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Li L, Li J, Li W, Ma Y, Li S. Spleen derived monocytes regulate pulmonary vascular permeability in Hepatopulmonary syndrome through the OSM-FGF/FGFR1 signaling. Transl Res 2024; 271:93-104. [PMID: 38797433 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a serious pulmonary complication in the advanced stage of liver disease. The occurrence of pulmonary edema in HPS patients is life-threatening. Increased pulmonary vascular permeability is an important mechanism leading to pulmonary edema, and endothelial glycocalyx (EG) is a barrier that maintains stable vascular permeability. However, in HPS, whether the pulmonary vascular EG changes and its regulatory mechanism are still unclear. Spleen derived monocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of HPS. However, whether they regulate the pulmonary vascular permeability in HPS patients or rats and what is the mechanism is still unclear. Healthy volunteers and HPS patients with splenectomy or not were enrolled in this study. We found that the respiration of HPS patients was significantly improved in response to splenectomy, while the EG degradation and pulmonary edema were aggravated. In addition, HPS patients expressed higher levels of oncostatin M (OSM) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Subsequently, the co-culture system of monocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was constructed. It was found that monocytes secreted OSM and activated the FGF/FGFR1 signaling pathway in HUVECs. Then, an HPS rat model was constructed by common bile duct ligation (CBDL) for in vivo verification. HPS rats were intravenously injected with OSM recombinant protein and/or TNF-α into the rats via tail vein 30 min before CBDL. The results showed that the respiration of HPS rats was improved after splenectomy, while the degradation of EG in pulmonary vessels and vascular permeability were increased, and pulmonary edema was aggravated. Moreover, the expression of OSM and FGF was upregulated in HPS rats, while both were downregulated after splenectomy. Intravenous injection of exogenous OSM eliminated the effect of splenectomy on FGF and improved EG degradation. It can be seen that during HPS, spleen-derived monocytes secrete OSM to promote pulmonary vascular EG remodeling by activating the FGF/FGFR1 pathway, thereby maintaining stable vascular permeability, and diminishing pulmonary edema. This study provides a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University.
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Wendeng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Yuefeng Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Shaomin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
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Vahldieck C, Löning S, Hamacher C, Fels B, Rudzewski B, Nickel L, Weil J, Nording H, Baron L, Kleingarn M, Karsten CM, Kusche-Vihrog K. Dysregulated complement activation during acute myocardial infarction leads to endothelial glycocalyx degradation and endothelial dysfunction via the C5a:C5a-Receptor1 axis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1426526. [PMID: 39055717 PMCID: PMC11269135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1426526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Complement-mediated damage to the myocardium during acute myocardial infarction (AMI), particularly the late components of the terminal pathway (C5-convertase and C5b-9), have previously been characterized. Unfortunately, only few studies have reported a direct association between dysregulated complement activation and endothelial function. Hence, little attention has been paid to the role of the anaphylatoxin C5a. The endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) together with the cellular actin cortex provide a vasoprotective barrier against chronic vascular inflammation. Changes in their nanomechanical properties (stiffness and height) are recognized as hallmarks of endothelial dysfunction as they correlate with the bioavailability of vasoactive substances, such as nitric oxide (NO). Here, we determined how the C5a:C5aR1 axis affects the eGC and endothelial function in AMI. Methods Samples of fifty-five patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) vs. healthy controls were analyzed in this study. eGC components and C5a levels were determined via ELISA; NO levels were quantified chemiluminescence-based. Endothelial cells were stimulated with C5a or patient sera (with/without C5a-receptor1 antagonist "PMX53") and the nanomechanical properties of eGC quantified using the atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanoindentation technique. To measure actin cytoskeletal tension regulator activation (RhoA and Rac1) G-LISA assays were applied. Vascular inflammation was examined by quantifying monocyte-endothelium interaction via AFM-based single-cell-force spectroscopy. Results Serum concentrations of eGC components and C5a were significantly increased during STEMI. Serum and solely C5a stimulation decreased eGC height and stiffness, indicating shedding of the eGC. C5a enhanced RhoA activation, resulting in increased cortical stiffness with subsequent reduction in NO concentrations. Monocyte adhesion to the endothelium was enhanced after both C5a and stimulation with STEMI serum. eGC degradation- and RhoA-induced cortical stiffening with subsequent endothelial dysfunction were attenuated after administering PMX53. Conclusion This study demonstrates that dysregulated C5a activation during AMI results in eGC damage with subsequent endothelial dysfunction and reduced NO bioavailability, indicating progressively developing vascular inflammation. This could be prevented by antagonizing C5aR1, highlighting the role of the C5a:C5a-Receptor1 axis in vascular inflammation development and endothelial dysfunction in AMI, offering new therapeutic approaches for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Vahldieck
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Luebeck/Kiel, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Samuel Löning
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Benedikt Fels
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Luebeck/Kiel, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Laura Nickel
- Medizinische Klinik II, Sana Kliniken Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Joachim Weil
- Medizinische Klinik II, Sana Kliniken Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Henry Nording
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Luebeck/Kiel, Luebeck, Germany
- Cardioimmunology Group, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Lasse Baron
- Cardioimmunology Group, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Marie Kleingarn
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research (ISEF), University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Kristina Kusche-Vihrog
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Luebeck/Kiel, Luebeck, Germany
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Kang C, Cho AR, Kim H, Kwon JY, Lee HJ, Kim E. Sedation with propofol and isoflurane differs in terms of microcirculatory parameters: A randomized animal study using dorsal skinfold chamber mouse model. Microvasc Res 2024; 153:104655. [PMID: 38232898 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2024.104655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the effects of sedative doses of propofol and isoflurane on microcirculation in septic mice compared to controls. Isoflurane, known for its potential as a sedation drug in bedside applications, lacks clarity regarding its impact on the microcirculation system. The hypothesis was that propofol would exert a more pronounced influence on the microvascular flow index, particularly amplified in septic conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Randomized study was conducted from December 2020 to October 2021 involved 60 BALB/c mice, with 52 mice analyzed. Dorsal skinfold chambers were implanted, followed by intraperitoneal injections of either sterile 0.9 % saline or lipopolysaccharide for the control and sepsis groups, respectively. Both groups received propofol or isoflurane treatment for 120 min. Microcirculatory parameters were obtained via incident dark-field microscopy videos, along with the mean blood pressure and heart rate at three time points: before sedation (T0), 30 min after sedation (T30), and 120 min after sedation (T120). Endothelial glycocalyx thickness and syndecan-1 concentration were also analyzed. RESULTS In healthy controls, both anesthetics reduced blood pressure. However, propofol maintained microvascular flow, differing significantly from isoflurane at T120 (propofol, 2.8 ± 0.3 vs. isoflurane, 1.6 ± 0.9; P < 0.001). In the sepsis group, a similar pattern occurred at T120 without statistical significance (propofol, 1.8 ± 1.1 vs. isoflurane, 1.2 ± 0.7; P = 0.023). Syndecan-1 levels did not differ between agents, but glycocalyx thickness index was significantly lower in the isoflurane-sepsis group than propofol (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Propofol potentially offers protective action against microvascular flow deterioration compared to isoflurane, observed in control mice. Furthermore, a lower degree of sepsis-induced glycocalyx degradation was evident with propofol compared to isoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kang
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Reum Cho
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Haekyu Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kwon
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Rabia B, Thanigaimani S, Golledge J. The potential involvement of glycocalyx disruption in abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2024; 70:107629. [PMID: 38461960 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2024.107629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a weakening and expansion of the abdominal aorta. Currently, there is no drug treatment to limit abdominal aortic aneurysm growth. The glycocalyx is the outermost layer of the cell surface, mainly composed of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to identify a potential relationship between glycocalyx disruption and abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis. METHODS A narrative review of relevant published research was conducted. RESULTS Glycocalyx disruption has been reported to enhance vascular permeability, impair immune responses, dysregulate endothelial function, promote extracellular matrix remodeling and modulate mechanotransduction. All these effects are implicated in abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis. Glycocalyx disruption promotes inflammation through exposure of adhesion molecules and release of proinflammatory mediators. Glycocalyx disruption affects how the endothelium responds to shear stress by reducing nitric oxide availabilty and adversely affecting the storage and release of several antioxidants, growth factors, and antithromotic proteins. These changes exacerbate oxidative stress, stimulate vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and promote thrombosis, all effects implicated in abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis. Deficiency of key component of the glycocalyx, such as syndecan-4, were reported to promote aneurysm formation and rupture in the angiotensin-II and calcium chloride induced mouse models of abdominal aortic aneurysm. CONCLUSION This review provides a summary of past research which suggests that glycocalyx disruption may play a role in abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis. Further research is needed to establish a causal link between glycocalyx disruption and abdominal aortic aneurysm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Rabia
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Shivshankar Thanigaimani
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; The Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.
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Li Z, Wu N, Wang J, Yue Y, Geng L, Zhang Q. Low molecular weight fucoidan restores diabetic endothelial glycocalyx by targeting neuraminidase2: A new therapy target in glycocalyx shedding. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1404-1420. [PMID: 37994102 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diabetic vascular complication is a leading cause of disability and mortality in diabetes patients. Low molecular weight fucoidan (LMWF) is a promising drug candidate for vascular complications. Glycocalyx injury predates the occurrence of diabetes vascular complications. Protecting glycocalyx from degradation relieves diabetic vascular complications. LMWF has the potential to protect the diabetes endothelial glycocalyx from shedding. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The protective effect of LMWF on diabetic glycocalyx damage was investigated in db/db mice and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) through transmission electron microscopy and WGA labelling. The effect of LMWF on glycocalyx degrading enzymes expression was investigated. Neuraminidase2 (NEU2) overexpression/knockdown was performed in HUVECs to verify the important role of NEU2 in glycocalyx homeostasis. The interaction between NEU2 and LMWF was detected by ELISA and surface plasmon resonance analysis (SPR). KEY RESULTS LMWF normalizes blood indexes including insulin, triglyceride, uric acid and reduces diabetes complications adverse events. LMWF alleviates diabetic endothelial glycocalyx damage in db/db mice kidney/aorta and high concentration glucose treated HUVECs. NEU2 is up-regulated in db/db mice and HUVECs with high concentration glucose. Overexpression/knockdown NEU2 results in glycocalyx shedding in HUVEC. Down-regulation and interaction of LMWF with NEU2 is a new therapy target in glycocalyx homeostasis. NEU2 was positively correlated with phosphorylated IR-β. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS NEU2 is an effective target for glycocalyx homeostasis and LMWF is a promising drug to alleviate vascular complications in diabetes by protecting endothelial glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Research Center for Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Qingdao Hospital (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Wu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Yue
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Lihua Geng
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Quanbin Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
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Kršek A, Batičić L, Ćurko-Cofek B, Batinac T, Laškarin G, Miletić-Gršković S, Sotošek V. Insights into the Molecular Mechanism of Endothelial Glycocalyx Dysfunction during Heart Surgery. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3794-3809. [PMID: 38785504 PMCID: PMC11119104 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx (EGC) is a layer of proteoglycans (associated with glycosaminoglycans) and glycoproteins, which adsorbs plasma proteins on the luminal surface of endothelial cells. Its main function is to participate in separating the circulating blood from the inner layers of the vessels and the surrounding tissues. Physiologically, the EGC stimulates mechanotransduction, the endothelial charge, thrombocyte adhesion, leukocyte tissue recruitment, and molecule extravasation. Hence, severe impairment of the EGC has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including sepsis, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory disorders, hypernatremia, hypervolemia, atherosclerosis, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Moreover, alterations in EGC have been associated with altered responses to therapeutic interventions in conditions such as cardiovascular diseases. Investigation into the function of the glycocalyx has expanded knowledge about vascular disorders and indicated the need to consider new approaches in the treatment of severe endothelial dysfunction. This review aims to present the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases and to elucidate the impact of heart surgery on EGC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antea Kršek
- Faculty of Rijeka, University of Medicine, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Lara Batičić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (B.Ć.-C.); (G.L.)
| | - Tanja Batinac
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences I, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (T.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Gordana Laškarin
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (B.Ć.-C.); (G.L.)
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism “Thalassotherapia-Opatija”, M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia;
| | - Silvija Miletić-Gršković
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism “Thalassotherapia-Opatija”, M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia;
| | - Vlatka Sotošek
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences I, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (T.B.); (V.S.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Kamiya K, Hatayama N, Tawada M, Asai A, Yamauchi M, Kinashi H, Kunoki S, Yamaguchi M, Mizuno M, Suzuki Y, Banshodani M, Ishimoto T, Naito M, Kawanishi H, Ito Y. Role of endothelial hyaluronan in peritoneal membrane transport and disease conditions during peritoneal dialysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7412. [PMID: 38548914 PMCID: PMC10978880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal membrane dysfunction in peritoneal dialysis (PD) is primarily attributed to angiogenesis; however, the integrity of vascular endothelial cells can affect peritoneal permeability. Hyaluronan, a component of the endothelial glycocalyx, is reportedly involved in preventing proteinuria in the normal glomerulus. One hypothesis suggests that development of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is triggered by protein leakage due to vascular endothelial injury. We therefore investigated the effect of hyaluronan in the glycocalyx on peritoneal permeability and disease conditions. After hyaluronidase-mediated degradation of hyaluronan on the endothelial cells of mice, macromolecules, including albumin and β2 microglobulin, leaked into the dialysate. However, peritoneal transport of small solute molecules was not affected. Pathologically, hyaluronan expression was diminished; however, expression of vascular endothelial cadherin and heparan sulfate, a core protein of the glycocalyx, was preserved. Hyaluronan expression on endothelial cells was studied using 254 human peritoneal membrane samples. Hyaluronan expression decreased in patients undergoing long-term PD treatment and EPS patients treated with conventional solutions. Furthermore, the extent of hyaluronan loss correlated with the severity of vasculopathy. Hyaluronan on endothelial cells is involved in the peritoneal transport of macromolecules. Treatment strategies that preserve hyaluronan in the glycocalyx could prevent the leakage of macromolecules and subsequent related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kamiya
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hatayama
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Tawada
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akimasa Asai
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Mai Yamauchi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kinashi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Shunnosuke Kunoki
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamaguchi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuno
- Department of Surgery and Artificial Organs, Akane-Foundation, Tsuchiya General Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masataka Banshodani
- Department of Surgery and Artificial Organs, Akane-Foundation, Tsuchiya General Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Munekazu Naito
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideki Kawanishi
- Department of Surgery and Artificial Organs, Akane-Foundation, Tsuchiya General Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Ito
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
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Xie WW, Ding YJ, Bhandari S, Li H, Chen HS, Jin SW, Weng HX, Hao Y. CLINICAL VALUE OF SYNDECAN-1 LEVELS IN TRAUMA BRAIN INJURY: A META-ANALYSIS. Shock 2024; 61:49-54. [PMID: 37878479 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a head trauma usually associated with death and endothelial glycocalyx damage. Syndecan-1 (SDC-1)-a biomarker of glycocalyx degradation-has rarely been reported in meta-analyses to determine the clinical prognostic value in TBI patients. Methods: We looked into PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases from January 1, 1990, to May 1, 2023, to identify eligible studies. A meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 16.0 with the search terms "SDC-1" and "traumatic brain injury." Results: The present study included five studies with a total of 640 enrolled patients included. Syndecan-1 concentrations were higher in the isotrauma TBI group than in the non-TBI group (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.03-1.00; P = 0.04). Subgroup analysis revealed statistical significance when comparing the SDC-1 level of multitrauma TBI (TBI + other injuries) group with the isotrauma TBI group (SMD = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.42-1.05; P < 0.001), and the SDC-1 level of the TBI coagulopathy (+) group (TBI with early coagulopathy) with the TBI coagulopathy (-) group (SMD = 1.75; 95% CI: 0.41-3.10; P = 0.01). Isotrauma TBI patients with higher SDC-1 level were at a higher risk of 30-day in-hospital mortality (odds ratio = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.67-6.60; P = 0.0006). Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that SDC-1 could be a biomarker of endotheliopathy and coagulopathy in TBI, as it was increased in isotrauma TBI patients and was higher in multitrauma TBI patients. There is a need for additional research into the use of SDC-1 as a prognostic biomarker in TBI, especially in isotrauma TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hai-Xu Weng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
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Kolesov D, Astakhova A, Galdobina M, Moskovtsev A, Kubatiev A, Sokolovskaya A, Ukrainskiy L, Morozov S. Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques for Studying the Cell Glycocalyx. Cells 2023; 12:2778. [PMID: 38132098 PMCID: PMC10741541 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a brush-like layer that covers the surfaces of the membranes of most cell types. It consists of a mixture of carbohydrates, mainly glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Due to its structure and sensitivity to environmental conditions, it represents a complicated object to investigate. Here, we review studies of the glycocalyx conducted using scanning probe microscopy approaches. This includes imaging techniques as well as the measurement of nanomechanical properties. The nanomechanics of the glycocalyx is particularly important since it is widely present on the surfaces of mechanosensitive cells such as endothelial cells. An overview of problems with the interpretation of indirect data via the use of analytical models is presented. Special insight is given into changes in glycocalyx properties during pathological processes. The biological background and alternative research methods are briefly covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kolesov
- Moscow Polytechnic University, 107023 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Astakhova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Galdobina
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Moskovtsev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aslan Kubatiev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa Sokolovskaya
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid Ukrainskiy
- Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Morozov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
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Cao J, Chen Y. The impact of vascular endothelial glycocalyx on the pathogenesis and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2023; 34:465-470. [PMID: 37823419 PMCID: PMC10754481 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000001257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a complex disorder characterized by widespread activation of blood clotting mechanisms throughout the body. Understanding the role of vascular endothelial glycocalyx in the pathogenesis and treatment of DIC is crucial for advancing our knowledge in this field. The vascular endothelial glycocalyx is a gel-like layer that coats the inner surface of blood vessels. It plays a significant role in maintaining vascular integrity, regulating fluid balance, and preventing excessive clotting. In the pathogenesis of DIC, the disruption of the vascular endothelial glycocalyx is a key factor. Pathological conditions trigger the activation of enzymes, including heparanase, hyaluronase, and matrix metalloproteinase. This activation leads to glycocalyx degradation, subsequently exposing endothelial cells to procoagulant stimuli. Additionally, the ANGPTs/Tie-2 signaling pathway plays a role in the imbalance between the synthesis and degradation of VEG, exacerbating endothelial dysfunction and DIC. Understanding the mechanisms behind glycocalyx degradation and its impact on DIC can provide valuable insights for the development of targeted therapies. Preservation of the glycocalyx integrity may help prevent the initiation and propagation of DIC. Strategies such as administration of exogenous glycocalyx components, anticoagulant agents, or Tie-2 antibody agents have shown promising results in experimental models. In conclusion, the vascular endothelial glycocalyx plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and treatment of DIC. Further research in this field is warranted to unravel the complex interactions between the glycocalyx and DIC, ultimately leading to the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, China
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11
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Obonyo NG, Sela DP, Raman S, Rachakonda R, Schneider B, Hoe LES, Fanning JP, Bassi GL, Maitland K, Suen JY, Fraser JF. Resuscitation-associated endotheliopathy (RAsE): a conceptual framework based on a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2023; 12:221. [PMID: 37990333 PMCID: PMC10664580 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shock-induced endotheliopathy (SHINE), defined as a profound sympathoadrenal hyperactivation in shock states leading to endothelial activation, glycocalyx damage, and eventual compromise of end-organ perfusion, was first described in 2017. The aggressive resuscitation therapies utilised in treating shock states could potentially lead to further worsening endothelial activation and end-organ dysfunction. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to systematically review the literature on resuscitation-associated and resuscitation-induced endotheliopathy. METHODS A predetermined structured search of literature published over an 11-year and 6-month period (1 January 2011 to 31 July 2023) was performed in two indexed databases (PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase) per PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion was restricted to original studies published in English (or with English translation) reporting on endothelial dysfunction in critically ill human subjects undergoing resuscitation interventions. Reviews or studies conducted in animals were excluded. Qualitative synthesis of studies meeting the inclusion criteria was performed. Studies reporting comparable biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction post-resuscitation were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. RESULTS Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final qualitative synthesis. Most of these studies (47%) reported on a combination of mediators released from endothelial cells and biomarkers of glycocalyx breakdown, while only 22% reported on microvascular flow changes. Only ten individual studies were included in the quantitative meta-analysis based on the comparability of the parameters assessed. Eight studies measured syndecan-1, with a heterogeneity index, I2 = 75.85% (pooled effect size, mean = 0.27; 95% CI - 0.07 to 0.60; p = 0.12). Thrombomodulin was measured in four comparable studies (I2 = 78.93%; mean = 0.41; 95% CI - 0.10 to 0.92; p = 0.12). Three studies measured E-selectin (I2 = 50.29%; mean = - 0.15; 95% CI - 0.64 to 0.33; p = 0.53), and only two were comparable for the microvascular flow index, MFI (I2 = 0%; mean = - 0.80; 95% CI - 1.35 to - 0.26; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Resuscitation-associated endotheliopathy (RAsE) refers to worsening endothelial dysfunction resulting from acute resuscitative therapies administered in shock states. In the included studies, syndecan-1 had the highest frequency of assessment in the post-resuscitation period, and changes in concentrations showed a statistically significant effect of the resuscitation. There are inadequate data available in this area, and further research and standardisation of the ideal assessment and panel of biomarkers are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nchafatso G Obonyo
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
- Initiative to Develop African Research Leaders (IDeAL), Kilifi, Kenya.
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health Research, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Declan P Sela
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sainath Raman
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Reema Rachakonda
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bailey Schneider
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Louise E See Hoe
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jonathon P Fanning
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Intensive Care Unit, St. Andrews War Memorial Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gianluigi Li Bassi
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, St. Andrews War Memorial Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kathryn Maitland
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jacky Y Suen
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John F Fraser
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, St. Andrews War Memorial Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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Locatelli M, Rottoli D, Mahmoud R, Abbate M, Corna D, Cerullo D, Tomasoni S, Remuzzi G, Zoja C, Benigni A, Macconi D. Endothelial Glycocalyx of Peritubular Capillaries in Experimental Diabetic Nephropathy: A Target of ACE Inhibitor-Induced Kidney Microvascular Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16543. [PMID: 38003732 PMCID: PMC10671403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritubular capillary rarefaction is a recurrent aspect of progressive nephropathies. We previously found that peritubular capillary density was reduced in BTBR ob/ob mice with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. In this model, we searched for abnormalities in the ultrastructure of peritubular capillaries, with a specific focus on the endothelial glycocalyx, and evaluated the impact of treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi). Mice were intracardially perfused with lanthanum to visualise the glycocalyx. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed endothelial cell abnormalities and basement membrane thickening in the peritubular capillaries of BTBR ob/ob mice compared to wild-type mice. Remodelling and focal loss of glycocalyx was observed in lanthanum-stained diabetic kidneys, associated with a reduction in glycocalyx components, including sialic acids, as detected through specific lectins. ACEi treatment preserved the endothelial glycocalyx and attenuated the ultrastructural abnormalities of peritubular capillaries. In diabetic mice, peritubular capillary damage was associated with an enhanced tubular expression of heparanase, which degrades heparan sulfate residues of the glycocalyx. Heparanase was also detected in renal interstitial macrophages that expressed tumor necrosis factor-α. All these abnormalities were mitigated by ACEi. Our findings suggest that, in experimental diabetic nephropathy, preserving the endothelial glycocalyx is important in order to protect peritubular capillaries from damage and loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ariela Benigni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy; (M.L.); (D.R.); (R.M.); (M.A.); (D.C.); (D.C.); (S.T.); (G.R.); (C.Z.); (D.M.)
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13
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Vahldieck C, Fels B, Löning S, Nickel L, Weil J, Kusche-Vihrog K. Prolonged Door-to-Balloon Time Leads to Endothelial Glycocalyx Damage and Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2924. [PMID: 38001925 PMCID: PMC10669223 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) has been reported during acute ischemic events like ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). In STEMI, a door-to-balloon time (D2B) of <60 min was shown to reduce mortality and nonfatal complications. Here, we hypothesize that eGC condition is associated with D2B duration and endothelial function during STEMI. One hundred and twenty-six individuals were analyzed in this study (STEMI patients vs. age-/sex-matched healthy volunteers). After stimulating endothelial cells with patient/control sera, the eGC's nanomechanical properties (i.e., height/stiffness) were analyzed using the atomic force microscopy-based nanoindentation technique. eGC components were determined via ELISA, and measurements of nitric oxide levels (NO) were based on chemiluminescence. eGC height/stiffness (both p < 0.001), as well as NO concentration (p < 0.001), were reduced during STEMI. Notably, the D2B had a strong impact on the endothelial condition: a D2B > 60 min led to significantly higher serum concentrations of eGC components (syndecan-1: p < 0.001/heparan sulfate: p < 0.001/hyaluronic acid: p < 0.0001). A D2B > 60 min led to the pronounced loss of eGC height/stiffness (both, p < 0.001) with reduced NO concentrations (p < 0.01), activated the complement system (p < 0.001), and prolonged the hospital stay (p < 0.01). An increased D2B led to severe eGC shedding, with endothelial dysfunction in a temporal context. eGC components and pro-inflammatory mediators correlated with a prolonged D2B, indicating a time-dependent immune reaction during STEMI, with a decreased NO concentration. Thus, D2B is a crucial factor for eGC damage during STEMI. Clinical evaluation of the eGC condition might serve as an important predictor for the endothelial function of STEMI patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Vahldieck
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein Campus Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (B.F.); (K.K.-V.)
| | - Benedikt Fels
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (B.F.); (K.K.-V.)
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Luebeck/Kiel, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Samuel Löning
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (B.F.); (K.K.-V.)
| | - Laura Nickel
- Medizinische Klinik II, Sana Kliniken Luebeck, 23560 Luebeck, Germany (J.W.)
| | - Joachim Weil
- Medizinische Klinik II, Sana Kliniken Luebeck, 23560 Luebeck, Germany (J.W.)
| | - Kristina Kusche-Vihrog
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (B.F.); (K.K.-V.)
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Luebeck/Kiel, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
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14
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Chen J, Ding C, Cao J, Tong H, Chen Y. Heat stress combined with lipopolysaccharide induces pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell glycocalyx inflammatory damage in vitro. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1034. [PMID: 37904703 PMCID: PMC10552074 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stroke is a life-threatening disease with high mortality and complications. Endothelial glycocalyx (EGCX) is essential for maintaining endothelial cell structure and function as well as preventing the adhesion of inflammatory cells. Potential relationship that underlies the imbalance in inflammation and coagulation remains elusive. Moreover, the role of EGCX in heat stroke-induced organ injury remained unclear. Therefore, the current study aimed to illustrate if EGCX aggravates apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative damage in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC). Heat stress and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were employed to construct in vitro models to study the changes of glycocalyx structure and function, as well as levels of heparansulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), syndecan-1 (SDC-1), heparansulfate (HS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, Von Willebrand factor (vWF), endothelin-1 (ET-1), occludin, E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we showed that heat stress and LPS devastated EGCX structure, activated EGCX degradation, and triggered oxidative damage and apoptosis in HPMEC. Stimulation of heat stress and LPS decreased expression of HSPG, increased levels of SDC-1 and HS in culture supernatant, promoted the production and release of proinflammation cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6,) and coagulative factors (vWF and ET-1) in HPMEC. Furthermore, Expressions of E-selection, VCAM-1, and ROS were upregulated, while that of occludin was downregulated. These changes could be deteriorated by heparanase, whereas they meliorated by unfractionated heparin. This study indicated that EGCX may contribute to apoptosis and heat stroke-induced coagulopathy, and these effects may have been due to the decrease in the shedding of EGCX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine First WardThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Chengjia Ding
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of DongguanDongguan Hospital Affiliated to Jinan UniversityDongguanGuangdongChina
- The Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Critical Illness in Dongguan CityDongguanGuangdongChina
| | - Jingjing Cao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of DongguanDongguan Hospital Affiliated to Jinan UniversityDongguanGuangdongChina
- The Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Critical Illness in Dongguan CityDongguanGuangdongChina
| | - Huasheng Tong
- Department of Emergency MedicineGeneral Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLAGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of DongguanDongguan Hospital Affiliated to Jinan UniversityDongguanGuangdongChina
- The Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Critical Illness in Dongguan CityDongguanGuangdongChina
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15
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Sun L, Wang L, Ye KX, Wang S, Zhang R, Juan Z, Feng L, Min S. Endothelial Glycocalyx in Aging and Age-related Diseases. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1606-1617. [PMID: 37196119 PMCID: PMC10529737 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide population is aging exponentially, creating burdens to patients, their families and society. Increasing age is associated with higher risk of a wide range of chronic diseases, and aging of the vascular system is closely linked to the development of many age-related diseases. Endothelial glycocalyx is a layer of proteoglycan polymers on the surface of the inner lumen of blood vessels. It plays an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis and protecting various organ functions. Endothelial glycocalyx loss happens through the aging process and repairing the endothelial glycocalyx may alleviate the symptoms of age-related diseases. Given the important role of the glycocalyx and its regenerative properties, it is posited that the endothelial glycocalyx may be a potential therapeutic target for aging and age-related diseases and repairing endothelial glycocalyx could play a role in the promotion of healthy aging and longevity. Here, we review the composition, function, shedding, and manifestation of the endothelial glycocalyx in aging and age-related diseases, as well as regeneration of endothelial glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lingyan Wang
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Kaisy Xinhong Ye
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Shoushi Wang
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Zhaodong Juan
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Lei Feng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Su Min
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Sanicola HW, Stewart CE, Luther P, Yabut K, Guthikonda B, Jordan JD, Alexander JS. Pathophysiology, Management, and Therapeutics in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia: An Overview. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2023; 30:420-442. [PMID: 37755398 PMCID: PMC10536590 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology30030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of hemorrhagic stroke resulting from the rupture of an arterial vessel within the brain. Unlike other stroke types, SAH affects both young adults (mid-40s) and the geriatric population. Patients with SAH often experience significant neurological deficits, leading to a substantial societal burden in terms of lost potential years of life. This review provides a comprehensive overview of SAH, examining its development across different stages (early, intermediate, and late) and highlighting the pathophysiological and pathohistological processes specific to each phase. The clinical management of SAH is also explored, focusing on tailored treatments and interventions to address the unique pathological changes that occur during each stage. Additionally, the paper reviews current treatment modalities and pharmacological interventions based on the evolving guidelines provided by the American Heart Association (AHA). Recent advances in our understanding of SAH will facilitate clinicians' improved management of SAH to reduce the incidence of delayed cerebral ischemia in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry W. Sanicola
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
| | - Caleb E. Stewart
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
| | - Patrick Luther
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (P.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kevin Yabut
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (P.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Bharat Guthikonda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
| | - J. Dedrick Jordan
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
| | - J. Steven Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
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17
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Belousoviene E, Pranskuniene Z, Vaitkaitiene E, Pilvinis V, Pranskunas A. Effect of high-dose intravenous ascorbic acid on microcirculation and endothelial glycocalyx during sepsis and septic shock: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. BMC Anesthesiol 2023; 23:309. [PMID: 37700249 PMCID: PMC10496271 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-023-02265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate supplemental vitamin C improves microcirculation and reduces glycocalyx shedding in septic animals. Our randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial aimed to investigate whether a high dose of intravenous ascorbic acid (AA) might improve microcirculation and affect glycocalyx in septic patients. In our study, 23 septic patients were supplemented with a high dose (50 mg/kg every 6 h) of intravenous AA or placebo for 96 h. Sublingual microcirculation was examined using a handheld Cytocam-incident dark field (IDF) video microscope. A sidestream dark field video microscope (SDF), connected to the GlycoCheck software (GlycoCheck ICU®; Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands), was employed to observe glycocalyx. We found a significantly higher proportion of perfused small vessels (PPV) 6 h after the beginning of the trial in the experimental group compared with placebo. As an indicator of glycocalyx thickness, the perfused boundary region was lower in capillaries of the 5-9 μm diameter in the AA group than placebo after the first dose of AA. Our data suggest that high-dose parenteral AA tends to improve microcirculation and glycocalyx in the early period of septic shock. The study was retrospectively registered in the clinicaltrials.gov database on 26/02/2021 (registration number NCT04773717).
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Belousoviene
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu g. 2, Kaunas, LT-50161, Lithuania
| | - Zivile Pranskuniene
- Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr.13, Kaunas, LT-50162, Lithuania
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr.13, Kaunas, LT-50162, Lithuania
| | - Egle Vaitkaitiene
- Department of Disaster Medicine and Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu g. 4, Kaunas, LT-50161, Lithuania
| | - Vidas Pilvinis
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu g. 2, Kaunas, LT-50161, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Pranskunas
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu g. 2, Kaunas, LT-50161, Lithuania.
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Knežević D, Ćurko-Cofek B, Batinac T, Laškarin G, Rakić M, Šoštarič M, Zdravković M, Šustić A, Sotošek V, Batičić L. Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review and Clinical Implications. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10050213. [PMID: 37233179 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10050213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac surgery is one of the highest-risk procedures, usually involving cardiopulmonary bypass and commonly inducing endothelial injury that contributes to the development of perioperative and postoperative organ dysfunction. Substantial scientific efforts are being made to unravel the complex interaction of biomolecules involved in endothelial dysfunction to find new therapeutic targets and biomarkers and to develop therapeutic strategies to protect and restore the endothelium. This review highlights the current state-of-the-art knowledge on the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx and mechanisms of endothelial glycocalyx shedding in cardiac surgery. Particular emphasis is placed on potential strategies to protect and restore the endothelial glycocalyx in cardiac surgery. In addition, we have summarized and elaborated the latest evidence on conventional and potential biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction to provide a comprehensive synthesis of crucial mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, and to highlight their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijel Knežević
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tanja Batinac
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences I, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gordana Laškarin
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia
| | - Marijana Rakić
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia
| | - Maja Šoštarič
- Clinical Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Therapy, Division of Cardiac Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Clinical Center Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Zdravković
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Alan Šustić
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Sotošek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lara Batičić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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19
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Vahldieck C, Cianflone E, Fels B, Löning S, Depelmann P, Sabatino J, Salerno N, Karsten CM, Torella D, Weil J, Sun D, Goligorsky MS, Kusche-Vihrog K. Endothelial Glycocalyx and Cardiomyocyte Damage Is Prevented by Recombinant Syndecan-1 in Acute Myocardial Infarction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:474-492. [PMID: 36669683 PMCID: PMC10123521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The outer layer of endothelial cells (ECs), consisting of the endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) and the cortex (CTX), provides a protective barrier against vascular diseases. Structural and functional impairments of their mechanical properties are recognized as hallmarks of endothelial dysfunction and can lead to cardiovascular events, such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study investigated the effects of AMI on endothelial nanomechanics and function and the use of exogenous recombinant syndecan-1 (rSyn-1), a major component of the eGC, as recovering agent. ECs were exposed in vitro to serum samples collected from patients with AMI. In addition, in situ ECs of ex vivo aorta preparations derived from a mouse model for AMI were employed. Effects were quantified by using atomic force microscopy-based nanoindentation measurements, fluorescence staining, and histologic examination of the mouse hearts. AMI serum samples damaged eGC/CTX and augmented monocyte adhesion to the endothelial surface. In particular, the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a played an important role in these processes. The impairment of endothelial function could be prevented by rSyn-1 treatment. In the mouse model of myocardial infarction, pretreatment with rSyn-1 alleviated eGC/CTX deterioration and reduced cardiomyocyte damage in histologic analyses. However, echocardiographic measurements did not indicate a functional benefit. These results provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms of AMI-induced endothelial dysfunction and perspectives for future studies on the benefit of rSyn-1 in post-AMI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Vahldieck
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein Campus Luebeck, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Eleonora Cianflone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Benedikt Fels
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Luebeck/Kiel, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Samuel Löning
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Patrik Depelmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Jolanda Sabatino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital Padua, Padua, Italy; Pediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza", Padua, Italy
| | - Nadia Salerno
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Christian M Karsten
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Daniele Torella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Joachim Weil
- Medizinische Klinik II, Sana Kliniken Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Dong Sun
- Renal Research Institute and Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Michael S Goligorsky
- Renal Research Institute and Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Kristina Kusche-Vihrog
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Luebeck/Kiel, Luebeck, Germany
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20
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Schulz A, Drost CC, Hesse B, Beul K, Boeckel GR, Lukasz A, Pavenstädt H, Brand M, Di Marco GS. The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Target of Excess Soluble Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase-1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065380. [PMID: 36982455 PMCID: PMC10049398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) is a secreted protein that binds heparan sulfate expressed on the endothelial glycocalyx (eGC). In this paper we analyze how excess sFlt-1 causes conformational changes in the eGC, leading to monocyte adhesion, a key event triggering vascular dysfunction. In vitro exposure of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells to excess sFlt-1 decreased eGC height and increased stiffness as determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Yet, structural loss of the eGC components was not observed, as indicated by Ulex europaeus agglutinin I and wheat germ agglutinin staining. Moreover, the conformation observed under excess sFlt-1, a collapsed eGC, is flat and stiff with unchanged coverage and sustained content. Functionally, this conformation increased the endothelial adhesiveness to THP-1 monocytes by about 35%. Heparin blocked all these effects, but the vascular endothelial growth factor did not. In vivo administration of sFlt-1 in mice also resulted in the collapse of the eGC in isolated aorta analyzed ex vivo by AFM. Our findings show that excess sFlt-1 causes the collapse of the eGC and favors leukocyte adhesion. This study provides an additional mechanism of action by which sFlt-1 may cause endothelial dysfunction and injury.
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21
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Ahn SJ, Le Master E, Granados ST, Levitan I. Impairment of endothelial glycocalyx in atherosclerosis and obesity. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2023; 91:1-19. [PMID: 37080677 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial glycocalyx is a negatively charged gel-like layer located on the apical surface of endothelial cells. It serves as a selective two-way physical barrier between the flowing blood and the endothelium, which regulates the access of macromolecules and of blood cells to the endothelial surface. In addition, endothelial glycocalyx plays a major role in sensing mechanical signals generated by the blood flow and transducing these signals to maintain endothelial functions; Thus, dysfunction or disruption of endothelial glycocalyx in pathological condition leads to endothelial dysfunction and contributes to the development of vascular diseases. In this review, we discuss the impact of atherosclerosis with the following viewpoints: (i) hypercholesterolemic effects on endothelial glycocalyx degradation in animal models and human patients, (ii) disruption of endothelial glycocalyx by atherogenic lipoproteins, (iii) proatherogenic disturbed flow effects on endothelial glycocalyx degradation, (iv) pathological consequences of the loss of glycocalyx integrity in atherogenesis, and (v) therapeutic effect of glycocalyx supplementation on atherosclerosis development. Additionally, we also discuss recent studies in pathological effects of obesity on the disruption of endothelial glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Joon Ahn
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Le Master
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sara T Granados
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Irena Levitan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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22
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Purushothaman A, Mohajeri M, Lele TP. The role of glycans in the mechanobiology of cancer. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102935. [PMID: 36693448 PMCID: PMC9930169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cancer is a genetic disease, physical changes such as stiffening of the extracellular matrix also commonly occur in cancer. Cancer cells sense and respond to extracellular matrix stiffening through the process of mechanotransduction. Cancer cell mechanotransduction can enhance cancer-promoting cell behaviors such as survival signaling, proliferation, and migration. Glycans, carbohydrate-based polymers, have recently emerged as important mediators and/or modulators of cancer cell mechanotransduction. Stiffer tumors are characterized by increased glycan content on cancer cells and their associated extracellular matrix. Here we review the role of cancer-associated glycans in coupled mechanical and biochemical alterations during cancer progression. We discuss the recent evidence on how increased expression of different glycans, in the form of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, contributes to both mechanical changes in tumors and corresponding cancer cell responses. We conclude with a summary of emerging tools that can be used to modify glycans for future studies in cancer mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Purushothaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Mohammad Mohajeri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Tanmay P Lele
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA; Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas, USA.
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23
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Fatmi A, Saadi W, Beltrán-García J, García-Giménez JL, Pallardó FV. The Endothelial Glycocalyx and Neonatal Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010364. [PMID: 36613805 PMCID: PMC9820255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis carries a substantial risk of morbidity and mortality in newborns, especially preterm-born neonates. Endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) is a carbohydrate-rich layer lining the vascular endothelium, with important vascular barrier function and cell adhesion properties, serving also as a mechano-sensor for blood flow. eGC shedding is recognized as a fundamental pathophysiological process generating microvascular dysfunction, which in turn contributes to multiple organ failure and death in sepsis. Although the disruption of eGC and its consequences have been investigated intensively in the adult population, its composition, development, and potential mechanisms of action are still poorly studied during the neonatal period, and more specifically, in neonatal sepsis. Further knowledge on this topic may provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that guide the sepsis pathology during the neonatal period, and would increase the usefulness of endothelial glycocalyx dysfunction as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. We reviewed several components of the eGC that help to deeply understand the mechanisms involved in the eGC disruption during the neonatal period. In addition, we evaluated the potential of eGC components as biomarkers and future targets to develop therapeutic strategies for neonatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Fatmi
- INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Mixed Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Wiam Saadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature, Life and Earth Sciences, University of Djillali Bounaama, Khemis Miliana 44225, Algeria
| | - Jesús Beltrán-García
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - José Luis García-Giménez
- INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Mixed Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-386-46-46
| | - Federico V. Pallardó
- INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Mixed Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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24
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The Soluble Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase-1 Contributes to Structural and Functional Changes in Endothelial Cells in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416059. [PMID: 36555698 PMCID: PMC9787493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells are a critical target of the soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), a soluble factor increased in different diseases with varying degrees of renal impairment and endothelial dysfunction, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although the mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction are multifactorial and complex, herein, we investigated the damaging effects of sFlt-1 on structural and functional changes in endothelial cells. Our results evidenced that sera from patients with CKD stiffen the endothelial cell cortex in vitro, an effect correlated with sFlt-1 levels and prevented by sFlt-1 neutralization. Besides, we could show that recombinant sFlt-1 leads to endothelial stiffening in vitro and in vivo. This was accompanied by cytoskeleton reorganization and changes in the endothelial barrier function, as observed by increased actin polymerization and endothelial cell permeability, respectively. These results depended on the activation of the p38 MAPK and were blocked by the specific inhibitor SB203580. However, sFlt-1 only minimally affected the expression of stiffness-sensitive genes. These findings bring new insight into the mechanism of action of sFlt-1 and its biological effects that cannot be exclusively ascribed to the regulation of angiogenesis.
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25
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Garg PM, Denton MX, Talluri R, Ostrander MM, Middleton C, Sonani H, Varshney N, Hillegass WB. Clinical determinants and impact of hemorrhagic lesions on intestinal pathology in preterm infants with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2022; 16:119-128. [PMID: 36565070 DOI: 10.3233/npm-221116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the clinical and histopathological factors associated with intestinal hemorrhage and its correlation with clinical outcomes in neonates with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). METHODS A retrospective study compared clinical and histopathology information in neonates following surgical NEC with severe hemorrhage and those with mild/moderate hemorrhagic lesions seen on resected intestine pathology. RESULTS The infants with severe hemorrhage (Grade 3-4, 81/148, 54.7%) had significantly lower exposure to antenatal steroids (52.5 % vs 76.9 % ; p = 0.004), had higher gestational age (28.5 weeks [7.14] vs. 26.58 [2.90]; p = 0.034), lost more bowel length (p = 0.045), had higher CRP levels at 2 weeks (p = 0.035), and had less intestinal failure ([30.3 % vs 52.5 %]; p = 0.014) than mild/moderate (Grade 0-2, 67/148, 45.2%) hemorrhage group. Those with severe hemorrhage had significantly higher mean inflammation score (2.67 [0.94] vs. 1.63 [0.92]; p = <0.001), higher necrosis scores (1.95 [1.28] vs. 1.49 [1.35]; p = 0.037), higher neovascularization (p = 0.01), higher fibroblasts (p = 0.023) and higher lymphocyte percentages up to 48 hours (p < 0.05) following NEC than mild/ moderate hemorrhage group.On multivariable regression, less exposure to antenatal steroids (OR 0.18 [95% CI 0.05-0.58]; p = 0.005), higher inflammation (OR 3.7 [95% CI 2.09-7.32]; p = 0.001), and lymphocyte count on the day of onset/24 hours following NEC (OR 1.06 [95% CI 1.02-1.11]; p = 0.005) were independently associated with a higher odd of severe intestinal hemorrhage. CONCLUSION The surgical NEC infants with intestinal hemorrhage were less likely to have antenatal steroid exposure but had higher inflammation grade and lymphocyte counts following NEC onset on multivariable regression modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Garg
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - M X Denton
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - R Talluri
- Department of Data Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - M M Ostrander
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - C Middleton
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - H Sonani
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - N Varshney
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - W B Hillegass
- Department of Data Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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26
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Detwiler RE, Kramer JR. Preparation and applications of artificial mucins in biomedicine. CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE 2022; 26:101031. [PMID: 37283850 PMCID: PMC10243510 DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2022.101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Mucus is an essential barrier material that separates organisms from the outside world. This slippery material regulates the transport of nutrients, drugs, gases, and pathogens toward the cell surface. The surface of the cell itself is coated in a mucus-like barrier of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Mucin glycoproteins are the primary component of mucus and the epithelial glycocalyx. Aberrant mucin production is implicated in diverse disease states from cancer and inflammation to pre-term birth and infection. Biological mucins are inherently heterogenous in structure, which has challenged understanding their molecular functions as a barrier and as biochemically active proteins. Therefore, many synthetic materials have been developed as artificial mucins with precisely tunable structures. This review highlights advances in design and synthesis of artificial mucins and their application in biomedical studies of mucin chemistry, biology, and physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Detwiler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch
Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jessica R. Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch
Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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27
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Barrasa-Ramos S, Dessalles CA, Hautefeuille M, Barakat AI. Mechanical regulation of the early stages of angiogenesis. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220360. [PMID: 36475392 PMCID: PMC9727679 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Favouring or thwarting the development of a vascular network is essential in fields as diverse as oncology, cardiovascular disease or tissue engineering. As a result, understanding and controlling angiogenesis has become a major scientific challenge. Mechanical factors play a fundamental role in angiogenesis and can potentially be exploited for optimizing the architecture of the resulting vascular network. Largely focusing on in vitro systems but also supported by some in vivo evidence, the aim of this Highlight Review is dual. First, we describe the current knowledge with particular focus on the effects of fluid and solid mechanical stimuli on the early stages of the angiogenic process, most notably the destabilization of existing vessels and the initiation and elongation of new vessels. Second, we explore inherent difficulties in the field and propose future perspectives on the use of in vitro and physics-based modelling to overcome these difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Barrasa-Ramos
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Claire A. Dessalles
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Mathieu Hautefeuille
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (UMR7622), Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France,Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Abdul I. Barakat
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
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28
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Kohout VR, Wardzala CL, Kramer JR. Synthesis and biomedical applications of mucin mimic materials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 191:114540. [PMID: 36228896 PMCID: PMC10066857 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Mucin glycoproteins are the major component of mucus and coat epithelial cell surfaces forming the glycocalyx. The glycocalyx and mucus are involved in the transport of nutrients, drugs, gases, and pathogens toward the cell surface. Mucins are also involved in diverse diseases such as cystic fibrosis and cancer. Due to inherent heterogeneity in native mucin structure, many synthetic materials have been designed to probe mucin chemistry, biology, and physics. Such materials include various glycopolymers, low molecular weight glycopeptides, glycopolypeptides, polysaccharides, and polysaccharide-protein conjugates. This review highlights advances in the area of design and synthesis of mucin mimic materials, and their biomedical applications in glycan binding, epithelial models of infection, therapeutic delivery, vaccine formulation, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R Kohout
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Casia L Wardzala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jessica R Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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29
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Effects of Chronic Kidney Disease on Nanomechanics of the Endothelial Glycocalyx Are Mediated by the Mineralocorticoid Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810659. [PMID: 36142571 PMCID: PMC9503126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial mechanics control vascular reactivity and are regulated by the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its downstream target, the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD), but its mechanisms are poorly understood. We hypothesized that CKD disrupts endothelial mechanics in an MR/ENaC-dependent process. METHODS Primary human endothelial cells were cultured with uremic serum derived from children with stage 3-5 (predialysis) CKD or adult hemodialysis (HD) patients or healthy controls. The height and stiffness of the endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) and cortex were monitored by atomic force microscopy (AFM) using an ultrasensitive mechanical nanosensor. RESULTS In a stage-dependent manner, sera from children with CKD induced a significant increase in eGC and cortex stiffness and an incremental reduction of the eGC height. AFM measurements were significantly associated with individual pulse wave velocity and serum concentrations of gut-derived uremic toxins. Serum from HD patients increased MR expression and mechanical stiffness of the endothelial cortex, an effect reversed by MR and ENaC antagonists, decreased eNOS expression and NO bioavailability, and augmented monocyte adhesion. CONCLUSION These data indicate progressive structural damage of the endothelial surface with diminishing kidney function and identify the MR as a mediator of CKD-induced endothelial dysfunction.
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30
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Lindner M, Laporte A, Elomaa L, Lee-Thedieck C, Olmer R, Weinhart M. Flow-induced glycocalyx formation and cell alignment of HUVECs compared to iPSC-derived ECs for tissue engineering applications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:953062. [PMID: 36133919 PMCID: PMC9483120 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.953062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevance of cellular in vitro models highly depends on their ability to mimic the physiological environment of the respective tissue or cell niche. Static culture conditions are often unsuitable, especially for endothelial models, since they completely neglect the physiological surface shear stress and corresponding reactions of endothelial cells (ECs) such as alignment in the direction of flow. Furthermore, formation and maturation of the glycocalyx, the essential polysaccharide layer covering all endothelial surfaces and regulating diverse processes, is highly dependent on applied fluid flow. This fragile but utterly important macromolecular layer is hard to analyze, its importance is often underestimated and accordingly neglected in many endothelial models. Therefore, we exposed human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived ECs (iPSC-ECs) as two relevant EC models in a side-by-side comparison to static and physiological dynamic (6.6 dyn cm−2) culture conditions. Both cell types demonstrated an elongation and alignment along the flow direction, some distinct changes in glycocalyx composition on the surface regarding the main glycosaminoglycan components heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate or hyaluronic acid as well as an increased and thereby improved glycocalyx thickness and functionality when cultured under homogeneous fluid flow. Thus, we were able to demonstrate the maturity of the employed iPSC-EC model regarding its ability to sense fluid flow along with the general importance of physiological shear stress for glycocalyx formation. Additionally, we investigated EC monolayer integrity with and without application of surface shear stress, revealing a comparable existence of tight junctions for all conditions and a reorganization of the cytoskeleton upon dynamic culture leading to an increased formation of focal adhesions. We then fabricated cell sheets of EC monolayers after static and dynamic culture via non-enzymatic detachment using thermoresponsive polymer coatings as culture substrates. In a first proof-of-concept we were able to transfer an aligned iPSC-EC sheet to a 3D-printed scaffold thereby making a step in the direction of vascular modelling. We envision these results to be a valuable contribution to improvements of in vitro endothelial models and vascular engineering in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lindner
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Laporte
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Elomaa
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lee-Thedieck
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Olmer
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH–Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Marie Weinhart, ,
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31
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Goligorsky MS. Emerging Insights into Glomerular Vascular Pole and Microcirculation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:1641-1648. [PMID: 35853715 PMCID: PMC9529196 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The glomerular vascular pole is the gate for the afferent and efferent arterioles and mesangial cells and a frequent location of peripolar cells with an unclear function. It has been studied in definitive detail for >30 years, and functionally interrogated in the context of signal transduction from the macula densa to the mesangial cells and afferent arteriolar smooth muscle cells from 10 to 20 years ago. Two recent discoveries shed additional light on the vascular pole, with possibly far-reaching implications. One, which uses novel serial section electron microscopy, reveals a shorter capillary pathway between the basins of the afferent and efferent arterioles. Such a pathway, when patent, may short-circuit the multitude of capillaries in the glomerular tuft. Notably, this shorter capillary route is enclosed within the glomerular mesangium. The second study used anti-Thy1.1-induced mesangiolysis and intravital microscopy to unequivocally establish in vivo the long-suspected contractile function of mesangial cells, which have the ability to change the geometry and curvature of glomerular capillaries. These studies led me to hypothesize the existence of a glomerular perfusion rheostat, in which the shorter path periodically fluctuates between being more and less patent. This action reduces or increases blood flow through the entire glomerular capillary tuft. A corollary is that the GFR is a net product of balance between the states of capillary perfusion, and that deviations from the balanced state would increase or decrease GFR. Taken together, these studies may pave the way to a more profound understanding of glomerular microcirculation under basal conditions and in progression of glomerulopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Goligorsky
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College at the Touro University, Valhalla, New York
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Foote CA, Soares RN, Ramirez-Perez FI, Ghiarone T, Aroor A, Manrique-Acevedo C, Padilla J, Martinez-Lemus LA. Endothelial Glycocalyx. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3781-3811. [PMID: 35997082 PMCID: PMC10214841 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a polysaccharide structure that protrudes from the body of a cell. It is primarily conformed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which provide communication, electrostatic charge, ionic buffering, permeability, and mechanosensation-mechanotransduction capabilities to cells. In blood vessels, the endothelial glycocalyx that projects into the vascular lumen separates the vascular wall from the circulating blood. Such a physical location allows a number of its components, including sialic acid, glypican-1, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, to participate in the mechanosensation-mechanotransduction of blood flow-dependent shear stress, which results in the synthesis of nitric oxide and flow-mediated vasodilation. The endothelial glycocalyx also participates in the regulation of vascular permeability and the modulation of inflammatory responses, including the processes of leukocyte rolling and extravasation. Its structural architecture and negative charge work to prevent macromolecules greater than approximately 70 kDa and cationic molecules from binding and flowing out of the vasculature. This also prevents the extravasation of pathogens such as bacteria and virus, as well as that of tumor cells. Due to its constant exposure to shear and circulating enzymes such as neuraminidase, heparanase, hyaluronidase, and matrix metalloproteinases, the endothelial glycocalyx is in a continuous process of degradation and renovation. A balance favoring degradation is associated with a variety of pathologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular aging, metastatic cancer, and diabetic vasculopathies. Consequently, ongoing research efforts are focused on deciphering the mechanisms that promote glycocalyx degradation or limit its syntheses, as well as on therapeutic approaches to improve glycocalyx integrity with the goal of reducing vascular disease. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-31, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Foote
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rogerio N. Soares
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Annayya Aroor
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Need for a Paradigm Shift in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke: The Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169486. [PMID: 36012745 PMCID: PMC9409167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is essential to maintaining brain health. Aging-related alterations could lead to chronic progressive leakiness of the BBB, which is directly correlated with cerebrovascular diseases. Indeed, the BBB breakdown during acute ischemic stroke is critical. It remains unclear, however, whether BBB dysfunction is one of the first events that leads to brain disease or a down-stream consequence. This review will focus on the BBB dysfunction associated with cerebrovascular disease. An added difficulty is its association with the deleterious or reparative effect, which depends on the stroke phase. We will first outline the BBB structure and function. Then, we will focus on the spatiotemporal chronic, slow, and progressive BBB alteration related to ischemic stroke. Finally, we will propose a new perspective on preventive therapeutic strategies associated with brain aging based on targeting specific components of the BBB. Understanding BBB age-evolutions will be beneficial for new drug development and the identification of the best performance window times. This could have a direct impact on clinical translation and personalised medicine.
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Mineralocorticoid receptor-antagonism prevents COVID-19-dependent glycocalyx damage. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:1069-1076. [PMID: 35867189 PMCID: PMC9304794 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02726-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines target vascular endothelial cells during COVID-19 infections. In particular, the endothelial glycocalyx (eGC), a proteoglycan-rich layer on top of endothelial cells, was identified as a vulnerable, vasoprotective structure during infections. Thus, eGC damage can be seen as a hallmark in the development of endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory processes. Using sera derived from patients suffering from COVID-19, we could demonstrate that the eGC became progressively worse in relation to disease severity (mild vs severe course) and in correlation to IL-6 levels. This could be prevented by administering low doses of spironolactone, a well-known and highly specific aldosterone receptor antagonist. Our results confirm that SARS-CoV-2 infections cause eGC damage and endothelial dysfunction and we outline the underlying mechanisms and suggest potential therapeutic options.
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Kołodziejczyk AM, Grala MM, Zimon A, Białkowska K, Walkowiak B, Komorowski P. Investigation of HUVEC response to exposure to PAMAM dendrimers – changes in cell elasticity and vesicles release. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:375-392. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2097138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Maria Kołodziejczyk
- Nanomaterial Structural Research Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Zimon
- Nanomaterial Structural Research Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamila Białkowska
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bogdan Walkowiak
- Nanomaterial Structural Research Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Komorowski
- Nanomaterial Structural Research Laboratory, Bionanopark Ltd., Lodz, Poland
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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36
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Lansdell TA, Chambers LC, Dorrance AM. Endothelial Cells and the Cerebral Circulation. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3449-3508. [PMID: 35766836 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells form the innermost layer of all blood vessels and are the only vascular component that remains throughout all vascular segments. The cerebral vasculature has several unique properties not found in the peripheral circulation; this requires that the cerebral endothelium be considered as a unique entity. Cerebral endothelial cells perform several functions vital for brain health. The cerebral vasculature is responsible for protecting the brain from external threats carried in the blood. The endothelial cells are central to this requirement as they form the basis of the blood-brain barrier. The endothelium also regulates fibrinolysis, thrombosis, platelet activation, vascular permeability, metabolism, catabolism, inflammation, and white cell trafficking. Endothelial cells regulate the changes in vascular structure caused by angiogenesis and artery remodeling. Further, the endothelium contributes to vascular tone, allowing proper perfusion of the brain which has high energy demands and no energy stores. In this article, we discuss the basic anatomy and physiology of the cerebral endothelium. Where appropriate, we discuss the detrimental effects of high blood pressure on the cerebral endothelium and the contribution of cerebrovascular disease endothelial dysfunction and dementia. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3449-3508, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Lansdell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Laura C Chambers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Anne M Dorrance
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Richter RP, Ashtekar AR, Zheng L, Pretorius D, Kaushlendra T, Sanderson RD, Gaggar A, Richter JR. Glycocalyx heparan sulfate cleavage promotes endothelial cell angiopoietin-2 expression by impairing shear stress-related AMPK/FoxO1 signaling. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155010. [PMID: 35763350 PMCID: PMC9462499 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) is a key mediator of vascular disease during sepsis, and elevated plasma levels of Ang-2 are associated with organ injury scores and poor clinical outcomes. We have previously observed that biomarkers of endothelial glycocalyx (EG) damage correlate with plasma Ang-2 levels, suggesting a potential mechanistic linkage between EG injury and Ang-2 expression during states of systemic inflammation. However, the cell signaling mechanisms regulating Ang-2 expression following EG damage are unknown. In the current study, we determined the temporal associations between plasma heparan sulfate (HS) levels as a marker of EG erosion and plasma Ang-2 levels in children with sepsis and in mouse models of sepsis. Secondly, we evaluated the role of shear stress-mediated 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in Ang-2 expression following enzymatic HS cleavage from the surface of human primary lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC). We found that plasma HS levels peak prior to plasma Ang-2 levels in children and mice with sepsis. Further, we discovered that impaired AMPK signaling contributes to increased Ang-2 expression following HS cleavage from flow conditioned HLMVECs, establishing a novel paradigm by which Ang-2 may be upregulated during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Richter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America
| | - Amit R Ashtekar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America
| | - Danielle Pretorius
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America
| | - Tripathi Kaushlendra
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America
| | - Jillian R Richter
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America
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Milusev A, Rieben R, Sorvillo N. The Endothelial Glycocalyx: A Possible Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disorders. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:897087. [PMID: 35647072 PMCID: PMC9136230 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.897087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological, anti-inflammatory, and anti-coagulant properties of endothelial cells (ECs) rely on a complex carbohydrate-rich layer covering the luminal surface of ECs, called the glycocalyx. In a range of cardiovascular disorders, glycocalyx shedding causes endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, underscoring the importance of glycocalyx preservation to avoid disease initiation and progression. In this review we discuss the physiological functions of the glycocalyx with particular focus on how loss of endothelial glycocalyx integrity is linked to cardiovascular risk factors, like hypertension, aging, diabetes and obesity, and contributes to the development of thrombo-inflammatory conditions. Finally, we consider the role of glycocalyx components in regulating inflammatory responses and discuss possible therapeutic interventions aiming at preserving or restoring the endothelial glycocalyx and therefore protecting against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Milusev
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Rieben
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicoletta Sorvillo
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nicoletta Sorvillo
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Rapid shear stress-dependent ENaC membrane insertion is mediated by the endothelial glycocalyx and the mineralocorticoid receptor. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:235. [PMID: 35397686 PMCID: PMC8995297 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of the shear stress-sensitive epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) to the mechanical properties of the endothelial cell surface under (patho)physiological conditions is unclear. This issue was addressed in in vivo and in vitro models for endothelial dysfunction. Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were exposed to laminar (LSS) or non-laminar shear stress (NLSS). ENaC membrane insertion was quantified using Quantum-dot-based immunofluorescence staining and the mechanical properties of the cell surface were probed with the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) in vitro and ex vivo in isolated aortae of C57BL/6 and ApoE/LDLR-/- mice. Flow- and acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation was measured in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging. Acute LSS led to a rapid mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-dependent membrane insertion of ENaC and subsequent stiffening of the endothelial cortex caused by actin polymerization. Of note, NLSS stress further augmented the cortical stiffness of the cells. These effects strongly depend on the presence of the endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) and could be prevented by functional inhibition of ENaC and MR in vitro endothelial cells and ex vivo endothelial cells derived from C57BL/6, but not ApoE/LDLR-/- vessel. In vivo In C57BL/6 vessels, ENaC- and MR inhibition blunted flow- and acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation, while in the dysfunctional ApoE/LDLR-/- vessels, this effect was absent. In conclusion, under physiological conditions, endothelial ENaC, together with the glycocalyx, was identified as an important shear stress sensor and mediator of endothelium-dependent vasodilation. In contrast, in pathophysiological conditions, ENaC-mediated mechanotransduction and endothelium-dependent vasodilation were lost, contributing to sustained endothelial stiffening and dysfunction.
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40
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Rao TC, Beggs RR, Ankenbauer KE, Hwang J, Ma VPY, Salaita K, Bellis SL, Mattheyses AL. ST6Gal-I-mediated sialylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor modulates cell mechanics and enhances invasion. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101726. [PMID: 35157848 PMCID: PMC8956946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity within the glycocalyx influences cell adhesion mechanics and signaling. However, the role of specific glycosylation subtypes in influencing cell mechanics via alterations of receptor function remains unexplored. It has been shown that the addition of sialic acid to terminal glycans impacts growth, development, and cancer progression. In addition, the sialyltransferase ST6Gal-I promotes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity, and we have shown EGFR is an 'allosteric mechano-organizer' of integrin tension. Here, we investigated the impact of ST6Gal-I on cell mechanics. Using DNA-based tension gauge tether probes of variable thresholds, we found that high ST6Gal-I activity promotes increased integrin forces and spreading in Cos-7 and OVCAR3, OVCAR5, and OV4 cancer cells. Further, employing inhibitors and function-blocking antibodies against β1, β3, and β5 integrins and ST6Gal-I targets EGFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor, and Fas cell surface death receptor, we validated that the observed phenotypes are EGFR-specific. We found that while tension, contractility, and adhesion are extracellular-signal-regulated kinase pathway-dependent, spreading, proliferation, and invasion are phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt serine/threonine kinase dependent. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, we also show that high ST6Gal-I activity leads to sustained EGFR membrane retention, making it a key regulator of cell mechanics. Our findings suggest a novel sialylation-dependent mechanism orchestrating cellular mechanics and enhancing cell motility via EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejeshwar C Rao
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Reena R Beggs
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Katherine E Ankenbauer
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jihye Hwang
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan L Bellis
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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41
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Holuigue H, Lorenc E, Chighizola M, Schulte C, Varinelli L, Deraco M, Guaglio M, Gariboldi M, Podestà A. Force Sensing on Cells and Tissues by Atomic Force Microscopy. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22062197. [PMID: 35336366 PMCID: PMC8955449 DOI: 10.3390/s22062197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are aimed at detecting tiny physical and chemical stimuli in biological systems. Physical forces are ubiquitous, being implied in all cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation. Given the strong interplay between cells and their microenvironment, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the structural and mechanical properties of the ECM play an important role in the transmission of external stimuli to single cells within the tissue. Vice versa, cells themselves also use self-generated forces to probe the biophysical properties of the ECM. ECM mechanics influence cell fate, regulate tissue development, and show peculiar features in health and disease conditions of living organisms. Force sensing in biological systems is therefore crucial to dissecting and understanding complex biological processes, such as mechanotransduction. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), which can both sense and apply forces at the nanoscale, with sub-nanonewton sensitivity, represents an enabling technology and a crucial experimental tool in biophysics and mechanobiology. In this work, we report on the application of AFM to the study of biomechanical fingerprints of different components of biological systems, such as the ECM, the whole cell, and cellular components, such as the nucleus, lamellipodia and the glycocalyx. We show that physical observables such as the (spatially resolved) Young’s Modulus (YM) of elasticity of ECMs or cells, and the effective thickness and stiffness of the glycocalyx, can be quantitatively characterized by AFM. Their modification can be correlated to changes in the microenvironment, physio-pathological conditions, or gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Holuigue
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy; (H.H.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Ewelina Lorenc
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy; (H.H.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Matteo Chighizola
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy; (H.H.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Carsten Schulte
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy; (H.H.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Luca Varinelli
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcello Deraco
- Peritoneal Surface Malignancies Unit, Colorectal Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.D.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcello Guaglio
- Peritoneal Surface Malignancies Unit, Colorectal Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.D.); (M.G.)
| | - Manuela Gariboldi
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Alessandro Podestà
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy; (H.H.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence:
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42
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Rizzoni D, Mengozzi A, Masi S, Agabiti Rosei C, De Ciuceis C, Virdis A. New Noninvasive Methods to Evaluate Microvascular Structure and Function. Hypertension 2022; 79:874-886. [PMID: 35114816 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The structural and functional alterations of microvessels are detected because of physiological aging and in several cardiometabolic diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. The small resistance arteries of these patients show an increase in the media or total wall thickness to internal lumen diameter ratio (MLR or WLR), often accompanied by endothelial dysfunction. For decades, micromyography has been considered as a gold standard method for evaluating microvascular structural alterations through the measurement of MLR or WLR of subcutaneous small vessels dissected from tissue biopsies. Micromyography is the most common and reliable method for assessing microcirculatory endothelial function ex vivo, while strain-gauge venous plethysmography is considered the reference technique for in vivo studies. Recently, several noninvasive methods have been proposed to extend the microvasculature evaluation to a broader range of patients and clinical settings. Scanning laser Doppler flowmetry and adaptive optics are increasingly used to estimate the WLR of retinal arterioles. Microvascular endothelial function may be evaluated in the retina by flicker light stimulus, in the finger by tonometric approaches, or in the cutaneous or sublingual tissues by laser Doppler flowmetry or intravital microscopy. The main limitation of these techniques is the lack of robust evidence on their prognostic value, which currently reduces their widespread use in daily clinical practice. Ongoing and future studies will overcome this issue, hopefully moving the noninvasive assessment of the microvascular function and structure from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Rizzoni
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy (D.R., C.A., C.D.C.).,Division of Medicine, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari (Brescia), Italy (D.R.)
| | - Alessandro Mengozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy (A.M., S.M., A.V.).,Institute of Life Science, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy (A.M.)
| | - Stefano Masi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy (A.M., S.M., A.V.).,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (S.M.)
| | - Claudia Agabiti Rosei
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy (D.R., C.A., C.D.C.)
| | - Carolina De Ciuceis
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy (D.R., C.A., C.D.C.)
| | - Agostino Virdis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy (A.M., S.M., A.V.)
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Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda K, Kij A, Olkowicz M, Fels B, Kusche-Vihrog K, Walczak M, Chlopicki S. Simultaneous quantification of selected glycosaminoglycans by butanolysis-based derivatization and LC-SRM/MS analysis for assessing glycocalyx disruption in vitro and in vivo. Talanta 2022; 238:123008. [PMID: 34857342 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) constitute the main building blocks of the endothelial glycocalyx (GLX), and disruption of GLX initiates and promotes endothelial dysfunction. Here, we aimed to develop a novel, specific and accurate LC-SRM/MS-based method for glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) profiling. The method involved butanolysis derivatization to facilitate GAG-specific disaccharide generation and its subsequent retention in LC-reversed-phase mode followed by mass spectrometric detection performed in positive ion-selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. GAG contents were measured in media of endothelial cells (EA.hy926) subjected to various GAG-degrading enzymes, as well as in murine plasma and urine in apolipoprotein E/low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (ApoE/LDLR -/-) mice and age-matched wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Alternatively, GLX disruption was verified by atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based analysis of GLX thickness. The proposed assay to quantify GAG-specific disaccharides presented high sensitivity for each of the analytes (LLOQ: 0.05-0.1 μg/mL) as well as accuracy and precision (86.8-114.9% and 2.0-14.3%, respectively). In medium of EA.hy926 cells subjected to GAG-degrading enzymes various GAG-specific disaccharides indicating the degradation of keratan sulphate (KS), heparan sulphate (HS), chondroitin sulphate (CHS) or hyaluronan (HA) were detected as predicted based on the characteristics of individual enzyme activity. In turn, AFM-based assessment of GLX thickness was reduced to a similar extent by all single enzyme treatments, whereas the most prominent reduction of GLX thickness was detected following the enzyme mixture. Plasma measurements of GAGs revealed age- and hypercholesterolemia-dependent decrease in GAGs concentration. In summary, a novel LC-SRM/MS-based method for GAG profiling was proposed that may inform on GLX status in cell culture for both in vitro and in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariola Olkowicz
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Benedikt Fels
- Universität zu Lübeck, Institut für Physiologie, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Gebäude 61, D-23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kristina Kusche-Vihrog
- Universität zu Lübeck, Institut für Physiologie, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Gebäude 61, D-23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maria Walczak
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian University Medical College, Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian University Medical College, Chair of Pharmacology, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531, Krakow, Poland.
