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Mehta P, Swaminathan A, Yadav A, Chattopadhyay P, Shamim U, Pandey R. Integrative genomics important to understand host-pathogen interactions. Brief Funct Genomics 2024; 23:1-14. [PMID: 35909219 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Causative pathogenic microbes readily mutate their genome and lead to outbreaks, challenging the healthcare and the medical support. Understanding how certain symptoms manifest clinically is integral for therapeutic decisions and vaccination efficacy/protection. Notably, the interaction between infecting pathogens, host response and co-presence of microbes influence the trajectories of disease progression and clinical outcome. The spectrum of observed symptomatic patients (mild, moderate and severe) and the asymptomatic infections highlight the challenges and the potential for understanding the factors driving protection/susceptibility. With the increasing repertoire of high-throughput tools, such as cutting-edge multi-omics profiling and next-generation sequencing, genetic drivers of factors linked to heterogeneous disease presentations can be investigated in tandem. However, such strategies are not without limits in terms of effectively integrating host-pathogen interactions. Nonetheless, an integrative genomics method (for example, RNA sequencing data) for exploring multiple layers of complexity in host-pathogen interactions could be another way to incorporate findings from high-throughput data. We further propose that a Holo-transcriptome-based technique to capture transcriptionally active microbial units can be used to elucidate functional microbiomes. Thus, we provide holistic perspective on investigative methodologies that can harness the same genomic data to investigate multiple seemingly independent but deeply interconnected functional domains of host-pathogen interaction that modulate disease severity and clinical outcomes.
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Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Sickbert-Bennett E. Emerging infectious diseases, focus on infection prevention, environmental survival and germicide susceptibility: SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:A22-A34. [PMID: 37890950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New and emerging infectious diseases continue to represent a public health threat. Emerging infectious disease threats include pathogens increasing in range (eg, Mpox), zoonotic microbes jumping species lines to cause sustained infections in humans via person-to-person transmission (SARS-CoV-2) and multidrug-resistant pathogens (eg, Candida auris). MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched the published English literature and reviewed the selected articles on SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris with a focus on environmental survival, contamination of the patient's hospital environment, susceptibility of the pathogen to antiseptics and disinfectants and infection prevention recommendations. RESULTS All three pathogens (ie, SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris) can survive on surfaces for minutes to hours and for Mpox and C auris for days. Currently available antiseptics (eg, 70%-90% alcohol hand hygiene products) are active against SARS-CoV-2, Mpox and C auris. The U.S Environmental Protection Agency provides separate lists of surface disinfectants active against SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris. DISCUSSION The risk of environment-to-patient transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Mpox and Candida auris, is very low, low-moderate and high, respectively. In the absence of appropriate patient isolation and use of personal protection equipment, the risk of patient-to-health care provider transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris is high, moderate and low, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate patient isolation, use of personal protective equipment by health care personnel, hand hygiene, and surface disinfection can protect patients and health care personnel from acquiring SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris from infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - William A Rutala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Emily Sickbert-Bennett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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3
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Shang H, Zhao W, Zhang X, Wang Z. The potential of biomass-derived bio-liquid to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 from waste and its production-based life cycle assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161833. [PMID: 36716876 PMCID: PMC9883070 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant increase in medical and infected domestic waste, greatly increasing risk of human infected with SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, it is critical to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 from solid waste to humans. Current commercial disinfectants present a high carbon footprint issue. Hence, we prepared a renewable wheat straw-based bio-liquid that can damage SARS-CoV-2 RNA and protein. The wet thermochemical extraction (WTE) bio-liquid, with total organic carbon concentration exceeding 1892 mg/L, could effectively damage the virus. However, dry thermochemical extraction (DTE) samples were not efficient due to their low content of effective compounds. The life cycle assessment showed that WTE bio-liquid production implies lower energy and environmental negative impacts than DTE. Moreover, the process by-product, char, can simultaneously reduce 3.1 million tonnes of global CO2 emissions while used as coal substitute. Yield of bio-liquid extremely exceed commercial disinfectant with just 1 % wheat straw utilisation, which meet the demand of processing solid waste. Further, their costs are significantly lower than commercial disinfectants, which are suitable for developing countries. Therefore, the antiviral bio-liquid produced from agricultural straw can be a new way to meet the needs of preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and resume the sustainable development of society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaokai Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009, China.
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4
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A new paradigm for infection prevention programs: An integrated approach. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023; 44:144-147. [PMID: 35831916 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2022.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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5
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Lee NY, Kim HN. Treatment of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and cross-infection in dental clinics in Korea. Int J Dent Hyg 2022; 21:438-449. [PMID: 36537784 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who visited dental clinics for treatment and to analyse the occurrence of additional COVID-19-confirmed cases according to the type of dental treatment and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). METHODS Interviews were conducted in November 2021 via telephone, and written questionnaires were administered to dental hygienists working at the 24 dental clinics selected for the study, visited by patients with COVID-19. The survey focused on the visit date, the treatment received, whether or not the dental personnel wore PPE while treating the patient, and how the dental clinic and the public health centre with jurisdiction over the clinic responded after the patient's visit. RESULTS Additional confirmed cases occurred in two of the 24 dental clinics included. In both cases, scaling was performed, dental personnel did not use a face shield, and patients with COVID-19 were asymptomatic. In 14 of the 22 dental clinics where additional confirmed cases did not occur, the dental personnel did not use face shields, and in 10 clinics, the dental personnel wore dental masks but not a KF94 mask. Based on these findings, which were obtained before the advent of the omicron variant, COVID-19 cross-infection did not appear to be high in dental clinics. CONCLUSION The rate of COVID-19 cross-infection before the advent of the omicron variant appeared to be low in dental clinics in Korea. Therefore, patients have no reason to delay necessary dental treatment if dental personnel put effort into wearing PPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Young Lee
- Dankook University Dental Hospital, Sejong, Korea
| | - Han-Na Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Korea
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Leme PAF, Jalalizadeh M, Giacomelli da Costa C, Buosi K, Dal Col LSB, Dionato FAV, Gon LM, Yadollahvandmiandoab R, Reis LO. Time Analysis of an Emergent Infection Spread Among Healthcare Workers: Lessons Learned from Early Wave of SARS-CoV-2. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:8583-8592. [PMID: 36545246 PMCID: PMC9762674 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s383624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To find whether an emergent airborne infection is more likely to spread among healthcare workers (HCW) based on data of SARS-CoV-2 and whether the number of new cases of such airborne viral disease can be predicted using a method traditionally used in weather forecasting called Autoregressive Fractionally Integrated Moving Average (ARFIMA). Methods We analyzed SARS-CoV-2 spread among HCWs based on outpatient nasopharyngeal swabs for real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests and compared it to non-HCW in the first and the second wave of the pandemic. We also generated an ARFIMA model based on weekly case numbers from February 2020 to April 2021 and tested it on data from May to July 2021. Results Our analysis of 8998 tests in the 15 months period showed a rapid rise in positive RT-PCR tests among HCWs during the first wave of pandemic. In the second wave, however, positive patients were more commonly non-HCWs. The ARFIMA model showed a long-memory pattern for SARS-CoV-2 (seven months) and predicted future new cases with an average error of ±1.9 cases per week. Conclusion Our data indicate that the virus rapidly spread among HCWs during the first wave of the pandemic. Review of published literature showed that this was the case in multiple other areas as well. We therefore suggest strict policies early in the emergence of a new infection to protect HCWs and prevent spreading to the general public. The ARFIMA model can be a valuable forecasting tool to predict the number of new cases in advance and assist in efficient planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A F Leme
- UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mehrsa Jalalizadeh
- UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Keini Buosi
- UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana S B Dal Col
- UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Franciele A V Dionato
- UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Gon
- Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, PUC, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reza Yadollahvandmiandoab
- UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo O Reis
- UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, PUC, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Oke MA, Afolabi FJ, Oyeleke OO, Kilani TA, Adeosun AR, Olanbiwoninu AA, Adebayo EA. Ganoderma lucidum: Unutilized natural medicine and promising future solution to emerging diseases in Africa. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:952027. [PMID: 36071846 PMCID: PMC9441938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.952027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known medicinal mushroom that has been used for the prevention and treatment of different ailments to enhance longevity and health specifically in China, Japan, and Korea. It was known as "God's herb" in ancient China as it was believed to prolong life, enhance the youthful spirit and sustain/preserve vitality. G. lucidum is seldom collected from nature and is substantially cultivated on wood logs and sawdust in plastic bags or bottles to meet the international market demand. Both in vitro and in vivo studies on the copious metabolic activities of G. lucidum have been carried out. Varied groups of chemical compounds including triterpenoids, polysaccharides, proteins, amino acids, nucleosides, alkaloids, steroids, lactones, lectins, fatty acids, and enzymes with potent pharmacological activities have been isolated from the mycelia and fruiting bodies of G. lucidum. Several researchers have reported the abundance and diversification of its biological actions triggered by these chemical compounds. Triterpenoids and polysaccharides of G. lucidum have been reported to possess cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, hypocholesterolemic, antihistaminic effects, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic antiallergic, neuroprotective, antitumor, immunomodulatory and antiangiogenic activities. Various formulations have been developed, patented, and utilized as nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and pharmaceuticals from G. lucidum extracts and active compounds. Thus, this review presents current updates on emerging infectious diseases and highlights the scope, dynamics, and advances in infectious disease management with a particular focus on Ganoderma lucidum, an unutilized natural medicine as a promising future solution to emerging diseases in Africa. However, details such as the chemical compound and mode of action of each bioactive against different emerging diseases were not discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Oke
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Microbiology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - F. J. Afolabi
- Mushrooms Department, National Biotechnology Development Centre, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - O. O. Oyeleke
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Microbiology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - T. A. Kilani
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Microbiology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - A. R. Adeosun
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Microbiology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - A. A. Olanbiwoninu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - E. A. Adebayo
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Microbiology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Mushrooms Department, National Biotechnology Development Centre, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
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8
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CRISPR-Cas system and its use in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Microbiol Res 2022; 263:127100. [PMID: 35849921 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate diagnostic methods for detecting pathogens are needed for effective management and treatment of infectious diseases. The conventional pathogen detection approach based on culture is considered the gold standard method, but needs several days to corroborate its results. Using nucleic acids from pathogens as detection targets has a considerable advantage in overcoming these time-consuming issues. The development of several molecular techniques has started to change the landscape of infectious disease diagnosis. However, these require expensive reagents, equipment, and sophisticated infrastructure, as well as highly trained workers. In this context, it is necessary to identify new diagnostic strategies to overcome these issues. Recently, CRISPR/Cas based diagnosis has revolutionized the area of molecular diagnostics of pathogenic diseases. In this review, we have discussed the different classes of CRISPR-Cas systems and their functions, and then focused on recent advances in CRISPR-based diagnosis technologies and the perspective of using this as a potential biosensing platform to detect infectious disease.
