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Toivainen S, Petrella M, Xu L, Visser E, Weiss T, Vellere S, Zeier Z, Wahlestedt C, Barbier E, Domi E, Heilig M. Generation and Characterization of a Novel Prkcd-Cre Rat Model. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0528242024. [PMID: 38977300 PMCID: PMC11308323 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0528-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Activity of central amygdala (CeA) PKCδ expressing neurons has been linked to appetite regulation, anxiety-like behaviors, pain sensitivity, and addiction-related behaviors. Studies of the role that CeA PKCδ+ neurons play in these behaviors have largely been carried out in mice, and genetic tools that would allow selective manipulation of PKCδ+ cells in rats have been lacking. Here, we used a CRISPR/Cas9 strategy to generate a transgenic Prkcd-cre knock-in rat and characterized this model using anatomical, electrophysiological, and behavioral approaches in both sexes. In the CeA, Cre was selectively expressed in PKCδ+ cells. Anterograde projections of PKCδ+ neurons to cortical regions, subcortical regions, several hypothalamic nuclei, the amygdala complex, and midbrain dopaminergic regions were largely consistent with published mouse data. In a behavioral screen, we found no differences between Cre+ rats and Cre- wild-type littermates. Optogenetic stimulation of CeA PKCδ+ neurons in a palatable food intake assay resulted in an increased latency to first feeding and decreased total food intake, once again replicating published mouse findings. Lastly, using a real-time place preference task, we found that stimulation of PKCδ+ neurons promoted aversion, without affecting locomotor activity. Collectively, these findings establish the novel Prkcd-Cre rat line as a valuable tool that complements available mouse lines for investigating the functional role of PKCδ+ neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Toivainen
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping 58225, Sweden
| | - Michele Petrella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping 58225, Sweden
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping 58225, Sweden
| | - Esther Visser
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping 58225, Sweden
| | - Tamina Weiss
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping 58225, Sweden
| | - Sofia Vellere
- School of Pharmacy, Center for Neuroscience, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Zane Zeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Claes Wahlestedt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Estelle Barbier
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping 58225, Sweden
| | - Esi Domi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping 58225, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, Center for Neuroscience, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Markus Heilig
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping 58225, Sweden
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2
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Kuhn BN, Cannella N, Crow AD, Lunerti V, Gupta A, Walterhouse SJ, Allen C, Chalhoub RM, Dereschewitz E, Roberts AT, Cockerham M, Beeson A, Nall RW, Palmer AA, Hardiman G, Solberg Woods LC, Chung D, Ciccocioppo R, Kalivas PW. A multi-symptomatic model of heroin use disorder in rats reveals distinct behavioral profiles and neuronal correlates of heroin vulnerability versus resiliency. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.22.581440. [PMID: 39211180 PMCID: PMC11361156 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.22.581440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Objective The behavioral and diagnostic heterogeneity within human opioid use disorder (OUD) diagnosis is not readily captured in current animal models, limiting translational relevance of the mechanistic research that is conducted in experimental animals. We hypothesize that a non-linear clustering of OUD-like behavioral traits will capture population heterogeneity and yield subpopulations of OUD vulnerable rats with distinct behavioral and neurocircuit profiles. Methods Over 900 male and female heterogeneous stock rats, a line capturing genetic and behavioral heterogeneity present in humans, were assessed for several measures of heroin use and rewarded and non-rewarded seeking behaviors. Using a non-linear stochastic block model clustering analysis, rats were assigned to OUD vulnerable, intermediate and resilient clusters. Additional behavioral tests and circuit analyses using c-fos protein activation were conducted on the vulnerable and resilient subpopulations. Results OUD vulnerable rats exhibited greater heroin taking and seeking behaviors relative to those in the intermediate and resilient clusters. Akin to human OUD diagnosis, further vulnerable rat sub-clustering revealed subpopulations with different combinations of behavioral traits, including sex differences. Lastly, heroin cue-induced neuronal patterns of circuit activation differed between resilient and vulnerable phenotypes. Behavioral sex differences were recapitulated in patterns of circuitry activation, including males preferentially engaging extended amygdala stress circuitry, and females cortico-striatal drug cue-seeking circuitry. Conclusion Using a non-linear clustering approach in rats, we captured behavioral diagnostic heterogeneity reflective of human OUD diagnosis. OUD vulnerability and resiliency were associated with distinct neuronal activation patterns, posing this approach as a translational tool in assessing neurobiological mechanisms underpinning OUD.
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3
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Crombag HS, Duka T, Stephens DN. The Continuing Challenges of Studying Parallel Behaviours in Humans and Animal Models. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38976140 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2024_485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The use of animal models continues to be essential for carrying out research into clinical phenomena, including addiction. However, the complexity of the clinical condition inevitably means that even the best animal models are inadequate, and this may go some way to account for the apparent failures of discoveries from animal models, including the identification of potential novel therapies, to translate to the clinic. We argue here that it is overambitious and misguided in the first place to attempt to model complex, multifacetted human disorders such as addiction in animals, and especially in rodents, and that all too frequently "validity" of such models is limited to superficial similarities, referred to as "face validity", that reflect quite different underlying phenomena and biological processes from the clinical situation. Instead, a more profitable approach is to identify (a) well-defined intermediate human behavioural phenotypes that reflect defined, limited aspects of, or contributors to, the human clinical disorder, and (b) to develop animal models that are homologous with those discrete human behavioural phenotypes in terms of psychological processes, and underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Examples of past and continuing weaknesses and suggestions for more limited approaches that may allow better homology between the test animal and human condition are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans S Crombag
- School of Psychology and Sussex Neuroscience, The University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | - Theodora Duka
- School of Psychology and Sussex Neuroscience, The University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - David N Stephens
- School of Psychology and Sussex Neuroscience, The University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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4
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Zaparte A, Dore E, White S, Paliarin F, Gabriel C, Copenhaver K, Basavanhalli S, Garcia E, Vaddavalli R, Luo M, Taylor CM, Welsh DA, Maiya R. Standard rodent diets differentially impact alcohol consumption, preference, and gut microbiome diversity. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1383181. [PMID: 38803684 PMCID: PMC11129685 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1383181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex and widespread disease with limited pharmacotherapies. Preclinical animal models of AUD use a variety of voluntary alcohol consumption procedures to recapitulate different phases of AUD, including binge alcohol consumption and dependence. However, voluntary alcohol consumption in mice is widely variable, making it difficult to reproduce results across labs. Accumulating evidence indicates that different brands of commercially available rodent chow can profoundly influence alcohol intake. In this study, we investigated the effects of three commercially available and widely used rodent diet formulations on alcohol consumption and preference in C57BL/6 J mice using the 24 h intermittent access procedure. The three brands of chow tested were LabDiet 5,001 (LD5001), LabDiet 5,053 (LD5053), and Teklad 2019S (TL2019S) from two companies (Research Diets and Envigo, respectively). Mice fed LD5001 and LD5053 displayed higher levels of alcohol consumption and preference compared to mice fed TL2019S. We also found that alcohol consumption and preference could be rapidly switched by changing the diet 48 h prior to alcohol administration. Sucrose, saccharin, and quinine preferences were not altered, suggesting that the diets did not alter sweet and bitter taste perception. We also found that mice fed LD5001 displayed increased quinine-resistant alcohol intake compared to mice fed TL2019S, suggesting that diets could influence the development of compulsive behaviors such as alcohol consumption. We profiled the gut microbiome of water- and alcohol-drinking mice that were maintained on different diets and found significant differences in bacterial alpha- and beta-diversities, which could impact the gut-brain axis signaling and alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Zaparte
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Evan Dore
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Selby White
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Franciely Paliarin
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Cameron Gabriel
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Katherine Copenhaver
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Samhita Basavanhalli
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Emily Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Rishith Vaddavalli
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Christopher M. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - David Allen Welsh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Rajani Maiya
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
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5
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Becker HC, Lopez MF. Animal Models of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in Rodents. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38340255 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2024_461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The development of animal models that demonstrate excessive levels of alcohol consumption has played an important role in advancing our knowledge about neurobiological underpinnings and environmental circumstances that engender such maladaptive behavior. The use of these preclinical models has also provided valuable opportunities for discovering new and novel therapeutic targets that may be useful in the treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD). While no single model can fully capture the complexities of AUD, the goal is to develop animal models that closely approximate characteristics of heavy alcohol drinking in humans to enhance their translational value and utility. A variety of experimental approaches have been employed to produce the desired phenotype of interest-robust and reliable excessive levels of alcohol drinking. Here we provide an updated review of five animal models that are commonly used. The models entail procedural manipulations of scheduled access to alcohol (time of day, duration, frequency), periods of time when access to alcohol is withheld, and history of alcohol exposure. Specially, the models involve (a) scheduled access to alcohol, (b) scheduled periods of alcohol deprivation, (c) scheduled intermittent access to alcohol, (d) scheduled-induced polydipsia, and (e) chronic alcohol (dependence) and withdrawal experience. Each of the animal models possesses unique experimental features that engender excessive levels of alcohol consumption. Both advantages and disadvantages of each model are described along with discussion of future work to be considered in developing more optimal models. Ultimately, the validity and utility of these models will lie in their ability to aid in the discovery of new and novel potential therapeutic targets as well as serve as a platform to evaluate treatment strategies that effectively reduce excessive levels of alcohol consumption associated with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard C Becker
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
- RHJ Veterans Administration Health Care System, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Marcelo F Lopez
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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6
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Zaparte A, Dore E, White S, Paliarin F, Gabriel C, Copenhaver K, Basavanhalli S, Garcia E, Vaddavalli R, Luo M, Taylor CM, Welsh D, Maiya R. Standard rodent diets differentially impact alcohol consumption and preference and gut microbiome diversity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579237. [PMID: 38370762 PMCID: PMC10871281 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a complex and widespread disease with limited pharmacotherapies. Preclinical animal models of AUD use a variety of voluntary alcohol consumption procedures to recapitulate different phases of AUD including binge alcohol consumption and dependence. However, voluntary alcohol consumption in mice is widely variable rendering it difficult to reproduce results across labs. Accumulating evidence indicates that different brands of commercially available rodent chow can profoundly influence alcohol intake. In this study, we investigated the effects of three commercially available and widely used rodent diet formulations on alcohol consumption and preference in C57BL/6J mice using the 24h intermittent access procedure. The three brands of chow tested were LabDiet 5001 (LD 5001), LabDiet 5053 (LD 5053), and Teklad 2019S (TL2019S) from two companies (Research Diets and Envigo respectively). Mice fed LD5001 displayed the highest levels of alcohol consumption and preference followed by LD5053 and TL2019S. We also found that alcohol consumption and preference could be rapidly switched by changing the diet 48h prior to alcohol administration. Sucrose, saccharin, and quinine preference were not altered suggesting that the diets did not alter taste perception. We also found that mice fed LD5001 displayed increased quinine-resistant alcohol intake compared to mice fed TL2019S, suggesting that diets could influence the development of "compulsive" like alcohol consumption. We profiled the gut microbiome of water and alcohol drinking mice that were maintained on different diets and found significant differences in bacterial alpha and beta diversity, which could impact gut-brain axis signaling and alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Zaparte
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
| | - Evan Dore
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
| | - Selby White
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
| | - Franciely Paliarin
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
| | - Cameron Gabriel
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
| | - Katherine Copenhaver
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
| | - Samhita Basavanhalli
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
| | - Emily Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
| | - Rishith Vaddavalli
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
| | - Christopher M Taylor
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
| | - David Welsh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
| | - Rajani Maiya
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
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7
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Reinwald JR, Schmitz CN, Skorodumov I, Kuchar M, Weber-Fahr W, Spanagel R, Meinhardt MW. Psilocybin-induced default mode network hypoconnectivity is blunted in alcohol-dependent rats. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:392. [PMID: 38097569 PMCID: PMC10721862 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) adversely affects the lives of millions of people, but still lacks effective treatment options. Recent advancements in psychedelic research suggest psilocybin to be potentially efficacious for AUD. However, major knowledge gaps remain regarding (1) psilocybin's general mode of action and (2) AUD-specific alterations of responsivity to psilocybin treatment in the brain that are crucial for treatment development. Here, we conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover pharmaco-fMRI study on psilocybin effects using a translational approach with healthy rats and a rat model of alcohol relapse. Psilocybin effects were quantified with resting-state functional connectivity using data-driven whole-brain global brain connectivity, network-based statistics, graph theory, hypothesis-driven Default Mode Network (DMN)-specific connectivity, and entropy analyses. Results demonstrate that psilocybin induced an acute wide-spread decrease in different functional connectivity domains together with a distinct increase of connectivity between serotonergic core regions and cortical areas. We could further provide translational evidence for psilocybin-induced DMN hypoconnectivity reported in humans. Psilocybin showed an AUD-specific blunting of DMN hypoconnectivity, which strongly correlated to the alcohol relapse intensity and was mainly driven by medial prefrontal regions. In conclusion, our results provide translational validity for acute psilocybin-induced neural effects in the rodent brain. Furthermore, alcohol relapse severity was negatively correlated with neural responsivity to psilocybin treatment. Our data suggest that a clinical standard dose of psilocybin may not be sufficient to treat severe AUD cases; a finding that should be considered for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Reinwald
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Research Group Systems Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian N Schmitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivan Skorodumov
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Kuchar
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Psychedelics Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Weber-Fahr
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Marcus W Meinhardt
- Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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Wooden JI, Peacoe LE, Anasooya Shaji C, Melbourne JK, Chandler CM, Bardo MT, Nixon K. Adolescent Intermittent Ethanol Drives Modest Neuroinflammation but Does Not Escalate Drinking in Male Rats. Cells 2023; 12:2572. [PMID: 37947650 PMCID: PMC10649200 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During adolescence, the brain is highly susceptible to alcohol-induced damage and subsequent neuroimmune responses, effects which may enhance development of an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Neuroimmune reactions are implicated in adolescent alcohol exposure escalating adulthood drinking. Therefore, we investigated whether intermittent alcohol exposure in male, adolescent rats (AIE) escalated adult drinking via two-bottle choice (2BC). We also examined the influence of housing environment across three groups: standard (group-housed with enrichment during 2BC), impoverished (group-housed without enrichment during 2BC), or isolation (single-housed without bedding or enrichment throughout). In the standard group immediately after AIE/saline and after 2BC, we also examined the expression of microglial marker, Iba1, reactive astrocyte marker, vimentin, and neuronal cell death dye, FluoroJade B (FJB). We did not observe an escalation of adulthood drinking following AIE, regardless of housing condition. Further, only a modest neuroimmune response occurred after AIE in the standard group: no significant microglial reactivity or neuronal cell death was apparent using this model, although some astrocyte reactivity was detected in adolescence following AIE that resolved by adulthood. These data suggest that the lack of neuroimmune response in adolescence in this model may underlie the lack of escalation of alcohol drinking, which could not be modified through isolation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I. Wooden
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Lauren E. Peacoe
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chinchusha Anasooya Shaji
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Melbourne
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Cassie M. Chandler
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA (M.T.B.)
| | - Michael T. Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA (M.T.B.)
| | - Kimberly Nixon
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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9
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Salguero A, Barey A, Virgolini RG, Mujica V, Fabio MC, Miranda-Morales RS, Marengo L, Camarini R, Pautassi RM. Juvenile variable stress modulates, in female but not in male Wistar rats, ethanol intake in adulthood. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2023; 100:107306. [PMID: 37802400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Early stress can increase vulnerability to psychopathological disorders, including substance use disorders. The effects of stress in the juvenile period of the rat, that extends between weaning and the onset of adolescence (equivalent to late human childhood), have received little attention. This study assessed short and long-term behavioral effects of juvenile stress, with a focus on effects on ethanol intake. Male and female Wistar rats were exposed to variable stress (restraint, elevated platform, forced swimming, and social instability) or to restraint stress only, between postnatal days 26 to 29 (PDs 26-29). During adolescence, patterns of anxiety (PD 31) and depression (PD 33), ethanol intake (PDs 36-45) and behavioral sensitivity to the effects of acute stress (PD 47) were evaluated. In adulthood, alcohol ingestion was assessed through two-bottle ethanol intake tests (PDs 75-85). An additional experiment measured blood ethanol levels after a limited access intake session in adolescence. Exposure to juvenile variable stress exerted very mild effects in adolescence, but reduced ethanol ingestion in adulthood, in females only. Ethanol intake during the limited access session was significantly correlated to blood alcohol levels. The results indicate that a schedule of juvenile variable stress that did not significantly alter anxiety-related behaviors induced, nonetheless, sexually dimorphic effects on ethanol intake in adulthood. Early stress exposure that reduced alcohol intake in Wistar rats has been associated with changes on brain opioid and dopamine receptors. These results highlight the impact of early stress exposure on adult female ethanol consumption and its possible underlying neurobiological changes, involving opioid and dopamine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Salguero
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra (INIMEC - CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Agostina Barey
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra (INIMEC - CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo García Virgolini
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra (INIMEC - CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Victoria Mujica
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra (INIMEC - CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba 5000, Argentina; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Fabio
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra (INIMEC - CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba 5000, Argentina; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Roberto Sebastián Miranda-Morales
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra (INIMEC - CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba 5000, Argentina; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Marengo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra (INIMEC - CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Marcos Pautassi
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra (INIMEC - CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba 5000, Argentina; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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10
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Ademar K, Loftén A, Nilsson M, Domi A, Adermark L, Söderpalm B, Ericson M. Acamprosate reduces ethanol intake in the rat by a combined action of different drug components. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17863. [PMID: 37857829 PMCID: PMC10587117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol misuse accounts for a sizeable proportion of the global burden of disease, and Campral® (acamprosate; calcium-bis-(N-acetylhomotaurinate)) is widely used as relapse prevention therapy. The mechanism underlying its effect has in some studies been attributed to the calcium moiety and not to the N-acetylhomotaurine part of the compound. We recently suggested that the dopamine elevating effect of acamprosate is mediated both by N-acetylhomotaurine and calcium in a glycine receptor dependent manner. Here we aimed to explore, by means of in vivo microdialysis, if our previous study using local administration was functionally relevant and if systemic administration of the sodium salt of N-acetylhomotaurine (sodium acamprosate; 200 mg/kg, i.p.) enhanced the effects of calcium chloride (CaCl2; 73.5 mg/kg, i.p.) on nucleus accumbens (nAc) dopamine and/or taurine levels in male Wistar rats. In addition, we investigated the impact of regular acamprosate and the combination of CaCl2 and N-acetylhomotaurine on the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE). Finally, we assessed if N-acetylhomotaurine potentiates the ethanol-intake reducing effect of CaCl2 in a two-bottle choice voluntary ethanol consumption model followed by an ADE paradigm. Systemic administration of regular acamprosate, sodium acamprosate and CaCl2 all trended to increase nAc dopamine whereas the combination of CaCl2 and sodium acamprosate produced a significant increase. Sodium acamprosate elevated extracellular taurine levels without additional effects of CaCl2. Ethanol intake was significantly reduced by systemic administration of CaCl2 without additional effects of the combination of CaCl2 and sodium acamprosate. Both acamprosate and CaCl2 combined with sodium acamprosate blocked the ADE following acute treatment. The data presented suggest that CaCl2 and N-acetylhomotaurine act in concert on a neurochemical level, but calcium appears to have the predominant effect on ethanol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Ademar
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 410, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anna Loftén
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 410, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Beroendekliniken, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mathilda Nilsson
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 410, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ana Domi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 410, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Adermark
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 410, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Söderpalm
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 410, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Beroendekliniken, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mia Ericson
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 410, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Kim SJ, Affan RO, Frostig H, Scott BB, Alexander AS. Advances in cellular resolution microscopy for brain imaging in rats. NEUROPHOTONICS 2023; 10:044304. [PMID: 38076724 PMCID: PMC10704261 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.10.4.044304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Rats are used in neuroscience research because of their physiological similarities with humans and accessibility as model organisms, trainability, and behavioral repertoire. In particular, rats perform a wide range of sophisticated social, cognitive, motor, and learning behaviors within the contexts of both naturalistic and laboratory environments. Further progress in neuroscience can be facilitated by using advanced imaging methods to measure the complex neural and physiological processes during behavior in rats. However, compared with the mouse, the rat nervous system offers a set of challenges, such as larger brain size, decreased neuron density, and difficulty with head restraint. Here, we review recent advances in in vivo imaging techniques in rats with a special focus on open-source solutions for calcium imaging. Finally, we provide suggestions for both users and developers of in vivo imaging systems for rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Kim
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Rifqi O. Affan
- Boston University, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Hadas Frostig
- Boston University, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Benjamin B. Scott
- Boston University, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Neurophotonics Center and Photonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Andrew S. Alexander
- University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Santa Barbara, California, United States
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12
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Foo JC, Skorodumov I, Spanagel R, Meinhardt MW. Sex- and age-specific effects on the development of addiction and compulsive-like drinking in rats. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:44. [PMID: 37420305 PMCID: PMC10327342 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological factors are known to influence disease trajectories and treatment effectiveness in alcohol addiction and preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that sex is an important factor influencing disease dynamics in alcohol dependence. Another critical factor is age at first intoxicating drink, which has been identified as a risk factor for later alcohol binging. Preclinical research allows prospective monitoring of rodents throughout the lifespan, providing very detailed information that cannot be acquired in humans. Lifetime monitoring in rodents can be conducted under highly controlled conditions, during which one can systematically introduce multiple biological and environmental factors that impact behaviors of interest. METHODS Here, we used the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) rat model of alcohol addiction in a computerized drinkometer system, acquiring high-resolution data to study changes over the course of addictive behavior as well as compulsive-like drinking in cohorts of adolescent vs. adult as well as male vs. female rats. RESULTS Female rats drank more alcohol than male rats during the whole experiment, drinking much more weak alcohol (5%) and similar amounts of stronger alcohol solutions (10%, 20%); female rats also consumed more alcohol than male rats during quinine taste adulteration. Increased consumption in females compared to males was driven by larger access sizes of alcohol. Differences in circadian patterns of movement were observed between groups. Early age of onset of drinking (postnatal day 40) in male rats had surprisingly little impact on the development of drinking behavior and compulsivity (quinine taste adulteration) when compared to rats that started drinking during early adulthood (postnatal day 72). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that there are sex-specific drinking patterns, not only in terms of total amount consumed, but specifically in terms of solution preference and access size. These findings provide a better understanding of sex and age factors involved in the development of drinking behavior, and can inform the preclinical development of models of addiction, drug development and exploration of options for new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome C. Foo
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute for Psychopharmacology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ivan Skorodumov
- Institute for Psychopharmacology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute for Psychopharmacology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcus W. Meinhardt
- Institute for Psychopharmacology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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13
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Benvenuti F, Colombo D, Soverchia L, Cannella N, Domi E, Ciccocioppo R. Psilocybin prevents reinstatement of alcohol seeking by disrupting the reconsolidation of alcohol-related memories. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1521-1530. [PMID: 37266686 PMCID: PMC11107141 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For most psychiatric conditions, including alcohol use disorder (AUD), FDA-approved pharmacological treatments are limited and their efficacy is restricted to only certain subgroups of patients. Scientific interest in the potential of psychedelic drugs has dramatically increased because of clinical preliminary evidence of efficacy in treating various psychiatric disorders. One of the most promising compounds belonging to this class of molecules is psilocybin. Here, to elucidate the therapeutic potential and treatment modalities of this drug, we investigated the effect of psilocybin on alcohol drinking and seeking in genetically selected Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) rats, a well validated animal model of AUD characterized by excessive drinking and seeking. METHODS Using male and female msP rats, we tested the effect of psilocybin on home cage voluntary alcohol consumption. We also tested the effect of the drug on the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) model of relapse and on cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking after a period of abstinence. Finally, we evaluated if psilocybin may disrupt the reconsolidation process of alcohol-related memory. RESULTS Psilocybin did not reduce alcohol consumption, nor it prevented increased alcohol drinking after a period of forced abstinence and cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol-seeking. Noteworthy, in a memory retrieval-reconsolidation paradigm, psilocybin markedly attenuated resumption of alcohol seeking. CONCLUSIONS Altogether these data suggest that, despite psilocybin does not affect alcohol drinking and relapse, it may be highly effective if used to block the reconsolidation process of alcohol-related memories. This opens to the possibility of using this psychedelic drug in clinical settings in which AUD patients undergo procedures to recall the memory of alcohol and are then treated with psilocybin during the memory reconsolidation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Benvenuti
- School of Pharmacy, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - D Colombo
- School of Pharmacy, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - L Soverchia
- School of Pharmacy, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - N Cannella
- School of Pharmacy, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - E Domi
- School of Pharmacy, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - R Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
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14
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Quilaqueo ME, Adasme S, Solís-Egaña F, Quintanilla ME, Vásquez D, Morales P, Herrera-Marschitz M, Rivera-Meza M. The administration of Alda-1, an activator of ALDH2, inhibits relapse-like ethanol intake in female alcohol-preferring UChB rats. Life Sci 2023; 328:121876. [PMID: 37348813 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Alcohol relapse is a main limitation for the treatment of alcohol use disorders. Previous studies have shown that Alda-1, a pharmacological activator of ALDH2, inhibits both acquisition and chronic ethanol intake in rats; however, its effects on relapse-like ethanol intake are unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Alda-1 on post-deprivation and reaccess relapse-like ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring UChB rats. We also aimed to assess the possible mechanisms associated with the effects of Alda-1 by measuring the levels of glutamate transporter (GLT-1), oxidative stress and neuroinflammation markers in different regions of the mesocorticolimbic system. MAIN METHODS In Experiment I, UChB female rats were exposed for 100 days to voluntary ethanol intake followed by 2-weeks of ethanol withdrawal and 1 week of ethanol reaccess. Alda-1 (25 mg/kg, intragastric, i.g) or vehicle was administered daily for 14 days during the withdrawal/re-access period. Experiment II was similar to Experiment I, but after the withdrawal period, ethanol re-access was not allowed, and Alda-1 was administered during the last week of withdrawal. At the end of both experiments, the levels of GLT-1, oxidative stress (GSH, MDA), and neuroinflammation markers (GFAP, Iba-1) were assessed in nucleus accumbens and/or hippocampus. KEY FINDINGS The results showed that Alda-1 administration markedly blocked (90 %, p < 0.001) relapse-like ethanol intake in UChB rats. Alda-1 increased Iba-1 reactivity (microglial marker) in the NAc of ethanol-deprived rats. Alda-1 administration did not influence the levels of GLT-1, oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH) or GFAP reactivity in the mesocorticolimbic system. SIGNIFICANCE These preclinical findings support the use of activators of ALDH2, such as Alda-1, as a potential pharmacological strategy in the treatment of alcohol relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Quilaqueo
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Sofía Adasme
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Fresia Solís-Egaña
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, Chile
| | | | - David Vásquez
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Paola Morales
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Chile; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile; Research Center for the Development of Novel Therapeutic Alternatives for Alcohol Use Disorders, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Mario Rivera-Meza
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, Chile; Research Center for the Development of Novel Therapeutic Alternatives for Alcohol Use Disorders, Santiago, Chile.
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15
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Vierkant V, Xie X, Wang X, Wang J. Experimental Models of Alcohol Use Disorder and Their Application for Pathophysiological Investigations. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e831. [PMID: 37358210 PMCID: PMC10434798 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex disorder characterized by compulsive alcohol use and a lack of control over alcohol intake. Several experimental methods using mouse models have been developed to improve research regarding this disorder. Mouse behavioral paradigms are advantageous in inducing alcohol dependence and evaluating alcohol intake, circumventing ethical issues, and increasing experimental control over human-based experiments. These behavioral methods typically fall under one of two categories: forced exposure and voluntary consumption. This paper highlights two common paradigms used to study AUD in rodent models: one forced exposure method (use of a vapor inhalation system for alcohol exposure) and one voluntary consumption method (the two-bottle choice procedure). The effectiveness and experimental validity of these behavioral paradigms for pathophysiological investigations of AUD and how they can be combined are also discussed, along with their individual strengths and weaknesses. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Vapor inhalation for exposure to alcohol Basic Protocol 2: Intermittent access two-bottle choice procedure (acquisition) Basic Protocol 3: Intermittent access two-bottle choice procedure (measurement) Alternate Protocol: Sucrose fading to encourage voluntary alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Vierkant
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas 77807; United States
| | - Xueyi Xie
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas 77807; United States
| | - Xuehua Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas 77807; United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas 77807; United States
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16
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Quintanilla ME, Israel Y. Role of Metabolism on Alcohol Preference, Addiction, and Treatment. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37221350 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2023_422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies presented in this chapter show that: (1) in the brain, ethanol is metabolized by catalase to acetaldehyde, which condenses with dopamine forming salsolinol; (2) acetaldehyde-derived salsolinol increases the release of dopamine mediating, via opioid receptors, the reinforcing effects of ethanol during the acquisition of ethanol consumption, while (3) brain acetaldehyde does not influence the maintenance of chronic ethanol intake, it is suggested that a learned cue-induced hyperglutamatergic system takes precedence over the dopaminergic system. However, (4) following a prolonged ethanol deprivation, the generation of acetaldehyde in the brain again plays a role, contributing to the increase in ethanol intake observed during ethanol re-access, called the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE), a model of relapse behavior; (5) naltrexone inhibits the high ethanol intake seen in the ADE condition, suggesting that acetaldehyde-derived salsolinol via opioid receptors also contributes to the relapse-like drinking behavior. The reader is referred to glutamate-mediated mechanisms that trigger the cue-associated alcohol-seeking and that also contribute to triggering relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Yedy Israel
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, ICM Clinica Alemana-Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Chandler CM, Shaykin JD, Peng H, Pauly JR, Nixon K, Bardo MT. Effects of voluntary adolescent intermittent alcohol exposure and social isolation on adult alcohol intake in male rats. Alcohol 2022; 104:13-21. [PMID: 35981637 PMCID: PMC10806401 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Initiating alcohol use in adolescence significantly increases the likelihood of developing adult alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, it has been difficult to replicate adolescent alcohol exposure leading to increased adult alcohol intake across differing preclinical models. In the present study, differentially housed male rats (group vs. single cages) were used to determine the effects of voluntary intermittent exposure of saccharin-sweetened ethanol during adolescence on adult intake of unsweetened 20% ethanol. Adolescent male rats were assigned to group- or isolated-housing conditions and underwent an intermittent 2-bottle choice in adolescence (water only or water vs. 0.2% saccharin/20% ethanol), and again in adulthood (water vs. 20% ethanol). Intermittent 2-bottle choice sessions lasted for 24 h, and occurred three days per week, for five weeks. Rats were moved from group or isolated housing to single-housing cages for 2-bottle choice tests and returned to their original housing condition on off days. During adolescence, rats raised in isolated-housing conditions consumed significantly more sweetened ethanol than rats raised in group-housing conditions, an effect that was enhanced across repeated exposures. In adulthood, rats raised in isolated-housing conditions and exposed to sweetened ethanol during adolescence also consumed significantly higher levels of unsweetened 20% ethanol compared to group-housed rats. The effect was most pronounced over the first five re-exposure sessions. Housing conditions alone had little effect on adult ethanol intake. These preclinical results suggest that social isolation stress, combined with adolescent ethanol exposure, may play a key role in adult AUD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie M Chandler
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Jakob D Shaykin
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - James R Pauly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Kimberly Nixon
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - Michael T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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18
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Clergue-Duval V, Vrillon A, Jeanblanc J, Questel F, Azuar J, Fouquet G, Mouton-Liger F, Rollet D, Hispard E, Bouaziz-Amar E, Bloch V, Dereux A, