardiography in patients with dyspnoea. METHODS AND RESULTS CPETecho was performed in 443 patients with suspected HFpEF (240 HFpEF and 203 controls without HF). Patients with HFpEF were divided based on peak oxygen consumption (VO2, ≥10 or <10 ml/min/kg) or the slope of minute ventilation to carbon dioxide production (VE vs. VCO2 slope ≥45.0 or <45.0). The primary endpoint was defined as a composite of all-cause mortality, HF hospitalization, unplanned hospital visits requiring intravenous diuretics, or intensification of oral diuretics. During a median follow-up of 399 days, the composite outcome occurred in 57 patients. E/e' ratio during peak exercise was associated with adverse outcomes. Patients with HFpEF and lower peak VO2 had increased risks of the composite event (hazard ratio [HR] 5.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.65-9.62, p < 0.0001 vs. controls; HR 3.14, 95% CI 1.69-5.84, p = 0.0003 vs. HFpEF with higher peak VO2). Elevated VE versus VCO2 slope was also associated with adverse events in HFpEF. The addition of either the presence of abnormal peak VO2 or VE versus VCO2 slope increased the predictive ability over the model based on age, sex, atrial fibrillation, left atrial volume index, and exercise E/e' (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These data provide new insights into the role of CPETecho in patients with HFpEF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Naito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kagami
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Yuasa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tomonari Harada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hidemi Sorimachi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Murakami
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Tani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Kato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Naoki Wada
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Adachi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Ishii
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masaru Obokata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hiruma T, Nakayama A, Sakamoto J, Hori K, Nanasato M, Hosoda T, Isobe M. Comprehensive Cardiac Rehabilitation Following Acute Myocardial Infarction Improves Clinical Outcomes Regardless of Exercise Capacity. Circ J 2024; 88:982-992. [PMID: 38631882 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-23-0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced exercise capacity is a prognostic indicator of adverse outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in this population. This study aimed to clarify the efficacy of comprehensive CR in patients with AMI and reduced exercise capacity. METHODS AND RESULTS This cohort study included 610 patients with AMI who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were compared between patients who participated in comprehensive outpatient CR for 150 days (CR group; n=430) and those who did not (non-CR group; n=180). During the mean (±SD) follow-up period of 6.1±4.0 years, the CR group exhibited a lower incidence of MACE (log-rank P=0.002). Multivariable analysis revealed that Killip classification, diuretics at discharge, and participation in comprehensive CR were independently associated with MACE. The CR group was further divided into 2 groups, namely reduced exercise capacity (% predicted peak V̇O2<80%; n=241) and preserved exercise capacity (≥80%; n=147), based on the initial cardiopulmonary exercise test. Despite distinct exercise capacities, the incidence of MACE was comparable and physical parameters improved similarly after comprehensive CR in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive CR in patients with AMI effectively reduced the incidence of MACE regardless of initial exercise capacity. Cardiologists should actively encourage patients with low exercise capacity to participate in comprehensive CR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hiruma
- Department of Cardiology, Sakakibara Heart Institute
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Atsuko Nakayama
- Department of Cardiology, Sakakibara Heart Institute
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Junko Sakamoto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sakakibara Heart Institute
| | - Kentaro Hori
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sakakibara Heart Institute
| | | | - Toru Hosoda
- Department of Cardiology, Sakakibara Heart Institute
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nemati S, Yavari T, Tafti F, Hooshanginezhad Z, Mohammadi T. An Index for Evaluating Exercise Capacity Improvement After Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients After Myocardial Infarction. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2024; 39:189-197. [PMID: 36897189 DOI: 10.1097/jcn.0000000000000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated relationships among predictors of improvement in exercise capacity after cardiac rehabilitation programs in patients after acute myocardial infarction. METHODS We carried out a secondary analysis of data from 41 patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 40% who underwent cardiac rehabilitation after the first myocardial infarction. Participants were assessed using a cardiopulmonary exercise test and stress echocardiography. A cluster analysis was performed, and the principal components were analyzed. RESULTS Two distinct clusters with significantly different ( P = .005) proportions of response to treatment (peak VO 2 ≥ 1 mL/kg/min) were identified among patients. The first principal component explained 28.6% of the variance. We proposed an index composed of the top 5 variables from the first component to represent the improvement in exercise capacity. The index was the average of scaled O 2 uptake and CO 2 output at peak exercise, minute ventilation at peak, load achieved at peak exercise, and exercise time. The optimal cutoff for the improvement index was 0.12, which outperformed the peak VO 2 ≥ 1 mL/kg/min criterion in recognizing the clusters, with a C-statistic of 91.7% and 72.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION The assessment of change in exercise capacity after cardiac rehabilitation could be improved using the composite index.
Collapse
|
7
|
Begrambekova YL, Fedotov DA, Karanadze NA, Lelyavina TA, Bortsova MA, Orlova YA. [Possibilities of Predicting Peak Oxygen Consumption in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure According to the 6‑Minute Walk Test]. KARDIOLOGIIA 2024; 64:34-42. [PMID: 38462802 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2024.2.n2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
AIM To determine the correlation between the results of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) for populations of patients with chronic heart failure with pronounced clinical and demographic differences; to study a possibility of indirect measurement of VO2peak based on the results of 6MWT using the formulas available from the literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two databases were analyzed: 50 patients included in the AEROFIT study (group A), and 31 patients from the Almazov National Medical Research Center (group B). The inclusion criteria were the availability of data from the cardiopulmonary stress test and the 6MWT. The possibility of predicting VO2peak was calculated based on the results of 6MWT using the formulas reported in the literature (L. P. Cahalin et al., 1996; R. M. Ross et al., 2010; R. A. Adedoyin et al., 2010). The predictive accuracy of the models was assessed using the coefficient of determination (R2). The relationship between functional and clinical-demographic indicators was assessed using the Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS The study groups differed significantly in all parameters, except for the proportion of men and the mean VO2peak. Group B patients were 20 years younger than group A patients, had a lower left ventricular ejection fraction (24.06±7.75 and 41.52±10.48 %, respectively; p<0.001), and covered a 130 m shorter distance in the 6MWT. Despite the absence of a significant difference in VO2peak between groups A and B (13.6 and 13.1 ml / kg / min, respectively; p=0.6581), 61 % of group B patients and 20% of group A belonged to Weber functional class IV. In group A, the 6MWT distance correlated closely with VO2peak (R=0.78; p<0.01) and weakly with age (R=0.4) and body mass index (R=0.3). In group B, the 6MWT distance correlated only with VO2peak (R=0.77; p<0.01). For group A, the R.M. Ross et al. model demonstrated high accuracy in determining the mean VO2peak value with a 0.06% prediction error normalized to measured VO2peak. For group B, none of the models showed satisfactory predictive accuracy. The Ross and Cahalin models showed the best coefficients of determination for groups A and B: Group A, Ross et al. (R2=0.58) and Cahalin et al. (R2=0.59); Group B, Ross et al. (R2=0.59) and Cahalin et al. (R2=0.6). CONCLUSION In two groups of patients with a statistically insignificant difference in the mean values of VO2peak, the mean values of 6MWT distance were significantly different, although these indicators correlated closely. The VO2peak prediction models showed satisfactory accuracy for estimation of mean VO2, but poor accuracy for estimation of individual values. A better predictive accuracy is determined by similar clinical and demographic characteristics between the training and testing populations, and likely also by models based on larger, more diversified populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu L Begrambekova
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University
| | - D A Fedotov
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University
| | - N A Karanadze
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University
| | | | | | - Ya A Orlova
- Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Boulmpou A, Boutou AK, Pella E, Sarafidis P, Papadopoulos CE, Vassilikos V. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Technique Principles, Current Evidence, and Future Perspectives. Cardiol Rev 2023; 31:299-317. [PMID: 36723460 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a multifactorial clinical syndrome involving a rather complex pathophysiologic substrate and quite a challenging diagnosis. Exercise intolerance is a major feature of HFpEF, and in many cases, diagnosis is suspected in subjects presenting with exertional dyspnea. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a noninvasive, dynamic technique that provides an integrative evaluation of cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematopoietic, neuropsychological, and metabolic functions during maximal or submaximal exercise. The assessment is based on the principle that system failure typically occurs when the system is under stress, and thus, CPET is currently considered to be the gold standard for identifying exercise intolerance, allowing the differential diagnosis of underlying causes. CPET is used in observational studies and clinical trials in HFpEF; however, in most cases, only a few from a wide variety of CPET parameters are examined, while the technique is largely underused in everyday cardiology practice. This article discusses the basic principles and methodology of CPET and studies that utilized CPET in patients with HFpEF, in an effort to increase awareness of CPET capabilities among practicing cardiologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aristi Boulmpou
- From the Third Department of Cardiology, Ippokratio General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Afroditi K Boutou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, G. Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eva Pella
- Department of Nephrology, Ippokratio General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Sarafidis
- Department of Nephrology, Ippokratio General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christodoulos E Papadopoulos
- From the Third Department of Cardiology, Ippokratio General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilios Vassilikos
- From the Third Department of Cardiology, Ippokratio General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ogura A, Izawa KP, Tawa H, Wada M, Kanai M, Kubo I, Makihara A, Yoshikawa R, Matsuda Y. End-tidal oxygen partial pressure is a strong prognostic predictive factor in patients with cardiac disease. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2023; 43:404-412. [PMID: 37293922 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) variables represent central and peripheral factors and combined factors in the pathology of patients with cardiac disease. The difference in end-tidal oxygen partial pressure from resting to anaerobic threshold (ΔPETO2 ) may represent predominantly peripheral factors. This study aimed to verify the prognostic significance of ΔPETO2 for major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in cardiac patients, including comparison with the minute ventilation-carbon dioxide production relationship (VE/VCO2 slope), and peak oxygen uptake (VO2 ). METHODS In total, 185 patients with cardiac disease who underwent CPET were consecutively enroled in this retrospective study. The primary endpoint was 3-year MACCE. The ability of ΔPETO2 , VE/VCO2 slope, and peak VO2 to predict MACCE was examined. RESULTS Optimal cut-off values for predicting MACCE were 2.0 mmHg for ΔPETO2 (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.829), 29.8 for VE/VCO2 slope (AUC: 0.734), and 19.0 mL/min/kg for peak VO2 (AUC: 0.755). The AUC of ΔPETO2 was higher than those of VE/VCO2 slope and peak VO2 . The MACCE-free survival rate was significantly lower in the ΔPETO2 ≤ 2.0 group versus the ΔPETO2 > 2.0 group (44.4% vs. 91.2%, p < 0.001). ΔPETO2 ≤ 2.0 was an independent predictor of MACCE after adjustment for age and VE/VCO2 slope (hazard ratio [HR], 7.28; p < 0.001) and after adjustment for age and peak VO2 (HR, 6.52; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION ΔPETO2 was a strong predictor of MACCE independent of and superior to VE/VCO2 slope and peak VO2 in patients with cardiac disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asami Ogura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sanda City Hospital, Sanda, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Cardiovascular Stroke Renal Project (CRP), Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro P Izawa
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Cardiovascular Stroke Renal Project (CRP), Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideto Tawa
- Department of Cardiology, Sanda City Hospital, Sanda, Japan
| | - Masaaki Wada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sanda City Hospital, Sanda, Japan
| | - Masashi Kanai
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Cardiovascular Stroke Renal Project (CRP), Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ikko Kubo
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Cardiovascular Stroke Renal Project (CRP), Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ayano Makihara
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Cardiovascular Stroke Renal Project (CRP), Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Yuichi Matsuda
- Department of Cardiology, Sanda City Hospital, Sanda, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Agdamag AC, Van Iterson EH, Tang WHW, Finet JE. Prognostic Role of Metabolic Exercise Testing in Heart Failure. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4438. [PMID: 37445473 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome with significant heterogeneity in presentation and severity. Serial risk-stratification and prognostication can guide management decisions, particularly in advanced heart failure, when progression toward advanced therapies or end-of-life care is warranted. Each currently utilized prognostic marker carries its own set of challenges in acquisition, reproducibility, accuracy, and significance. Left ventricular ejection fraction is foundational for heart failure syndrome classification after clinical diagnosis and remains the primary parameter for inclusion in most clinical trials; however, it does not consistently correlate with symptoms and functional capacity, which are also independently prognostic in this patient population. Utilizing the left ventricular ejection fraction as the sole basis of prognostication provides an incomplete characterization of this condition and is prone to misguide medical decision-making when used in isolation. In this review article, we survey and exposit the important role of metabolic exercise testing across the heart failure spectrum, as a complementary diagnostic and prognostic modality. Metabolic exercise testing, also known as cardiopulmonary exercise testing, provides a comprehensive evaluation of the multisystem (i.e., neurological, respiratory, circulatory, and musculoskeletal) response to exercise performance. These differential responses can help identify the predominant contributors to exercise intolerance and exercise symptoms. Additionally, the aerobic exercise capacity (i.e., oxygen consumption during exercise) is directly correlated with overall life expectancy and prognosis in many disease states. Specifically in heart failure patients, metabolic exercise testing provides an accurate, objective, and reproducible assessment of the overall circulatory sufficiency and circulatory reserve during physical stress, being able to isolate the concurrent chronotropic and stroke volume responses for a reliable depiction of the circulatory flow rate in real time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Clare Agdamag
- Section of Heart Failure and Transplantation Medicine, Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Miller Family Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Erik H Van Iterson
- Section of Preventive Cardiology and Rehabilitation, Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Miller Family Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Section of Heart Failure and Transplantation Medicine, Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Miller Family Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - J Emanuel Finet
- Section of Heart Failure and Transplantation Medicine, Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Miller Family Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sachdev V, Sharma K, Keteyian SJ, Alcain CF, Desvigne-Nickens P, Fleg JL, Florea VG, Franklin BA, Guglin M, Halle M, Leifer ES, Panjrath G, Tinsley EA, Wong RP, Kitzman DW. Supervised Exercise Training for Chronic Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 81:1524-1542. [PMID: 36958952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is one of the most common forms of heart failure; its prevalence is increasing, and outcomes are worsening. Affected patients often experience severe exertional dyspnea and debilitating fatigue, as well as poor quality of life, frequent hospitalizations, and a high mortality rate. Until recently, most pharmacological intervention trials for HFpEF yielded neutral primary outcomes. In contrast, trials of exercise-based interventions have consistently demonstrated large, significant, clinically meaningful improvements in symptoms, objectively determined exercise capacity, and usually quality of life. This success may be attributed, at least in part, to the pleiotropic effects of exercise, which may favorably affect the full range of abnormalities-peripheral vascular, skeletal muscle, and cardiovascular-that contribute to exercise intolerance in HFpEF. Accordingly, this scientific statement critically examines the currently available literature on the effects of exercise-based therapies for chronic stable HFpEF, potential mechanisms for improvement of exercise capacity and symptoms, and how these data compare with exercise therapy for other cardiovascular conditions. Specifically, data reviewed herein demonstrate a comparable or larger magnitude of improvement in exercise capacity from supervised exercise training in patients with chronic HFpEF compared with those with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, although Medicare reimbursement is available only for the latter group. Finally, critical gaps in implementation of exercise-based therapies for patients with HFpEF, including exercise setting, training modalities, combinations with other strategies such as diet and medications, long-term adherence, incorporation of innovative and more accessible delivery methods, and management of recently hospitalized patients are highlighted to provide guidance for future research.
