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de Castro FDOF, Guilarde AO, Souza LCS, Guimarães RF, Pereira AJCS, Romão PRT, Pfrimer IAH, Fonseca SG. Polarization of HIV-1- and CMV-Specific IL-17-Producing T Cells among People with HIV under Antiretroviral Therapy with Cannabis and/or Cocaine Usage. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:465. [PMID: 38675425 PMCID: PMC11054529 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the influence of cannabis and/or cocaine use in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T-cell responses of people with HIV (PWH). RESULTS There was a higher percentage of IL-17-producing HIV-Gag-specific CD8+ T-cells in all drug users than that in PWH non-drug users. Stratifying the drug-user groups, increased percentages of IL-17-producing HIV-Gag-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were found in PWH cannabis plus cocaine users compared to PWH non-drug users. In response to CMV, there were higher percentage of IL-17-producing CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell in PWH cocaine users than that in PWH non-drug users. Considering all drug users together, there was a higher percentage of SEB-stimulated IL-17-producing CD4+ T-cells than that in PWH non-drug users, whereas cannabis users had higher percentages of IL-17-producing CD4+ T-cells compared to non-drug users. METHODS Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 37 PWH undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) using cannabis (10), cocaine (7), or cannabis plus cocaine (10) and non-drug users (10) were stimulated with HIV-1 Gag or CMV-pp65 peptide pools, or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and evaluated for IFN-γ- and/or IL-17A-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells using flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis plus cocaine use increased HIV-specific IL-17 producing T-cells and cocaine use increased IL-17 CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses which could favor the inflammatory conditions associated with IL-17 overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Oliveira Feitosa de Castro
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil; (F.d.O.F.d.C.); (A.O.G.); (L.C.S.S.)
- Escola de Ciências Médicas e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC-Goiás), Goiânia 74605-140, GO, Brazil
| | - Adriana Oliveira Guilarde
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil; (F.d.O.F.d.C.); (A.O.G.); (L.C.S.S.)
| | - Luiz Carlos Silva Souza
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil; (F.d.O.F.d.C.); (A.O.G.); (L.C.S.S.)
| | | | | | - Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil;
| | | | - Simone Gonçalves Fonseca
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil; (F.d.O.F.d.C.); (A.O.G.); (L.C.S.S.)
- iii-INCT-Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, São Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil
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Jankowski MM, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Glac W, Wiergowski M, Kazmierska-Grebowska P, Swiergiel AH. Intravenous haloperidol and cocaine alter the distribution of T CD3 + CD4 + , non-T/NK and NKT cells in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 50:453-462. [PMID: 36802086 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of dopamine transmission evokes strong behavioural effects that can be achieved by commonly used psychoactive drugs such as haloperidol or cocaine. Cocaine non-specifically increases dopamine transmission by blocking dopamine active transporter (DAT) and evokes behavioural arousal, whereas haloperidol is a non-specific D2-like dopamine receptor antagonist with sedative effects. Interestingly, dopamine has been found to affect immune cells in addition to its action in the central nervous system. Here, we address the possible interactions between haloperidol and cocaine and their effects on both immune cells and behaviour in freely moving rats. We use an intravenous model of haloperidol and binge cocaine administration to evaluate the drugs' impact on the distribution of lymphocyte subsets in both the peripheral blood and the spleen. We assess the drugs' behavioural effects by measuring locomotor activity. Cocaine evoked a pronounced locomotor response and stereotypic behaviours, both of which were completely blocked after pretreatment with haloperidol. The results suggest that blood lymphopenia, which was induced by haloperidol and cocaine (except for natural killer T cells), is independent of D2-like dopaminergic activity and most likely results from the massive secretion of corticosterone. Haloperidol pretreatment prevented the cocaine-induced decrease in NKT cell numbers. Moreover, the increased systemic D2-like dopaminergic activity after cocaine administration is a significant factor in retaining T CD3+ CD4+ lymphocytes and non-T/NK CD45RA+ cells in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej M Jankowski
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bogna M Ignatowska-Jankowska
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.,Neuronal Rhythms in Movement Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Wojciech Glac
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Wiergowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Artur H Swiergiel
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Sharma AL, Shaffer D, Netting D, Tyagi M. Cocaine sensitizes the CD4 + T cells for HIV infection by co-stimulating NFAT and AP-1. iScience 2022; 25:105651. [PMID: 36483012 PMCID: PMC9722482 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The productive infection of HIV, which generates new viral progeny, depends on the activation status of the cell. In this study, we found cocaine exposure sensitizes partially active CD4+ T cells and makes them poised for productive HIV infection. We discovered that cocaine treatment enhances the metabolic state of the cells by co-stimulating several transcription factors, mainly NFAT and AP-1, the two transcription factors, which specifically play a crucial role in enhancing both HIV and the overall cellular gene expression in T cells. We found that cocaine-induced AP-1 works in tandem with NFAT to boost HIV transcription. The enhanced HIV transcription upon cocaine exposure was further confirmed through higher phosphorylation of the crucial serine residues at the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II. The insights gained from this study could aid in developing highly specialized therapeutics combating the deleterious effects of cocaine on the cocaine-using HIV population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dylan Shaffer
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Daniel Netting
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Mudit Tyagi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Martinez SS, Stebliankin V, Hernandez J, Martin H, Tamargo J, Rodriguez JB, Teeman C, Johnson A, Seminario L, Campa A, Narasimhan G, Baum MK. Multiomic analysis reveals microbiome-related relationships between cocaine use and metabolites. AIDS 2022; 36:2089-2099. [PMID: 36382433 PMCID: PMC9673179 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over 19 million individuals globally have a cocaine use disorder, a significant public health crisis. Cocaine has also been associated with a pro-inflammatory state and recently with imbalances in the intestinal microbiota as compared to nonuse. The objective of this pilot study was to characterize the gut microbiota and plasma metabolites in people with HIV (PWH) who use cocaine compared with those who do not. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS A pilot study in PWH was conducted on 25 cocaine users and 25 cocaine nonusers from the Miami Adult Studies on HIV cohort. Stool samples and blood plasma were collected. Bacterial composition was characterized using 16S rRNA sequencing. Metabolomics in plasma were determined using gas and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS The relative abundances of the Lachnopspira genus, Oscillospira genus, Bifidobacterium adolescentis species, and Euryarchaeota phylum were significantly higher in the cocaine- using PWH compared to cocaine-nonusing PWH. Cocaine-use was associated with higher levels of several metabolites: products of dopamine catabolism (3-methoxytyrosine and 3-methoxytyramine sulfate), phenylacetate, benzoate, butyrate, and butyrylglycine. CONCLUSIONS Cocaine use was associated with higher abundances of taxa and metabolites known to be associated with pathogenic states that include gastrointestinal conditions. Understanding key intestinal bacterial functional pathways that are altered due to cocaine use in PWH will provide a better understanding of the relationships between the host intestinal microbiome and potentially provide novel treatments to improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vitalii Stebliankin
- Florida International University, Bioinformatics Research Group (BioRG), Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jacqueline Hernandez
- Florida International University, R. Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work
| | - Haley Martin
- Florida International University, R. Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work
| | - Javier Tamargo
- Florida International University, R. Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work