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9
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Creation and impact of containment units with high-risk zones during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2022:1-7. [PMID: 35712994 PMCID: PMC9433705 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2022.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) required swift preparation to protect healthcare personnel (HCP) and patients, especially considering shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE). Due to the lack of a pre-existing biocontainment unit, we needed to develop a novel approach to placing patients in isolation cohorts while working with the pre-existing physical space. Objectives: To prevent disease transmission to non–COVID-19 patients and HCP caring for COVID-19 patients, to optimize PPE usage, and to provide a comfortable and safe working environment. Methods: An interdisciplinary workgroup developed a combination of approaches to convert existing spaces into COVID-19 containment units with high-risk zones (HRZs). We developed standard workflow and visual management in conjunction with updated staff training and workflows. The infection prevention team created PPE standard practices for ease of use, conservation, and staff safety. Results: The interventions resulted in 1 possible case of patient-to-HCP transmission and zero cases of patient-to-patient transmission. PPE usage decreased with the HRZ model while maintaining a safe environment of care. Staff on the COVID-19 units were extremely satisfied with PPE availability (76.7%) and efforts to protect them from COVID-19 (72.7%). Moreover, 54.8% of HCP working in the COVID-19 unit agreed that PPE monitors played an essential role in staff safety. Conclusions: The HRZ model of containment unit is an effective method to prevent the spread of COVID-19 with several benefits. It is easily implemented and scaled to accommodate census changes. Our experience suggests that other institutions do not need to modify existing physical structures to create similarly protective spaces.
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Kanwar VS, Sharma A, Rinku, Kanwar M, Srivastav AL, Soni DK. An overview for biomedical waste management during pandemic like COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2022; 20:8025-8040. [PMID: 35694150 PMCID: PMC9167668 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-022-04287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amid COVID-19, world has gone under environmental reformation in terms of clean rivers and blue skies, whereas, generation of biomedical waste management has emerged as a big threat for the whole world, especially in the developing nations. Appropriate biomedical waste management has become a prime concern worldwide in the pandemic era of COVID-19 as it may affect environment and living organisms up to a great extent. The problem has been increased many folds because of unexpected generations of hazardous biomedical waste which needs extraordinary attentions. In this paper, the impacts and future challenges of solid waste management especially the biomedical waste management on environment and human beings have been discussed amid COVID-19 pandemic. The paper also recommends some guidelines to manage the bulk of medical wastes for the protection of human health and environment. The paper summarizes better management practices for the wastes including optimizing the decision process, infrastructure, upgrading treatment methods and other activities related with the biological disasters like COVID-19. As achieved in the past for viral disinfection, use of UV- rays with proper precautions can also be explored for COVID-19 disinfection. For biomedical waste management, thermal treatment of waste can be an alternative, as it can generate energy along with reducing waste volume by 80-95%. The Asian Development Bank observed that additional biomedical waste was generated ranged from 154 to 280 tons/day during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic in Asian megacities such as Manila, Jakarta, Wuhan, Bangkok, Hanoi, Kuala Lumpur.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. S. Kanwar
- Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - A. Sharma
- Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Rinku
- Chitkara University School of Computer Applications, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - M. Kanwar
- Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
- Chitkara University School of Computer Applications, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
- Central Pollution Control Board, Lucknow, India
| | - A. L. Srivastav
- Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - D. K. Soni
- Central Pollution Control Board, Lucknow, India
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Brogna C, Brogna B, Bisaccia DR, Giuliano M, Montano L, Cristoni S, Petrillo M, Piscopo M. SARS-CoV-2: Reinfection after 18 Months of a Previous Case with Multiple Negative Nasopharyngeal Swab Tests and Positive Fecal Molecular Test. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58050642. [PMID: 35630059 PMCID: PMC9148128 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58050642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This short communication describes the reinfection after nearly 18 months of the same patient who was previously infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and who showed multiple negative real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results by nasal swabs for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) but positive results on a fecal sample. We previously noted how, in the presence of symptoms suggestive of pneumonia, visible on a chest computed tomography (CT) scan and confirmed by fecal molecular testing, it was possible to draw the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. One year later, the same patient was again affected by SARS-CoV-2. This time, the first antigenic nasal swab showed readily positive results. However, the patient’s clinical course appeared to be more attenuated, showing no signs of pulmonary involvement in the radiographic examinations performed. This case shows a novelty in the pulmonary radiological evaluation of new SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brogna
- Department of Research, Craniomed Group Facility SRL, 83038 Montemiletto, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Barbara Brogna
- Department of Radiology, Moscati Hospital, Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (B.B.)
| | | | - Marino Giuliano
- Marsanconsulting Srl Public Health Company, Via dei Fiorentini, 80133 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Luigi Montano
- Andrology Unit and Service of LifeStyle Medicine in Uro-Andrology, Local Health Authority (ASL), 84124 Salerno, Italy;
| | | | | | - Marina Piscopo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
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Elkington PT, Dickinson AS, Mavrogordato MN, Spencer DC, Gillams RJ, De Grazia A, Rosini S, Garay-Baquero DJ, Diment LE, Mahobia N, Mant A, Baynham T, Morgan H. A Personal Respirator to Improve Protection for Healthcare Workers Treating COVID-19 (PeRSo). FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 3:664259. [PMID: 35047921 PMCID: PMC8757800 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2021.664259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 infection is a global pandemic. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to protect healthcare workers has been a recurrent challenge in terms of global stocks, supply logistics and suitability. In some settings, around 20% of healthcare workers treating COVID-19 cases have become infected, which leads to staff absence at peaks of the pandemic, and in some cases mortality. Methods: To address shortcomings in PPE, we developed a simple powered air purifying respirator, made from inexpensive and widely available components. The prototype was designed to minimize manufacturing complexity so that derivative versions could be developed in low resource settings with minor modification. Results: The “Personal Respirator – Southampton” (PeRSo) delivers High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filtered air from a battery powered fan-filter assembly into a lightweight hood with a clear visor that can be comfortably worn for several hours. Validation testing demonstrates that the prototype removes microbes, avoids excessive CO2 build-up in normal use, and passes fit test protocols widely used to evaluate standard N95/FFP2 and N99/FFP3 face masks. Feedback from doctors and nurses indicate the PeRSo prototype was preferred to standard FFP2 and FFP3 masks, being more comfortable and reducing the time and risk of recurrently changing PPE. Patients report better communication and reassurance as the entire face is visible. Conclusion: Rapid upscale of production of cheaply produced powered air purifying respirators, designed to achieve regulatory approval in the country of production, could protect healthcare workers from infection and improve healthcare delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Elkington
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S Dickinson
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark N Mavrogordato
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel C Spencer
- School of Electronics & Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Gillams
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,School of Electronics & Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio De Grazia
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Rosini
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Diana J Garay-Baquero
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E Diment
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nitin Mahobia
- Department of Infection, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Mant
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Baynham
- INDO Lighting Ltd., Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Hywel Morgan
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,School of Electronics & Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Shilovsky GA, Putyatina TS, Markov AV. Altruism and Phenoptosis as Programs Supported by Evolution. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:1540-1552. [PMID: 34937533 PMCID: PMC8678581 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921120038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenoptosis is a programmed death that has emerged in the process of evolution, sometimes taking the form of an altruistic program. In particular, it is believed to be a weapon against the spread of pandemics in the past and an obstacle in fighting pandemics in the present (COVID). However, on the evolutionary scale, deterministic death is not associated with random relationships (for example, bacteria with a particular mutation), but is a product of higher nervous activity or a consequence of established hierarchy that reaches its maximal expression in eusocial communities of Hymenoptera and highly social communities of mammals. Unlike a simple association of individuals, eusociality is characterized by the appearance of non-reproductive individuals as the highest form of altruism. In contrast to primitive programs for unicellular organisms, higher multicellular organisms are characterized by the development of behavior-based phenoptotic programs, especially in the case of reproduction-associated limitation of lifespan. Therefore, we can say that the development of altruism in the course of evolution of sociality leads in its extreme manifestation to phenoptosis. Development of mathematical models for the emergence of altruism and programmed death contributes to our understanding of mechanisms underlying these paradoxical counterproductive (harmful) programs. In theory, this model can be applied not only to insects, but also to other social animals and even to the human society. Adaptive death is an extreme form of altruism. We consider altruism and programmed death as programmed processes in the mechanistic and adaptive sense, respectively. Mechanistically, this is a program existing as a predetermined chain of certain responses, regardless of its adaptive value. As to its adaptive value (regardless of the degree of "phenoptoticity"), this is a characteristic of organisms that demonstrate high levels of kinship, social organization, and physical association typical for higher-order individuals, e.g., unicellular organisms forming colonies with some characteristics of multicellular animals or colonies of multicellular animals displaying features of supraorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Shilovsky
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - Tatyana S Putyatina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Alexander V Markov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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14
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Building a personal protective equipment monitor team as part of a comprehensive COVID-19 prevention strategy. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:1443-1444. [PMID: 34416314 PMCID: PMC8372438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We instituted Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Monitors as part of our care of COVID-19 patients in high-risk zones. PPE Monitors aided health care personnel (HCP) in donning and doffing, which contributed to nearly zero transmission of COVID-19 to HCP, despite their care of over 1400 COVID-19 patients.