Collapse
|
12
|
Théry G, Faroux L, Boyer F, Nazeyrollas P, Chabert JP, Metz D, Lesaffre F. Relationship between Exercise Test Parameters, Device-Delivered Electric Shock and Adverse Clinical Events in Patients with an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator for Primary Prevention. J Pers Med 2023; 13:589. [PMID: 37108975 PMCID: PMC10143101 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13040589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Receiving the first internal electric shock is a turning point for patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention. However, no study has investigated whether patients who receive a first device-delivered electric shock have a poor prognosis even at the time of ICD implantation. (2) Methods: We retrospectively identified 55 patients with ischemic (n = 31) or dilated (n = 24) cardiomyopathy who underwent ICD implantation for primary prevention with exercise test at the time of implantation. We recorded baseline characteristics, exercise test parameters, and clinical events. (3) Results: After a median follow-up of 5 years, we observed an association between an appropriate device-delivered electric shock, the occurrence of death or heart transplant, and the occurrence of the composite endpoint. There was also a significant relation between a VE/VCO2 slope >35 and the occurrence of the composite endpoint. Conversely, there was no significant association between negative outcomes on the exercise test and the occurrence of a device-delivered electric shock. (4) Conclusions: The exercise test performed at the time of ICD implantation do not predict the occurrence of device-delivered electric shock. The exercise test and the first electric shock are two independent markers of poor prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Théry
- Department of Cardiology, Reims University Hospital, 51100 Reims, France
- Intensive Care Unit, Reims University Hospital, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Laurent Faroux
- Department of Cardiology, Reims University Hospital, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Fanny Boyer
- Department of Cardiology, Reims University Hospital, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Pierre Nazeyrollas
- Department of Cardiology, Reims University Hospital, 51100 Reims, France
| | | | - Damien Metz
- Department of Cardiology, Reims University Hospital, 51100 Reims, France
| | - François Lesaffre
- Department of Cardiology, Reims University Hospital, 51100 Reims, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Morales-Oyarvide V, Richards D, Hendren NS, Michelis K, Chaikijurajai T, MacNamara JP, Sarma S, Farr MA, Drazner MH, Tang WHW, Grodin JL. Hemodynamic Gain Index and Exercise Capacity in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Am J Cardiol 2023; 190:17-24. [PMID: 36543076 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Decreased exercise capacity portends a poor prognosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The hemodynamic gain index (HGI) is an integrated marker of hemodynamic reserve measured during exercise stress testing and is associated with survival. The goal of this study was to establish the association of HGI with exercise capacity, serum biomarkers, and echocardiography features in subjects with HFpEF. In 209 subjects with HFpEF enrolled in the RELAX (Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibition to Improve Clinical Status and Exercise Capacity in Diastolic Heart Failure) trial who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing, we calculated the HGI ([peak heart rate [HR] × peak systolic blood pressure [SBP]-[HR at rest × SBP at rest])/(HR at rest × SBP at rest) and tested associations with outcomes of interest. The median (interquartile range) HGI was 0.94 (0.5 to 1.3) beats per min/mm Hg. In multivariable-adjusted linear regression, higher HGI was associated with greater peak oxygen consumption (VO2), VO2 at anaerobic threshold, peak minute ventilation, and 6-minute walk distance (all p <0.001). Higher HGI was associated with lower serum high-sensitivity troponin I, pro-collagen III, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, and creatinine (all p <0.05) and with longer deceleration time, lower E/A ratio, and lower left atrial volume index by echocardiography (all p <0.05). In conclusion, higher HGI in stable HFpEF was associated with greater exercise capacity, a biomarker profile indicating less myocardial injury and fibrosis and less kidney dysfunction, and with less severe diastolic dysfunction. These results suggest that HGI, an easily calculated metric from routine exercise testing, is a marker of functional capacity and disease severity in HFpEF and may serve as a surrogate for VO2 parameters for use in treadmill testing without gas exchange capability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Morales-Oyarvide
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas
| | - Donald Richards
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nicholas S Hendren
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas
| | - Katherine Michelis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - James P MacNamara
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas
| | - Satyam Sarma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas
| | - Maryjane A Farr
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mark H Drazner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Justin L Grodin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Silverii MV, Argirò A, Baldasseroni S, Fumagalli C, Zampieri M, Guerrieri L, Bartolini S, Mazzoni C, Burgisser C, Tomberli A, Di Mario C, Marchionni N, Olivotto I, Perfetto F, Fattirolli F, Cappelli F. Prognostic value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis. Intern Emerg Med 2023; 18:585-593. [PMID: 36396841 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-022-03125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic value of cardiopulmonary testing (CPET) in a cohort of patients with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA). ATTR-CA is associated with a progressive reduction in functional capacity. The prognostic role of CPET parameters and in particular of normalized peak VO2 (%ppVO2) remains to be thoroughly evaluated. In this study, 75 patients with ATTR-CA underwent cardiological evaluation and CPET in a National Referral Center for cardiac amyloidosis (Careggi University Hospital, Florence). Fifty-seven patients (76%) had wild-type ATTR. Median age was 80 (75-83) years, 68 patients (91%) were men. Peak oxygen consumption (14.1 ± 4.1 ml/kg/min) and %ppVO2 (68.4 ± 18.8%) were blunted. Twenty-seven (36%) patients had an abnormal pressure response to exercise. After a median follow-up of 25 (12-31) months, the composite outcome of death or heart failure hospitalization was registered in 19 (25.3%) patients. At univariate analysis %ppVO2 was a stronger predictor for the composite outcome than peak VO2. %ppVO2 and NT-proBNP remained associated with the composite outcome at multivariate analysis. The optimal predictive threshold for %ppVO2 was 62% (sensitivity: 71%; specificity: 68%; AUC: 0.77, CI 0.65-0.88). Patients with %ppVO2 ≤ 62%and NT-proBNP > 3000 pg had a worse prognosis with 1- and 2-year survival of 69 ± 9% and 50 ± 10%, respectively. CPET is a safe and useful prognostic tool in patients with ATTR-CA. CPET may help to identify patients with advanced disease that may benefit from targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Silverii
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Argirò
- Tuscan Regional Amyloidosis Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Cardiomyopathy Unit Largo, Careggi University Hospital, Brambilla 3, 50141, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Fumagalli
- Tuscan Regional Amyloidosis Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mattia Zampieri
- Tuscan Regional Amyloidosis Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
- Cardiomyopathy Unit Largo, Careggi University Hospital, Brambilla 3, 50141, Florence, Italy.
| | - Ludovica Guerrieri
- Tuscan Regional Amyloidosis Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Bartolini
- Tuscan Regional Amyloidosis Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlotta Mazzoni
- Tuscan Regional Amyloidosis Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Costanza Burgisser
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Tomberli
- Tuscan Regional Amyloidosis Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Cardiomyopathy Unit Largo, Careggi University Hospital, Brambilla 3, 50141, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Mario
- Division of Interventional Structural Cardiology, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Marchionni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of General Cardiology, University of Florence, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Iacopo Olivotto
- Cardiomyopathy Unit Largo, Careggi University Hospital, Brambilla 3, 50141, Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Perfetto
- Tuscan Regional Amyloidosis Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Fattirolli
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappelli
- Tuscan Regional Amyloidosis Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Z, Wang L, Xi J, Sun X, Sun X. Impact of Exercise Training at Different Intensity Levels on Cardiac Function and Exercise Capacity in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Rehabil Med 2022; 54:jrm00347. [PMID: 36264054 PMCID: PMC9682663 DOI: 10.2340/jrm.v54.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate training at different intensity levels on cardiac function, exercise capacity, and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS This prospective cohort study enrolled patients with chronic heart failure at Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing, China from January 2018 to January 2020. Participants received conventional therapy (non-exercise group) or therapy plus cycle ergometer exercises at an intensity of 80% anaerobic threshold (EA group) and Δ50% power above anaerobic threshold (EB group) for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was peak oxygen uptake. RESULTS Forty-five patients (15/group) completed the study without serious complications. Exercise training at an intensity of Δ50% power above anaerobic threshold had better effects on exercise capacity than exercise at an intensity of 80% anaerobic threshold, as shown by a greater improvement in peak oxygen uptake (20.3 ± 4.1 vs 16.8 ± 3.2 mL/min/kg), peak O2 pulse (12.5 ± 2.3 vs 10.1 ± 2.1 mL/beat), and peak workload (123.1 ± 26.9 vs 102.8 ± 29.5 W) in patients with chronic heart failure (all p < 0.001). Exercise improved the 6-min walk test distance (control: 394.0 ± 74.1; EA: 481.4 ± 89.4; EB: 508.9 ± 92.5 m; p < 0.001) and health-related quality of life (control: 40.7 ± 12.3; EA: 16.2 ± 8.6; EB: 11.5 ± 6.4; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Compared with an intensity of 80% anaerobic threshold, exercise training at an intensity of Δ 50% power above anaerobic threshold was safe and had better effects on cardiac function, exercise capacity, and health-related quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Zhang
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Lizhong Wang
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Jianing Xi
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University.
| | - Xiaojing Sun
- National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingguo Sun
- National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Marco Guazzi M, Wilhelm M, Halle M, Van Craenenbroeck E, Kemps H, de Boer RA, Coats AJ, Lund L, Mancini D, Borlaug B, Filippatos G, Pieske B. Exercise Testing in HFpEF: an Appraisal Through Diagnosis, Pathophysiology and Therapy A Clinical Consensus Statement of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) and European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur J Heart Fail 2022; 24:1327-1345. [PMID: 35775383 PMCID: PMC9542249 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) universally complain of exercise intolerance and dyspnoea as key clinical correlates. Cardiac as well as extracardiac components play a role for the limited exercise capacity, including an impaired cardiac and peripheral vascular reserve, a limitation in mechanical ventilation and/or gas exchange with reduced pulmonary vascular reserve, skeletal muscle dysfunction and iron deficiency/anaemia. Although most of these components can be differentiated and quantified through gas exchange analysis by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), the information provided by objective measures of exercise performance have not been systematically considered in the recent algorithms/scores for HFpEF diagnosis, neither by European nor US groups. The current Clinical Consensus Statement by the HFA and EAPC Association of the ESC aims at outlining the role of exercise testing and its pathophysiological, clinical and prognostic insights, addressing the implication of a thorough functional evaluation from the diagnostic algorithm to the pathophysiology and treatment perspectives of HFpEF. Along with these goals, we provide a specific analysis on the evidence that CPET is the standard for assessing, quantifying, and differentiating the origin of dyspnoea and exercise impairment and even more so when combined with echo and/or invasive hemodynamic evaluation is here provided. This will lead to improved quality of diagnosis when applying the proposed scores and may also help useful to implement the progressive characterization of the specific HFpEF phenotypes, a critical step toward the delivery of phenotype-specific treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Marco Guazzi
- Division of Cardiology, University of Milano School of Medicine, San Paolo Hospital, Milano
| | - Matthias Wilhelm
- Department of Cardiology Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Halle
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital 'Klinikum rechts der Isar', Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung), partner site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Emeline Van Craenenbroeck
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Hareld Kemps
- Department of Cardiology, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, Netherlands; Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Rudolph A de Boer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lars Lund
- Solna, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Donna Mancini
- Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Barry Borlaug
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, United States
| | | | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Cardiology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany, German Heart Center, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Harada T, Kagami K, Kato T, Ishii H, Obokata M. Exercise Stress Echocardiography in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9030087. [PMID: 35323635 PMCID: PMC8950754 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
More than half of patients with heart failure have a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The prevalence of HFpEF has been increasing worldwide and is expected to increase further, making it an important health-care problem. The diagnosis of HFpEF is straightforward in the presence of obvious objective signs of congestion; however, it is challenging in patients presenting with a low degree of congestion because abnormal elevation in intracardiac pressures may occur only during physiological stress conditions, such as during exercise. On the basis of this hemodynamic background, current consensus guidelines have emphasized the importance of exercise stress testing to reveal abnormalities during exercise, and exercise stress echocardiography (i.e., diastolic stress echocardiography) may be used as an initial diagnostic approach to HFpEF owing to its noninvasive nature and wide availability. However, evidence supporting the use of this method remains limited and many knowledge gaps exist with respect to diastolic stress echocardiography. This review summarizes the current understanding of the use of diastolic stress echocardiography in the diagnostic evaluation of HFpEF and discusses its strengths and limitations to encourage future studies on this subject.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Harada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (T.H.); (K.K.); (T.K.); (H.I.)
| | - Kazuki Kagami
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (T.H.); (K.K.); (T.K.); (H.I.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Kato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (T.H.); (K.K.); (T.K.); (H.I.)
| | - Hideki Ishii
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (T.H.); (K.K.); (T.K.); (H.I.)
| | - Masaru Obokata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (T.H.); (K.K.); (T.K.); (H.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-27-220-8145
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gong J, Castro RRT, Caron JP, Bay CP, Hainer J, Opotowsky AR, Mehra MR, Maron BA, Di Carli MF, Groarke JD, Nohria A. Usefulness of ventilatory inefficiency in predicting prognosis across the heart failure spectrum. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 9:293-302. [PMID: 34931762 PMCID: PMC8788025 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The minute ventilation–carbon dioxide production relationship (VE/VCO2 slope) is widely used for prognostication in heart failure (HF) with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). This study explored the prognostic value of VE/VCO2 slope across the spectrum of HF defined by ranges of LVEF. Methods and results In this single‐centre retrospective observational study of 1347 patients with HF referred for cardiopulmonary exercise testing, patients with HF were categorized into HF with reduced (HFrEF, LVEF < 40%, n = 598), mid‐range (HFmrEF, 40% ≤ LVEF < 50%, n = 164), and preserved (HFpEF, LVEF ≥ 50%, n = 585) LVEF. Four ventilatory efficiency categories (VC) were defined: VC‐I, VE/VCO2 slope ≤ 29; VC‐II, 29 < VE/VCO2 slope < 36; VC‐III, 36 ≤ VE/VCO2 slope < 45; and VC‐IV, VE/VCO2 slope ≥ 45. The associations of these VE/VCO2 slope categories with a composite outcome of all‐cause mortality or HF hospitalization were evaluated for each category of LVEF. Over a median follow‐up of 2.0 (interquartile range: 1.9, 2.0) years, 201 patients experienced the composite outcome. Compared with patients in VC‐I, those in VC‐II, III, and IV demonstrated three‐fold, five‐fold, and eight‐fold increased risk for the composite outcome. This incremental risk was observed across HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF cohorts. Conclusions Higher VE/VCO2 slope is associated with incremental risk of 2 year all‐cause mortality and HF hospitalization across the spectrum of HF defined by LVEF. A multilevel categorical approach to the interpretation of VE/VCO2 slope may offer more refined risk stratification than the current binary approach employed in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Gong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Renata R T Castro
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jesse P Caron
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Camden P Bay
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Center for Clinical Investigation, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jon Hainer
- Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander R Opotowsky
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Heart Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mandeep R Mehra
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bradley A Maron
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Marcelo F Di Carli
- Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John D Groarke
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anju Nohria
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mueller S, Haller B, Halle M. Effect of Training on Peak Oxygen Consumption in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction-Reply. JAMA 2021; 326:772-773. [PMID: 34427605 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.10061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Mueller
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haller
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Halle
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dalia T, Acharya P, Chan WC, Sauer AJ, Weidling R, Fritzlen J, Goyal A, Miller D, Knipper E, Porter CB, Shah Z. Prognostic Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Wild-Type Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy Patients Treated With Tafamidis. J Card Fail 2021; 27:1285-1289. [PMID: 34280522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in patients with wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis treated with tafamidis is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS This retrospective study included patients with wtATTR who underwent baseline cardiopulmonary exercise testing and were treated with tafamidis from August 31, 2018, until March 31, 2020. Univariate logistic and multivariate cox-regression models were used to predict the occurrence of the primary outcome (composite of mortality, heart transplant, and palliative inotrope initiation). A total of 33 patients were included (median age 82 years, interquartile range [IQR] 79-84 years), 84% were Caucasians and 79% were males). Majority of patients had New York Heart Association functional class III disease at baseline (67%). The baseline median peak oxygen consumption (VO2) and peak circulatory power (CP) were 11.35 mL/kg/min (IQR 8.5-14.2 mL/kg/min) and 1485.8 mm Hg/mL/min (IQR 988-2184 mm Hg/mL/min), respectively, the median ventilatory efficiency was 35.7 (IQR 31-41.2). After 1 year of follow-up, 11 patients experienced a primary end point. Upon multivariate analysis, the low peak VO2 (hazard ratio [HR] 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23-0.79, P = .007], peak CP (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.98-0.99, P = .02), peak oxygen pulse (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39-0.97, P = .03), and exercise duration of less than 5.5 minutes (HR 5.82, 95% CI 1.29-26.2, P = .02) were significantly associated with the primary outcome. CONCLUSIONS Tafamidis-treated patients with wtATTR who had baseline low peak VO2, peak CP, peak O2 pulse, and exercise duration of less than 5.5 minutes had worse outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Dalia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Prakash Acharya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wan-Chi Chan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Andrew J Sauer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Robert Weidling
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - John Fritzlen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Amandeep Goyal
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Dana Miller
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Elaine Knipper
- Department of Nursing, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Charles B Porter
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Zubair Shah
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, Kansas.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Meng X, Wang Y, Tang X, Gu J, Fu Y. Self-management on heart failure: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:102176. [PMID: 34186372 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heart failure (HF) is a severe public health problem all over the World. Self-management is an effective method to progress self-care ability. However, the role of self-management in heart failure has not been thoroughly elucidated. METHODS The research articles related to heart failure were searched by the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane databases, and China National Knowledge Database on articles published through March 2020. The average 95% of confidence intervals (CIs) were used to calculate using random-effects or fixed-effects. Review Manager (version 5.2) was adopted for meta-analysis, sensitivity analysis, and bias analysis. RESULTS Eight (8) eligible studies with 1707 patients with HF were included in this analysis. In the Meta-analysis showed significant differences for Self-management (SM) groups in Dutch Heart Failure Knowledge Scale (DHFK) (MD = 1.36, 95%CI [-0.03, 2.75], P = 0.04; I2 = 83%), in Self-Care of Heart Failure Index (SCHFI) (MD = 5.51, 95%CI [0.62, 10.40], P = 0.03; I2 = 70%), and in Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease Scale (SEMCDI) (I2 = 47%, Z = 5.43, P of over effect < 0.0001) than control groups. One bias is detected as attrition bias, and another one is reporting bias. Sensitivity analysis satisfied the stability of the results. CONCLUSION Self-management was associated with significant outcomes in patients with HF through knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Jianfang Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Yonghua Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 201399, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Theodorakopoulou MP, Boutou AK, Pella E, Alexandrou ME, Patoulias D, Kassimatis E, Dipla K, Papagianni A, Sarafidis PA. Cardiorespiratory fitness in kidney transplant recipients compared to patients with kidney failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transpl Int 2021; 34:1801-1811. [PMID: 34170572 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Patients with kidney failure often present with reduced cardiovascular functional reserve and exercise tolerance. Previous studies on cardiorespiratory fitness examined with cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) had variable results. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining cardiovascular functional reserve with CPET in KTR in comparison with patients with kidney failure (CKD-Stage-5 before dialysis, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis), as well as before and after kidney transplantation. Literature search involved PubMed, Web-of-Science and Scopus databases, manual search of article references and grey literature. From a total of 4,944 identified records, eight studies (with 461 participants) were included in quantitative analysis for the primary question. Across these studies, KTR had significantly higher oxygen consumption at peak/max exercise (VO2 peak/VO2 max) compared to patients with kidney failure (SMD = 0.70, 95% CI [0.31, 1.10], I2 = 70%, P = 0.002). In subgroup analyses, similar differences were evident among seven studies comparing KTR and hemodialysis patients (SMD = 0.64, 95% CI [0.16, 1.12], I2 = 65%, P = 0.009) and two studies comparing KTR with peritoneal dialysis subjects (SMD = 1.14, 95% CI [0.19, 2.09], I2 = 50%, P = 0.16). Across four studies with relevant data, oxygen consumption during peak/max exercise showed significant improvement after kidney transplantation compared to pretransplantation values (WMD = 2.43, 95% CI [0.01, 4.85], I2 = 68%, P = 0.02). In conclusion, KTR exhibit significantly higher cardiovascular functional reserve during CPET compared to patients with kidney failure. Cardiovascular reserve is significantly improved after kidney transplantation in relation to presurgery levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marieta P Theodorakopoulou
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Afroditi K Boutou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, G. Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eva Pella
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Alexandrou
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Patoulias
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efstratios Kassimatis
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantina Dipla
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Papagianni
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis A Sarafidis
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Exercise intolerance represents a typical feature of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and is associated with a poor quality of life, frequent hospitalizations, and increased all-cause mortality. The cardiopulmonary exercise test is the best method to quantify exercise intolerance, and allows detection of the main mechanism responsible for the exercise limitation, influencing treatment and prognosis. Exercise training programs improve exercise tolerance in HFpEF. However, studies are needed to identify appropriate type and duration. This article discusses the pathophysiology of exercise limitation in HFpEF, describes methods of determining exercise tolerance class, and evaluates prognostic implications and potential therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
24
|
Cosiano MF, Tobin R, Mentz RJ, Greene SJ. Physical Functioning in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Card Fail 2021; 27:1002-1016. [PMID: 33991684 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is increasingly prevalent, yet interventions and therapies to improve outcomes remain limited. There has been increasing attention towards the impact of comorbidities and physical functioning (PF) on poor clinical outcomes within this population. In this review, we summarize and discuss the literature on PF in HFpEF, its association with clinical and patient-centered outcomes, and future advances in the care of HFpEF with respect to PF. Multiple PF metrics have been demonstrated to provide prognostic value within HFpEF, yet the data are less robust compared with other patient populations, highlighting the need for further investigation. The evaluation and detection of poor PF provides a potential strategy to improve care in HFpEF, and future studies are needed to understand if modulating PF improves clinical and/or patient-reported outcomes. LAY SUMMARY: • Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) commonly have impaired physical functioning (PF) demonstrated by limitations across a wide range of common PF metrics.• Impaired PF metrics demonstrate prognostic value for both clinical and patient-reported outcomes in HFpEF, making them plausible therapeutic targets to improve outcomes.• Clinical trials are ongoing to investigate novel methods of detecting, monitoring, and improving impaired PF to enhance HFpEF care.Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is increasingly prevalent, yet interventions and therapies to improve outcomes remain limited. As such, there has been increasing focus on the impact of physical performance (PF) on clinical and patient-centered outcomes. In this review, we discuss the state of PF in patients with HFpEF by examining the multitude of PF metrics available, their respective strengths and limitations, and their associations with outcomes in HFpEF. We highlight future advances in the care of HFpEF with respect to PF, particularly regarding the evaluation and detection of poor PF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert J Mentz
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stephen J Greene
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pella E, Boutou A, Theodorakopoulou MP, Sarafidis P. Assessment of Exercise Intolerance in Patients with Pre-Dialysis CKD with Cardiopulmonary Function Testing: Translation to Everyday Practice. Am J Nephrol 2021; 52:264-278. [PMID: 33882502 DOI: 10.1159/000515384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often characterized by increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and increased incidence of cardiovascular events and death. Reduced cardiovascular reserve and exercise intolerance are common in patients with CKD and are associated with adverse outcomes. SUMMARY The gold standard for identifying exercise limitation is cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). CPET provides an integrative evaluation of cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematopoietic, neuropsychological, and metabolic function during maximal or submaximal exercise. It is useful in clinical setting for differentiation of the causes of exercise intolerance, risk stratification, and assessment of response to relevant treatments. A number of recent studies have used CPET in patients with pre-dialysis CKD, aiming to assess the cardiovascular reserve of these individuals, as well as the effect of interventions such as exercise training programs on their functional capacity. This review provides an in-depth description of CPET methodology and an overview of studies that utilized CPET technology to assess cardiovascular reserve in patients with pre-dialysis CKD. Key Messages: CPET can delineate multisystem changes and offer comprehensive phenotyping of factors determining overall cardiovascular risk. Potential clinical applications of CPET in CKD patients range from objective diagnosis of exercise intolerance to preoperative and long-term risk stratification and providing intermediate endpoints for clinical trials. Future studies should delineate the association of CPET indexes, with cardiovascular and respiratory alterations and hard outcomes in CKD patients, to enhance its diagnostic and prognostic utility in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pella
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Afroditi Boutou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, G. Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marieta P Theodorakopoulou
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Sarafidis
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Miyazaki S, Hayashino S, Matsumoto I, Kurozumi M, Namba T, Takagi Y, Kunikata J, Minamino T. Mid-arm muscle circumference as an indicator of exercise tolerance in chronic heart failure. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21:411-415. [PMID: 33821564 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Skeletal muscle mass is associated with exercise tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Anthropometric indicators are used to evaluate skeletal muscle mass, as these can be easily assessed in clinical practice. However, the association between anthropometric indicators and exercise tolerance is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between anthropometric indicators and exercise tolerance in CHF patients. METHODS We evaluated 69 patients with CHF. Mid-arm circumference, mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), calf circumference and body mass index were measured as the anthropometric indicators. Exercise tolerance was evaluated according to the peak oxygen uptake (VO2 ). Correlation analyses were carried out to determine the association between peak VO2 and anthropometric indicators. Furthermore, univariate and multiple regression analyses were carried out using peak VO2 as the dependent variable, and age, male, left ventricular ejection fraction, angiotensin II receptor blocker or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, diuretics, B-type natriuretic peptide, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hemoglobin and anthropometric indicators as the independent variables. RESULTS There were significant positive correlations between the peak VO2 and mid-arm circumference (rs = 0.378, P = 0.001), MAMC (r = 0.634, P < 0.001) and calf circumference (r = 0.292, P = 0.015). In multiple regression analysis, MAMC (β = 0.721, P < 0.001) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (β = 0.279, P = 0.007) were independent factors associated with peak VO2 . CONCLUSIONS MAMC is independently associated with peak VO2 in CHF patients. Thus, MAMC could be an indicator of exercise tolerance, which is closely related to the severity and prognosis of CHF. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 411-415.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Miyazaki
- Rehabilitation Center, KKR Takamatsu Hospital, Takamatsu, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Japan
| | | | - Ichiro Matsumoto
- Department of Cardiology, KKR Takamatsu Hospital, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kurozumi
- Department of Cardiology, KKR Takamatsu Hospital, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Tsunetatsu Namba
- Department of Cardiology, KKR Takamatsu Hospital, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Takagi
- Department of Cardiology, KKR Takamatsu Hospital, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Jun Kunikata
- Clinical Research Support Center, Kagawa University Hospital, Kita-gun, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Minamino
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Leprat T, Ivanes F, Bernard A, Marchand-Adam S, Plantier L. Transcutaneous PCO 2 -based dead space ventilation at submaximal exercise accurately discriminates healthy controls from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2021; 41:253-261. [PMID: 33529433 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased physiological dead space ventilation (VD /VT ) at exercise reflects pulmonary gas exchange impairment and is a sensitive marker of cardio-respiratory disease. VD /VT is typically not measured during routine cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) because its calculation requires arterial blood gas analysis for determination of PaCO2 . Instead, dead space ventilation is indirectly evaluated as a determinant of the ventilation (VE)/VCO2 relationship, which also depends on the PaCO2 set point. We hypothesized that VD /VT calculations based on non-invasive transcutaneous PCO2 (PtcCO2 ) measurement had better diagnostic characteristics than the VE/VCO2 slope for the discrimination of healthy subjects from patients with COPD, a common disease associated with impaired pulmonary gas exchange. METHODS Retrospective study of 19 healthy controls and 24 COPD patients who underwent CPET with continuous PtcCO2 monitoring. Areas under receiver operating characteristics curves (AUC) were calculated to assess diagnostic accuracy of CPET measurement for the discrimination of COPD and Controls. RESULTS The AUC for PtcCO2 -based VD /VT at VT1 (0.977) was significantly higher than for the VE/VCO2 slope (0.660), SpO2 at peak exercise (0.913), decrease in inspiratory capacity (0.719), and ventilatory reserve (0.708). At a threshold of 0.24, the sensitivity and specificity of PtcCO2 -based VD /VT for the discrimination of COPD patients and healthy Controls were 100% and 84%, respectively. All Control subjects had PtcCO2 -based VD /VT ≤ 0.25. CONCLUSIONS PtcCO2 -based VD /VT was the most accurate measurement to discriminate healthy controls from subjects with COPD, a chronic lung disease associated with altered pulmonary gas exchange. Non-invasive monitoring of PtcCO2 may be useful for routine CPET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Leprat
- Service de Médecine Cardiovasculaire, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Fabrice Ivanes
- Service de Médecine Cardiovasculaire, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France.,EA4245 Transplantation, Immunologie et Inflammation, Tours, France
| | - Anne Bernard
- Service de Médecine Cardiovasculaire, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France.,EA4245 Transplantation, Immunologie et Inflammation, Tours, France
| | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Pneumologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,CEPR/INSERM UMR1100, Tours, France
| | - Laurent Plantier
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Pneumologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,CEPR/INSERM UMR1100, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Badrov MB, Mak S, Floras JS. Cardiovascular Autonomic Disturbances in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Can J Cardiol 2020; 37:609-620. [PMID: 33310140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), diminished tonic and reflex vagal heart rate modulation and exaggerated sympathetic outflow and neural norepinephrine release are evident from disease inception. Each of these disturbances of autonomic regulation has been independently associated with shortened survival, and β-adrenoceptor antagonism and therapeutic autonomic modulation by other means have been demonstrated, in clinical trials, to lessen symptoms and prolong survival. In contrast, data concerning the autonomic status of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are comparatively sparse. Little is known concerning the prognostic consequences of autonomic dysregulation in such individuals, and therapies applied with success in HFrEF have in most trials failed to improve symptoms or survival of those with HFpEF. A recent HFpEF Expert Scientific Panel report emphasised that without a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of HFpEF, establishing effective treatment will be challenging. One aspect of such pathology may be cardiovascular autonomic disequilibrium, often worsened by acute exercise or routine daily activity. This review aims to summarise existing knowledge concerning parasympathetic and sympathetic function of patients with HFpEF, consider potential mechanisms and specific consequences of autonomic disturbances that have been identified, and propose hypotheses for future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Badrov
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susanna Mak
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John S Floras