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Winkler MBL, Nel L, Frain KM, Dedic E, Olesen E, Pedersen BP. Sterol uptake by the NPC system in eukaryotes: a Saccharomyces cerevisiae perspective. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:160-179. [PMID: 34897668 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sterols are an essential component of membranes in all eukaryotic cells and the precursor of multiple indispensable cellular metabolites. After endocytotic uptake, sterols are integrated into the lysosomal membrane by the Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) system before redistribution to other membranes. The process is driven by two proteins that, together, compose the NPC system: the lysosomal sterol shuttle protein NPC2 and the membrane protein NPC1 (named NCR1 in fungi), which integrates sterols into the lysosomal membrane. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae NPC system provides a compelling model to study the molecular mechanism of sterol integration into membranes and sterol homeostasis. This review summarizes recent advances in the field, and by interpreting available structural data, we propose a unifying conceptual model for sterol loading, transfer and transport by NPC proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael B L Winkler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Lynette Nel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kelly M Frain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Emil Dedic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Esben Olesen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Stoddart P, Satchell SC, Ramnath R. Cerebral microvascular endothelial glycocalyx damage, its implications on the blood-brain barrier and a possible contributor to cognitive impairment. Brain Res 2022; 1780:147804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Biomechanical properties of endothelial glycocalyx: An imperfect pendulum. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100087. [PMID: 34820618 PMCID: PMC8596327 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This review seeks to fuse the discoveries in cell biology with mechanical engineering to produce a comprehensive biophysical model of endothelial glycocalyx. The aperiodic oscillatory motions of glycocalyx and cortical actin web underlie our prediction of two functional pacemakers and their participation in the outside-in signaling, the basis for mechanotransduction, and the dampening action of the inside-out signaling. Advancing an idea that the glycocalyx, plasma membrane, and cortical actin web represent a structure-functional unit and proposing the concept of tensegrity model. Presentation of our recent data suggesting that erythrocytes are gliding or havering and rotating over the surface of intact glycocalyx, whereas the rotational and hovering components of their passage along the capillaries are lost when glycocalyx of either is degraded.
Endothelial glycocalyx plays a crucial role in hemodynamics in health and disease, yet studying it is met by multiple technical hindrances. We attempted to outline our views on some biomechanical properties of endothelial glycocalyx, which are potentially amenable to mathematical modeling. We start with the null-hypothesis ascribing to glycocalyx the properties of a pendulum and reject this hypothesis on the grounds of multiple obstacles for pendulum behavior, such as rich decoration with flexible negatively charged side-chains, variable length and density, fluid fixation to the plasma membrane. We next analyze the current views on membrane attachments to the cortical actin web, its pulsatile contraction-relaxation cycles which rebound to the changes in tension of the plasma membrane. Based on this, we consider the outside-in signaling, the basis for mechanotransduction, and the dampening action of the inside-out signaling. The aperiodic oscillatory motions of glycocalyx and cortical actin web underlie our prediction of two functional pacemakers. We next advance an idea that the glycocalyx, plasma membrane, and cortical actin web represent a structure-functional unit and propose the concept of tensegrity model. Finally, we present our recent data suggesting that erythrocytes are gliding or hovering and rotating over the surface of intact glycocalyx, whereas the rotational and hovering components of their passage along the capillaries are lost when glycocalyx of either is degraded. These insights into the mechanics of endothelial glycocalyx motions may be of value in crosspollination between biomechanics, physiology, and pathophysiology for deeper appreciation of its rich untapped resources in health and pharmacotherapy in disease.
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47
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Oberleithner H. Quantifying salt sensitivity. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1597-1602. [PMID: 34505462 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Inner surfaces of blood vessels and outer surfaces of erythrocytes are coated with a negatively charged protective film of proteoglycans, which serves as an effective buffer system for the positively charged sodium ions. If this protective coating is poorly developed or impaired, it loses its buffering capacity. As a consequence, the organism becomes increasingly sensitive to sodium, which in the long run leads to organ damage, especially if daily salt consumption is high. Recently, it has become possible to quantify salt sensitivity using a technically simple method - the salt blood test (SBT). Aim of this mini-review is to explain the physiological concept underlying the SBT and its potential practical relevance in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Oberleithner
- Institute of Physiology II, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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48
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Qu J, Cheng Y, Wu W, Yuan L, Liu X. Glycocalyx Impairment in Vascular Disease: Focus on Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:730621. [PMID: 34589494 PMCID: PMC8473795 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.730621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a complex polysaccharide-protein layer lining the lumen of vascular endothelial cells. Changes in the structure and function of the glycocalyx promote an inflammatory response in blood vessels and play an important role in the pathogenesis of many vascular diseases (e.g., diabetes, atherosclerosis, and sepsis). Vascular endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of inflammation-related diseases. Endothelial dysfunction can lead to tissue swelling, chronic inflammation, and thrombosis. Therefore, elimination of endothelial inflammation could be a potential target for the treatment of vascular diseases. This review summarizes the key role of the glycocalyx in the inflammatory process and the possible mechanism by which it alleviates this process by interrupting the cycle of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Especially, we highlight the roles of different components of the glycocalyx in modulating the inflammatory process, including components that regulate leukocyte rolling, L-selectin binding, inflammasome activation and the signaling interactions between the glycocalyx components and the vascular cells. We discuss how the glycocalyx interferes with the development of inflammation and the importance of preventing glycocalyx impairment. Finally, drawing on current understanding of the role of the glycocalyx in inflammation, we consider a potential strategy for the treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenchao Wu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixing Yuan
- Public Laboratory of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Puchwein-Schwepcke A, Genzel-Boroviczény O, Nussbaum C. The Endothelial Glycocalyx: Physiology and Pathology in Neonates, Infants and Children. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:733557. [PMID: 34540845 PMCID: PMC8440834 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.733557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx (EG) as part of the endothelial surface layer (ESL) is an important regulator of vascular function and homeostasis, including permeability, vascular tone, leukocyte recruitment and coagulation. Located at the interface between the endothelium and the blood stream, this highly fragile structure is prone to many disruptive factors such as inflammation and oxidative stress. Shedding of the EG has been described in various acute and chronic diseases characterized by endothelial dysfunction and angiopathy, such as sepsis, trauma, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Circulating EG components including syndecan-1, hyaluronan and heparan sulfate are being evaluated in animal and clinical studies as diagnostic and prognostic markers in several pathologies, and advances in microscopic techniques have enabled in vivo assessment of the EG. While research regarding the EG in adult physiology and pathology has greatly advanced throughout the last decades, our knowledge of the development of the glycocalyx and its involvement in pathological conditions in the pediatric population is limited. Current evidence suggests that the EG is present early during fetal development and plays a critical role in vessel formation and maturation. Like in adults, EG shedding has been demonstrated in acute inflammatory conditions in infants and children and chronic diseases with childhood-onset. However, the underlying mechanisms and their contribution to disease manifestation and progression still need to be established. In the future, the glycocalyx might serve as a marker to identify pediatric patients at risk for vascular sequelae and as a potential target for early interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Puchwein-Schwepcke
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Orsolya Genzel-Boroviczény
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Nussbaum
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Schenck H, Netti E, Teernstra O, De Ridder I, Dings J, Niemelä M, Temel Y, Hoogland G, Haeren R. The Role of the Glycocalyx in the Pathophysiology of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Delayed Cerebral Ischemia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:731641. [PMID: 34540844 PMCID: PMC8446455 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is an important constituent of blood vessels located between the bloodstream and the endothelium. It plays a pivotal role in intercellular interactions in neuroinflammation, reduction of vascular oxidative stress, and provides a barrier regulating vascular permeability. In the brain, the glycocalyx is closely related to functions of the blood-brain barrier and neurovascular unit, both responsible for adequate neurovascular responses to potential threats to cerebral homeostasis. An aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) occurs following rupture of an intracranial aneurysm and leads to immediate brain damage (early brain injury). In some cases, this can result in secondary brain damage, also known as delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). DCI is a life-threatening condition that affects up to 30% of all aSAH patients. As such, it is associated with substantial societal and healthcare-related costs. Causes of DCI are multifactorial and thought to involve neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, thrombosis, and neurovascular uncoupling. To date, prediction of DCI is limited, and preventive and effective treatment strategies of DCI are scarce. There is increasing evidence that the glycocalyx is disrupted following an aSAH, and that glycocalyx disruption could precipitate or aggravate DCI. This review explores the potential role of the glycocalyx in the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to DCI following aSAH. Understanding the role of the glycocalyx in DCI could advance the development of improved methods to predict DCI or identify patients at risk for DCI. This knowledge may also alter the methods and timing of preventive and treatment strategies of DCI. To this end, we review the potential and limitations of methods currently used to evaluate the glycocalyx, and strategies to restore or prevent glycocalyx shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Schenck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Eliisa Netti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Onno Teernstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Inger De Ridder
- Department of Neurology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jim Dings
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yasin Temel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Govert Hoogland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Roel Haeren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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