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15
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Yuan S, Balaji S, Lomakin IB, Xiong Y. Coronavirus Nsp1: Immune Response Suppression and Protein Expression Inhibition. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:752214. [PMID: 34659188 PMCID: PMC8512706 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.752214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses have brought severe challenges to public health all over the world in the past 20years. SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic that has led to millions of deaths, belongs to the genus beta-coronavirus. Alpha- and beta-coronaviruses encode a unique protein, nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1) that both suppresses host immune responses and reduces global gene expression levels in the host cells. As a key pathogenicity factor of coronaviruses, Nsp1 redirects the host translation machinery to increase synthesis of viral proteins. Through multiple mechanisms, coronaviruses impede host protein expression through Nsp1, while escaping inhibition to allow the translation of viral RNA. In this review, we discuss current data about suppression of the immune responses and inhibition of protein synthesis induced by coronavirus Nsp1, as well as the prospect of live-attenuated vaccine development with virulence-attenuated viruses with mutations in Nsp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shravani Balaji
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ivan B Lomakin
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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16
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Wu C, Wu P, Li P, Cheng F, Du Y, He S, Lang H. Construction of an index system of core competence assessment for infectious disease specialist nurse in China: a Delphi study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:791. [PMID: 34376141 PMCID: PMC8353424 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim and objective This study was to establish an index system for the evaluation of Chinese infectious disease specialist nurses’ core competence. Background The index system for the evaluation of infectious disease specialist nurses’ core competence has not been established. Design A two-round Delphi survey was conducted to seek opinions from experts about the index system for the evaluation of infectious disease specialist nurses’ core competence. Methods The study adopted several research methods, including literature retrieval, theoretical analysis and qualitative research. Based on the above method, the draft of core competence evaluation index system of infectious disease specialist nurses was constructed. A Delphi survey was used for the study of 30 infectious disease experts from 8 provinces and cities around China. A modified recommendation for the Conducting and Reporting of Delphi studies (CREDES) was also used to guide this study. A STROBE checklist was used. Results The Core Competence Evaluation Index System of Infectious Disease Nurses is composed of 6 primary indicators, namely, Nursing Abilities for Infectious Diseases, Infection Prevention and Control Abilities, Responsiveness to Infectious Diseases, Professional Development Abilities, Communication and Management Abilities, and Professionalism and Humanistic Accomplishment, 16 secondary indicators and 47 tertiary indicators. The authority coefficient, judgment coefficient and familiarity degree of Delphi experts were 0.923, 0.933 and 0.913 respectively. Conclusions The evaluation index system of core competence of diseases specialist nurses is scientific and reliable. It can be reference for future training and assessment of Chinese infectious disease specialist nurses. Relevance to clinical practice Infectious disease specialist nurses are the main force for infectious disease nursing. Their core competence is related to the quality of infectious disease nursing and treatment. The core competence of the nurses is important for identification of training strategies and can be regarded as reference for nurse assessment and promotion. The construction of the index system is based on the consensus of infectious disease experts, which is not only helpful to standardize the training strategies and selection standards of infectious disease specialist nurses in the future, but also meet the society’s needs in clinical infectious disease nursing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Air Force Medical University, Shaanxi, Xian, 710032, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Tongji Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Tongji Medical School of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Pei Li
- Tangdu Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University Shaanxi, Shaanxi, Xian, 710032, China
| | - Feixia Cheng
- Naval University of Engineering, Hubei, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Yanling Du
- Air Force Medical University, Shaanxi, Xian, 710032, China
| | - Shizhe He
- Air Force Medical University, Shaanxi, Xian, 710032, China
| | - Hongjuan Lang
- Air Force Medical University, Shaanxi, Xian, 710032, China.
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17
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Hu Q, He L, Zhang Y. Community Transmission via Indirect Media-To-Person Route: A Missing Link in the Rapid Spread of COVID-19. Front Public Health 2021; 9:687937. [PMID: 34395365 PMCID: PMC8355519 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.687937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), stringent quarantine measures have been implemented so that healthy people and virus carriers have isolated themselves in the same community owing to the limit capacity of healthcare facilities. With the exponential growth of the infected population, the residential environment is contaminated by fomites from the infected residents and consequently threating the health of susceptible residents. Till now, little has been acknowledged on this indirect transmission route and its role on community transmission. Here we address the impact of self-isolated virus carriers on the residential environment and elucidate the potential transmission pathways via contaminated environment in communities. We urge further investigation on the superspreading cases in communities and hope to arouse the attention to evaluate the potential risk of indirect transmission route as well as the corresponding control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfang Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Disaster Prevention and Relief, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei He
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Environment and Resource, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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18
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The Characteristics, Manifestations and Cardiopulmonary Imaging (CT/MRI) of COVID-19 in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/jim-2020-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The novel coronavirus has diverse manifestations, usually similar to a common cold or influenza. The majority of patients with coronavirus disease have typical imaging features. The typical CT characteristics of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia are ground-glass opacities and consolidative lesions with a peripheral and posterior distribution. Noninvasive imaging methods are precise and rapid means of diagnosing pneumonia and cardiovascular complications caused by COVID-19 infection. Therefore, it is important for clinicians to understand the implications of this pandemic and to be familiar with the different imaging aspects of the novel coronavirus disease. This review focuses on the most commonly reported imaging findings of COVID-19 infection in different patients from different countries, the expert recommendations, and the cardiac manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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19
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Kang HM, Choi EH, Kim YJ. Updates on the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine and consideration in children. Clin Exp Pediatr 2021; 64:328-338. [PMID: 34148333 PMCID: PMC8255510 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2021.00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanity has been suffering from the global severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic that began late in 2019. In 2020, for the first time in history, new vaccine platforms-including mRNA vaccines and viral vector-based DNA vaccines-have been given emergency use authorization, leading to mass vaccinations. The purpose of this article is to review the currently most widely used coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines, investigate their immunogenicity and efficacy data, and analyze the vaccine safety profiles that have been published, to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Mi Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hwa Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yae-Jean Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, Korea
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20
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Mansouri MA, Kee F, Garcia L, Bradley DT. Role of systems science in preventing and controlling emerging infectious diseases: protocol for a scoping review. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046057. [PMID: 34103318 PMCID: PMC8190040 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent history, many new infectious diseases have affected humans for the first time or have appeared in previously unaffected areas of the world; these diseases are known as emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). Examples of EIDs include COVID-19, Middle East respiratory syndrome and Ebola virus disease. EIDs are known for their complexity. Multiple factors play a role in their spread, including increases in human population, conflicts, urbanisation, air travel, global trade and inequalities in wealth distribution and access to healthcare. In order to gain a better understanding of such complexity, we aim to explore the role of systems science, which allows us to view EIDs in the context of complex adaptive systems rather than simple causes and effects. The objectives of this scoping review are to explore and map the theoretical concepts and key characteristics of studies that use systems methods in controlling EIDs, to identify the gaps in knowledge and disseminate the results. METHODS We will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute guidance for this scoping review, comprising the following stages: formulating the research question and subquestions, scanning the literature for available data, selecting relevant publications, charting the data by two independent reviewers, aggregating the findings, reporting, summarising and disseminating the results. We will review peer-reviewed articles, preprints and grey literature available in all languages. DISCUSSION We intend that this scoping review will contribute to a better understanding of the use of systems methods to inform policymakers about how to prevent and control EIDs. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Research ethics approval is not required for a scoping review because it is based on reviewing and collecting data from publicly available sources. To disseminate the findings, results will be shared through academic publications, seminars and conferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Kee
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Leandro Garcia
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Declan T Bradley
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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21
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Belot G, Caya F, Errecaborde KM, Traore T, Lafia B, Skrypnyk A, Montabord D, Carron M, Corning S, Sreedharan R, Isla N, Schmidt T, Gongal G, Samhouri D, Perez-Gutierrez E, Riviere-Cinnamond A, Xing J, Chungong S, de la Rocque S. IHR-PVS National Bridging Workshops, a tool to operationalize the collaboration between human and animal health while advancing sector-specific goals in countries. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245312. [PMID: 34061856 PMCID: PMC8168895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Collaborative, One Health approaches support governments to effectively prevent, detect and respond to emerging health challenges, such as zoonotic diseases, that arise at the human-animal-environmental interfaces. To overcome these challenges, operational and outcome-oriented tools that enable animal health and human health services to work specifically on their collaboration are required. While international capacity and assessment frameworks such as the IHR-MEF (International Health Regulations-Monitoring and Evaluation Framework) and the OIE PVS (Performance of Veterinary Services) Pathway exist, a tool and process that could assess and strengthen the interactions between human and animal health sectors was needed. Through a series of six phased pilots, the IHR-PVS National Bridging Workshop (NBW) method was developed and refined. The NBW process gathers human and animal health stakeholders and follows seven sessions, scheduled across three days. The outputs from each session build towards the next one, following a structured process that goes from gap identification to joint planning of corrective measures. The NBW process allows human and animal health sector representatives to jointly identify actions that support collaboration while advancing evaluation goals identified through the IHR-MEF and the OIE PVS Pathway. By integrating sector-specific and collaborative goals, the NBWs help countries in creating a realistic, concrete and practical joint road map for enhanced compliance to international standards as well as strengthened preparedness and response for health security at the human-animal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - François Caya
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, France
| | | | - Tieble Traore
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Brice Lafia
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Regional Representation for Africa, Bamako, Mali
| | - Artem Skrypnyk
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Djhane Montabord
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Sub-Regional Representation for Central Asia, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Maud Carron
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, France
| | - Susan Corning
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, France
| | | | - Nicolas Isla
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tanja Schmidt
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gyanendra Gongal
- World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Dalia Samhouri
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enrique Perez-Gutierrez
- Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ana Riviere-Cinnamond
- Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jun Xing
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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De Sanctis JB, García AH, Moreno D, Hajduch M. Coronavirus infection: An immunologists' perspective. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13043. [PMID: 33783027 PMCID: PMC8250184 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus infections are frequent viral infections in several species. As soon as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) appeared in the early 2000s, most of the research focused on pulmonary disease. However, disorders in immune response and organ dysfunctions have been documented. Elderly individuals with comorbidities exhibit worse outcomes in all the coronavirus that cause SARS. Disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection is related to severe inflammation and tissue injury, and effective immune response against the virus is still under analysis. ACE2 receptor expression and polymorphism, age, gender and immune genetics are factors that also play an essential role in patients' clinical features and immune responses and have been partially discussed. The present report aims to review the physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and propose new research topics to understand the complex mechanisms of viral infection and viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bautista De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational MedicineFaculty of Medicine and DentistryPalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
- Institute of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineUniversidad Central de VenezuelaCaracasVenezuela
| | - Alexis Hipólito García
- Institute of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineUniversidad Central de VenezuelaCaracasVenezuela
| | - Dolores Moreno
- Chair of General Pathology and PathophysiologyFaculty of MedicineCentral University of VenezuelaCaracasVenezuela
| | - Marián Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational MedicineFaculty of Medicine and DentistryPalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
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23
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Garcia GPA, Fracarolli IFL, Santos HECD, Souza VRDS, Cenzi CM, Marziale MHP. Use of personal protective equipment to care for patients with COVID-19: scoping review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 42:e20200150. [PMID: 34037178 DOI: 10.1590/1983-1447.2021.20200150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the knowledge about recommendations for the use of personal protective equipment necessary for the provision of care by health professionals to patients suspected or infected by the new coronavirus. METHOD Scoping review with search for primary studies, reviews and preprints articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish, in the last 20 years on the bases WOS/ISI, SCOPUS, MEDLINE/PuBMed, CINAHL, LILACS and SciELO. Unpublished studies in journals were surveyed on bioRxiv and SciELO preprints. RESULTS 23 studies were eligible. Experiences with coronavirus prior to SARS-CoV-2 revealed that the equipment was an essential barrier in preventing transmission and followed the recommendations for standard precautions, contact, droplet and aerosol. In 13 (57%) studies, this equipment complied international recommendations and in 10 (45%) local recommendations. CONCLUSION The personal protective equipment used does not follow global standardization according to type, quality and adequate provision, exposing these professionals to the risk of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracielle Pereira Aires Garcia
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-graduação em Enfermagem Fundamental. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Isabela Fernanda Larios Fracarolli
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-graduação em Enfermagem Fundamental. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Heloisa Ehmke Cardoso Dos Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-graduação em Enfermagem Fundamental. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Camila Maria Cenzi
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Faculdade de Enfermagem. Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil
| | - Maria Helena Palucci Marziale
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-graduação em Enfermagem Fundamental. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
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24
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Li P, Wang L, Yang J, Di LJ, Li J. Applications of the CRISPR-Cas system for infectious disease diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:723-732. [PMID: 33899643 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1922080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rapid and accurate diagnostic approaches are essential for impeding the spread of infectious diseases. This review aims to summarize current progress of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated (Cas) systems in the applications for diagnostics of infectious diseases including the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss class 2 CRISPR-Cas biosensing systems-based diagnostics in various emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, CRISPR-Cas systems have created a new era for early diagnostics of infectious diseases, especially with the discovery of the collateral cleavage activity of Cas12 and Cas13. We mainly focus on different CRISPR-Cas effectors for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms as well as provide a detailed explanation of the pros and cons of CRISPR-Cas biosensing systems. In addition, we also introduce future research perspectives. EXPERT COMMENTARY However, further improvement of newly discovered systems and engineering existing ones should be developed to increase the specificity, sensitivity or stability of the diagnostic tools. It may be a long journey to finish the clinical transition from research use. CRISPR-Cas approaches will emerge as more promising and robust tools for infectious disease diagnosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Li
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, China
| | - Li Wang
- Metabolomics Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR of China
| | - Junning Yang
- Frontage Laboratories Inc, Exton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Li-Jun Di
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Jinming Yu Academician Workstation of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.,Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, China
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25
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Patel M, Chaubey AK, Pittman CU, Mlsna T, Mohan D. Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in the environment: Occurrence, persistence, analysis in aquatic systems and possible management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142698. [PMID: 33097261 PMCID: PMC7531938 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The year 2020 brought the news of the emergence of a new respiratory disease (COVID-19) from Wuhan, China. The disease is now a global pandemic and is caused by a virus named SARS-CoV-2 by international bodies. Important viral transmission sources include human contact, respiratory droplets and aerosols, and through contact with contaminated objects. However, viral shedding in feces and urine by COVID-19-afflicted patients raises concerns about SARS-CoV-2 entering aquatic systems. Recently, targeted SARS-CoV-2 genome fragments have been successfully detected in wastewater, sewage sludge and river waters around the world. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) studies can provide early detection and assessment of COVID-19 transmission and the growth of active cases within given wastewater catchment areas. WBE surveillance's ability to detect the growth of cases was demonstrated. Was this science applied throughout the world as this pandemic spread throughout the globe? Wastewater treatment efficacy for SARS-CoV-2 removal and risk assessments associated with treated water are reported. Disinfection strategies using chemical disinfectants, heat and radiation for deactivating and destroying SARS-CoV-2 are explained. Analytical methods of SARS-CoV-2 detection are covered. This review provides a more complete overview of the present status of SARS-CoV-2 and its consequences in aquatic systems. So far, WBE programs have not yet served to provide the early alerts to authorities that they have the potential to achieve. This would be desirable in order to activate broad public health measures at earlier stages of local and regional stages of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvendra Patel
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Charles U Pittman
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Todd Mlsna
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Dinesh Mohan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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26
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Liu J, Kamarudin KM, Liu Y, Zou J. Developing Pandemic Prevention and Control by ANP-QFD Approach: A Case Study on Urban Furniture Design in China Communities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2653. [PMID: 33800764 PMCID: PMC7967651 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An infectious disease can affect human beings at an alarming speed in modern society, where Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to a worldwide pandemic, posing grave threats to public security and the social economies. However, as one of the closest attachments of urban dwellers, urban furniture hardly contributes to pandemic prevention and control. METHODS Given this critical challenge, this article aims to propose a feasible solution to coping with pandemic situations through urban furniture design, using an integrated method of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Analytic Network Process (ANP). Eight communities in China are selected as the research sites, since people working and living in these places have successful experience preventing and containing pandemics. RESULTS Three user requirements (URs), namely, usability and easy access, sanitation, and health and emotional pleasure, are determined. Meanwhile, seven design requirements (DRs) are identified, including contact reduction, effective disinfection, good appearance, social and cultural symbols, ergonomics, smart system and technology and sustainability. The overall priorities of URs and DRs and their inner dependencies are subsequently determined through the ANP-QFD method, comprising the House of Quality (HQQ). According to the theoretical results, we propose five design strategies for pandemic prevention and control. CONCLUSION It is demonstrated that the incorporated method of ANP-QFD has applicability and effectiveness in the conceptual product design process. This article can also provide a new perspective for pandemic prevention and control in densely populated communities in terms of product design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Industrial Design, Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Khairul Manami Kamarudin
- Department of Industrial Design, Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Yuqi Liu
- School of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 8158540, Japan
| | - Jinzhi Zou
- School of Art and Design, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243000, China;
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Impact of Corticosteroids in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Chest 2021; 159:1019-1040. [PMID: 33129791 PMCID: PMC7598533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since its appearance in late 2019, infections caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 have created unprecedented challenges for health systems worldwide. Multiple therapeutic options have been explored, including corticosteroids. Preliminary results of corticosteroids in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are encouraging; however, the role of corticosteroids remains controversial. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the impact of corticosteroids in mortality, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and viral shedding in COVID-19 patients? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a systematic review of literature on corticosteroids and COVID-19 in major databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE) of published literature through July 22, 2020, that report outcomes of interest in COVID-19 patients receiving corticosteroids with a comparative group. RESULTS A total of 73 studies with 21,350 COVID-19 patients were identified. Corticosteroid use was reported widely in mechanically ventilated patients (35.3%), ICU patients (51.3%), and severe COVID-19 patients (40%). Corticosteroids showed mortality benefit in severelly ill COVID-19 patients (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.51-0.83; P = .0006); however, no beneficial or harmful effects were noted among high-dose or low-dose corticosteroid regimens. Emerging evidence shows that low-dose corticosteroids do not have a significant impact in the duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding. The analysis was limited by highly heterogeneous literature for high-dose and low-dose corticosteroids regimens. INTERPRETATION Our results showed evidence of mortality benefit in severely ill COVID-19 patients treated with corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are used widely in COVID-19 patients worldwide, and a rapidly developing global pandemic warrants further high-quality clinical trials to define the most beneficial timing and dosing for corticosteroids.
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Marín-García D, Moyano-Campos JJ, Bienvenido-Huertas JD. Distances of transmission risk of COVID-19 inside dwellings and evaluation of the effectiveness of reciprocal proximity warning sounds. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:335-347. [PMID: 32866286 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the main modes of transmission and propagation of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is the direct contact with respiratory droplets transmitted among individuals at a certain distance. There are indoor spaces, such as dwellings, in which the transmission risk is high. This research aims to record and analyze risk close contacts in this scope, experimentally assessing the effectiveness of using electronic proximity warning sound devices or systems. For this purpose, the methodology is based on monitoring the location of the occupants of a dwelling. Then, the days in which a proximity warning sound system is installed and activated are compared to the days in which the system is not activated. The results stressed the significant reduction of time and number of close contacts among individuals when the warning was activated. Regarding the relation between the number and the duration of close contacts, together with the reductions mentioned, the possibility of making certain predictions based on the distributions obtained is proved. All this contributes to the progress in the prevention of COVID-19 transmission because of close contacts in dwellings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marín-García
- Department of Graphical Expression and Building Engineering, Higher Technical School of Building Engineering, University de Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan J Moyano-Campos
- Department of Graphical Expression and Building Engineering, Higher Technical School of Building Engineering, University de Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - J David Bienvenido-Huertas
- Department of Building Construction II, Higher Technical School of Building Engineering, University de Seville, Seville, Spain
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chen J, Wang M, Zhang T, Luo W, Li Y, Wu Y, Zeng B, Zhang K, Deng R, Li W. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Its Mutated Variants via CRISPR-Cas13-Based Transcription Amplification. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3393-3402. [PMID: 33511840 PMCID: PMC7860141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global health emergency, and its gene mutation and evolution further posed uncertainty of epidemic risk. Herein, we reported a light-up CRISPR-Cas13 transcription amplification method, which enables the detection of SARS-CoV-2 and its mutated variants. Sequence specificity was ensured by both the ligation process and Cas13a/crRNA recognition, allowing us to identify viral RNA mutation. Light-up RNA aptamer allows sensitive output of amplification signals via target-activated ribonuclease activity of CRISPR-Cas13a. The RNA virus assay has been designed to detect coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and SARS, as well as the influenza viruses such as, H1N1, H7N9, and H9N2. It was accommodated to sense as low as 82 copies of SARS-CoV-2. Particularly, it allowed us to strictly discriminate key mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 variant, D614G, which may induce higher epidemic and pathogenetic risk. The proposed RNA virus assays are promising for point-of-care monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 and its risking variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,
West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan
University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Healthy
Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu
610065, China
| | - Junbo Chen
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Minjin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West
China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041,
China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Healthy
Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu
610065, China
| | - Wenxin Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,
West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan
University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yalun Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,
West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan
University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yangping Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,
West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan
University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,
West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan
University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of
Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ruijie Deng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Healthy
Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu
610065, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,
West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan
University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Kim K, Jothikumar N, Sen A, Murphy JL, Chellam S. Removal and Inactivation of an Enveloped Virus Surrogate by Iron Conventional Coagulation and Electrocoagulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2674-2683. [PMID: 33533250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is imperative to understand the behavior of enveloped viruses during water treatment to better protect public health, especially in the light of evidence of detection of coronaviruses in wastewater. We report bench-scale experiments evaluating the extent and mechanisms of removal and/or inactivation of a coronavirus surrogate (ϕ6 bacteriophage) in water by conventional FeCl3 coagulation and Fe(0) electrocoagulation. Both coagulation methods achieved ∼5-log removal/inactivation of ϕ6 in 20 min. Enhanced removal was attributed to the high hydrophobicity of ϕ6 imparted by its characteristic phospholipid envelope. ϕ6 adhesion to freshly precipitated iron (hydr)oxide also led to envelope damage causing inactivation in both coagulation techniques. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed oxidative damages to ϕ6 lipids only for electrocoagulation consistent with electro-Fenton reactions. Monitoring ϕ6 dsRNA by a novel reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method quantified significantly lower viral removal/inactivation in water compared with the plaque assay demonstrating that relying solely on RT-qPCR assays may overstate human health risks arising from viruses. Transmission electron microscopy and computationally generated electron density maps of ϕ6 showed severe morphological damages to virus' envelope and loss of capsid volume accompanying coagulation. Both conventional and electro- coagulation appear to be highly effective in controlling enveloped viruses during surface water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3136, United States
| | - Narayanan Jothikumar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Anindito Sen
- Microscopy and Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2257, United States
| | - Jennifer L Murphy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Shankararaman Chellam
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3136, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
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Mohan SV, Hemalatha M, Kopperi H, Ranjith I, Kumar AK. SARS-CoV-2 in environmental perspective: Occurrence, persistence, surveillance, inactivation and challenges. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 405:126893. [PMID: 32901196 PMCID: PMC7471803 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented global spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is depicting the distressing pandemic consequence on human health, economy as well as ecosystem services. So far novel coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks were associated with SARS-CoV-2 (2019), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV, 2012), and SARS-CoV-1 (2003) events. CoV relates to the enveloped family of Betacoronavirus (βCoV) with positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA). Knowing well the persistence, transmission, and spread of SARS-CoV-2 through proximity, the faecal-oral route is now emerging as a major environmental concern to community transmission. The replication and persistence of CoV in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and shedding through stools is indicating a potential transmission route to the environment settings. Despite of the evidence, based on fewer reports on SARS-CoV-2 occurrence and persistence in wastewater/sewage/water, the transmission of the infective virus to the community is yet to be established. In this realm, this communication attempted to review the possible influx route of the enteric enveloped viral transmission in the environmental settings with reference to its occurrence, persistence, detection, and inactivation based on the published literature so far. The possibilities of airborne transmission through enteric virus-laden aerosols, environmental factors that may influence the viral transmission, and disinfection methods (conventional and emerging) as well as the inactivation mechanism with reference to the enveloped virus were reviewed. The need for wastewater epidemiology (WBE) studies for surveillance as well as for early warning signal was elaborated. This communication will provide a basis to understand the SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viruses in the context of the environmental engineering perspective to design effective strategies to counter the enteric virus transmission and also serves as a working paper for researchers, policy makers and regulators.
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Key Words
- (h+), Photoholes
- +ssRNA, Positive Sense Single-Stranded RNA
- A-WWTS, Algal-WWTS
- ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- AH, Absolute Humidity
- AOPs, Advanced Oxidation Processes
- ASP, Activate Sludge Process
- Aerosols
- BCoV, Bovine Enteric Coronavirus)
- BSL, Biosafety Level
- BVDV1, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 1
- BVDV2, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 2
- BoRv, Bovine Rotavirus Group A
- CCA, Carbon Covered Alumina
- CNT, Carbon Nanotubes
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019
- CRFK, Crandell Reese feline kidney cell line (CRFK)
- CVE, Coxsackievirus B5
- ClO2, Chlorine dioxide
- Cl−, Chlorine
- Cys, Cysteine
- DBP, Disinfection by-products
- DBT, L2 and Delayed Brain Tumor Cell Cultures
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium
- DNA, deoxyribose nucleic acid
- Disinfection
- E gene, Envelope protein gene
- EV, Echovirus 11
- Enteric virus
- Enveloped virus
- FC, Free Chlorine
- FFP3, Filtering Face Piece
- FIPV, Feline infectious peritonitis virus
- GI, Gastrointestinal tract
- H2O2, Hydrogen Peroxide
- H3N2, InfluenzaA
- H6N2, Avian influenza virus
- HAV, Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
- HAdV, Human Adenovirus
- HCoV, Human CoV
- HEV, Hepatitis E virus
- HKU1, Human CoV1
- ICC-PCR, Integrated Cell Culture with PCR
- JCV, JCV polyomavirus
- MALDI-TOF MS, Mass Spectrometry
- MBR, Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
- MERS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- MHV, Murine hepatitis virus
- MNV-1, Murine Norovirus
- MWCNTs, Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
- Met, Methionine
- N gene, Nucleocapsid protein gene
- NCoV, Novel coronavirus
- NGS, Next generation sequencing
- NTP, Non-Thermal Plasma
- O2, Singlet Oxygen
- O3, Ozone
- ORF, Open Reading Frame
- PAA, Para Acetic Acid
- PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction
- PEC, Photoelectrocatalytical
- PEG, Polyethylene Glycol
- PFU, Plaque Forming Unit
- PMMoV, Pepper Mild Mottle Virus
- PMR, Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors
- PPE, Personal Protective Equipment
- PTAF, Photocatalytic Titanium Apatite Filter
- PV-1, Polivirus-1
- PV-3, Poliovirus 3
- PVDF, Polyvinylidene Fluoride
- Qβ, bacteriophages
- RH, Relative Humidity
- RNA, Ribose nucleic acid
- RONS, Reactive Oxygen and/or Nitrogen Species
- RT-PCR, Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RVA, Rotaviruses A
- SARS-CoV-1, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
- SBR, Sequential Batch Reactor
- SODIS, Solar water disinfection
- STP, Sewage Treatment Plant
- Sewage
- T90, First order reaction time required for completion of 90%
- T99.9, First order reaction time required for completion of 99.9%
- TGEV, Porcine Coronavirus Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus
- TGEV, Transmissible Gastroenteritis
- Trp, Tryptophan
- Tyr, Tyrosine
- US-EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency
- UV, Ultraviolet
- WBE, Wastewater-Based Epidemiology
- WWT, Wastewater Treatment
- WWTPs, Wastewater Treatment Plants
- dPCR, Digital PCR
- ds, Double Stranded
- dsDNA, Double Stranded DNA
- log10, logarithm with base 10
- qRT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR
- ss, Single Stranded
- ssDNA, Single Stranded DNA
- ssRNA, Single Stranded RNA
- αCoV, Alphacoronavirus
- βCoV, Betacoronavirus
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Affiliation(s)
- S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Campus, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Manupati Hemalatha
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Campus, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Harishankar Kopperi
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - I Ranjith
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - A Kiran Kumar
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Dispensary, Hyderabad 500007, India
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Kumar S, Singh R, Kumari N, Karmakar S, Behera M, Siddiqui AJ, Rajput VD, Minkina T, Bauddh K, Kumar N. Current understanding of the influence of environmental factors on SARS-CoV-2 transmission, persistence, and infectivity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:6267-6288. [PMID: 33387315 PMCID: PMC7776306 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a significant public health emergency in recent times. It is a respiratory illness caused by the novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was initially reported in late December 2019. In a span of 6 months, this pandemic spread across the globe leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. Soon after the identification of the causative virus, questions concerning the impact of environmental factors on the dissemination and transmission of the virus, its persistence in environmental matrices, and infectivity potential begin to emerge. As the environmental factors could have far-reaching consequences on infection dissemination and severity, it is essential to understand the linkage between these factors and the COVID-19 outbreak. In order to improve our current understanding over this topic, the present article summarizes topical and substantial observations made regarding the influences of abiotic environmental factors such as climate, temperature, humidity, wind speed, air, and water quality, solid surfaces/interfaces, frozen food, and biotic factors like age, sex, gender, blood type, population density, behavioural characteristics, etc. on the transmission, persistence, and infectivity of this newly recognized SARS-CoV-2 virus. Further, the potential pathways of virus transmission that could pose risk to population health have been discussed, and the critical areas have been identified which merits urgent research for the assessment and management of the COVID-19 outbreak. Where possible, the knowledge gaps requiring further investigation have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Nisha Kumari
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Susmita Karmakar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Monalisha Behera
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki 194/1, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki 194/1, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Kuldeep Bauddh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Siddique A, Shahzad A, Lawler J, Mahmoud KA, Lee DS, Ali N, Bilal M, Rasool K. Unprecedented environmental and energy impacts and challenges of COVID-19 pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110443. [PMID: 33171120 PMCID: PMC7648503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid transmission tendency, severity, and wide geographical spread of newly emerged novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in different environmental matrices, including water, air, and soil, has posed severe health, environmental, energy, and economic challenges worldwide. Despite the severe health effects, unprecedented improvements in air quality in many countries due to emergency measures, and public behavior changes have been reported. SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in air and sewage samples in several studies across the globe. The use of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) could be a valuable method to monitor the outbreak of COVID-19, which requires fast and reliable methods for virus detection in sewage. However, water treatment companies face many pressures due to potential for aerosolization, PPE shortages, and changed usage patterns. In addition, the unprecedented impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the worldwide economy especially the energy sector, and its impact on our ecosystem required instant responses. This article discusses the recent developments and challenges faced in water, air, and energy resources, including renewables and non-renewables as the significant and interrelated components of the ecosystem. Furthermore, some recommendations have been directed, which may serve as a guideline to the scientists, legislators, and other stakeholders. A future roadmap has been proposed to overcome the tragic effects of COVID-19 and developing a sustainable environmental system to minimize the impact of such infectious outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Siddique
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asif Shahzad
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jenny Lawler
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khaled A Mahmoud
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dae Sung Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Nisar Ali
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China
| | - Kashif Rasool
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar.
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Poortaghi S, Shahmari M, Ghobadi A. Exploring nursing managers' perceptions of nursing workforce management during the outbreak of COVID-19: a content analysis study. BMC Nurs 2021; 20:27. [PMID: 33514351 PMCID: PMC7844784 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-021-00546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic is a serious threat to public health worldwide. Therefore, a coordinated global response is needed to prepare health care systems to face this unprecedented challenge. Proper human resource management can increase nurses’ productivity and quality of care. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the nursing managers’ perception of nursing workforce management during the outbreak of COVID-19. Methods This is a qualitative study with conventional content analysis using Granheim and Landman approach. In this study, 15 nursing managers were selected by purposeful sampling method. Data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews. Ethical considerations were applied to all stages of the study. In this study, MAXQDA software version 10 was used to help manage the data. Results 66% of the participants (10/5) were female. The mean age of participants was 44 years, mean work experience of 19 years, and mean management experience of 9 years. Three categories and seven sub-categories emerged from the data analysis: 1) management of workforce recruitment (volunteer workforces, non-volunteer workforces), 2) management of workforce arrangement (flexible work schedule, rearrangement of the workforce), and 3) management of workforce retention (preventive measures, motivational measures, and psychological support). Conclusion Management in critical situations requires the use of flexible and situational management principles to recruit, arrange and retain workforce, and also to compensate for the lack of manpower. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12912-021-00546-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarieh Poortaghi
- PhD of Nursing Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Community Health Nursing Department, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehraban Shahmari
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Ghobadi
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. .,PhD student in Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Science; Lecturer, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Cobb N, Papali A, Pisani L, Schultz MJ, Ferreira JC. Pragmatic Recommendations for Infection Prevention and Control Practices for Healthcare Facilities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:25-33. [PMID: 33410392 PMCID: PMC7957238 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies are key in preventing nosocomial transmission of COVID-19. Several commonly used IPC practices are resource-intensive and may be challenging to implement in resource-constrained settings. An international group of healthcare professionals from or with experience in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) searched the literature for relevant evidence. We report on a set of pragmatic recommendations for hospital-based IPC practices in resource-constrained settings of LMICs. For cases of confirmed or suspected COVID-19, we suggest that patients be placed in a single isolation room, whenever possible. When single isolation rooms are unavailable or limited, we recommend cohorting patients with COVID-19 on dedicated wards or in dedicated hospitals. We also recommend that cases of suspected COVID-19 be cohorted separately from those with confirmed disease, whenever possible, to minimize the risk of patient-to-patient transmission in settings where confirmatory testing may be limited. We suggest that healthcare workers be designated to care exclusively for patients with COVID-19, whenever possible, as another approach to minimize nosocomial spread. This approach may also be beneficial in conserving limited supplies of reusable personal protective equipment (PPE). We recommend that visitors be restricted for patients with COVID-19. In settings where family members or visitors are necessary for caregiving, we recommend that the appropriate PPE be used by visitors. We also recommend that education regarding hand hygiene and donning/doffing procedures for PPE be provided. Last, we suggest that all visitors be screened for symptoms before visitation and that visitor logs be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Cobb
- 1Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alfred Papali
- 2Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Luigi Pisani
- 3Section of Operative Research, Doctors with Africa, CUAMM, Padova, Italy.,4Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marcus J Schultz
- 4Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,5Department of Intensive Care, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L·E·I·C·A), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,6Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juliana C Ferreira
- 7Divisao de Pneumologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Furuse Y. [Epidemiology of Viral Hemorrhagic Fever in Africa]. Uirusu 2021; 71:11-18. [PMID: 35526990 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.71.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A variety of viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola virus disease exist in Africa and impose a great threat in public health due to their high fatality. It is considered to be difficult to eradicate the etiological agents of viral hemorrhagic fever because they have non-human natural hosts. Therefore, the importance of public health measures remains high in addition to the urgent need for the development of medicines for treatment and prevention. Furthermore, public health measures directly lead to the accumulation of epidemiological knowledge about the diseases. As an infectious disease consultant for the World Health Organization, I have been involved with public health activities including the development of clinical guidelines, the establishment of laboratory diagnostic systems, the training for infection, prevention and control, the planning of budget for outbreak response, and the analysis of epidemiological data. On the last point, I reported the situation of Ebola virus disease outbreak in Liberia, 2014-2015 and Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria, 2018-2019 describing the risk factors, morbidity, and mortality of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Furuse
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University
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COVID-19: a wake-up call to protect planetary health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESILIENCE AND TRANSFORMATION IN TIMES OF COVID-19 2021. [PMCID: PMC8137681 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85512-9.00017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Set from the perspective of planetary health, the objective of this chapter is to examine the trends set in motion by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), attempting to discuss the long-term environmental and humanitarian implications. The emergence of zoonotic diseases has underscored that risk-based interventions need to be designed from the perspective of planetary health. The pandemic response must account for its implications on humans and the planet. To address this subject, the chapter discusses emerging infectious diseases in the context of declining planetary health and the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter underscores the inadequacy of the transient improvement in some environmental quality parameters and short-term decrease in global greenhouse gas emissions. The inevitable global waste crisis arising from increasing use of plastic and other nonbiodegradable materials in the context of COVID-19 is discussed. Inequalities and vulnerabilities, in light of emerging humanitarian concerns, on account of the COVID-19 pandemic are examined. The need for a long-term vision and recommendations that could potentially address the key concerns flagged in the chapter are then discussed. This chapter argues that planetary health approaches that are needed to address the multiscale issues related to environmental quality and human well-being by protecting our planet.
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Jacob S, Nithianandam S, Rastogi S, Sakhuja S, Sri Laxma Alankar SN. Handling and treatment strategies of biomedical wastes and biosolids contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 in waste environment. ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF NOVEL CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19 ) 2021. [PMCID: PMC8237404 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85780-2.00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The biomedical waste (BW) generated by hospitals and other health care facilities such as quarantine homes and isolation wards are exponentially increasing amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This has evoked a major challenge for governments worldwide to cope with the increasing demands of waste disposal with limited facilities. Each and every hospital has its own way of managing the waste generated, however, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an intense pressure on health care workers to employ speedy and effective management techniques for the disposal of highly contagious SARS-CoV-2-contaminated BW. The study of survival rates of SARS-CoV-2 on various surfaces such as plastics (2–3 days), clothes (7 days), and wood (<24 h) has helped to deploy various disinfection processes such as treatment of contaminated surfaces with 70% ethanol and 0.05% sodium hypochlorite. Additionally, various effective waste processing procedures such as incineration and autoclaving for the disposal of infected masks, personal protective equipment (PPE) kits, towels, and tissues have been recommended. This chapter is focused on the detailed discussion on the characteristics and classification of wastes generated from health care sectors and management strategies with an emphasis on COVID-19.
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Singh A, Haq I. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): origin, transmission through the environment, health effects, and mitigation strategies-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY (SINGAPORE) 2021; 4:515-526. [PMID: 36761792 PMCID: PMC8407402 DOI: 10.1007/s42398-021-00204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in China and subsequently spread globally, resulting in a severe pandemic, and officially declared a significant health emergency by World Health Organization (WHO). Genetic analysis of coronavirus isolated from bats, snakes, and Malay pangolins suggested that they could be intermediate hosts for SARS-CoV-2. The transfer of virus from person to person has been confirmed widely, while the actual source of origin is still unknown. COVID-19 is a highly contagious and infectious disease, and the worldwide transmission of coronavirus has intense effects on the lives of human beings. The spread of the virus is observed mainly through close contact with the infected person due to coughing, sniffing or indirectly through the contaminated surfaces. If people touch contaminated surfaces through their hands, mouth, nose, or eye, it enters the body and causes disease. Also, the virus may transmit through air droplets, water, food, fecal-oral transmission, etc. The infection of virus in human beings could be detected by direct symptoms, or different diagnostic tools are available to determine the viral load. Various safety measures are used to contain the virus, including disinfectants, antiviral drugs, vaccines, wearing masks, social distancing, etc. In the present review, we have focused on transmission of COVID-19 through air and wastewater as environmental transmission modes. We have also discussed the origin of the virus, its mode of action, host immune response, vulnerability, varying symptoms and diagnosis, prevention and control. Further, we have discussed the various treatment options to cope with this viral outbreak. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Singh
- Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research-DRDO, Haldwani, Uttarakhand 263139 India
| | - Izharul Haq
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039 India
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Muhammad JS, Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Cui ZG, Hamad M, Halwani R. SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Induced Promoter Hypomethylation as an Epigenetic Modulator of Heat Shock Protein A1L (HSPA1L) Gene. Front Genet 2021; 12:622271. [PMID: 33679887 PMCID: PMC7933663 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.622271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous researches have focused on the genetic variations affecting SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas the epigenetic effects are inadequately described. In this report, for the first time, we have identified potential candidate genes that might be regulated via SARS-CoV-2 induced DNA methylation changes in COVID-19 infection. At first, in silico transcriptomic data of COVID-19 lung autopsies were used to identify the top differentially expressed genes containing CpG Islands in their promoter region. Similar gene regulations were also observed in an in vitro model of SARS-CoV-2 infected lung epithelial cells (NHBE and A549). SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly decreased the levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) in lung epithelial cells. Out of 14 candidate genes identified, the expression of 12 genes was upregulated suggesting promoter hypomethylation, while only two genes were downregulated suggesting promoter hypermethylation in COVID-19. Among those 12 upregulated genes, only HSPA1L and ULBP2 were found to be upregulated in AZA-treated lung epithelial cells and immune cells, suggesting their epigenetic regulation. To confirm the hypomethylation of these two genes during SARS-CoV-2 infection, their promoter methylation and mRNA expression levels were determined in the genomic DNA/RNA obtained from whole blood samples of asymptomatic, severe COVID-19 patients and equally matched healthy controls. The methylation level of HSPA1L was significantly decreased and the mRNA expression was increased in both asymptomatic and severe COVID-19 blood samples suggesting its epigenetic regulation by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Functionally, HSPA1L is known to facilitate host viral replication and has been proposed as a potential target for antiviral prophylaxis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran Sualeh Muhammad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Jibran Sualeh Muhammad,
| | | | - Zheng-Guo Cui
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Fukui School of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Prince Abdullah Ben Khaled Celiac Disease Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Rabih Halwani,
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Investigating the Relationship between the Built Environment and Relative Risk of COVID-19 in Hong Kong. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi9110624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between the built environment and the risk of COVID-19 transmission is essential to respond to the pandemic. This study explores the relationship between the built environment and COVID-19 risk using the confirmed cases data collected in Hong Kong. Using the information on the residential buildings and places visited for each case from the dataset, we assess the risk of COVID-19 and explore their geographic patterns at the level of Tertiary Planning Unit (TPU) based on incidence rate (R1) and venue density (R2). We then investigate the associations between several built-environment variables (e.g., nodal accessibility and green space density) and COVID-19 risk using global Poisson regression (GPR) and geographically weighted Poisson regression (GWPR) models. The results indicate that COVID-19 risk tends to be concentrated in particular areas of Hong Kong. Using the incidence rate as an indicator to assess COVID-19 risk may underestimate the risk of COVID-19 transmission in some suburban areas. The GPR and GWPR models suggest a close and spatially heterogeneous relationship between the selected built-environment variables and the risk of COVID-19 transmission. The study provides useful insights that support policymakers in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic and future epidemics.
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Bhatt A, Arora P, Prajapati SK. Occurrence, fates and potential treatment approaches for removal of viruses from wastewater: A review with emphasis on SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 8:104429. [PMID: 32895629 PMCID: PMC7467108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The world is combating the emergence of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by novel coronavirus; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Further, due to the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage and stool samples, its transmission through water routes cannot be neglected. Thus, the efficient treatment of wastewater is a matter of utmost importance. The conventional wastewater treatment processes demonstrate a wide variability in absolute removal of viruses from wastewater, thereby posing a severe threat to human health and environment. The fate of SARS-CoV-2 in the wastewater treatment plants and its removal during various treatment stages remains unexplored and demands immediate attention; particularly, where treated effluent is utilised as reclaimed water. Consequently, understanding the prevalence of pathogenic viruses in untreated/treated waters and their removal techniques has become the topical issue of the scientific community. The key objective of the present study is to provide an insight into the distribution of viruses in wastewater, as well as the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, and its possible transmission by the faecal-oral route. The review also gives a detailed account of the major waterborne and non-waterborne viruses, and environmental factors governing the survival of viruses. Furthermore, a comprehensive description of the potential methods (physical, chemical, and biological) for removal of viruses from wastewater has been presented. The present study also intends to analyse the research trends in microalgae-mediated virus removal and, inactivation. The review also addresses the UN SDG 'Clean Water and Sanitation' as it is aimed at providing pathogenically safe water for recycling purposes.
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Key Words
- ASP, Activated Sludge Process
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019
- DUV-LED, Deep Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode
- E.coli, Escherichia coli
- EPS, Exopolysaccharide
- LRV, Log Reduction Value
- MBR, Membrane Bioreactor
- MERS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- MLSS, Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids
- Microalgaee
- PMR, Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor
- Phycoremediationn
- RH, Relative Humidity
- SARS-CoV, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
- SBBGR, Sequencing Batch Biofilter Granular Reactor
- SEM, Scanning Electron Microscopy
- SSF, Slow Sand Filtration
- UASB, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
- UN SDG, United Nations Sustainable Development Goal
- UV, Ultraviolet
- WHO, World Health Organisation
- WWTP, Wastewater Treatment Plant
- Waterbornee
- dsDNA, Double stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- dsRNA, Double stranded Ribonucleic acid
- ssRNA, Single stranded Ribonucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Bhatt
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Hydro and Renewable Energy Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Pratham Arora
- Hydro and Renewable Energy Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Hydro and Renewable Energy Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
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Mukhra R, Krishan K, Kanchan T. Possible modes of transmission of Novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: a review. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:e2020036. [PMID: 32921730 PMCID: PMC7716952 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i3.10039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The widespread outbreak of the novel SARS-CoV-2 has raised numerous questions about the origin and transmission of the virus. Knowledge about the mode of transmission as well as assessing the effectiveness of the preventive measures would aid in containing the outbreak of the coronavirus. Presently, respiratory droplets, physical contact and aerosols/air-borne have been reported as the modes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission of the virus. Besides, some of the other possible modes of transmission are being explored by the researchers, with some studies suggesting the viral spread through fecal-oral, conjunctival secretions, flatulence (farts), sexual and vertical transmission from mother to the fetus, and through asymptomatic carriers, etc. Aim: The primary objective was to review the present understanding and knowledge about the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and also to suggest recommendations in containing and preventing the novel coronavirus. METHODS A review of possible modes of transmission of the novel SARS-CoV-2 was conducted based on the reports and articles available in PubMed and ScienceDirect.com that were searched using keywords, 'transmission', 'modes of transmission', 'SARS-CoV-2', 'novel coronavirus', and 'COVID-19'. Articles referring to air-borne, conjunctiva, fecal-oral, maternal-fetal, flatulence (farts), and breast milk transmission were included, while the remaining were excluded. RESULT AND CONCLUSION The modes of transmission linked to SARS-CoV-2 were identified and the available literature on each of these is described in detail in view of the possibilities of viral transmission through various modes of transmission. The review provides updated and necessary information on the possible modes of transmission for the health care workers and the lay public under one umbrella that can also be considered during framing guidelines in order to prevent and control the viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Mukhra
- Department of Anthropology (UGC Centre of Advanced Study), Panjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology (UGC Centre of Advanced Study), Panjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Tanuj Kanchan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, India.
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Chen X, Guo H, Qiu L, Zhang C, Deng Q, Leng Q. Immunomodulatory and Antiviral Activity of Metformin and Its Potential Implications in Treating Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Lung Injury. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2056. [PMID: 32973814 PMCID: PMC7461864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease which causes severe lung injury and multiple organ damage, presents an urgent need for new drugs. The case severity and fatality of COVID-19 are associated with excessive inflammation, namely, a cytokine storm. Metformin, a widely used drug to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus and metabolic syndrome, has immunomodulatory activity that reduces the production of proinflammatory cytokines using macrophages and causes the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Metformin also inhibits the cytokine production of pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells. Importantly, treatment with metformin alleviates various lung injuries in preclinical animal models. In addition, a recent proteomic study revealed that metformin has the potential to directly inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, retrospective clinical studies have revealed that metformin treatment reduces the mortality of T2D with COVID-19. Therefore, metformin has the potential to be repurposed to treat patients with COVID-19 at risk of developing severe illness. This review summarizes the immune pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and addresses the effects of metformin on inhibiting cytokine storms and preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as its side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyang Chen
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huifang Guo
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qibin Leng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Daraei H, Toolabian K, Kazempour M, Javanbakht M. The role of the environment and its pollution in the prevalence of COVID-19. J Infect 2020; 81:e168-e169. [PMID: 32540457 PMCID: PMC7833060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasti Daraei
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Kimia Toolabian
- Faculty of Agriculture and natural resources, Lorestan University, P.O. Box 465, Khorramabad, Lorestan Province, Iran
| | - Marzieh Kazempour
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javanbakht
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Lakhani HV, Pillai SS, Zehra M, Sharma I, Sodhi K. Systematic Review of Clinical Insights into Novel Coronavirus (CoVID-19) Pandemic: Persisting Challenges in U.S. Rural Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124279. [PMID: 32549334 PMCID: PMC7345039 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
(1) Introduction. A recent viral outbreak of novel coronavirus (CoVID-19) was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to its global public health concern. There has been an aggressive growth in the number of emerging cases suggesting rapid spread of the virus. Since the first reported case of CoVID-19, there has been vast progress in understanding the dynamics of CoVID-19. However, there is an increasing evidence of epidemiological disparity in disease burden between urban and rural areas, with rural areas having minimal pandemic preparedness and their own healthcare challenges. Therefore, this review aims to provide insight on the pathogenesis and the transmission dynamics of CoVID-19 along with pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention strategies to mitigate the clinical manifestation of this virus. This review also aims to assess existing challenges of the CoVID-19 pandemic in rural areas based on past pandemic experiences and the effect on rural population. (2) Methods. A literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Academic Search Premier, ProQuest, and Google Scholar, along with information from governmental organizations such as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO). (3) Results. The causative virus, with its likely zoonotic origin, has demonstrated high pathogenicity in humans through increasing human-to-human transmission leading to extensive mitigation strategies, including patient quarantine and mass “social distancing” measures. Although the clinical manifestation of symptoms is mild in majority of the virus-inflicted population, critical patients may present with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, exacerbated by pre-existing comorbidities, eventually leading to death. While effective coronavirus disease (CoVID-19)-specific vaccines and drugs are under clinical trials, several pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions have been adapted to manage symptoms and curtail the effect of the virus to prevent increasing morbidity and mortality. Several persisting challenges have been noted for mitigating CoVID-19 in rural areas, including the poor healthcare infrastructure, health literacy, pandemic preparedness along with the fact that majority of rural population are frail subjects with pre-existing comorbidities. (4) Discussion. The increasing rate of incidence of CoVID-19 presents its own challenges, burdening healthcare institutions and the global economy, and impacting the physical and mental health of people worldwide. Given the clinical insights into CoVID-19 and the challenges presented in this review for the U.S. rural population, mitigation strategies should be designed accordingly to minimize the morbidity and mortality of this contagion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Komal Sodhi
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(304)-691-1704; Fax: +1-(914)-347-4956
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Sharma A, Tiwari S, Deb MK, Marty JL. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): a global pandemic and treatment strategies. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106054. [PMID: 32534188 PMCID: PMC7286265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a potentially fatal disease, is swiftly leading to public health crises worldwide. The origin of SARS-CoV-2 infection was first reported in people exposed to a seafood market in Wuhan City, China in December 2019. It has been suggested that the infection is likely to be of zoonotic origin and transmitted to humans through a not-yet-known intermediary. As of 22 May 2020, the World Health Organization reported that there were approximately 4,995,996 confirmed cases and 327,821 deaths. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted via inhalation or direct contact with droplets from infected people. It has an incubation period ranging from 2 to ≥14 days. The rate of spread of SARS-CoV-2 is greater than that for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory coronavirus. The symptoms are similar to influenza (i.e. breathlessness, sore throat and fatigue) and infected cases are isolated and treated. Infection is mild in most cases, but in elderly (>50 years) patients and those with cardiac and respiratory disorders, it may progress to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and multi-organ failure. People with strong immunity or those who have developed herd immunity are asymptomatic. The fatality rate ranges from 3% to 4%. Recommended methods for diagnosis of COVID-19 are molecular tests (e.g. polymerase chain reaction) on respiratory secretions, chest scan and common laboratory diagnosis. Currently, treatment is essentially supportive, and the role of antiviral agents is yet to be established as a vaccine is not yet available. This review will focus on epidemiology, symptoms, transmission, pathogenesis, ongoing available treatments and future perspectives of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Sharma
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC-3800, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Swapnil Tiwari
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur-492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Manas Kanti Deb
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur-492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Jean Louis Marty
- Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement, Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan CEDEX 66860, France; Sensbiotech, 21rue de Nogarede, 66400 Ceret, France
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48
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Xie Y, McNeil EB, Sriplung H, Fan Y, Zhao X, Chongsuvivatwong V. Assessment of adequacy of respiratory infection prevention in hospitals of Inner Mongolia, China: a cross-sectional study using unannounced standardized patients. Postgrad Med 2020; 132:643-649. [PMID: 32459978 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2020.1776015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent respiratory infectious disease (RID) outbreaks of influenza and the novel coronavirus have resulted in global pandemics. RIDs can trigger nosocomial infections if not adequately prevented. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to rate the adequacy of healthcare workers (HCWs) and hospital settings on RID prevention using unannounced standardized patients (USP) in clinical settings of hospital gateways. METHODS Trained USPs visited 5 clinical settings: information desks, registration desks, two outpatient departments and the emergency departments in 10 hospitals across 3 cities of Inner Mongolia, China. USPs observed the hospital air ventilation and distance from the nearest hand-washing facilities to each clinical setting, then mimicked symptoms of either tuberculosis or influenza before observing the HCW's behavior. A total of 480 clinical-setting assessments were made by 19 USPs. RESULTS The overall adequacy of triage services was 86.7% and for prevention of the spread of airborne droplets was 83.5%. Almost all hospitals offered adequate air ventilation. Compared to the information desk, adequacy of triage and preventing the spread of airborne droplets by physicians in the three clinical departments was less likely to be adequate. Triage services for USPs simulating symptoms of influenza were 2.6 times more likely to be adequate than for those simulating symptoms of tuberculosis but there was no significant difference in the prevention of the spread of airborne droplets. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to improve respiratory infectious disease procedures in our study hospitals, especially in outpatient and emergency departments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Xie
- Faculty of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University , Hohhot, China.,Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University , HatYai, Thailand
| | - Edward B McNeil
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University , HatYai, Thailand
| | - Hutcha Sriplung
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University , HatYai, Thailand
| | - Yancun Fan
- Faculty of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University , Hohhot, China
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49
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Dariya B, Nagaraju GP. Understanding novel COVID-19: Its impact on organ failure and risk assessment for diabetic and cancer patients. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 53:43-52. [PMID: 32409230 PMCID: PMC7202812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 originated from Wuhan, China. It is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with significant mortality and morbidity rate. The severe risk factors are commonly detected in patients of older age and with medical comorbidities like cancer and diabetes. Scientists and doctors have scrambled to gain knowledge about the novel virus and its pathophysiology in order to discover possible therapeutic regimens and vaccines for COVID-19. The therapeutic strategies like targeting the viral genome emphasize the promising approach to target COVID-19. Additionally, blocking the receptor, ACE2 via the neutralizing antibodies for viral escape that prevents it from entering into the cells provides another therapeutic regimen. In this review article, we have presented the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection in comorbid patients and discussed organ failure caused by this virus. Based on the data available from the scientific literature and ongoing clinical trials, we have focused on therapeutic strategies. We hope that we would fill the gaps that puzzled the researchers and clinicians with the best of our knowledge collected for the betterment of the patients for the coming future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begum Dariya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Vanasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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50
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Peres D, Monteiro J, Almeida M, Ladeira R. Risk Perception of COVID-19 Among the Portuguese Healthcare Professionals and General Population. J Hosp Infect 2020; 105:S0195-6701(20)30278-4. [PMID: 32485198 PMCID: PMC7260482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Risk perception assessment of COVID-19 among Portuguese Healthcare Professionals (HCP) and General Population (GPop) was evaluated in a snowball 3 403 individual's sample. 54.9% of HCP believed there is a high probability of becoming infected, in contrast with 24.0% of GPop (p <0.001) and, in more than 1/4, that this could happen to their family. Regarding prophylactic isolation, more than 70% agreed with its effectiveness. A large proportion perceived that health services are poorly prepared (50.1% GPop versus 63.5% HCP, p<0.001). Regarding Health Authorities' communication, about 60% were "moderately" satisfied. 46.7% GPop and 52.8% HCP had the opinion the pandemic could be controlled in three to six months (p=0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peres
- Public Health Unit, Healthcare Community Center of Porto IV - Póvoa de Varzim/ Vila Do Conde, Vila Do Conde - Portugal; Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance Control Unit, Matosinhos Local Health Unit, Matosinhos - Portugal.
| | - Jorge Monteiro
- Public Health Unit, Healthcare Community Center of Porto IV - Póvoa de Varzim/ Vila Do Conde, Vila Do Conde - Portugal
| | - Miguel Almeida
- Public Health Unit, Healthcare Community Center of Porto IV - Póvoa de Varzim/ Vila Do Conde, Vila Do Conde - Portugal
| | - Raquel Ladeira
- Public Health Unit, Healthcare Community Center of Porto IV - Póvoa de Varzim/ Vila Do Conde, Vila Do Conde - Portugal
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