| | | | - Colby Teeman
- Florida International University, R. Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work
| | - Angelique Johnson
- Florida International University, R. Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work
| | - Leslie Seminario
- Florida International University, R. Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work
| | - Adriana Campa
- Florida International University, R. Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work
| | - Giri Narasimhan
- Florida International University, Bioinformatics Research Group (BioRG), Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marianna K Baum
- Florida International University, R. Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work
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Macmadu A, Reddon H, Marshall BDL, Fairbairn N, Nolan S, Socías ME, Milloy MJ. Crack cocaine use frequency is associated with HIV disease severity independent of antiretroviral therapy exposure: a prospective cohort study. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:3356-3364. [PMID: 35429306 PMCID: PMC10719826 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
We sought to evaluate the effect of crack cocaine use frequency on HIV disease severity among HIV-positive people who use unregulated drugs (PWUD). We analyzed data from the ACCESS study, an open prospective cohort of HIV-positive PWUD including comprehensive HIV clinical monitoring in a setting with no-cost healthcare. Multivariable generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the independent effect of time-updated crack cocaine use frequency on HIV disease severity, adjusting for ART exposure and relevant confounders. In multivariable adjusted models, daily or greater frequency of crack cocaine use was significantly associated with higher VACS Index scores (β = 0.8, 95% confidence interval: 0.1, 1.5) as compared to none. Our finding suggests that daily or greater frequency of crack cocaine use exacerbates HIV disease severity independent of ART exposure. The observed effect may reflect an underlying biological mechanism or other factors linked with crack cocaine use; further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Macmadu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hudson Reddon
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe Street, V6Z 2A9, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St, V6Z 1Y6, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brandon D L Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nadia Fairbairn
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe Street, V6Z 2A9, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St, V6Z 1Y6, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Seonaid Nolan
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe Street, V6Z 2A9, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St, V6Z 1Y6, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M Eugenia Socías
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe Street, V6Z 2A9, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St, V6Z 1Y6, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M-J Milloy
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe Street, V6Z 2A9, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St, V6Z 1Y6, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Medicine Research Scientist, BC Centre on Substance Use, University of British Columbia, 1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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6
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Kong D, Mao JH, Li H, Wang JY, Li YY, Wu XC, Re GF, Luo HY, Kuang YQ, Wang KH. Effects and associated transcriptomic landscape changes of methamphetamine on immune cells. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:144. [PMID: 35765053 PMCID: PMC9241331 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methamphetamine (METH) abuse causes serious health problems, including injury to the immune system, leading to increased incidence of infections and even making withdrawal more difficult. Of course, immune cells, an important part of the immune system, are also injured in methamphetamine abuse. However, due to different research models and the lack of bioinformatics, the mechanism of METH injury to immune cells has not been clarified. Methods We examined the response of three common immune cell lines, namely Jurkat, NK-92 and THP-1 cell lines, to methamphetamine by cell viability and apoptosis assay in vitro, and examined their response patterns at the mRNA level by RNA-sequencing. Differential expression analysis of two conditions (control and METH treatment) in three types of immune cells was performed using the DESeq2 R package (1.20.0). And some of the differentially expressed genes were verified by qPCR. We performed Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of differentially expressed genes by the clusterProfiler R package (3.14.3). And gene enrichment analysis was also performed using MetaScape (www.metascape.org). Results The viability of the three immune cells was differentially affected by methamphetamine, and the rate of NK-cell apoptosis was significantly increased. At the mRNA level, we found disorders of cholesterol metabolism in Jurkat cells, activation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade in NK-92 cells, and disruption of calcium transport channels in THP-1 cells. In addition, all three cells showed changes in the phospholipid metabolic process. Conclusions The results suggest that both innate and adaptive immune cells are affected by METH abuse, and there may be commonalities between different immune cells at the transcriptome level. These results provide new insights into the potential effects by which METH injures the immune cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-022-01295-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshenyue Kong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Jun-Hong Mao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Hong Li
- Narcotics Control Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Jian-Yu Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yu-Yang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xiao-Cong Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Guo-Fen Re
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Hua-You Luo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China. .,Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
| | - Yi-Qun Kuang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China. .,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
| | - Kun-Hua Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China. .,Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China.
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7
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Merve AO, Sobiecka P, Remeškevičius V, Taylor L, Saskoy L, Lawton S, Jones BP, Elwakeel A, Mackenzie FE, Polycarpou E, Bennett J, Rooney B. Metabolites of Cannabis Induce Cardiac Toxicity and Morphological Alterations in Cardiac Myocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031401. [PMID: 35163321 PMCID: PMC8835806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the most commonly used recreational drugs worldwide. Rrecent epidemiology studies have linked increased cardiac complications to cannabis use. However, this literature is predominantly based on case incidents and post-mortem investigations. This study elucidates the molecular mechanism of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and its primary metabolites 11-Hydroxy-Δ9-THC (THC-OH) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). Treatment of cardiac myocytes with THC-OH and THC-COOH increased cell migration and proliferation (p < 0.05), with no effect on cell adhesion, with higher doses (250–100 ng/mL) resulting in increased cell death and significant deterioration in cellular architecture. Conversely, no changes in cell morphology or viability were observed in response to THC. Expression of key ECM proteins α-SMA and collagen were up-regulated in response to THC-OH and THC-COOH treatments with concomitant modulation of PI3K and MAPK signalling. Investigations in the planarian animal model Polycelis nigra demonstrated that treatments with cannabinoid metabolites resulted in increased protein deposition at transection sites while higher doses resulted in significant lethality and decline in regeneration. These results highlight that the key metabolites of cannabis elicit toxic effects independent of the parent and psychoactive compound, with implications for cardiotoxicity relating to hypertrophy and fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Orme Merve
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Pola Sobiecka
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Vytautas Remeškevičius
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Luke Taylor
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Lili Saskoy
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Scott Lawton
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Ben P. Jones
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Ahmed Elwakeel
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences (CSELS), Coventry University, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Alison Gingell Building, Whitefriars Street, Coventry CV1 2DS, UK; (A.E.); (J.B.)
