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Abdullahi AS, Yasin YJ, Shah SM, Ahmed LA, Grivna M. Seat belt use among pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates: the Mutaba'ah Study. Inj Prev 2024; 30:108-113. [PMID: 37940378 DOI: 10.1136/ip-2023-045047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Motor vehicle collisions are a major cause of death and injury among pregnant women and their fetuses. Seat belt use compliance during pregnancy varies in different populations. We aimed to study seat belt use among pregnant women and factors affecting seat belt use during pregnancy in Al Ain City, the United Arab Emirates. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis used the baseline data collected from pregnant women participating in the Mutaba'ah Study from May 2017 to November 2022. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Variables included sociodemographic, gestation periods and seat belt-related information. All pregnant women who responded to the questions related to seat belt use were included (N=2354). RESULTS Seat belt use before and during pregnancy was estimated at 69.7% (95% CI 67.9% to 71.6%) and 65.5% (95% CI 63.6% to 67.4%), respectively. The reasons for not using seat belts during pregnancy included being uncomfortable to wear, habitual non-use and considering them unsafe for pregnancy. Age, higher levels of education of the pregnant woman or her spouse, being employed, having a sufficient household income, lower gestational age, and using a seat belt before pregnancy were positively associated with using a seat belt during pregnancy in the bivariate analyses. Pregnant women in their third trimester had independently significant lower odds of using a seat belt compared with those in the first trimester (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.76). CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate decreased compliance with seat belt use during pregnancy and as gestation progressed. The decrease was related to several reasons, including feeling uncomfortable wearing seat belts, habitual non-use and unsafe for pregnancy, necessitating appropriate measures to increase awareness. Raising public awareness about the advantages of wearing seat belts during pregnancy and the involvement of healthcare professionals in educating pregnant women are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminu S Abdullahi
- Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Yasin J Yasin
- Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Environmental Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Syed M Shah
- Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Luai A Ahmed
- Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Michal Grivna
- Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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O'Hare D. Effects of distance flown on pilot decision making in continued flight into deteriorating weather conditions. J Safety Res 2024; 88:336-343. [PMID: 38485376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2023.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Continuing flight into adverse weather remains a significant problem in general aviation (GA) safety. A variety of experiential, cognitive, and motivational factors have been suggested as explanations. Previous research has shown that adverse weather accidents occur further into planned flights than other types of accident, suggesting that previous investment of time and effort might be a contributing factor. The aim of this study was to experimentally determine the effect of prior commitment on general aviation pilots' decision-making and risk-taking in simulated VFR flights. METHOD Thirty-six licensed pilots 'flew' two simulated flights designed to simulate an encounter with deteriorating coastal weather and a developing extensive cloud base underneath the aircraft as it crossed a mountain range. After making a decision to continue or discontinue the flight, pilots completed a range of risk perception, risk taking, and situational awareness measures. RESULTS Visual flight rules were violated in 42% of the flights. Prior commitment, in terms of distance already flown, led to an increased tendency to continue the flight into adverse weather in the coastal 'scud running' scenario. Continuing pilots perceived the risks differently and showed greater risk tolerance than others. These 'bolder' pilots also tended to be more active and better qualified than the others. CONCLUSIONS There are undoubtedly multiple factors underlying any individual decision to continue or discontinue a flight. The willingness to tolerate a higher level of risk seems to be one such factor. This willingness can increase with time invested in the flight and also seems to be related to individual flight qualifications and experience. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS All pilots might benefit from carefully structured simulator sessions designed to safely teach practical risk management strategies with clear and immediate feedback.
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Anestis M, Bond AE, Baker N, Semenza DC. Regional differences in firearm ownership, storage and use: results from a representative survey of five US states. Inj Prev 2024; 30:53-59. [PMID: 37798091 DOI: 10.1136/ip-2023-044878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Firearm access and storage practices influence risk for injury and death; however, prior research has considered only national and regional differences on these variables, overlooking state-level differences. OBJECTIVES To analyse and describe statewide differences in firearm ownership, storage and use in a representative sample of five US states. DESIGN Variables were assessed via an online self-report survey administered between 29 April 2022 and 15 May 2022. SETTING Surveys were completed online. PARTICIPANTS Participants (n=3510) were members of knowledge panel, a probability-based sample recruited to be representative of US adults. All participants were aged 18+ and resided in one of five states: Colorado, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Jersey or Texas. MEASUREMENTS We used χ2 tests to examine state differences in firearm ownership, childhood firearm experiences and purchasing. A series of analyses of covariance were then used to assess differences in firearm storage, firearms owned and carrying behaviours while adjusting for pertinent demographic characteristics. RESULTS We found significant differences in firearm ownership across states. There were significantly more first-time firearm purchasers during the firearm purchasing surge in New Jersey. Both Mississippi and Texas have elevated rates of unsecure storage practices and firearm carrying outside of the home. LIMITATIONS Results are cross-sectional and self-report. Findings may not generalise beyond the five states assessed in this survey. CONCLUSIONS Public health messaging around firearm safety should account for differences in key firearm behaviours related to ownership, storage and use to ensure effective communication and reduce the risk of gun injury and death across states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Anestis
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Allison E Bond
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nazsa Baker
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel C Semenza
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Bonell Monsonís O, Verhagen E, Spörri J, Gouttebarge V, Bolling C. 'Every turn can be the last one I do' - Perceptions of injury risk in high-performance snow sports and its implication for injury prevention. Inj Prev 2024:ip-2023-045084. [PMID: 38195657 DOI: 10.1136/ip-2023-045084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High-performance snow sports (HPSS) athletes compete in a performance-driven context with a high risk of injury. While there is a lack of evidence on effective prevention measures in snow sports, this study explored the perspectives and perceptions of HPSS stakeholders on sports injury prevention. METHODS We conducted an exploratory qualitative study based on the grounded theory principles through 11 semistructured interviews with athletes, coaches and healthcare providers from different national teams about sports injury prevention. The interviews were inductively analysed through constant comparative data analysis. RESULTS Participants defined risk management as a central concept in which they approached injury prevention by assessing, managing and sometimes accepting risks. Many factors, such as athlete-related and external factors, are considered in this process, ultimately influencing their decision-making. Participants acknowledged the value of experience when managing and dealing with risks, a key aspect of their learning process and career development. Within this context, open and trustworthy communication and shared responsibilities among all stakeholders influenced and shaped injury prevention strategies and behaviours. Understanding and balancing out speed and risks was considered pivotal in their daily practice. Therefore, injury prevention awareness, ownership, communication, teamwork and shared responsibilities may contribute to the success of sports injury prevention in HPSS. CONCLUSION These findings substantiate the significance of such contextual factors in sports injury prevention. Considering the high-risk nature of HPSS, injury prevention suggests a shift towards risk management strategies, with a strong emphasis on contextual factors and their interactions. Young athletes might benefit from educational interventions centred on developing skills to assess and manage risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Bonell Monsonís
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University Medical Centres - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health & Sports, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University Medical Centres - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health & Sports, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health & Sports, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Caroline Bolling
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University Medical Centres - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Waterschoot J, Morbée S, Van den Bergh O, Yzerbyt V, Raemdonck E, Brisbois M, Schmitz M, Klein O, Luminet O, Oost PV, Vansteenkiste M. How the Stringency of the COVID-19 Restrictions Influences Motivation for Adherence and Well-Being: The Critical Role of Proportionality. Int J Health Policy Manag 2023; 12:8021. [PMID: 38618783 PMCID: PMC10699813 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2023.8021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stringency of the measures taken by governments to combat the COVID-19 pandemic varied considerably across countries and time. In the present study, we examined how the proportionality to the epidemiological situation is related to citizens'behavior, motivation and mental health. METHODS Across 421 days between March 2020 and March 2022, 273,722 Belgian participants (Mage = 49.47; 63.9% female; 33% single) completed an online questionnaire. Multiple linear mixed regression modeling was used to examine the interaction between the epidemiological situation, as indicated by the actual hospitalization numbers, and the stringency index to predict day-to-day variation in the variables of interest. RESULTS Systematic evidence emerged showing that disproportional situations, as opposed to proportional situations, were associated with a clear pattern of maladaptive outcomes. Specifically, when either strict or lenient measures were disproportional in relation to the epidemiological situation, people reported lower autonomous motivation, more controlled motivation and amotivation, less adherence to sanitary rules, higher perceived risk of infection, lower need satisfaction, and higher anxiety and depressive symptoms. Perceived risk severity especially covaried with the stringency of the measures. At the absolute level, citizens reported the highest need satisfaction and mental health during days with proportional lenient measures. CONCLUSION Stringent measures are not per se demotivating or compromising of people's well-being, nor are lenient measures as such motivating or enhancing well-being. Only proportional measures, that is, measures with a level of stringency that is aligned with the actual epidemiological situation, are associated with the greatest motivational, behavioral, and mental health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Waterschoot
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Morbée
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Omer Van den Bergh
- Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Yzerbyt
- Institute for Research in the Psychological Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Eveline Raemdonck
- Faculty of Psychological Sciences and Education, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Marie Brisbois
- Institute for Research in the Psychological Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Mathias Schmitz
- Institute for Research in the Psychological Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivier Klein
- Faculty of Psychological Sciences and Education, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Olivier Luminet
- Institute for Research in the Psychological Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Fund for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascaline Van Oost
- Institute for Research in the Psychological Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Maarten Vansteenkiste
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Kaiser C, Freybote J, Schäfers W. Governmental Restrictions and Real Estate Investor Risk Perception. J Real Estate Financ Econ (Dordr) 2023:1-19. [PMID: 38625134 PMCID: PMC10040917 DOI: 10.1007/s11146-023-09947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the impact of governmental restrictions on the short-term risk perception, as proxied by the going-in cap rate, of investors in regional and neighborhood shopping centers. We use the COVID-19 pandemic as a natural experiment and proxy for the length and severity of COVID-19 restrictions with the political affiliation of state governors. Using a sample of 40 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) across 27 states over the period of 2018 to 2021, we find that for states with Republican governors, which proxy for shorter and fewer COVID-19 restrictions, investors in regional malls required a lower going-in cap rate in the pandemic period than for states with Democratic governors. This effect does not exist for neighborhood shopping centers, whose tenants were not as affected by COVID-19 restrictions. Robustness checks suggest that our findings can be explained with mask mandates as one type of governmental restrictions, and that COVID-19 related restrictions do not impact the long-term risk perception of retail real estate investors. We furthermore find that the political attitudes of an MSA have an impact on investor risk perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Kaiser
- International Real Estate Business School (IRE|BS), University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Freybote
- School of Business, Portland State University, 615 SW Harrison St, Portland, OR 97201 USA
| | - Wolfgang Schäfers
- International Real Estate Business School (IRE|BS), University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Morán Pérez AV. ["What choice do people have other than us?": The role of doctors' offices adjacent to private pharmacies in the Covid-19 pandemic]. Salud Colect 2023; 19:e4280. [PMID: 37311142 DOI: 10.18294/sc.2023.4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the arrival of coronavirus in Mexico, doctors' offices adjacent to private pharmacies (DAPPs) played a major role in the diagnosis, care, and prevention of Covid-19, providing treatment for 11.7% to 23% of people with Covid-19 symptoms according to national surveys. Therefore, this article seeks to identify the role of DAPPs as a private health system providing care for patients with Covid-19 symptoms in the city of Oaxaca, and to describe and analyze the factors that influenced their utilization. Using a qualitative methodology, twelve physicians were interviewed and 59 users responded to a questionnaire at doctors' offices adjacent to pharmacies in the municipality of Oaxaca de Juárez between September 2020 and August 2022. Secondary data were also collected. Among the findings, the function of these offices at the front line of care for Covid-19 and other health needs that emerged with the public health crisis is described, and the determining factors in care trajectories of users that sought care there are analyzed, such as the increase in perception of risk and mistrust towards public services or strategies implemented by the federal government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Victoria Morán Pérez
- Doctora en Antropología. Profesora, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Ciudad de México, México
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Airak S, Sukor NSA, Rahman NA. Travel behaviour changes and risk perception during COVID-19: A case study of Malaysia. Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect 2023; 18:100784. [PMID: 36844954 PMCID: PMC9939401 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2023.100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted travel behaviours due to the need for movement restrictions. The restrictions adversely affected various aspects of health and the economy. This study aimed to investigate factors affecting trip frequency during the recovery period of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. An online national cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect data in conjunction with different movement restriction policies. The questionnaire includes socio-demographics, experience with COVID-19, risk perception of COVID-19, and trip frequency on several activities during the pandemic. Mann Whitney U was conducted to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the socio-demographic factors for the respondents in the first and second surveys. Results show no significant difference in socio-demographic factors except for the level of education. The results indicate that the respondents from both surveys were comparable. Next, Spearman correlation analyses were conducted to find significant correlations between trip frequencies toward socio-demographics, experience with COVID-19 and risk perception. There was a correlation between the frequency of travel and risk perception for both surveys. Regression analyses were performed based on the findings to investigate trip frequency determinants during the pandemic. Perceived risk, gender, and occupation influenced the trip frequencies for both surveys. By understanding the influence of risk perception on the frequency of travel, the government can identify the appropriate policy during a pandemic or health emergency to avoid impeding normal travel behaviour. Thus, people's mental and psychological well-being are not negatively affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surachai Airak
- School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Sabahiah Abdul Sukor
- School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Noorhazlinda Abd Rahman
- School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Odone A, Dallagiacoma G, Vigezzi GP. Vaccine Mandates in the COVID-19 Era: Changing Paradigm or Public Health Opportunity? Comment on "Convergence on Coercion: Functional and Political Pressures as Drivers of Global Childhood Vaccine Mandates". Int J Health Policy Manag 2022; 12:7616. [PMID: 37579446 PMCID: PMC10125141 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2022.7616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The debate around vaccine mandates has flourished over the last decade, with several countries introducing or extending mandatory childhood vaccinations. In a recent study, Attwell and Hannah explore how functional and political pressures added to public health threats in selected countries, motivating governments to increase the coerciveness of their childhood vaccine regimes. In this commentary, we reflect on whether such model applies to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case and how the pandemic has re-shuffled the deck around vaccine mandates. We identify COVID-19 immunisation policies' distinctive aspects as we make the case of countries implementing mass immunisation programmes while relying on digital COVID-19 certificates as an indirect form of mandate to increase vaccine uptake. We conclude by acknowledging that different forms of mandatory vaccination might serve as a shortcut to protect population health in times of emergency, underlining, however, that the ultimate public health goal is to promote voluntary, informed, and responsible adherence to preventive behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Odone
- Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Pietro Vigezzi
- Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Collegio Ca’ della Paglia, Fondazione Ghislieri, Pavia, Italy
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Bauer IL. COVID-19: how can travel medicine benefit from tourism's focus on people during a pandemic? Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2022; 8:26. [PMID: 36451241 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-022-00182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, COVID-19 affected every aspect of life around the globe. The spread of SARS-CoV-2 through travel led to lockdowns, travel bans and border closures, crippling the tourism industry. Without tourists, there would be no tourism industry-and no travel medicine. Therefore, scholars started to research the human aspect of tourism immediately to develop strategies for economic recovery. The resulting insights are useful for travel medicine not only to see how tourism dealt with a medical crisis but also to understand travellers better who may be seeking health advice during and after a pandemic.This article presents tourism research of 2020 covering risk perception and travel intentions including mass-gatherings, the use of technology to protect from infection, impacts on tourism workers, residents' reactions to potentially infected travellers, discrimination, and racism. A potential fork in the road to tourism's future may have implications for travel health practitioners. Research recommendations conclude the paper. Understanding the industry response during the early days of panic and uncertainty may help prepare not only appropriate guidelines for travellers but also clearer instructions for tourism, transportation, and hospitality in anticipation of the next pandemic.
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Kwon JH, Kim J, Kim S, Cho GH. Pedestrians safety perception and crossing behaviors in narrow urban streets: An experimental study using immersive virtual reality technology. Accid Anal Prev 2022; 174:106757. [PMID: 35714518 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) technology emerges as a promising tool for investigating human perception and behavior in highly controlled, immersive, and risk-free environments. This study proposed to apply simulated VR technology to investigate the interactions between perceived crash risk and behavior patterns in a road crossing with changes in the safety-related environmental attributes. In the context of the 8-meter-wide segment in a residential block, 35 VR environments with variations of six environmental attributes were generated. Two hundred participants were recruited for the experiment. The measured behavioral outcomes were 1) waiting and reaction time in the decision phase before crossing and 2) crossing speed and gait variability in the crossing phase. Random effect regression and multi-level structural equation models were constructed to test the study hypotheses. The results demonstrated that environmental attributes, including barriers to visibility (coefficient = 0.446), geometric patterns (coefficient = -0.625), and pavement signs (coefficient = -0.502), were associated with the pedestrians' perceived risk, but the influence varied by street types. In addition, changes in the perceived threats to pedestrians were found to mediate the environment-crossing behavior relationship (coefficient of the indirect effect = 0.679). Those who perceive higher crash risk took longer to decide to start walking at a crosswalk and tended to walk in haste while crossing the road. Using VR technology, the present study addressed an inter-relationship between environmental characteristics, cognition, and crossing behavior, contributing to better knowledge on road safety interventions to reduce the risk of pedestrian-involved crashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hong Kwon
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeongseob Kim
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seungnam Kim
- Department of Urban Design and Studies, Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gi-Hyoug Cho
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea.
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Robertson DA, Mohr KS, Barjaková M, Lunn PD. Experimental pre-tests of public health communications on the COVID-19 vaccine: A null finding for medical endorsement, risk and altruism. Vaccine 2022; 40:3788-3796. [PMID: 35606238 PMCID: PMC9108026 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaccination campaigns against COVID-19 will only be successful if enough people want to take the vaccine. We tested a government communications intervention to encourage uptake. DESIGN A pre-registered randomised controlled trial. METHODS A large, nationally representative sample were randomly assigned to see one of eight posters. The posters varied by image (general practitioner or two hospital doctors) and message (control with public health guidance not related to vaccination, endorsement of the vaccine from the pictured doctor, endorsement with information about COVID-19 risk, endorsement with information about risk and appeal to get vaccinated to protect friends and family). The posters were presented as part of a larger study. The main outcomes were intention to be vaccinated and how soon people would be willing to be vaccinated. RESULTS The posters induced different reactions indicating that participants had engaged with them. The hospital image was generally preferred to the GP image. Perhaps critically, all intervention messages were trusted less than a control message which did not mention the vaccine (Control Poster Mean = 5.65, SE = 0.09 vs. Poster M Mean = 5.18, SE = 0.09, p <.001; vs. Poster M + R Mean = 5.11, SE = 0.09, p <.001; vs. Poster M + R + F Mean = 5.33, SE = 0.09, p =.01). There were no effects of poster type on intention to take the vaccine or how soon people were willing to take it. CONCLUSION Although the intervention messages were based on the strongest correlates of vaccine hesitancy identified by contemporaneous surveys, none was effective. More recent research suggests that focusing on the risk of COVID-19 may be less effective than focusing on the benefits of vaccination. Null findings can be as important as positive findings for designing public health campaigns. This study informed government communications about the COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre A Robertson
- Behavioural Research Unit, Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Kieran S Mohr
- Behavioural Research Unit, Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martina Barjaková
- Behavioural Research Unit, Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Peter D Lunn
- Behavioural Research Unit, Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Economics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Xu C, Yan W. The relationship between information overload and state of anxiety in the period of regular epidemic prevention and control in China: a moderated multiple mediation model. Curr Psychol 2022; 42:1-18. [PMID: 35693836 PMCID: PMC9169442 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the relationship between information overload and individual state anxiety in the period of regular epidemic prevention and control and mediating effect of risk perception and positive coping styles. Further, we explored the moderating role of resilience. 847 Chinese participated in and completed measures of information overload, risk perception, positive coping styles, state anxiety, and resilience. The results of the analysis showed that information overload significantly predicted the level of individual state anxiety (β = 0.27, p < 0.001). Risk perception partially mediate the relationship between information overload and state anxiety (B = 0.08, 95%CI = [0.05, 0.11]) and positive coping styles also partially mediate the relationship between information overload and state anxiety(B = -0.14, 95%CI = [-0.18, -0.10]). In addition, resilience moderated the mediating effects of risk perception (β = -0.07, p < 0.05) and positive coping styles (β = -0.19, p < 0.001). Resilience also moderated the effect of information overload on state anxiety (β = -0.13, p < 0.001). These results offer positive significance for understanding the internal mechanism of the influence of information overload on individual state anxiety in the epidemic environment and shed light on how to reduce people's state anxiety during an epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Hassan MS, Al Halbusi H, Razali A, Ariffin RNR, Williams KA. The Swedish gamble: trust in the government and self-efficacy in the battle to combat COVID-19. Curr Psychol 2022; 42:1-16. [PMID: 35340688 PMCID: PMC8933660 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Governments around the world have issued movement restrictions and quarantines to combat the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, the Swedish government has not implemented such measures but has depended on individual responsibility. The extent to which individuals have been encouraged to trust in and be satisfied with government strategies and adopt personal health measures, such as social isolation, remains unclear. This study examines the direct effects of trust in the government and risk perception on self-efficacy. Most importantly, this study intends to explore whether satisfaction with government measures strengthens the relationships between 1) trust in the government and self-efficacy and 2) risk perception and self-efficacy. We test our suggested hypotheses using survey data obtained from 403 Swedish citizens living in Sweden. As predicted, the findings indicate that trust in the government and risk perception positively impact individual self-efficacy. Additionally, the findings reveal that satisfaction with government measures strengthens these relationships; more precisely, the impact of trust in the government and risk perception under a high level of individual satisfaction with government measures is much more positive than that under a low satisfaction level. In practice, a focus on implementing successful policies and excellent individual self-efficacy is required to halt the pandemic, and the findings indicate that combining strictly attentive and adaptive individual strategies with government strategies can minimize the spread of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Salah Hassan
- Faculty of Business and Economics, Department of Public Administration, University of Malaya, Zip Code: 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hussam Al Halbusi
- Management Department, Ahmed Bin Mohammed Military College (ABMMC), P.O. Box, 22988 Doha, Qatar
| | - Asbah Razali
- Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, University of Malaya, Zip Code: 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Raja Noriza Raja Ariffin
- Faculty of Business and Economics, Department of Public Administration, University of Malaya, Zip Code: 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kent A. Williams
- Faculty of Management, Rowe School of Business, Dalhousie University, Zip Code: 6299 South St, Halifax, Canada
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Yaprak Ü, Kılıç F, Okumuş A. Is the Covid-19 pandemic strong enough to change the online order delivery methods? Changes in the relationship between attitude and behavior towards order delivery by drone. Technol Forecast Soc Change 2021; 169:120829. [PMID: 36540546 PMCID: PMC9755559 DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of products in online orders by drones has begun to be tested by major retailers. How about consumers? Are they ready for this? Due to the emergence of Covid-19 and its easy transmission from person to person, considering the risks in the streets, a lot of people have started to place their orders online. However, the interaction between the courier and the consumer during the order delivery has become a problem over time. Reducing people's anxiousness in such pandemic situations brings uncertainty about the delivery of the orders. The object of the research is to create a drone delivery system, which is an alternative delivery system that will be solution to these problems and is also used in a limited way around the world. With this study, whose theoretical background is based on the diffusion of innovations theory, technology acceptance model and protection motivation theory, it is aimed to test the relationship between consumer's perceptions, attitudes and behavioral intentions towards drone delivery of online orders. In this research, questionnaire method has been used for data collection and measurement. Moreover, the Structural Equation Modeling approach has been used for data analysis and validation of models. According to the results of this study, significant relationships have been identified between the consumers' perception of benefit and risk, and attitudes and behavioral intentions towards drone delivery of online orders during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ümit Yaprak
- Institute of Social Science, Marketing Ph.D Program, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kılıç
- Institute of Social Science, Marketing Ph.D Program, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Okumuş
- Marketing Department, School of Business, Istanbul University & Dean Faculty of Transportation and Logistics, Istanbul University
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16
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Nolte J, Löckenhoff CE. Is Reliance on the Affect Heuristic associated with Age? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 77:482-492. [PMID: 34216213 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With age, decision makers rely more on heuristic and affect-based processing. However, age differences have not been quantified with respect to the affect heuristic which derives judgments based on positive and negative feelings towards stimuli and concepts. The present study examined whether reliance on the affect heuristic is associated with age, whether these patterns vary by task type, and which covariates account for age effects. METHOD In a pre-registered study, an adult lifespan sample (N = 195, 21 - 90 years, Mage = 52.95, 50% female, 71% non-Hispanic White) completed a battery of cognitive, personality, and socioemotional covariates as well as three established affect heuristic tasks: (1) a risk-benefit task, (2) a dread-inference task, and (3) an affect-impact task. Reliance on affect was indexed through (1) a negative relationship between perceived food risks and benefits, (2) a positive relationship between feelings of dread and statistical inferences about mortality risks, and (3) a positive relationship between affective responses and impact judgments when evaluating catastrophes. RESULTS For all three tasks, usage of the affect heuristic was documented at the group and the individual level. Contrary to hypotheses, age was not associated with affect heuristic use for any of the tasks. Affect heuristic indices did not correlate across tasks and showed no consistent associations with the covariates. DISCUSSION Results suggest that the use of affect-based heuristics is context- or stimulus-dependent rather than a stable, age-associated trait. Further research is needed to validate the present results across additional domains, tasks, and stimulus types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nolte
- Human Development Department, Cornell University
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17
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Mohammadi MR, Zarafshan H, Bashi SK, Khaleghi A. How to Assess Perceived Risks and Safety Behaviors Related to Pandemics: Developing the Pandemic Risk and Reaction Scale during the Covid-19 Outbreak. Iran J Psychiatry 2020; 15:274-285. [PMID: 33240377 PMCID: PMC7610071 DOI: 10.18502/ijps.v15i4.4293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the present study was to develop a self-report questionnaire to assess the level of perceived risks and safety behaviors during pandemics. Method : We went through recommended phases and their corresponding steps to create a valid and reliable scale: (a) item development (including 1. domain identification and item generation, 2. content validity), (b) scale development (including 1. pretesting questions, 2. sampling and survey administration, 3. item reduction, and 4. extraction of factors), and (c) scale evaluation (including 1. tests of dimensionality, 2. tests of reliability, and 3. tests of validity). Results: We found four factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 that were accounted for 0.63 of the total variance. The 4-factor solution showed all items had factor loading greater than 0.4 and each belonged to one factor. The fit indices indicated the 4-factor solution model was fitted to our data. Conclusion: In sum, the Pandemic Risk and Reaction Scale (PRRS) is a valid and reliable self-reported scale to assess the level of perceived risk and safety behaviors during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Zarafshan
- Department of Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Khayam Bashi
- Department of Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khaleghi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Diaz D, Fix B, Caruso R, Bansal-Travers M, O'Connor RJ. Worry about lung cancer is related to numeracy and risk perception of diseases associated with smoking. Am J Health Educ 2020; 51:14-21. [PMID: 33042323 DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2019.1687364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Numeracy is one's ability to use numbers in context and influence's decision making and perceptions of health risk. Worry about lung cancer1 is an indicator of perceived risk2 and is related to interest in cessation and cancer screening. Purpose The analysis sought to explore underlying relationships among worry about lung cancer, smoking-related disease risk perceptions, and numeracy in a web-based panel. Methods A Web-based survey, including a numeracy measure, was completed by 1,682 participants aged 18-65 recruited in 2014. Former and current smokers were asked about LC worry and current smokers were asked their PR of diseases associated with smoking. Results Females (m=25.64, 95% CI [24.67, 26.61]), respondents aged 45-65 (m=26.15, 95% CI [24.89, 27.41]), those who worry "all the time" about LC (m=27.62, 95% CI [25.66, 29.58]), and respondents perceiving a higher risk of LC compared to other smokers (m=28.84, 95% CI [27.66, 30.01]) expressed significantly higher PR means. Higher household income (OR=1.20, 95% CI [1.08, 1.34]), age (OR=0.86, 95% CI [0.77, 0.98]), and comparative LC risk (OR=2.52, 95% CI [2.01, 3.17]) were significantly associated with greater worry about LC. As PR increases by one unit, the probability of worrying increases by 4.6%. For numeracy scores, odds ratio showed that as scores increased by one unit, the probability of worrying decreased by 11.9%. Discussion In this study, we have shown that PR has a positive association with LC worry and that numeracy has a negative association with LC worry. Translation to health education practice This information can be used to target subpopulations with low PR and numeracy about their risks for lung cancer and to develop tailored messages to educate these people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destiny Diaz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Brian Fix
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rosalie Caruso
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Maansi Bansal-Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Noar SM, Rohde JA, Barker JO, Hall MG, Brewer NT. Pictorial Cigarette Pack Warnings Increase Some Risk Appraisals But Not Risk Beliefs: A Meta-Analysis. Hum Commun Res 2020; 46:250-272. [PMID: 32565612 PMCID: PMC7291919 DOI: 10.1093/hcr/hqz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pictorial warnings on cigarette packs motivate smokers to quit, and yet the warnings' theoretical mechanisms are not clearly understood. To clarify the role that risk appraisals play in pictorial warnings' impacts, we conducted a meta-analysis of the experimental literature. We meta-analyzed 57 studies, conducted in 13 countries, with a cumulative N of 42,854. Pictorial warnings elicited greater cognitive elaboration (e.g., thinking about the risks of smoking; d = 1.27; p < .001) than text-only warnings. Pictorial warnings also elicited more fear and other negative affect (d = .60; p < .001). In contrast, pictorial warnings had no impact on perceived likelihood of harm (d = .03; p = .064), perceived severity (d = .16; p = .244), or experiential risk (d = .06; p = .449). Thus, while pictorial warnings increase affective and some cognitive risk appraisals, they do not increase beliefs about disease risk. We discuss the role of negative affect in warning effectiveness and the implications for image selection and warning implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth M Noar
- Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jacob A Rohde
- Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joshua O Barker
- Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marissa G Hall
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Noel T Brewer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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20
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Peres D, Monteiro J, Almeida M, Ladeira R. Risk Perception of COVID-19 Among the Portuguese Healthcare Professionals and General Population. J Hosp Infect 2020; 105:S0195-6701(20)30278-4. [PMID: 32485198 PMCID: PMC7260482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Risk perception assessment of COVID-19 among Portuguese Healthcare Professionals (HCP) and General Population (GPop) was evaluated in a snowball 3 403 individual's sample. 54.9% of HCP believed there is a high probability of becoming infected, in contrast with 24.0% of GPop (p <0.001) and, in more than 1/4, that this could happen to their family. Regarding prophylactic isolation, more than 70% agreed with its effectiveness. A large proportion perceived that health services are poorly prepared (50.1% GPop versus 63.5% HCP, p<0.001). Regarding Health Authorities' communication, about 60% were "moderately" satisfied. 46.7% GPop and 52.8% HCP had the opinion the pandemic could be controlled in three to six months (p=0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peres
- Public Health Unit, Healthcare Community Center of Porto IV - Póvoa de Varzim/ Vila Do Conde, Vila Do Conde - Portugal; Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance Control Unit, Matosinhos Local Health Unit, Matosinhos - Portugal.
| | - Jorge Monteiro
- Public Health Unit, Healthcare Community Center of Porto IV - Póvoa de Varzim/ Vila Do Conde, Vila Do Conde - Portugal
| | - Miguel Almeida
- Public Health Unit, Healthcare Community Center of Porto IV - Póvoa de Varzim/ Vila Do Conde, Vila Do Conde - Portugal
| | - Raquel Ladeira
- Public Health Unit, Healthcare Community Center of Porto IV - Póvoa de Varzim/ Vila Do Conde, Vila Do Conde - Portugal
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Abstract
BACKGROUND For older men with hypertension living in rural areas, non-adherence to treatment is a common phenomenon. The experience on risk perception of individuals with their condition is recognized as playing a critical role in promoting treatment adherence. However, the experience on risk perception in a cohort of older men with hypertension seems unclear. AIM To develop a theory concerning risk perception experience in a cohort of older men with hypertension from a rural area of Thailand. METHODS A grounded theory approach was used. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with 29 hypertensive older men were conducted in Thailand using purposive and theoretical sampling methods. The grounded theory analytical method that included initial and focused coding, and constant comparison was used to analyse the data. FINDINGS 'Developing a personal sense of risk' emerged as a core category, which incorporated the related four subprocesses: comparing healthcare provider information with stories of people with hypertension, comparing one's own situation with stories of people with hypertension, changing personal sense of risk and changing risk-related behaviour. Older men selected to focus on one particular outcome, using the selected outcome to monitor their risk. CONCLUSION This investigation provides a theory for healthcare providers to understand older men's perceptions of personal risk for complications of hypertension. A personal sense of risk influences risk-related behaviour change. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY The findings can be used in assessing a personal sense of risk and promoting treatment adherence in older men with hypertension. Effective storytelling intervention, a standard tool for assessment personal sense of risk in older men with hypertension, should be developed. Hypertension care policy needs to be developed for individualized approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Seesawang
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - B Bowers
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - N Sansiriphun
- Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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22
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Robinson R, Roberson KB, Onsomu EO, Dearman C, Nicholson YM, Price AA, Duren-Winfield V. Perceived Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Health Behaviors in Black College Students. J Best Pract Health Prof Divers 2019; 12:24-45. [PMID: 32905472 PMCID: PMC7470036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For college students, the transition from adolescence to young adulthood can be a time of increased stress and negative health behaviors, such as poor diet and physical inactivity, that may lead to cardiovascular disease (CVD), the primary cause of death in the United States. Blacks are disproportionately prone to CVD. Perception of disease risk is a critical predictor of engagement in healthy lifestyle activities intended to reduce CVD development. This project examined the relationship between perceived risk of CVD and health behaviors in Black HBCU students aged 18-25 years. All participants (n = 14) perceived that they were not at risk for heart disease within the next 10 years. Almost half (n = 6, 42.86%) had moderately high CVD risk scores, and three (21.43%) were at high risk for developing CVD. Scores on the subscales for dread risk, risk, and unknown risk were 28.29, 37.67, and 43.86, respectively. Total scores for perceived risk of heart disease ranged from 20 to 80. The Spearman's correlation between these Black college students' perceived dread risk and health responsibility was positive and moderately correlated (rs = 0.62, p = 0.019). A negative and moderate correlation was demonstrated between unknown perceived risk and health responsibility (rs = -0.54, p = 0.046). Thus, higher risk perception is correlated with greater health responsibility, while low risk perception is correlated with less health responsibility. Barriers to healthy lifestyle behaviors identified by the sample included lack of time and sleep, physical inactivity, cost, convenience of unhealthy foods, and low perception of developing CVD. A major implication is the benefit of implementing interventions to modify risk perception and college-specific barriers that increase CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Robinson
- Division of Nursing, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kristina B. Roberson
- Division of Nursing, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Elijah O. Onsomu
- Division of Nursing, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Yolanda M. Nicholson
- Student Health Center, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Amanda Alise Price
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Vanessa Duren-Winfield
- Department of Healthcare Management, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Ha M, Ju YS, Lee WJ, Hwang SS, Yoo SC, Choi KH, Burm E, Lee J, Lee YK, Im S. Cesium-137 Contaminated Roads and Health Problems in Residents: an Epidemiological Investigation in Seoul, 2011. J Korean Med Sci 2018; 33:e58. [PMID: 29441737 PMCID: PMC5811659 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2011, two roads in a residential area in Seoul were found to be contaminated with the radionuclide cesium-137 (137Cs). In response to public concerns, an epidemiological study was conducted. METHODS The standardized cancer incidence ratios in the affected and neighboring regions were calculated based on the central cancer registry. Households in the region were sampled using the random stratified sampling technique, and questionnaires were administered to family members, via home visit and via students in elementary to high schools. Information on duration of residency and frequency of use of the roads was applied to calculate cumulative radiation exposure dose from the roads, alongside with the reported 137Cs contamination amounts. Information on past medical history, perceived risk, anxiety and psychological stress was also obtained. Of the 31,053 residents, 8,875 were analyzed. To examine possible associations between radiation exposure and health problems, logistic regression adjusted for covariates were performed with consideration of the sampling design, population weight and stratification. RESULTS No significant association was found between self-informed diseases, including cancers, and estimated radiation exposure dose. According to an increase of radiation level, a significant increase in anxiety in all and a decline in the psychosocial wellbeing of the adults was noted. The risk perception level was higher in the elderly, females, the less educated, and the highest exposed individuals. CONCLUSION This study provides a basis for risk communication with residents and community environmental health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.
| | - Young Su Ju
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Won Jin Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Sik Hwang
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Chul Yoo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Metro Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
- Information Management Team, Taean Environmental Health Center, Taean, Korea
| | - Eunae Burm
- Department of Nursing, Munkyung College, Mungyeong, Korea
| | - Jieon Lee
- Division of Nuclear, Energy and Climate Change, Korea Federation for Environmental Movements, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Keun Lee
- Center for Occupational Musculoskeletal Diseases, Wonjin Institute for Occupational and Environmental Health, Green Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sanghyuk Im
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Wonjin Institute for Occupational and Environmental Health, Green Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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McEvoy J, Gilbertz S, Anderson M, Ormerod KJ, Bergmann N. Cultural Theory of Risk as a Heuristic for Understanding Perceptions of Oil and Gas Development in Eastern Montana, USA. Extr Ind Soc 2017; 4:852-859. [PMID: 29569653 PMCID: PMC5858731 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper applies Douglas' cultural theory of risk to understand perceptions of risk associated with oil and gas development in eastern Montana. Based on the analysis of interviews with 36 rural residents, findings show the dominant perception of risk is most closely aligned with an Individualist worldview. Despite direct experience with oil or wastewater spills, most interviewees described spills as "no big deal", viewed nature as resilient, and felt that the economic benefits outweigh negative impacts. Cultural theory was a useful heuristic for understanding this dominant worldview, as well as identifying points of deviation. For example, interviewees discussed the benefits of landowner associations - a more Egalitarian approach to dealing with oil companies. Some landowners relied on external authorities (e.g., sheriff) when dealing with oil companies, revealing a Hierarchical approach to issues they face. Interviewees expressed frustration with the lack of enforcement of existing regulations, which can be interpreted as either support for - or indictment of - Hierarchical solutions. While the Individualist worldview is dominant, our qualitative analysis reveals the complex tensions at work among rural residents. The results suggest areas where policymakers, advocacy groups, and residents may find common ground to address potential environmental and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie McEvoy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Susan Gilbertz
- Department of Social Sciences & Cultural Studies, Montana State University-Billings, Billings, MT 59101, USA
| | - Matthew Anderson
- Department of Geography, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA 99004, USA
| | - Kerri Jean Ormerod
- Department of Geography, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Nicolas Bergmann
- Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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25
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Taghizadeh Z, Cheraghi MA, Kazemnejad A, Pooralajal J, Aghababaei S. Difference in Perception of Pregnancy Risk in Two Maternal Age Groups. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:QC09-QC12. [PMID: 28658853 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/23661.9915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Various health risks and complications may happen during pregnancy for both the mother and her child. Women should be informed of the risk associated with their pregnancy. AIM To compare the differences of perception of pregnancy risk of two maternal age groups of healthy nulliparous women. MATERIALS AND METHODS In an analytical, descriptive cross-sectional study, 240 nulliparous pregnant women (160 women aged 18 to 35 years as a normal age group and 80 women < 18 years as a high risk age group) were randomly selected. Women were asked to complete questionnaire which included sociodemographic characteristics, pregnancy history, perception of pregnancy risk and pregnancy related anxiety. RESULTS Overall, women of < 18 years (high-risk group) perceived the risks of pregnancy higher than those of 18-35 years age women (reference group). Women in high-risk group rated their risks for herself, having haemorrhaging, having a cesarean birth and dying during pregnancy to be significantly higher than reference group. There was a statistically significant relationship between maternal age and perception of pregnancy risk (p<0.003). There was also a statistically significant relationship between pregnancy related anxiety and perception of pregnancy risk (p<0.002). CONCLUSION Women's perception of pregnancy risk is different in various maternal age groups. Maternal age can be considered as one of the important factors affecting perception of pregnancy risk. By routine screening of perception of pregnancy risk during prenatal care more effective risk consulting model could be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziba Taghizadeh
- Assistant Professor, Tehran Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Cheraghi
- Associate Professor, Tehran Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anoshirvan Kazemnejad
- Professor, Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Pooralajal
- Associate Professor, Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Aghababaei
- PhD Candidate of Reproductive Health, Department of Reproductive Health, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Demski C, Capstick S, Pidgeon N, Sposato RG, Spence A. Experience of extreme weather affects climate change mitigation and adaptation responses. Clim Change 2017; 140:149-164. [PMID: 32355377 PMCID: PMC7175646 DOI: 10.1007/s10584-016-1837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The winter of 2013/2014 saw a series of severe storms hit the UK, leading to widespread flooding, a major emergency response and extensive media exposure. Previous research indicates that experiencing extreme weather events has the potential to heighten engagement with climate change, however the process by which this occurs remains largely unknown, and establishing a clear causal relationship from experience to perceptions is methodologically challenging. The UK winter flooding offered a natural experiment to examine this question in detail. We compare individuals personally affected by flooding (n = 162) to a nationally representative sample (n = 975). We show that direct experience of flooding leads to an overall increased salience of climate change, pronounced emotional responses and greater perceived personal vulnerability and risk perceptions. We also present the first evidence that direct flooding experience can give rise to behavioural intentions beyond individual sustainability actions, including support for mitigation policies, and personal climate adaptation in matters unrelated to the direct experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Demski
- Understanding Risk Research Group, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Stuart Capstick
- Understanding Risk Research Group, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Nick Pidgeon
- Understanding Risk Research Group, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Robert Gennaro Sposato
- Understanding Risk Research Group, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Alexa Spence
- Horizon Digital Economy Research/School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2TU UK
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Parks KA, Levonyan-Radloff K, Dearing RL, Hequembourg A, Testa M. Development and Validation of a Video Measure for Assessing Women's Risk Perception for Alcohol-Related Sexual Assault. Psychol Violence 2016; 6:573-585. [PMID: 27747131 PMCID: PMC5061459 DOI: 10.1037/a0039846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using an iterative process, a series of three video scenarios were developed for use as a standardized measure for assessing women's perception of risks for alcohol-related sexual assault (SA). The videos included ambiguous and clear behavioral and environmental risk cues. METHOD Focus group discussions with young, female heavy drinkers (N = 42) were used to develop three videos at different risk levels (low, moderate, and high) in Study 1. Realism, reliability, and validity of the videos were assessed using multiple methods in Studies 2 and 3. One hundred-four women were used to compare differences in risk perception across the video risk level in Study 2. In Study 3 (N = 60), we assessed women's perceptions of the low and high risk videos under conditions of no alcohol and alcohol. RESULTS The realism and reliability of the videos were good. Women who viewed the low risk video compared to women who viewed the moderate and high risk videos perceived less risk for SA. We found an interaction between alcohol and risk perception such that, women in the alcohol condition were less likely to perceive risk when watching the high risk video. CONCLUSIONS As the video risk level increased, women's perception of risk increased. These findings provide convergent evidence for the validity of the video measure. Given the limited number of standardized scenarios for assessing risk perception for sexual assault, our findings suggest that these videos may provide a needed standardized measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Parks
- University at Buffalo, Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Ronda L Dearing
- University at Buffalo, Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, New York
| | - Amy Hequembourg
- University at Buffalo, Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, New York
| | - Maria Testa
- University at Buffalo, Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, New York
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Kalweit C, Ohlhausen I, Bengel J. ["Snowwhite" to "dark brown": The motives of frequent indoor tanners and how they handle health risks]. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 2016; 62:239-51. [PMID: 27594601 DOI: 10.13109/zptm.2016.62.3.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
This paper observes both foreign and national discussions on preexisting radiation communication and attempts to find out what it takes to ensure that discussion concerning radiation leads to participation of and trust-building with members of society while considering cultural aspects. When analyzing Korean studies on health risk communication concerning radiation which utilize the frame of foreign literature, Korean studies can be categorized into one of the following themes: different risk perceptions between experts and the general public, discussion on the effects of the framing of radiation messages and media coverage, and research discussing the social implications of the dangers of radiation and the need for effective communication. These study results can be better explained when integrated with Korean social cultural dimensions. The "boiling pot effect" towards risk issues, egalitarian perceptions, escalation of ideological opposition and biased reasoning, and so on are especially major influences. Communication addressing radiological risks must foremost be open and able to mitigate distrust, must give the general public a chance to judge for themselves to prevent stigmatization, and, through the use of media and public education, must make efforts to prevent the proliferation of needless anxiety. Using literature research, this paper discusses possible ways to improve the effect of future health risk communication concerning radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungwook Kim
- School of Communication and Media, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
The number of people living in wildfire prone wildland-urban interface (WUI) communities is on the rise. Yet, no prior study has investigated wildfire-induced residential relocation from WUI areas after a major fire event. To provide insight into the association between socio-demographic and socio-psychological characteristics and wildfire related intention to move, we use data from a survey of WUI residents in Boulder and Larimer Counties, Colorado. The data were collected two months after the devastating Fourmile Canyon fire destroyed 169 homes and burned over 6,000 acres of public and private land. Although working with a small migrant sample, logistic regression models demonstrate that survey respondents intending to move in relation to wildfire incidence do not differ socio-demographically from their non-migrant counterparts. They do, however, show significantly higher levels of risk perception. Investigating destination choices shows a preference for short distance moves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael J. Nawrotzki
- Direct all correspondence to: Raphael Nawrotzki, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 483, C435B, 4th Floor, 1440 15th Street, Boulder, CO 80302,
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Zabrocki C, Weine S, Chen S, Brajkovic I, Bahromov M, Loue S, Jonbekov J, Shoakova F. Socio-Structural Barriers, Protective Factors, and HIV Risk Among Central-Asian Female Migrants in Moscow. Cent Asian J Glob Health 2013; 2. [PMID: 25360392 PMCID: PMC4211074 DOI: 10.5195/cajgh.2013.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to build formative knowledge on socio-structural barriers, protective factors, and HIV sexual risk amongst Central-Asian female migrants in Moscow. Methods Data collection included ethnographic interviews in Moscow with a purposive sample of 30 unmarried female migrants, 15 from Kyrgyzstan and 15 from Tajikistan. Results Study participants reported difficulties with acquiring documents for legal status, financial insecurity, discrimination, sexual harassment, and lack of support. Based on analysis of the cases, one pathway linked lack of legal documentation and instrumental support with elevated sexual risk. Another pathways linked traditional cultural attitudes with both no and moderate sexual risk. Conclusion Future HIV prevention efforts with Central Asian female migrants in Moscow should be multilevel and include: increasing HIV and prevention knowledge and skills, promoting condom use with regular partners, identifying and supporting cultural attitudes that protect against HIV sexual risk behaviors, facilitating legal status, building community support, and increasing economic options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stevan Weine
- The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephanie Chen
- The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ivana Brajkovic
- The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Sana Loue
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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