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Maffeis C, Morris DA, Belyavskiy E, Kropf M, Radhakrishnan AK, Zach V, Rozados da Conceicao C, Trippel TD, Pieske-Kraigher E, Rossi A, Pieske B, Edelmann F. Left atrial function and maximal exercise capacity in heart failure with preserved and mid-range ejection fraction. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 8:116-128. [PMID: 33295106 PMCID: PMC7835603 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Exercise intolerance is the leading manifestation of heart failure with preserved or mid‐range ejection fraction (HFpEF or HFmrEF), and left atrial (LA) function might contribute to modulating left ventricular filling and pulmonary venous pressures. We aim to assess the association between LA function and maximal exercise capacity in patients with HFpEF or HFmrEF. Methods and results Sixty‐five patients, prospectively enrolled in the German HFpEF Registry, were analysed. Inclusion criteria were New York Heart Association functional class ≥ II, left ventricular ejection fraction > 40%, structural heart disease or diastolic dysfunction, and elevated levels of N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP). LA function was evaluated through speckle‐tracking echocardiography by central reading in the Charité Academic Echocardiography core lab. All patients underwent maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test and were classified according to a peak VO2 cut‐off of prognostic value (14 mL/kg/min). NT‐pro‐BNP was measured. Twenty‐nine patients (45%) reached a peak VO2 < 14 mL/kg/min (mean value 12.4 ± 1.5) and 36 patients (55%) peak VO2 ≥ 14 mL/kg/min (mean value 19.4 ± 3.9). There was no significant difference in left ventricular ejection fraction (60 ± 9 vs. 59 ± 8%), left ventricular mass (109 ± 23 vs. 112 ± 32 g/m2), LA volume index (45 ± 17 vs. 47 ± 22 mL/m2), or E/e´ (13.1 ± 4.7 vs. 13.0 ± 6.0) between these groups. In contrast, all LA strain measures were impaired in patients with lower peak VO2 (reservoir strain 14 ± 5 vs. 21 ± 9%, P = 0.002; conduit strain 9 ± 2 vs. 13 ± 4%, P = 0.001; contractile strain 7 ± 4 vs. 11 ± 6%, P = 0.02; reported lower limits of normality for LA reservoir, conduit and contractile strains: 26.1%, 12.0%, and 7.7%). In linear regression analysis, lower values of LA reservoir strain were associated with impaired peak VO2 after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, heart rhythm (sinus/AFib), and log‐NTproBNP [β 0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02–0.30, P = 0.02], with an odds ratio 1.22 (95% CI 1.05–1.42, P = 0.01) for peak VO2 < 14 mL/kg/min for LA reservoir strain decrease after adjustment for these five covariates. Adding left ventricular ejection fraction, it did not influence the results. On the other hand, the addition of LA strain to the adjustment parameters alone described above provided a significant increase of the predictive value for lower peak VO2 values (R2 0.50 vs. 0.45, P = 0.02). With receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, we identified LA reservoir strain < 22% to have 93% sensitivity and 49% specificity in predicting peak VO2 < 14 mL/kg/min. Using this cut‐off, LA reservoir strain < 22% was associated with peak VO2 < 14 mL/kg/min in logistic regression analysis after comprehensive adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, heart rhythm, and log‐NTproBNP [odds ratio 95% CI 10.4 (1.4–74), P = 0.02]. Conclusions In this HFpEF and HFmrEF cohort, a reduction in LA reservoir strain was a sensible marker of decreased peak exercise capacity. Therefore, LA reservoir strain might be of clinical value in predicting exercise capacity in patients with HFpEF or HFmrEF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Maffeis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Daniel Armando Morris
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Evgeny Belyavskiy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Martin Kropf
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Aravind Kumar Radhakrishnan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Veronika Zach
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cristina Rozados da Conceicao
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Daniel Trippel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Pieske-Kraigher
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Edelmann
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shantsila E, Shahid F, Sun Y, Deeks J, Calvert M, Fisher JP, Kirchhof P, Gill PS, Lip GYH. Spironolactone in Atrial Fibrillation With Preserved Cardiac Fraction: The IMPRESS-AF Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016239. [PMID: 32909497 PMCID: PMC7726985 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.016239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients with permanent atrial fibrillation have poor outcomes, exercise capacity, and quality of life even on optimal anticoagulation. Based on mechanistic and observational data, we tested whether the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone can improve exercise capacity, E/e' ratio, and quality of life in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and preserved ejection fraction. Methods and Results The double-masked, placebo-controlled IMPRESS-AF (Improved Exercise Tolerance in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction by Spironolactone on Myocardial Fibrosis in Atrial Fibrillation) trial (NCT02673463) randomized 250 stable patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction to spironolactone 25 mg daily or placebo. Patients were followed for 2 years. The primary efficacy outcome was peak oxygen consumption on cardiopulmonary exercise testing at 2 years. Secondary end points included 6-minute walk distance, E/e' ratio, quality of life, and hospital admissions. Spironolactone therapy did not improve peak oxygen consumption at 2 years (14.0 mL/min per kg [SD, 5.4]) compared with placebo (14.5 [5.1], adjusted treatment effect, -0.28; 95% CI, -1.27 to 0.71]; P=0.58). The findings were consistent across all sensitivity analyses. There were no differences in the 6-minute walking distance (adjusted treatment effect, -8.47 m; -31.9 to 14.9; P=0.48), E/e' ratio (adjusted treatment effect, -0.68; -1.52 to 0.17, P=0.12), or quality of life (P=0.74 for EuroQol-5 Dimensions, 5-level version quality of life questionnaire and P=0.84 for Minnesota Living with Heart Failure). At least 1 hospitalization occurred in 15% of patients in the spironolactone group and 23% in the placebo group (P=0.15). Estimated glomerular filtration rate was reduced by 6 mL/min in the spironolactone group with <1-unit reduction in controls (P<0.001). Systolic blood pressure was reduced by 7.2 mm Hg (95% CI, 2.2-12.3) in the spironolactone group versus placebo (P=0.005). Conclusions Spironolactone therapy does not improve exercise capacity, E/e' ratio, or quality of life in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation and preserved ejection fraction. Registration UTL: https://www.clinicaltrial.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02673463. EudraCT number 2014-003702-33.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Shantsila
- North Worcestershire VTSSt Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustPrescotMerseysideUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Farhan Shahid
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Yongzhong Sun
- Birmingham Clinical Trials UnitInstitute of Applied Health ResearchUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Deeks
- Birmingham Clinical Trials UnitInstitute of Applied Health ResearchUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Melanie Calvert
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research (CPROR)Institute of Applied Health ResearchUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Centre West MidlandsUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research CentreUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and InnovationUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - James P. Fisher
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Paulus Kirchhof
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamUnited Kingdom
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS TrustBirminghamUnited Kingdom
- University Heart and Vascular CenterUKE HamburgHamburgGermany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/LübeckHamburgGermany
| | - Paramjit S. Gill
- Academic Unit of Primary CareWarwick Medical SchoolUniversity of WarwickCoventryUnited Kingdom
| | - Gregory Y. H. Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest HospitalLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
- Aalborg Thrombosis Research UnitDepartment of Clinical MedicineAalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Beyond the myocardium? SGLT2 inhibitors target peripheral components of reduced oxygen flux in the diabetic patient with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 27:219-234. [PMID: 32583230 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-09996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent cardiovascular outcome trials have highlighted the propensity of the antidiabetic agents, SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2is or -flozin drugs), to exert positive clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease at risk for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). Of interest in cardiac diabetology is the physiological status of the patient with T2DM and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), a well-examined association. Underlying this pathologic tandem are the effects that long-standing hyperglycemia has on the ability of the HFpEF heart to adequately deliver oxygen. It is believed that shortcomings in oxygen diffusion or utilization and the resulting hypoxia thereafter may play a role in underlying the clinical sequelae of patients with T2DM and HFpEF, with implications in the long-term decline of extra-cardiac tissue. Oxygen consumption is one of the most critical factors in indexing heart failure disease burden, warranting a probe into the role of SGLT2i on oxygen utility in HFpEF and T2DM. We investigated the role of oxygen flux in the patient with T2DM and HFpEF extending beyond the heart with focuses on cellular metabolism, perivascular fibrosis with endothelial dysfunction, hematologic changes, and renal effects with neurohormonal considerations in the patient with HFpEF and T2DM. Moreover, we give a commentary on potential therapeutic targets of these components with SGLT2i to gain insight into disease burden amelioration in patients with HFpEF and T2DM.
Collapse
|
32
|
Nayor M, Xanthakis V, Tanguay M, Blodgett JB, Shah RV, Schoenike M, Sbarbaro J, Farrell R, Malhotra R, Houstis NE, Velagaleti RS, Moore SA, Baggish AL, O'Connor GT, Ho JE, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Lewis GD. Clinical and Hemodynamic Associations and Prognostic Implications of Ventilatory Efficiency in Patients With Preserved Left Ventricular Systolic Function. Circ Heart Fail 2020; 13:e006729. [PMID: 32362167 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.119.006729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventilatory efficiency (minute ventilation required to eliminate carbon dioxide, VE/VCO2) during exercise potently predicts outcomes in advanced heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, but its prognostic significance for at-risk individuals with preserved left ventricular systolic function is unclear. We aimed to characterize mechanistic determinants and prognostic implications of VE/VCO2 in a single-center dyspneic referral cohort (MGH-ExS [Massachusetts General Hospital Exercise Study]) and in a large sample of community-dwelling participants in the FHS (Framingham Heart Study). METHODS Maximum incremental cardiopulmonary exercise tests were performed. VE/VCO2 was assessed as the slope pre- and post-ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VE/VCO2pre-VATslope, VE/VCO2post-VATslope), the slope throughout exercise (VE/VCO2overall-slope), and as the lowest 30-second value (VE/VCO2nadir). RESULTS In the MGH-ExS (N=493, age 56±15 years, 61% women, left ventricular ejection fraction 64±8%), higher VE/VCO2nadir was associated with lower peak exercise cardiac output and steeper increases in exercise pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (both P<0.0001). VE/VCO2nadir (hazard ratio, 1.34 per 1-SD unit [95% CI, 1.10-1.62] P=0.003) was associated with future cardiovascular hospitalization/death and outperformed classical VE/VCO2 measures used in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (VE/VCO2overall-slope). In FHS (N=1936, age 54±9 years, 53% women), VE/VCO2 measures taken in low-to-moderate intensity exercise (including VE/VCO2pre-VATslope, VE/VCO2nadir) were directly associated with cardiovascular risk factor burden (smoking, Framingham cardiovascular disease risk score, and lower fitness; all P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Impaired ventilatory efficiency is associated with cardiovascular risk in the community and with adverse hemodynamic profiles and future hospitalizations/death in a referral population, highlighting the prognostic importance of easily acquired submaximum exercise ventilatory gas exchange measurements in broad populations with preserved left ventricular systolic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Nayor
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (M.N., M.T., J.B.B., R.V.S., M.S., J.S., R.F., R.M., N.E.H., A.L.B., J.E.H., G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Vanessa Xanthakis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (V.X.).,Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (V.X., R.S. Vasan), Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Melissa Tanguay
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (M.N., M.T., J.B.B., R.V.S., M.S., J.S., R.F., R.M., N.E.H., A.L.B., J.E.H., G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Jasmine B Blodgett
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (M.N., M.T., J.B.B., R.V.S., M.S., J.S., R.F., R.M., N.E.H., A.L.B., J.E.H., G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Ravi V Shah
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (M.N., M.T., J.B.B., R.V.S., M.S., J.S., R.F., R.M., N.E.H., A.L.B., J.E.H., G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Mark Schoenike
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (M.N., M.T., J.B.B., R.V.S., M.S., J.S., R.F., R.M., N.E.H., A.L.B., J.E.H., G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - John Sbarbaro
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (M.N., M.T., J.B.B., R.V.S., M.S., J.S., R.F., R.M., N.E.H., A.L.B., J.E.H., G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Robyn Farrell
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (M.N., M.T., J.B.B., R.V.S., M.S., J.S., R.F., R.M., N.E.H., A.L.B., J.E.H., G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (M.N., M.T., J.B.B., R.V.S., M.S., J.S., R.F., R.M., N.E.H., A.L.B., J.E.H., G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Cardiovascular Research Center (R.M., J.E.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Nicholas E Houstis
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (M.N., M.T., J.B.B., R.V.S., M.S., J.S., R.F., R.M., N.E.H., A.L.B., J.E.H., G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Raghava S Velagaleti
- Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA (R.S. Velagaleti, S.A.M.)
| | - Stephanie A Moore
- Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA (R.S. Velagaleti, S.A.M.)
| | - Aaron L Baggish
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (M.N., M.T., J.B.B., R.V.S., M.S., J.S., R.F., R.M., N.E.H., A.L.B., J.E.H., G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - George T O'Connor
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine (G.T.O.), Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Jennifer E Ho
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (M.N., M.T., J.B.B., R.V.S., M.S., J.S., R.F., R.M., N.E.H., A.L.B., J.E.H., G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Cardiovascular Research Center (R.M., J.E.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | | | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (V.X., R.S. Vasan), Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA.,Division of Cardiology (R.S. Vasan), Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Gregory D Lewis
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (M.N., M.T., J.B.B., R.V.S., M.S., J.S., R.F., R.M., N.E.H., A.L.B., J.E.H., G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Pulmonary Critical Care Unit (G.D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sakellaropoulos S, Lekaditi D, Svab S. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in heart failure: A Sine qua non. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.34256/ijpefs2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A robust literature, over the last years, supports the indication of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Understanding exercise physiology is a crucial component of the critical evaluation of exercise intolerance. Shortness of breath and exercise limitation is often treated with an improper focus, partly because the pathophysiology is not well understood in the frame of the diagnostic spectrum of each subspecialty. A vital field and research area have been cardiopulmonary exercise test in heart failure with preserved/reduced ejection fraction, evaluation of heart failure patients as candidates for LVAD-Implantation, as well as for LVAD-Explantation and ultimately for heart transplantation. All the CPET variables provide synergistic prognostic discrimination. However, Peak VO2 serves as the most critical parameter for risk stratification and prediction of survival rate.
Collapse
|
34
|
Tashiro H, Tanaka A, Ishii H, Motomura N, Arai K, Adachi T, Okajima T, Iwakawa N, Kojima H, Mitsuda T, Hirayama K, Hitora Y, Hayashi M, Furusawa K, Yoshida R, Imai H, Ogawa Y, Kawaguchi K, Murohara T. Reduced exercise capacity and clinical outcomes following acute myocardial infarction. Heart Vessels 2020; 35:1044-1050. [PMID: 32152731 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-020-01576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reduced exercise capacity is known to be an important predictor of poor prognosis and disability in patients with cardiovascular diseases and chronic heart failure, and even members of the general population. However, data about exercise capacity assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is scarce. Among 594 consecutive AMI patients who underwent primary PCI, we examined 136 patients (85.3% men, 64.9 ± 11.9 years) who underwent CPX during hospitalization for AMI. CPX was usually performed 5 days after the onset of AMI. Reduced exercise capacity was defined as peak VO2 ≤ 12. Clinical outcomes including all-cause death, myocardial infarction, and hospitalization due to heart failure were followed. Among 136 patients, reduced exercise capacity (peak VO2 ≤ 12) was seen in 38 patients (28%). Patients with reduced exercise capacity were older, more likely to have hypertension, and had lower renal function. In echocardiography, patients with reduced exercise capacity had higher E/e' and larger left atrial dimension. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that E/e' (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.09-1.31, p < 0.001) was an independent predictor of reduced exercise capacity (peak VO2 ≤ 12). Median follow-up term was 12 months (IQR 9-22). The occurrence of composite endpoints of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, and hospitalization due to heart failure was significantly higher in patients with peak VO2 ≤ 12 than those with peak VO2 > 12 (p < 0.001). Reduced exercise capacity following primary PCI in AMI patients is associated with diastolic dysfunction and may lead to poorer clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tashiro
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Japan
| | - Akihito Tanaka
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan.
| | - Hideki Ishii
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Nariko Motomura
- Department of Cardiology, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Arai
- Department of Cardiology, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Adachi
- Department of Cardiology, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Okajima
- Department of Cardiology, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwakawa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kojima
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mitsuda
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Kenshi Hirayama
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hitora
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Furusawa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Ruka Yoshida
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Hajime Imai
- Department of Cardiology, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ogawa
- Department of Cardiology, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Japan
| | | | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tashiro H, Tanaka A, Ishii H, Motomura N, Arai K, Adachi T, Okajima T, Iwakawa N, Kojima H, Mitsuda T, Hirayama K, Hitora Y, Hayashi M, Furusawa K, Yoshida R, Imai H, Ogawa Y, Kawaguchi K, Murohara T. Reduced exercise capacity and clinical outcomes following acute myocardial infarction. Heart Vessels 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-020-01576-2 10.1007/s00380-020-01576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
36
|
Abstract
The heart and lungs are intimately linked. Hence, impaired function of one organ may lead to changes in the other. Accordingly, heart failure is associated with airway obstruction, loss of lung volume, impaired gas exchange, and abnormal ventilatory control. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is an excellent tool for evaluation of gas exchange and ventilatory control. Indeed, many parameters routinely measured during cardiopulmonary exercise testing, including the level of minute ventilation per unit of carbon dioxide production and the presence of exercise oscillatory ventilation, have been found to be strongly associated with prognosis in patients with heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Cundrle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, Brno 65691, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lyle J Olson
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bruce D Johnson
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Salvioni E, Corrà U, Piepoli M, Rovai S, Correale M, Paolillo S, Pasquali M, Magrì D, Vitale G, Fusini L, Mapelli M, Vignati C, Lagioia R, Raimondo R, Sinagra G, Boggio F, Cangiano L, Gallo G, Magini A, Contini M, Palermo P, Apostolo A, Pezzuto B, Bonomi A, Scardovi AB, Filardi PP, Limongelli G, Metra M, Scrutinio D, Emdin M, Piccioli L, Lombardi C, Cattadori G, Parati G, Caravita S, Re F, Cicoira M, Frigerio M, Clemenza F, Bussotti M, Battaia E, Guazzi M, Bandera F, Badagliacca R, Di Lenarda A, Pacileo G, Passino C, Sciomer S, Ambrosio G, Agostoni P. Gender and age normalization and ventilation efficiency during exercise in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 7:371-380. [PMID: 31893579 PMCID: PMC7083437 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Ventilation vs. carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) is among the strongest cardiopulmonary exercise testing prognostic parameters in heart failure (HF). It is usually reported as an absolute value. The current definition of normal VE/VCO2 slope values is inadequate, since it was built from small groups of subjects with a particularly limited number of women and elderly. We aimed to define VE/VCO2 slope prediction formulas in a sizable population and to test whether the prognostic power of VE/VCO2 slope in HF was different if expressed as a percentage of the predicted value or as an absolute value. Methods and results We calculated the linear regressions between age and VE/VCO2 slope in 1136 healthy subjects (68% male, age 44.9 ± 14.5, range 13–83 years). We then applied age‐adjusted and sex‐adjusted formulas to predict VE/VCO2 slope to HF patients included in the metabolic exercise test data combined with cardiac and kidney indexes score database, which counts 6112 patients (82% male, age 61.4 ± 12.8, left ventricular ejection fraction 33.2 ± 10.5%, peakVO2 14.8 ± 4.9, mL/min/kg, VE/VCO2 slope 32.7 ± 7.7) from 24 HF centres. Finally, we evaluated whether the use of absolute values vs. percentages of predicted VE/VCO2 affected HF prognosis prediction (composite of cardiovascular mortality + urgent transplant or left ventricular assist device). We did so in the entire cardiac and kidney indexes score population and separately in HF patients with severe (peakVO2 < 14 mL/min/kg, n = 2919, 61.1 events/1000 pts/year) or moderate (peakVO2 ≥ 14 mL/min/kg, n = 3183, 19.9 events/1000 pts/year) HF. In the healthy population, we obtained the following equations: female, VE/VCO2 = 0.052 × Age + 23.808 (r = 0.192); male, VE/VCO2 = 0.095 × Age + 20.227 (r = 0.371) (P = 0.007). We applied these formulas to calculate the percentages of predicted VE/VCO2 values. The 2‐year survival prognostic power of VE/VCO2 slope was strong, and it was similar if expressed as absolute value or as a percentage of predicted value (AUCs 0.686 and 0.690, respectively). In contrast, in severe HF patients, AUCs significantly differed between absolute values (0.637) and percentages of predicted values (0.650, P = 0.0026). Moreover, VE/VCO2 slope expressed as a percentage of predicted value allowed to reclassify 6.6% of peakVO2 < 14 mL/min/kg patients (net reclassification improvement = 0.066, P = 0.0015). Conclusions The percentage of predicted VE/VCO2 slope value strengthens the prognostic power of VE/VCO2 in severe HF patients, and it should be preferred over the absolute value for HF prognostication. Furthermore, the widespread use of VE/VCO2 slope expressed as percentage of predicted value can improve our ability to identify HF patients at high risk, which is a goal of utmost clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ugo Corrà
- Cardiology Department, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno Institute, Veruno, Italy
| | | | - Sara Rovai
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, Milan, 20138, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Paolillo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Pasquali
- Dipartimento di medicina e scienze dell'invecchiamento, Università G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Damiano Magrì
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea, "Sapienza" Università degli Studi di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vitale
- Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit, Buccheri La Ferla Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Fusini
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, Milan, 20138, Italy
| | - Massimo Mapelli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, Milan, 20138, Italy
| | - Carlo Vignati
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, Milan, 20138, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Rocco Lagioia
- Division of Cardiology, "S. Maugeri" Foundation, IRCCS, Institute of Cassano Murge, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Raimondo
- Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Istituto Scientifico di Tradate, Tradate, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiovascular Department, Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Federico Boggio
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, Milan, 20138, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cangiano
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, Milan, 20138, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gallo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea, "Sapienza" Università degli Studi di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Magini
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, Milan, 20138, Italy
| | - Mauro Contini
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, Milan, 20138, Italy
| | - Pietro Palermo
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, Milan, 20138, Italy
| | - Anna Apostolo
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, Milan, 20138, Italy
| | - Beatrice Pezzuto
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, Milan, 20138, Italy
| | - Alice Bonomi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, Milan, 20138, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Cardiologia SUN, Ospedale Monaldi (Azienda dei Colli), Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Metra
- Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Domenico Scrutinio
- Division of Cardiology, "S. Maugeri" Foundation, IRCCS, Institute of Cassano Murge, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Emdin
- Fondazione Gabriele Monasterio, CNR-Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy.,Life Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Piccioli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Lombardi
- Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Cattadori
- Unità Operativa Cardiologia Riabilitativa, Multimedica IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Parati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, San Luca Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Caravita
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Re
- Cardiology Division, Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Cardiomyopathies Unit, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Maria Frigerio
- Dipartimento Cardiologico "A. De Gasperis", Ospedale Cà Granda-A.O. Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Clemenza
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bussotti
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Battaia
- Department of Cardiology, S. Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Guazzi
- Cardiology University Department, Heart Failure Unit and Cardiopulmonary Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandera
- Cardiology University Department, Heart Failure Unit and Cardiopulmonary Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Roberto Badagliacca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Respiratorie, Nefrologiche, Anestesiologiche e Geriatriche, "Sapienza", Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Lenarda
- Cardiovascular Center, Health Authority no. 1, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pacileo
- Cardiologia SUN, Ospedale Monaldi (Azienda dei Colli), Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio Passino
- Fondazione Gabriele Monasterio, CNR-Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy.,Life Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Susanna Sciomer
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Respiratorie, Nefrologiche, Anestesiologiche e Geriatriche, "Sapienza", Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ambrosio
- Division of Cardiology, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy
| | - Piergiuseppe Agostoni
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, Milan, 20138, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rovai S, Corrà U, Piepoli M, Vignati C, Salvioni E, Bonomi A, Mattavelli I, Arcari L, Scardovi AB, Perrone Filardi P, Lagioia R, Paolillo S, Magrì D, Limongelli G, Metra M, Senni M, Scrutinio D, Raimondo R, Emdin M, Lombardi C, Cattadori G, Parati G, Re F, Cicoira M, Villani GQ, Minà C, Correale M, Frigerio M, Perna E, Mapelli M, Magini A, Clemenza F, Bussotti M, Battaia E, Guazzi M, Bandera F, Badagliacca R, Di Lenarda A, Pacileo G, Maggioni A, Passino C, Sciomer S, Sinagra G, Agostoni P. Exercise oscillatory ventilation and prognosis in heart failure patients with reduced and mid-range ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2019; 21:1586-1595. [PMID: 31782225 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Exercise oscillatory ventilation (EOV) is a pivotal cardiopulmonary exercise test parameter for the prognostic evaluation of patients with chronic heart failure (HF). It has been described in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (<40%, HFrEF) and with HF with preserved ejection fraction (>50%, HFpEF), but no data are available for patients with HF with mid-range ejection fraction (40-49%, HFmrEF). The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic role of EOV in HFmrEF patients. METHODS AND RESULTS We analysed 1239 patients with HFmrEF and 4482 patients with HFrEF, enrolled in the MECKI score database, with a 2-year follow-up. The study endpoint was the composite of cardiovascular death, urgent heart transplant, and ventricular assist device implantation. We identified EOV in 968 cases (16% and 17% of cases in HFmrEF and HFrEF, respectively). HFrEF EOV+ patients were significantly older, and their parameters suggested a more severe HF than HFrEF EOV- patients. A similar behaviour was found in HFmrEF EOV+ vs. EOV- patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis, irrespective of ejection fraction, showed that EOV is associated with a worse survival, and that patients with HFrEF and HFmrEF EOV+ had a significantly worse outcome than the EOV- of the same ejection fraction groups. EOV-associated survival differences in HFmrEF patients started after 18 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION Exercise oscillatory ventilation has a similar prevalence and ominous prognostic value in both HFmrEF and HFrEF patients, indicating a group of patients in need of a more intensive follow-up and a more aggressive therapy. In HFmrEF, the survival curves between EOV+ and EOV- patients diverged only after 18 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rovai
- U.O Scompenso, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Sport and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ugo Corrà
- Cardiology Department, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno Institute, Veruno, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Vignati
- U.O Scompenso, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alice Bonomi
- U.O Scompenso, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luca Arcari
- Cardiology Division, Santo Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Rocco Lagioia
- Division of Cardiology, "S. Maugeri" Foundation, IRCCS, Institute of Cassano Murge, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Paolillo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Damiano Magrì
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea, "Sapienza" Università degli Studi di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Cardiologia SUN, Ospedale Monaldi (Azienda dei Colli), Seconda Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Metra
- Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Senni
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Failure and Heart Transplant Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Raimondo
- Divisione di Cardiologia Riabilitativa, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Istituto Scientifico di Tradate, Italy
| | - Michele Emdin
- UOC Cardiologia e Medicina cardiovascolare, Fondazione Gabriele Monasterio, CNR-Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy.,Life Science Institute, Life Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Lombardi
- Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Cattadori
- Unità Operativa Cardiologia Riabilitativa, Multimedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Parati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, San Luca Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Re
- Cardiology Division, Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Cardiomyopathies Unit, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Minà
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS - ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Maria Frigerio
- Dipartimento Cardiologico 'A. De Gasperis', Ospedale Cà Granda-A.O. Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Perna
- Dipartimento Cardiologico 'A. De Gasperis', Ospedale Cà Granda-A.O. Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Mapelli
- U.O Scompenso, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Clemenza
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS - ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bussotti
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Battaia
- Department of Cardiology, S. Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Guazzi
- Cardiology University Department, Heart Failure Unit and Cardiopulmonary Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandera
- Cardiology University Department, Heart Failure Unit and Cardiopulmonary Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Badagliacca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Respiratorie, Nefrologiche, Anestesiologiche e Geriatriche, 'Sapienza', Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Lenarda
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Health Authority no. 1 and University of, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pacileo
- Cardiologia SUN, Ospedale Monaldi (Azienda dei Colli), Seconda Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Passino
- UOC Cardiologia e Medicina cardiovascolare, Fondazione Gabriele Monasterio, CNR-Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy.,Life Science Institute, Life Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Susanna Sciomer
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Respiratorie, Nefrologiche, Anestesiologiche e Geriatriche, 'Sapienza', Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiovascular Department, Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Piergiuseppe Agostoni
- U.O Scompenso, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yunis A, Doros G, Luptak I, Connors LH, Sam F. Use of Ventilatory Efficiency Slope as a Marker for Increased Mortality in Wild-Type Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis. Am J Cardiol 2019; 124:122-130. [PMID: 31053293 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRwt) results in an infiltrative cardiomyopathy often culminating in symptomatic heart failure. The use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in determining outcomes in ATTRwt cardiac amyloidosis is unknown. Given the emergence of novel therapies to treat transthyretin amyloidosis, we sought to investigate the utility of CPET on outcomes in patients with ATTRwt cardiomyopathy. Fifty-six patients, with biopsy and immunohistochemically proved ATTRwt, were enrolled between 2005 and 2015, as part of an NIH ATTRwt substudy at the Boston University Amyloidosis Center. Patients were prospectively studied, which included laboratory tests, electrocardiogram, echocardiography, in addition to CPET. In this cohort of ATTRwt patients who performed CPET were elderly, all were male, and predominantly white (69.9%). The overall median survival was 59.01 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 49.29 to 88.69). By multivariate analysis, C-reactive protein (CRP; hazard ratio [HR] 1.10 [1.03 to 1.18]), decreased sodium (HR 0.75 [0.58 to 0.97]), creatinine (HR 7.48 [2.44 to 22.98]) and VE/VCO2 (HR 1.10 [1.05 to 1.16]) were significant risk factors for mortality (p <0.05). Peak VO2 was insignificant by both univariate and multivariate analyses. ATTRwt patients with VE/VCO2 >40 had a worse median survival of 38.54 months (95% CI 32.63 to 51.47) versus 88.69 months (95% CI 56.26 to 89.49) than patients with VE/VCO2 slope ≤40. Receiver-operating characteristic curve showed that the combination of VE/VCO2, CRP, sodium, and creatinine (Area under the ROC Curve [AUC], 0.89) predicted 1-year mortality in ATTRwt cardiac amyloidosis. In conclusion, increased VE/VCO2, in combination with CRP, sodium, and creatinine, may identify patients at increased risk of death in ATTRwt cardiomyopathy. VE/VCO2 might have a role in objectively assessing therapeutic response in ATTRwt cardiac amyloidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adil Yunis
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gheorge Doros
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ivan Luptak
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lawreen H Connors
- Alan and Sandra Gerry Amyloid Research Laboratory in the Amyloidosis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Flora Sam
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Patel RB, Vaduganathan M, Felker GM, Butler J, Redfield MM, Shah SJ. Physical Activity, Quality of Life, and Biomarkers in Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (from the NEAT-HFpEF Trial). Am J Cardiol 2019; 123:1660-1666. [PMID: 30876658 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter (AF/AFL) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) frequently coexist, the influence of AF/AFL on physical activity, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and quality of life in HFpEF is unclear and could have relevance to HFpEF trial design. We evaluated the association between AF/AFL and volitional physical activity, functional performance, NT-proBNP, and quality of life in patients with HFpEF in the Nitrate's Effect on Activity Tolerance (NEAT)-HFpEF trial. Of 99 patients with accelerometer data, 35 (35%) had AF/AFL. There were no differences between AF/AFL versus no AF/AFL in baseline average daily accelerometer units (ADAUs; 9.06 ± 0.54 vs 9.06 ± 0.48, p = 0.75), hours active per day (9.7 ± 2.3 vs 9.2 ± 2.2, p = 0.86), or 6-minute walk distance (6MWD; 307 ± 136m vs 321 ± 110m, p = 0.85). AF/AFL status was associated with higher baseline NT-proBNP (586 [25th to 75th percentile: 291 to 1254] pg/ml vs 154 [25th to 75th percentile: 92 to 288] pg/ml, p <0.001) and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire scores (69 [25th to 75th percentile: 46 to 88] vs 48 [25th to 75th percentile: 37 to 70], p = 0.01). Although treatment responses to isosorbide mononitrate measured by change in ADAUs, hours active per day, or 6MWD did not vary by AF/AFL status (interaction p >0.05 for all), AF/AFL patients had greater reductions in NT-proBNP after isosorbide mononitrate than patients without AF/AFL (interaction p <0.001), possibly due to regression to the mean. In conclusion, baseline measures and treatment-related changes in volitional physical activity (ADAUs) and functional performance (6MWD) did not differ by AF/AFL in NEAT-HFpEF, whereas NT-proBNP did. In HFpEF-where AF/AFL prevalence is high-functional measures may be superior to natriuretic peptides as trial endpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi B Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Muthiah Vaduganathan
- Brigham and Women's Heart & Vascular Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - G Michael Felker
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Javed Butler
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | | | - Sanjiv J Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Orimoloye OA, Kambhampati S, Hicks AJ, Al Rifai M, Silverman MG, Whelton S, Qureshi W, Ehrman JK, Keteyian SJ, Brawner CA, Dardari Z, Al-Mallah MH, Blaha MJ. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness predicts long-term survival in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: the Henry Ford Exercise Testing (FIT) Project. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:350-358. [PMID: 30899287 PMCID: PMC6425214 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.83290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with improved exercise capacity and quality of life in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), but there are no large studies evaluating the association of HFpEF, CRF, and long-term survival. We therefore aimed to determine the association between CRF and all-cause mortality, in patients with HFpEF. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the Henry Ford Exercise Testing (FIT) Project, 167 patients had baseline HFpEF, defined as a clinical diagnosis of heart failure with ejection fraction ≥ 50% on echocardiogram. The CRF was estimated from the peak workload (in METs) from a clinician-referred treadmill stress test and categorized as poor (1-4 METs), intermediate (5-6 METs), and moderate-high (≥ 7 METs). Additional analyses assessing the effect of HFpEF and CRF on mortality were also conducted, matching HFpEF patients to non-HFpEF patients using propensity scores. RESULTS Mean age was 64 ±13 years, with 55% women, and 46% Black. Over a median follow-up of 9.7 (5.2-18.9) years, there were 103 deaths. In fully adjusted models, moderate-high CRF was associated with 63% lower mortality risk (HR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.18-0.73) compared to the poor-CRF group. In the propensity-matched cohort, HFpEF was associated with a HR of 2.3 (95% CI: 1.7-3.2) for mortality compared to non-HFpEF patients, which was attenuated to 1.8 (95% CI: 1.3-2.5) after adjusting for CRF. CONCLUSIONS Moderate-high CRF in patients with HFpEF is associated with improved survival, and differences in CRF partly explain the intrinsic risk of HFpEF. Randomized trials of interventions aimed at improving CRF in HFpEF are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olusola A. Orimoloye
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Swetha Kambhampati
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Albert J. Hicks
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology Division, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, USA
| | - Mahmoud Al Rifai
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Seamus Whelton
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Waqas Qureshi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest University of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Ehrman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Steven J. Keteyian
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Clinton A. Brawner
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zeina Dardari
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Mouaz H. Al-Mallah
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Cardiac Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael J. Blaha
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Smith JR, Borlaug BA, Olson TP. Exercise Ventilatory Efficiency in Older and Younger Heart Failure Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Card Fail 2019; 25:278-285. [PMID: 30822511 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) exhibit pulmonary abnormalities, but the studies to date have reported wide variability in the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (V̇E/V̇CO2) slope. It is possible that aging may contribute to that variability. We sought to compare ventilatory efficiency and its components in older and younger HFpEF patients during exercise. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighteen older (O; 80 ± 4 y) and 19 younger (Y; 59 ± 7 y) HFpEF patients performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing to volitional fatigue. Measurements of arterial blood gases were used to derive VD/VT, dead space ventilation, and alveolar ventilation. V̇E/V̇CO2 slope was greater in older compared with younger HFpEF patients (O 36 ± 7vs Y 31 ± 7; P = .04). At peak exercise, older HFpEF exhibited greater VD/VT compared with younger HFpEF (O 0.37 ± 0.10vs Y 0.28 ± 0.10; P < .01), whereas PaCO2 was not different between groups (P = .58). V̇E and alveolar ventilation were similar (P > .23), but dead space ventilation was greater in older compared with younger HFpEF at peak exercise (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS Older HFpEF patients exhibit greater ventilatory inefficiency resulting from elevated physiologic dead space during peak exercise compared with younger HFpEF patients. These results suggest that aging can worsen the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying ventilatory efficiency during exercise in HFpEF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Smith
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota.
| | - Barry A Borlaug
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota
| | - Thomas P Olson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Canada JM, Abbate A, Collen R, Billingsley H, Buckley LF, Carbone S, Trankle CR, Idowu MO, Kadariya D, Van Tassell B, Sanyal AJ, Siddiqui MS. Relation of Hepatic Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease to Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and Exercise Tolerance. Am J Cardiol 2019; 123:466-473. [PMID: 30502049 PMCID: PMC6331258 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between liver histology, exercise tolerance, and diastolic function in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Myocardial remodeling and diastolic dysfunction have been associated with NAFLD. However, its physiological impact and relationship to the histological severity of NAFLD is not known. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and stress echocardiography was performed in subjects with biopsy-confirmed NAFLD. Maximal aerobic exercise capacity (peak oxygen consumption [VO2]) was related to diastolic function (mitral annulus Doppler velocity e' and ratio of early diastolic filling pressure [E] to e' [E/e']) at rest and peak exercise. Autonomic dysfunction was determined from heart rate recovery after exercise. Independent predictors of cardiac function and exercise capacity were identified by multivariable regression. Thirty-six subjects (nonalcoholic fatty liver [NAFL = 15], nonalcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH = 21]) were enrolled. NASH was associated with impaired exercise capacity compared with NAFL (median peak VO2 17.0 [15.4, 18.9] vs 19.9 [17.4, 26.0], p = 001); pVO2 declined with increasing fibrosis (F0 = 22.5, F1 = 19.9, F2 = 19.0, F3 = 16.6 ml·kg-1·min-1; p = 0.01). Similarly, E/e' during exercise increased progressively with increasing fibrosis (F0 = 5.6, F1 = 6.5, F2 = 8.7, F3 = 9.8; P = 0.02). Finally, heart rate recovery, a marker of autonomic function, was blunted in those with higher fibrosis stages (F0 = 25 [20, 30], F1 = 23 [17.5, 27.0], F2 = 17 [11.8, 21.5], F3 = 11 [8.5, 18.0] beats per minute; p <0.01). Fibrosis was an independent predictor of these functional outcomes. In conclusion, NASH is associated with impaired exercise capacity and diastolic dysfunction compared with NAFL. The severity of impairment is directly related to the severity of fibrosis stage in precirrhotic stages of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin McNair Canada
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
| | - Antonio Abbate
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rebecca Collen
- Division of Gastroenterology - Hepatology Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Hayley Billingsley
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Leo Francis Buckley
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Salvatore Carbone
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Cory Ross Trankle
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Michael Ola Idowu
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Dinesh Kadariya
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Arun Jayant Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology - Hepatology Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mohammad Shadab Siddiqui
- Division of Gastroenterology - Hepatology Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Association of Abnormal Left Ventricular Functional Reserve With Outcome in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 11:1737-1746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
45
|
Keteyian SJ, Kerrigan DJ, Lewis B, Ehrman JK, Brawner CA. Exercise training workloads in cardiac rehabilitation are associated with clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. Am Heart J 2018; 204:76-82. [PMID: 30081276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with coronary heart disease, the exercise workload (i.e., metabolic equivalents of task, METs) at which patients exercise train upon entry and completion of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) are independently related to prognosis. Unknown is the association between exercise training workloads in CR and clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF). METHODS Patients with HF who participated in an early outpatient CR program were used in this retrospective analysis. Exercise workloads upon entry and completion of CR were converted to METs. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality and the secondary outcome was HF hospitalization. Cox regression analysis was used to assess the adjusted risk between MET levels in CR and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Among 707 patients, the median exercise training workload at the start and end of CR was 2.5 METs (IQR 2.1 to 3.1 METs) and 3.2 METS (IQR 2.7 to 4.1 METs), respectively, for men and 2.2 METs (IQR 1.9 to 2.6 METs) and 2.9 METS (IQR 2.3 to 3.4 METs), respectively, for women. There were 242 deaths and 266 HF hospitalizations. METs achieved at the end of CR had the strongest independent association with all-cause mortality (adjusted HR, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.48-0.70) and HF hospitalization (adjusted HR, 95% CI: 0.62, 0.52-0.74). Each 1 MET higher work load at the end of CR was associated with a 42% and 38% lower adjusted risk for all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In a diverse cohort of patients with chronic HF our data suggests that an easily accessible measure of exercise capacity (i.e., METs) that is collected during CR is independently associated with the adjusted risk for both all-cause mortality and HF-specific hospitalization. Training at MET levels <3.5 METs identifies patients that might benefit from closer clinical surveillance and reinforced adherence to medical and lifestyle preventive strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Keteyian
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI.
| | - Dennis J Kerrigan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Barry Lewis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Jonathan K Ehrman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Clinton A Brawner
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Greene SJ, Mentz RJ, Fiuzat M, Butler J, Solomon SD, Ambrosy AP, Mehta C, Teerlink JR, Zannad F, O'Connor CM. Reassessing the Role of Surrogate End Points in Drug Development for Heart Failure. Circulation 2018; 138:1039-1053. [PMID: 30354535 PMCID: PMC6205720 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.034668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
With few notable exceptions, drug development for heart failure (HF) has become progressively more challenging, and there remain no definitively proven therapies for patients with acute HF or HF with preserved ejection fraction. Inspection of temporal trends suggests an increasing rate of disagreement between early-phase and phase III trial end points. Preliminary results from phase II HF trials are frequently promising, but increasingly followed by disappointing phase III results. Given this potential disconnect, it is reasonable to carefully re-evaluate the purpose, design, and execution of phase II HF trials, with particular attention directed toward the surrogate end points commonly used by these studies. In this review, we offer a critical reappraisal of the role of phase II HF trials and surrogate end points, highlighting challenges in their use and interpretation, lessons learned from past experiences, and specific strengths and weaknesses of various surrogate outcomes. We conclude by proposing a series of approaches that should be considered for the goal of optimizing the efficiency of HF drug development. This review is based on discussions between scientists, clinical trialists, industry and government sponsors, and regulators that took place at the Cardiovascular Clinical Trialists Forum in Washington, DC, on December 2, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Greene
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (S.J.G., R.J.M., M.F., C.M.O.)
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.J.G., R.J.M.)
| | - Robert J Mentz
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (S.J.G., R.J.M., M.F., C.M.O.)
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.J.G., R.J.M.)
| | - Mona Fiuzat
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (S.J.G., R.J.M., M.F., C.M.O.)
| | - Javed Butler
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.B.)
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S.)
| | - Andrew P Ambrosy
- Division of Cardiology, The Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco, CA (A.P.A.)
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.P.A.)
| | - Cyrus Mehta
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (C.M.)
| | - John R Teerlink
- Section of Cardiology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, CA (J.R.T.)
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (J.R.T.)
| | - Faiez Zannad
- Université de Lorraine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1116 and Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1433, FCRIN INI-CRCT, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France (F.Z.)
| | - Christopher M O'Connor
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (S.J.G., R.J.M., M.F., C.M.O.)
- Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (C.M.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hein S, Aus Dem Siepen F, Bauer R, Katus HA, Kristen AV. Peak V'O 2 is an independent predictor of survival in patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Amyloid 2018; 25:167-173. [PMID: 30193539 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2018.1496077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) has repeatedly been reported to reliably predict adverse outcomes in different forms of heart failure. However, it has not been elucidated in detail in cardiac amyloidosis (CA). Therefore, we evaluated the predictive value of CPET parameters in patients with CA regarding disease severity and prediction of mortality. METHODS Twenty-seven consecutive patients with CA were assessed noninvasively, including electrocardiography, echocardiography, CPET, and laboratory tests. Clinical data were correlated with CPET findings. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate predictors of mortality. RESULTS Within median follow-up period of 38 (IQR 43) months 19 (70%) deaths occurred. Patient initially presented with signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure NYHA 3 (IQR 1), reduced exercise capacity (peak V'O2 15.2 mL/kg body weight) and inefficient ventilation in CPET (V'E/V'CO2 slope (30 (IQR 3)), markedly elevated cardiac biomarkers (NT-proBNP 1791 (IQR 3249) ng/mL) and echocardiographic signs of morphological (septum thickness 18 (IQR 6) mm) and functional cardiac involvement (TAPSE 19 (IQR 8) mm). Patients with peak V'O2 below median value presented with significantly longer QTc interval when compared to patients with peak V'O2 above the median. Further these patients tend to have more pronounced impairment of longitudinal function as indicated by lower MAPSE, TAPSE, and elevation of cardiac biomarkers. Multivariate analysis revealed peak V'O2 slope as the only independent predictor of survival. CONCLUSIONS We identified reduced peak V'O2 as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with cardiac involvement in different forms of systemic amyloidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selina Hein
- a Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Fabian Aus Dem Siepen
- a Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Ralf Bauer
- a Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- a Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany.,b DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Arnt V Kristen
- a Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Reddy YNV, Olson TP, Obokata M, Melenovsky V, Borlaug BA. Hemodynamic Correlates and Diagnostic Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2018; 6:665-675. [PMID: 29803552 PMCID: PMC6076329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to define the invasive hemodynamic correlates of peak oxygen consumption (Vo2) in both supine and upright exercise in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and evaluate its diagnostic role as a method to discriminate HFpEF from noncardiac etiologies of dyspnea (NCD). BACKGROUND Peak Vo2 is depressed in patients with HFpEF. The hemodynamic correlates of reduced peak Vo2 and its role in the clinical evaluation of HFpEF are unclear. METHODS Consecutive patients with dyspnea and normal EF (N = 206) undergoing both noninvasive upright and invasive supine cardiopulmonary exercise testing were examined. Patients with invasively verified HFpEF were compared with those with NCD. RESULTS Compared with NCD (n = 72), HFpEF patients (n = 134) displayed lower peak Vo2 during upright and supine exercise. Left heart filling pressures during exercise were inversely correlated with peak Vo2 in HFpEF, even after accounting for known determinants of O2 transport according to the Fick principle. Very low upright peak Vo2 (<14 ml/kg/min) discriminated HFpEF from NCD with excellent specificity (91%) but poor sensitivity (50%). Preserved peak Vo2 (>20 ml/kg/min) excluded HFpEF with high sensitivity (90%) but had poor specificity (49%). Intermediate peak Vo2 cutoff points were associated with substantial overlap between cases and NCD. CONCLUSIONS Elevated cardiac filling pressure during exercise is independently correlated with reduced exercise capacity in HFpEF, irrespective of body position, emphasizing its importance as a novel therapeutic target. Noninvasive cardiopulmonary testing discriminates HFpEF and NCD at high and low values, but additional testing is required for patients with intermediate peak Vo2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh N V Reddy
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Thomas P Olson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Masaru Obokata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Vojtech Melenovsky
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barry A Borlaug
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kirkman DL, Muth BJ, Stock JM, Townsend RR, Edwards DG. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing reveals subclinical abnormalities in chronic kidney disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2018; 25:1717-1724. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487318777777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Reductions in exercise capacity associated with exercise intolerance augment cardiovascular disease risk and predict mortality in chronic kidney disease. This study utilized cardiopulmonary exercise testing to (a) investigate mechanisms of exercise intolerance; (b) unmask subclinical abnormalities that may precede cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. Design The design of this study was cross-sectional. Methods Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was carried out in 31 Stage 3–4 chronic kidney disease patients (60 ± 11 years; estimated glomerular filtration rate 43 ± 13 ml/min/1.73 m2) and 21 matched healthy individuals (healthy controls; 56 ± 5 years; estimated glomerular filtration rate>90 ml/min/1.73 m2) on a cycle ergometer with workload increased by 15 W every minute until volitional fatigue. Breath-by-breath respiratory gas analysis was performed with an automated gas analyzer and averaged over 10 s intervals. Results Peak oxygen uptake was reduced in chronic kidney disease compared to healthy controls (17.43 ± 1.03 vs 28 ± 2.05 ml/kg/min; p < 0.01), as was oxygen uptake at the ventilatory threshold (9.44 ± 0.53 vs15.55 ± 1.34 ml/kg/min; p < 0.01). A steeper minute ventilation rate/carbon dioxide production slope (32 ± 0.8 vs 28 ± 1; p < 0.01) and a lower expired carbon dioxide pressure in chronic kidney disease (27 ± 0.6 vs 31 ± 0.9 vs 0.9; p < 0.01) indicated ventilation perfusion mismatching in these patients. The ventilatory cost of oxygen uptake was higher in chronic kidney disease (37 ± 0.8 vs 33 ± 1; p < 0.01). Maximum heart rate (134 ± 5 vs 159 ± 3 bpm) and one-minute heart rate recovery (15 ± 1 vs 20 ± 2 bpm) were reduced in chronic kidney disease ( p < 0.01). Conclusion This study suggests that both central and peripheral limitations likely contribute to reduced exercise capacity in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease. Additionally, cardiopulmonary exercise testing revealed subclinical cardiopulmonary abnormalities in these patients in the absence of overt cardiovascular disease. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing could potentially be a tool for unmasking cardiopulmonary abnormalities preceding cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Kirkman
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Bryce J Muth
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Joseph M Stock
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Raymond R Townsend
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David G Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Periodic breathing during incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing is a regularly recurring waxing and waning of tidal volume due to oscillations in central respiratory drive. Periodic breathing is a sign of respiratory control system instability, which may occur at rest or during exercise. The possible mechanisms responsible for exertional periodic breathing might be related to any instability of the ventilatory regulation caused by: (1) increased circulatory delay (i.e., circulation time from the lung to the brain and chemoreceptors due to reduced cardiac index leading to delay in information transfer), (2) increase in controller gain (i.e., increased central and peripheral chemoreceptor sensitivity to arterial partial pressure of oxygen and of carbon dioxide), or (3) reduction in system damping (i.e., baroreflex impairment). Periodic breathing during exercise is observed in several cardiovascular disease populations, but it is a particularly frequent phenomenon in heart failure due to systolic dysfunction. The detection of exertional periodic breathing is linked to outcome and heralds worse prognosis in heart failure, independently of the criteria adopted for its definition. In small heart failure cohorts, exertional periodic breathing has been abolished with several dedicated interventions, but results have not yet been confirmed. Accordingly, further studies are needed to define the role of visceral feedbacks in determining periodic breathing during exercise as well as to look for specific tools for preventing/treating its occurrence in heart failure.
Collapse
|