| | - Francesca E. Mackenzie
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Elena Polycarpou
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Jason Bennett
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences (CSELS), Coventry University, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Alison Gingell Building, Whitefriars Street, Coventry CV1 2DS, UK; (A.E.); (J.B.)
| | - Brian Rooney
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; (A.O.M.); (P.S.); (V.R.); (L.T.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (B.P.J.); (F.E.M.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Liu Y, Richards VL, Gebru NM, Spencer EC, Cook RL. Associations amongst form of cocaine used (powder vs crack vs both) and HIV-related outcomes. Addict Behav Rep 2021; 14:100374. [PMID: 34938835 PMCID: PMC8664776 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Among PWH, cocaine use vs no-use was associated with worse HIV treatment outcomes. Powder cocaine only users were more likely to be younger, Hispanic, and employed. Users of powder + crack cocaine had lower viral suppression than users of either alone. Harm reduction efforts addressing substance use should be a key component of HIV care.
Introduction Cocaine (including powder and crack) use is common among people with HIV (PWH). We identified socio-demographic and behavioral factors associated with cocaine use (overall and various forms) among PWH; we also examined differences in HIV treatment outcomes across cocaine exposure groups. Methods The study sample (N = 1166) was derived from two cohorts of PWH in Florida between 2014 and 2020. Baseline data were linked to the Enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System (eHARS) which tracks HIV viral load. Socio-demographics and polysubstance use were compared by cocaine use and the three cocaine use groups (powder only n = 101, crack only n = 91, or both n = 65). The association between the three cocaine use groups, ART adherence, and HIV viral suppression (<200 copies/mL) in the following year was assessed by multivariate logistic regression. Results People who used cocaine had lower HIV treatment adherence and viral suppression than those who did not use. People who used powder cocaine only were more likely to be younger, Hispanic/Latinx, and employed than those who used crack only or both. Compared to people who used both powder and crack cocaine, those who used one form of cocaine had 3 + odds of having durable viral suppression in the following year. Conclusion The dual use of both powder and crack cocaine was associated with significantly worse HIV outcomes compared to use of only one form of cocaine. Screening for powder and crack cocaine use and timely intervention are needed to improve HIV treatment outcomes among this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Veronica L Richards
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nioud Mulugeta Gebru
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emma C Spencer
- Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Robert L Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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9
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Activation of proline metabolism maintains ATP levels during cocaine-induced polyADP-ribosylation. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1903-1915. [PMID: 34417893 PMCID: PMC8651605 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03065-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine is a commonly abused drug worldwide. Acute as well as repeated exposure to cocaine activates persistent cellular and molecular changes in the brain reward regions. The effects of cocaine are predominantly mediated via alterations in neuronal gene expression by chromatin remodeling. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) catalyzed PARylation of chromatin has been reported as an important regulator of cocaine-mediated gene expression. PARP-1 dependent ADP-ribosylation is an energy-dependent process. In this study, we investigated the cellular energy response to cocaine-induced upregulation of PARP-1 expression. Exposure of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells to varying concentrations of cocaine resulted in the induction of PARP-1 dependent PARylation of p53 tumor suppressor. Further analysis revealed that PARylation of p53 by cocaine treatment resulted in nuclear accumulation of p53. However, induction and nuclear accumulation of p53 did not correlate with neuronal apoptosis/cell death upon cocaine exposure. Interestingly, cocaine-induced p53 PARylation resulted in the induction of proline oxidase (POX)—a p53 responsive gene involved in cellular metabolism. Given that cocaine-induced p53 PARylation is an energy-dependent process, we observed that cocaine-induced PARP-1/p53/POX axes alters cellular energy metabolism. Accordingly, using pharmacological and genetic studies of PARP-1, p53, and POX, we demonstrated the contribution of POX in maintaining cellular energy during neuronal function. Collectively, these studies highlight activation of a novel metabolic pathway in response to cocaine treatment.
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Davids BO, Balasubramaniam M, Sapp N, Prakash P, Ingram S, Li M, Craigie R, Hollis T, Pandhare J, Dash C. Human Three Prime Repair Exonuclease 1 Promotes HIV-1 Integration by Preferentially Degrading Unprocessed Viral DNA. J Virol 2021; 95:e0055521. [PMID: 34105995 PMCID: PMC8354242 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00555-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) is the most abundant 3'→5' exonuclease in mammalian cells. It has been suggested that TREX1 degrades HIV-1 DNA to enable the virus to evade the innate immune system. However, the exact role of TREX1 during early steps of HIV-1 infection is not clearly understood. In this study, we report that HIV-1 infection is associated with upregulation, perinuclear accumulation, and nuclear localization of TREX1. However, TREX1 overexpression did not affect reverse transcription or nuclear entry of the virus. Surprisingly, HIV-1 DNA integration was increased in TREX1-overexpressing cells, suggesting a role of the exonuclease in the post-nuclear entry step of infection. Accordingly, preintegration complexes (PICs) extracted from TREX1-overexpressing cells retained higher levels of DNA integration activity. TREX1 depletion resulted in reduced levels of proviral integration, and PICs formed in TREX1-depleted cells retained lower DNA integration activity. Addition of purified TREX1 to PICs also enhanced DNA integration activity, suggesting that TREX1 promotes HIV-1 integration by stimulating PIC activity. To understand the mechanism, we measured TREX1 exonuclease activity on substrates containing viral DNA ends. These studies revealed that TREX1 preferentially degrades the unprocessed viral DNA, but the integration-competent 3'-processed viral DNA remains resistant to degradation. Finally, we observed that TREX1 addition stimulates the activity of HIV-1 intasomes assembled with the unprocessed viral DNA but not that of intasomes containing the 3'-processed viral DNA. These biochemical analyses provide a mechanism by which TREX1 directly promotes HIV-1 integration. Collectively, our study demonstrates that HIV-1 infection upregulates TREX1 to facilitate viral DNA integration. IMPORTANCE Productive HIV-1 infection is dependent on a number of cellular factors. Therefore, a clear understanding of how the virus exploits the cellular machinery will identify new targets for inhibiting HIV-1 infection. The three prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) is the most active cellular exonuclease in mammalian cells. It has been reported that TREX1 prevents accumulation of HIV-1 DNA and enables the virus to evade the host innate immune response. Here, we show that HIV-1 infection results in the upregulation, perinuclear accumulation, and nuclear localization of TREX1. We also provide evidence that TREX1 promotes HIV-1 integration by preferentially degrading viral DNAs that are incompatible with chromosomal insertion. These observations identify a novel role of TREX1 in a post-nuclear entry step of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benem-Orom Davids
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nicklas Sapp
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Prem Prakash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shalonda Ingram
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Min Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Craigie
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Hollis
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jui Pandhare
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Cocaine Induces Cytoskeletal Changes in Cardiac Myocytes: Implications for Cardiac Morphology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052263. [PMID: 33668403 PMCID: PMC7956613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is one of the most widely abused illicit drugs worldwide and has long been recognised as an agent of cardiac dysfunction in numerous cases of drug overdose. Cocaine has previously been shown to up-regulate cytoskeletal rearrangements and morphological changes in numerous tissues; however, previous literature observes such changes primarily in clinical case reports and addiction studies. An investigation into the fundamental cytoskeletal parameters of migration, adhesion and proliferation were studied to determine the cytoskeletal and cytotoxic basis of cocaine in cardiac cells. Treatment of cardiac myocytes with cocaine increased cell migration and adhesion (p < 0.05), with no effect on cell proliferation, except with higher doses eliciting (1–10 μg/mL) its diminution and increase in cell death. Cocaine downregulated phosphorylation of cofilin, decreased expression of adhesion modulators (integrin-β3) and increased expression of ezirin within three hours of 1 μg/mL treatments. These functional responses were associated with changes in cellular morphology, including alterations in membrane stability and a stellate-like phenotype with less compaction between cells. Higher dose treatments of cocaine (5–10 μg/mL) were associated with significant cardiomyocyte cell death (p < 0.05) and loss of cellular architecture. These results highlight the importance of cocaine in mediating cardiomyocyte function and cytotoxicity associated with the possible loss of intercellular contacts required to maintain normal cell viability, with implications for cardiotoxicity relating to hypertrophy and fibrogenesis.
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Longitudinal patterns of illicit drug use, antiretroviral therapy exposure and plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load among HIV-positive people who use illicit drugs. AIDS 2020; 34:1389-1396. [PMID: 32590435 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV-positive people who use illicit drugs (PWUD) experience elevated rates of HIV-associated morbidity and mortality compared with members of other key affected populations. Although suboptimal levels of access and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) are common among HIV-positive PWUD, there is a need for studies investigating the possible biological impacts of noninjection illicit drug use among people living with HIV in real-world settings. METHODS We accessed data from the ACCESS study, an ongoing prospective cohort of illicit drug users with systematic HIV viral load monitoring in a setting with universal care and ART dispensation records. We used multivariable generalized linear mixed models to estimate the longitudinal associations between noninjection use of crack cocaine, powder cocaine, opioids, methamphetamine, cannabis and alcohol on plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load, adjusted for ART exposure and relevant confounders. RESULTS Between 2005 and 2018, 843 individuals from the ACCESS cohort were included and contributed to 8698 interviews. At baseline, the mean age was 43 years, 566 (67%) reported male sex and 659 (78%) used crack cocaine in the previous 6 months. In multivariable models adjusted for ART exposure, only crack cocaine use in the last 6 months was found to be significantly associated with higher HIV viral load. CONCLUSION We observed significantly higher HIV viral load during periods of crack cocaine use independent of ART exposure. Our findings support further research to investigate the possible biological mechanisms of this effect.
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13
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Rodriguez VJ, Chahine A, Parrish MS, Alcaide ML, Lee TK, Hurwitz B, Sawhney M, Weiss SM, Jones DL, Kumar M. The contribution of syndemic conditions to cardiovascular disease risk. AIDS Care 2020; 33:585-593. [PMID: 32397737 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2020.1761518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The syndemic conditions of low education, childhood maltreatment, depression, HIV, alcohol and cocaine use, and obesity have been established as independent risk factors for cardiovascular risk, but research examining the association between syndemic conditions and cardiovascular risk in high-risk populations is lacking. A total of N = 503 participants underwent an ultrasound of the carotid artery to assess for atherosclerotic plaque. Participants, HIV-infected (n = 202) and HIV-uninfected (n = 301) with and without a history of cocaine use, were a mean age of 36.13 years (SD = 9.51); 50% were male, and 62% were African-American. Each syndemic condition was associated with 8% greater odds of atherosclerotic plaque (OR = 1.08), 9% greater odds of systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.09), and 10% greater odds of diastolic blood pressure (OR = 1.10). Multilevel research, interventions, and public policy initiatives are needed to activate stakeholders at each level to maximize their impact at a community level among populations with high rates of syndemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta J Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Manasi S Parrish
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Maria L Alcaide
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tae Kyoung Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Barry Hurwitz
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Manisha Sawhney
- Department of Psychology, Liffrig Family School of Education and Behavioral Sciences, University of Mary, Bismarck, ND, USA
| | - Stephen M Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Deborah L Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mahendra Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Chilunda V, Calderon TM, Martinez-Aguado P, Berman JW. The impact of substance abuse on HIV-mediated neuropathogenesis in the current ART era. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146426. [PMID: 31473221 PMCID: PMC6889827 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 37 million people worldwide are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). One highly significant complication of HIV infection is the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in 15-55% of people living with HIV (PLWH), that persists even in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. The entry of HIV into the central nervous system (CNS) occurs within 4-8 days after peripheral infection. This establishes viral reservoirs that may persist even in the presence of ART. Once in the CNS, HIV infects resident macrophages, microglia, and at low levels, astrocytes. In response to chronic infection and cell activation within the CNS, viral proteins, inflammatory mediators, and host and viral neurotoxic factors produced over extended periods of time result in neuronal injury and loss, cognitive deficits and HAND. Substance abuse is a common comorbidity in PLWH and has been shown to increase neuroinflammation and cognitive disorders. Additionally, it has been associated with poor ART adherence, and increased viral load in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that may also contribute to increased neuroinflammation and neuronal injury. Studies have examined mechanisms that contribute to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage in PLWH, and how substances of abuse exacerbate these effects. This review will focus on how substances of abuse, with an emphasis on methamphetamine (meth), cocaine, and opioids, impact blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity and transmigration of HIV-infected and uninfected monocytes across the BBB, as well as their effects on monocytes/macrophages, microglia, and astrocytes within the CNS. We will also address how these substances of abuse may contribute to HIV-mediated neuropathogenesis in the context of suppressive ART. Additionally, we will review the effects of extracellular dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is increased in the CNS by substances of abuse, on HIV neuropathogenesis and how this may contribute to neuroinflammation, neuronal insult, and HAND in PLWH with active substance use. Lastly, we will discuss some potential therapies to limit CNS inflammation and damage in HIV-infected substance abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Chilunda
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tina M Calderon
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Pablo Martinez-Aguado
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joan W Berman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA.
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15
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and Use of Illicit Substances Promote Secretion of Semen Exosomes that Enhance Monocyte Adhesion and Induce Actin Reorganization and Chemotactic Migration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091027. [PMID: 31484431 PMCID: PMC6770851 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Semen exosomes (SE) from HIV-uninfected (HIV−) individuals potently inhibit HIV infection in vitro. However, morphological changes in target cells in response to SE have not been characterized or have the effect of HIV infection or the use of illicit substances, specifically psychostimulants, on the function of SE been elucidated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HIV infection, psychostimulant use, and both together on SE-mediated regulation of monocyte function. SE were isolated from semen of HIV− and HIV-infected (HIV+) antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants who reported either using or not using psychostimulants. The SE samples were thus designated as HIV−Drug−, HIV−Drug+, HIV+Drug−, and HIV+Drug+. U937 monocytes were treated with different SEs and analyzed for changes in transcriptome, morphometrics, actin reorganization, adhesion, and chemotaxis. HIV infection and/or use of psychostimulants had minimal effects on the physical characteristics of SE. However, different SEs had diverse effects on the messenger RNA signature of monocytes and rapidly induced monocyte adhesion and spreading. SE from HIV infected or psychostimulants users but not HIV−Drug− SE, stimulated actin reorganization, leading to the formation of filopodia-like structures and membrane ruffles containing F-actin and vinculin that in some cases were colocalized. All SE stimulated monocyte chemotaxis to HIV secretome and activated the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases, a phenotype exacerbated by HIV infection and psychostimulant use. SE-directed regulation of cellular morphometrics and chemotaxis depended on the donor clinical status because HIV infection and psychostimulant use altered SE function. Although our inclusion criteria specified the use of cocaine, humans are poly-drug and alcohol users and our study participants used psychostimulants, marijuana, opiates, and alcohol. Thus, it is possible that the effects observed in this study may be due to one of these other substances or due to an interaction between different substances.
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16
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Soni M, Rodriguez VJ, Babayigit S, Jones DL, Kumar M. Blood Pressure, HIV, and Cocaine Use Among Ethnically and Racially Diverse Individuals. South Med J 2019; 111:643-648. [PMID: 30391997 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Racial minorities are at greater risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and CVD is the primary cause of mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Cocaine use also has been associated with hypertension. This study examined the contribution of lifestyle factors to systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) among people living with HIV and cocaine users from racially and ethnically diverse backgrounds. METHODS Participants (N = 401: 213 men, 188 women) aged 18 to 50 years with no history of CVD were recruited from South Florida. A total of 200 participants were HIV-cocaine-infected, 100 were HIV-infected individuals with no history of cocaine use, and 101 were HIV-uninfected individuals with cocaine abuse or dependence. Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque, blood pressure (BP), and lifestyle risk were assessed. RESULTS Mean age was 36 years (standard deviation 9.33); the majority (62%) were African American. Carotid plaques were identified in 23% of participants; 42% were obese, 68% engaged in ≥150 minutes of weekly exercise, and 68% were smokers. Sex, body mass index (BMI), and diet were associated with systolic BP. Age, BMI, cannabis use, and diet were associated with diastolic BP and MAP. CONCLUSIONS Age, BMI, cannabis use, and diet were associated with increased diastolic BP and MAP. Cocaine did not emerge as a significant predictor of CVD after controlling for cannabis dependence. Cocaine and HIV lacked significant association with CVD, possibly because the majority of the sample was younger than age 40. Lifestyle modifications and substance abuse counseling may be important in preventing CVD among those without a history of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Soni
- From the Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Violeta J Rodriguez
- From the Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Suat Babayigit
- From the Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Deborah L Jones
- From the Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Mahendra Kumar
- From the Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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17
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Hammad AM, Alasmari F, Sari Y, Scott Hall F, Tiwari AK. Alcohol and Cocaine Exposure Modulates ABCB1 and ABCG2 Transporters in Male Alcohol-Preferring Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:1921-1932. [PMID: 29978425 PMCID: PMC7780301 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two efflux transporters, ATP-binding cassettes B1 (ABCB1) and G2 (ABCG2), are highly expressed in the endothelial cells of the brain, where they regulate the bioavailability and distribution of several endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. However, whether ABCB1 or ABCG2 has any link with drug dependence, drug withdrawal effects, or the incidence of adverse effects in drug abuser is not known. In this study, we determined the effects of voluntary ethanol consumption following repeated exposure to cocaine or vehicle on the relative mRNA and protein expression of Abcg2/ABCG2 and Abcb1/ABCB1 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of male alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Male P rats were allowed free choice access to ethanol (15 and 30% v/v) and water for 5 weeks to establish baseline drinking behavior. The following week, rats were either injected with 20 mg/kg i.p. of cocaine or saline, once a day, for 7 days. The relative mRNA and protein expression of Abcb1/ABCB1 and Abcg2/ABCG2 in the NAc and mPFC were significantly decreased in ethanol-saline- and ethanol-cocaine-exposed rats compared to control rats that received neither ethanol nor cocaine. Thus, prolonged exposure to commonly abused drugs, ethanol and cocaine, alters the expression of Abcb1/ABCB1 and Abcg2/ABCG2 mRNA and protein levels in brain areas that play a role in drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Hammad
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Youssef Sari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - F Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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18
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Jiang W, Luo Z, Martin L, Wan Z, Fu P, Wagner A, Ling B, Heath SL, Haque A, McRae-Clark A. Drug Use is Associated with Anti-CD4 IgG-mediated CD4+ T Cell Death and Poor CD4+ T Cell Recovery in Viral-suppressive HIV-infected Individuals Under Antiretroviral Therapy. Curr HIV Res 2018; 16:143-150. [PMID: 29968539 PMCID: PMC6115301 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666180703151208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role and mechanism of drug use or abuse in Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)-treated HIV disease are not completely known. METHODS To investigate the impact of drug use on HIV pathogenesis without confounding by HIV replication and ART adherence, we first analyzed the data from our clinical database in 103 HIV+ subjects with viral-suppressed ART treatment by a multiple regression test. RESULTS We found that HIV+ drug users had lower CD4+ T cell counts but higher CD8+ T cell counts compared to HIV+ non-drug users, and both drug use and nadir CD4+ T cell counts was independently associated with CD4+ T cell recovery after controlling for sex and age. Next, we enrolled individuals from four study groups, HIV-negative and HIV+ subjects without any substance use, HIV-negative and HIV+ subjects with current illicit drug use (either non-injection cocaine or cannabis). All HIV+ subjects were viral-suppressed with ART treatment (≥ 2 years). Notably, HIV+ drug users had increased plasma anti-CD4 IgG levels compared to the other three study groups which were inversely correlated with decreased CD4+ T cell counts only in HIV+ drug users. There was a significant increase in CD4+ T cell recovery following ART in HIV+ non-drug users but not in HIV+ drug users. Anti-CD4 IgGs purified from plasma of HIV+ drug users induced CD4+ T cell death in vitro through Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxicity (ADCC). CONCLUSION These results suggest that drug use prevents immune reconstitution in HIV-infected individuals despite long-term ART treatment and viral suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA, 29425
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA, 29425
| | - Zhenwu Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA, 29425
| | - Lisa Martin
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA, 29425
| | - Zhuang Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA, 29425
| | - Pingfu Fu
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Amanda Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA, 29425
| | - Binhua Ling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112; Tulane National Primate Research Center, New Orleans, LA, 70433
| | - Sonya L. Heath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA, 35294
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA, 29425
| | - Aimee McRae-Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA, 29425
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, USA 29403
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Burch AE, Rash CJ, Petry NM. Cocaine-using substance abuse treatment patients with and without HIV respond well to contingency management treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2017; 77:21-25. [PMID: 28476266 PMCID: PMC5468595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV is common among individuals with substance use disorders, but relatively few studies have examined the impact of HIV status on response to substance abuse treatment. This secondary analysis compared patients seeking treatment for cocaine use with and without HIV in terms of substance use treatment outcomes. Primary treatment outcomes included treatment retention, longest duration of abstinence, and percent of negative samples; both substance use outcomes reflect abstinence from cocaine, alcohol and opioids concurrently. Participants (N=432) were enrolled in randomized clinical trials comparing contingency management (CM) to standard care, and 32 (7%) reported being positive for HIV. Overall, CM improved both treatment retention (average of 8.2weeks compared to 6.0weeks in the standard care condition) and longest duration of abstinence (average of 5.8weeks compared to 2.8weeks in the standard care condition). HIV status was not associated with treatment outcomes as a main effect, nor did it have an interaction effect with treatment condition. These results suggest a benefit of CM in substance abuse treatment irrespective of HIV status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Burch
- East Carolina University, East 5th Street, 104 Rawl Building, Greenville, NC 27858-4353, United States.
| | - Carla J Rash
- University of Connecticut, School of Medicine (MC 3944), 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030-3944, United States.
| | - Nancy M Petry
- University of Connecticut, School of Medicine (MC 3944), 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030-3944, United States.
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20
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Role of Autophagy in HIV Pathogenesis and Drug Abuse. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5855-5867. [PMID: 27660273 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated process in which excessive cytoplasmic materials are captured and degraded during deprivation conditions. The unique nature of autophagy that clears invasive microorganisms has made it an important cellular defense mechanism in a variety of clinical situations. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that autophagy is extensively involved in the pathology of HIV-1. To ensure survival of the virus, HIV-1 viral proteins modulate and utilize the autophagy pathway so that biosynthesis of the virus is maximized. At the same time, the abuse of illicit drugs such as methamphetamine, cocaine, morphine, and alcohol is thought to be a significant risk factor for the acquirement and progression of HIV-1. During drug-induced toxicity, autophagic activity has been proved to be altered in various cell types. Here, we review the current literature on the interaction between autophagy, HIV-1, and drug abuse and discuss the complex role of autophagy during HIV-1 pathogenesis in co-exposure to illicit drugs.
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21
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Cao L, Walker MP, Vaidya NK, Fu M, Kumar S, Kumar A. Cocaine-Mediated Autophagy in Astrocytes Involves Sigma 1 Receptor, PI3K, mTOR, Atg5/7, Beclin-1 and Induces Type II Programed Cell Death. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:4417-30. [PMID: 26243186 PMCID: PMC4744147 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine, a commonly used drug of abuse, has been shown to cause neuropathological dysfunction and damage in the human brain. However, the role of autophagy in this process is not defined. Autophagy, generally protective in nature, can also be destructive leading to autophagic cell death. This study was designed to investigate whether cocaine induces autophagy in the cells of CNS origin. We employed astrocyte, the most abundant cell in the CNS, to define the effects of cocaine on autophagy. We measured levels of the autophagic marker protein LC3II in SVGA astrocytes after exposure with cocaine. The results showed that cocaine caused an increase in LC3II level in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with the peak observed at 1 mM cocaine after 6-h exposure. This result was also confirmed by detecting LC3II in SVGA astrocytes using confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Next, we sought to explore the mechanism by which cocaine induces the autophagic response. We found that cocaine-induced autophagy was mediated by sigma 1 receptor, and autophagy signaling proteins p-mTOR, Atg5, Atg7, and p-Bcl-2/Beclin-1 were also involved, and this was confirmed by using selective inhibitors and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In addition, we found that chronic treatment with cocaine resulted in cell death, which is caspase-3 independent and can be ameliorated by autophagy inhibitor. Therefore, this study demonstrated that cocaine induces autophagy in astrocytes and is associated with autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Mary P Walker
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry Center of Excellence in Musculoskeletal and Dental Tissues, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Naveen K Vaidya
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Mingui Fu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
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22
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Castellano P, Nwagbo C, Martinez LR, Eugenin EA. Methamphetamine compromises gap junctional communication in astrocytes and neurons. J Neurochem 2016; 137:561-75. [PMID: 26953131 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (meth) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that results in psychological and physical dependency. The long-term effects of meth within the CNS include neuronal plasticity changes, blood-brain barrier compromise, inflammation, electrical dysfunction, neuronal/glial toxicity, and an increased risk to infectious diseases including HIV. Most of the reported meth effects in the CNS are related to dysregulation of chemical synapses by altering the release and uptake of neurotransmitters, especially dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. However, little is known about the effects of meth on connexin (Cx) containing channels, such as gap junctions (GJ) and hemichannels (HC). We examined the effects of meth on Cx expression, function, and its role in NeuroAIDS. We found that meth altered Cx expression and localization, decreased GJ communication between neurons and astrocytes, and induced the opening of Cx43/Cx36 HC. Furthermore, we found that these changes in GJ and HC induced by meth treatment were mediated by activation of dopamine receptors, suggesting that dysregulation of dopamine signaling induced by meth is essential for GJ and HC compromise. Meth-induced changes in GJ and HC contributed to amplified CNS toxicity by dysregulating glutamate metabolism and increasing the susceptibility of neurons and astrocytes to bystander apoptosis induced by HIV. Together, our results indicate that connexin containing channels, GJ and HC, are essential in the pathogenesis of meth and increase the sensitivity of the CNS to HIV CNS disease. Methamphetamine (meth) is an extremely addictive central nervous system stimulant. Meth reduced gap junctional (GJ) communication by inducing internalization of connexin-43 (Cx43) in astrocytes and reducing expression of Cx36 in neurons by a mechanism involving activation of dopamine receptors (see cartoon). Meth-induced changes in Cx containing channels increased extracellular levels of glutamate and resulted in higher sensitivity of neurons and astrocytes to apoptosis in response to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Castellano
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Chisom Nwagbo
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Luis R Martinez
- New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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23
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Dash S, Balasubramaniam M, Villalta F, Dash C, Pandhare J. Impact of cocaine abuse on HIV pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1111. [PMID: 26539167 PMCID: PMC4611962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 1.2 million people in the United States are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Tremendous progress has been made over the past three decades on many fronts in the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 disease. However, HIV-1 infection is incurable and antiretroviral drugs continue to remain the only effective treatment option for HIV infected patients. Unfortunately, only three out of ten HIV-1 infected individuals in the US have the virus under control. Thus, majority of HIV-1 infected individuals in the US are either unaware of their infection status or not connected/retained to care or are non-adherent to antiretroviral therapy (ART). This national public health crisis, as well as the ongoing global HIV/AIDS pandemic, is further exacerbated by substance abuse, which serves as a powerful cofactor at every stage of HIV/AIDS including transmission, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment. Clinical studies indicate that substance abuse may increase viral load, accelerate disease progression and worsen AIDS-related mortality even among ART-adherent patients. However, confirming a direct causal link between substance abuse and HIV/AIDS in human patients remains a highly challenging endeavor. In this review we will discuss the recent and past developments in clinical and basic science research on the effects of cocaine abuse on HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Dash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA ; School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Fernando Villalta
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA ; School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA ; School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jui Pandhare
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA ; School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA
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24
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Pilakka-Kanthikeel S, Nair MPN. Interaction of drugs of abuse and microRNA with HIV: a brief review. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:967. [PMID: 26483757 PMCID: PMC4586453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), the post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, play key roles in modulating many cellular processes. The changes in the expression profiles of several specific miRNAs affect the interactions between miRNA and their targets in various illnesses, including addiction, HIV, cancer etc. The presence of anti-HIV-1 microRNAs (which regulate the level of infectivity of HIV-1) have been validated in the cells which are the primary targets of HIV infection. Drugs of abuse impair the intracellular innate anti-HIV mechanism(s) in monocytes, contributing to cell susceptibility to HIV infection. Emerging evidence has implicated miRNAs are differentially expressed in response to chronic morphine treatment. Activation of mu opioid receptors (MOR) by morphine is shown to down regulate the expression of anti-HIV miRNAs. In this review, we summarize the results which demonstrate that several drugs of abuse related miRNAs have roles in the mechanisms that define addiction, and how they interact with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheesh Pilakka-Kanthikeel
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - Madhavan P N Nair
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
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25
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Dahal S, Chitti SVP, Nair MPN, Saxena SK. Interactive effects of cocaine on HIV infection: implication in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder and neuroAIDS. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:931. [PMID: 26441868 PMCID: PMC4562305 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial epidemiological studies suggest that not only, being one of the reasons for the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but drug abuse also serves its role in determining the disease progression and severity among the HIV infected population. This article focuses on the drug cocaine, and its role in facilitating entry of HIV into the CNS and mechanisms of development of neurologic complications in infected individuals. Cocaine is a powerfully addictive central nervous system stimulating drug, which increases the level of neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) in the brain, by blocking the dopamine transporters (DAT) which is critical for DA homeostasis and neurocognitive function. Tat protein of HIV acts as an allosteric modulator of DAT, where as cocaine acts as reuptake inhibitor. When macrophages in the CNS are exposed to DA, their number increases. These macrophages release inflammatory mediators and neurotoxins, causing chronic neuroinflammation. Cocaine abuse during HIV infection enhances the production of platelet monocyte complexes (PMCs), which may cross transendothelial barrier, and result in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). HAND is characterized by neuroinflammation, including astrogliosis, multinucleated giant cells, and neuronal apoptosis that is linked to progressive virus infection and immune deterioration. Cocaine and viral proteins are capable of eliciting signaling transduction pathways in neurons, involving in mitochondrial membrane potential loss, oxidative stress, activation of JNK, p38, and ERK/MAPK pathways, and results in downstream activation of NF-κB that leads to HAND. Tat-induced inflammation provokes permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB) in the platelet dependent manner, which can potentially be the reason for progression to HAND during HIV infection. A better understanding on the role of cocaine in HIV infection can give a clue in developing novel therapeutic strategies against HIV-1 infection in cocaine using HIV infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dahal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology , Hyderabad, India
| | - Sai V P Chitti
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology , Hyderabad, India
| | - Madhavan P N Nair
- College of Medicine, Florida International University , Miami, FL, USA
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26
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Nixon CC, Schwartz BH, Dixit D, Zack JA, Vatakis DN. Cocaine exposure impairs multilineage hematopoiesis of human hematopoietic progenitor cells mediated by the sigma-1 receptor [corrected]. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8670. [PMID: 25728014 PMCID: PMC4345342 DOI: 10.1038/srep08670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to cocaine is a significant source of fetal and neonatal developmental defects. While cocaine associated neurological and cardiac pathologies are well-documented, it is apparent that cocaine use has far more diverse physiological effects. It is known that in some cell types, the sigma-1 receptor mediates many of cocaine's cellular effects. Here we present a novel and concise investigation into the mechanism that underlies cocaine associated hematopoietic pathology. Indeed, this is the first examination of the effects of cocaine on hematopoiesis. We show that cocaine impairs multilineage hematopoiesis from human progenitors from multiple donors and tissue types. We go on to present the first demonstration of the expression of the sigma-1 receptor in human CD34 + human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these cocaine-induced hematopoietic defects can be reversed through sigma-1 receptor blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Nixon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, UCLA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Brandon H. Schwartz
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Dhaval Dixit
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, UCLA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Jerome A. Zack
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, UCLA
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Division of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Dimitrios N. Vatakis
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Division of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
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27
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Addai AB, Pandhare J, Paromov V, Mantri CK, Pratap S, Dash C. Cocaine modulates HIV-1 integration in primary CD4+ T cells: implications in HIV-1 pathogenesis in drug-abusing patients. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:779-90. [PMID: 25691383 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0714-356r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies suggest that cocaine abuse worsens HIV-1 disease progression. Increased viral load has been suggested to play a key role for the accelerated HIV disease among cocaine-abusing patients. The goal of this study was to investigate whether cocaine enhances proviral DNA integration as a mechanism to increase viral load. We infected CD4(+) T cells that are the primary targets of HIV-1 in vivo and treated the cells with physiologically relevant concentrations of cocaine (1 µM-100 µM). Proviral DNA integration in the host genome was measured by nested qPCR. Our results illustrated that cocaine from 1 µM through 50 µM increased HIV-1 integration in CD4(+) T cells in a dose-dependent manner. As integration can be modulated by several early postentry steps of HIV-1 infection, we examined the direct effects of cocaine on viral integration by in vitro integration assays by use of HIV-1 PICs. Our data illustrated that cocaine directly increases viral DNA integration. Furthermore, our MS analysis showed that cocaine is able to enter CD4(+) T cells and localize to the nucleus-. In summary, our data provide strong evidence that cocaine can increase HIV-1 integration in CD4(+) T cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that increased HIV-1 integration is a novel mechanism by which cocaine enhances viral load and worsens disease progression in drug-abusing HIV-1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amma B Addai
- *The Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center For AIDS Health Disparities Research, and Departments of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology and Graduate Studies, Genomics and Proteomics Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jui Pandhare
- *The Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center For AIDS Health Disparities Research, and Departments of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology and Graduate Studies, Genomics and Proteomics Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Victor Paromov
- *The Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center For AIDS Health Disparities Research, and Departments of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology and Graduate Studies, Genomics and Proteomics Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chinmay K Mantri
- *The Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center For AIDS Health Disparities Research, and Departments of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology and Graduate Studies, Genomics and Proteomics Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Siddharth Pratap
- *The Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center For AIDS Health Disparities Research, and Departments of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology and Graduate Studies, Genomics and Proteomics Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- *The Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center For AIDS Health Disparities Research, and Departments of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology and Graduate Studies, Genomics and Proteomics Core, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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28
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Zenón F, Segarra AC, Gonzalez M, Meléndez LM. Cocaine potentiates cathepsin B secretion and neuronal apoptosis from HIV-infected macrophages. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:703-15. [PMID: 25209871 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Substance abuse is a risk factor for HIV infection and progression to AIDS. Recent evidence establishes that cocaine use promotes brain perivascular macrophage infiltration and microglia activation. The lysosomal protease cathepsin B is increased in monocytes from patients with HIV dementia and its secretion induces 10-15% of neurotoxicity. Here we asked if cocaine potentiates cathepsin B secretion from HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and its effect in neuronal apoptosis. Samples of plasma, CSF, and post-mortem brain tissue from HIV positive patients that used cocaine were tested for cathepsin B and its inhibitors to determine the in vivo relevance of these findings. MDM were inoculated with HIV-1ADA, exposed to cocaine, and the levels of secreted and bioactive cathepsin B and its inhibitors were measured at different time-points. Cathepsin B expression (p < 0.001) and activity (p < 0.05) increased in supernatants from HIV-infected cocaine treated MDM compared with HIV-infected cocaine negative controls. Increased levels of cystatin B expression was also found in supernatants from HIV-cocaine treated MDM (p < 0.05). A significant increase in 30% of apoptotic neurons was obtained that decreased to 5% with the specific cathepsin B inhibitor (CA-074) or with cathepsin B antibody. Cathepsin B was significantly increased in the plasma and post-mortem brain tissue of HIV/cocaine users over non-drug users. Our results demonstrated that cocaine potentiates cathepsin B secretion in HIV-infected MDM and increase neuronal apoptosis. These findings provide new evidence that cocaine synergize with HIV-1 infection in increasing cathepsin B secretion and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Zenón
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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29
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Gannon BM, Reichard EE, Fantegrossi WE. Psychostimulant Abuse and HIV Infection: cocaine, methamphetamine, and "bath salts" cathinone analogues. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2014; 1:237-242. [PMID: 26413453 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-014-0025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants are among the most widely-abused substances worldwide, and typically exert their abuse-related effects via interactions with monoamine reuptake transporters within the CNS. Over the last decade, a symbiotic relationship between psychostimulant abuse and HIV infection has been demonstrated, where psychostimulants potentiate the effects of HIV infection, and HIV infection increases sensitivity to psychostimulant drugs. Most recently, a new class of designer psychostimulants has emerged in abuse-ready "bath salt" preparations. These commercial products typically contain ring-substituted and/or side-chain-substituted analogues of cathinone, which is itself a psychostimulant drug of abuse in its natural plant form. The cathinone analogues exhibit a range of interactions with monoamine transporters, from cocaine-like reuptake inhibition to methamphetamine-like release. Since the primary mechanism of action of these novel drugs overlaps with those of traditional psychostimulants, it may be the case that the cathinone analogues also interact with HIV infection. As use of these emerging cathinone-derived drugs continues to rise, there is an urgent need to better understand the pharmacology and toxicology of these novel compounds, both in terms of their abuse-related effects, and in terms of their capacity to interact with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda M Gannon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Little Rock, AR
| | - Emily E Reichard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Little Rock, AR
| | - William E Fantegrossi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Little Rock, AR
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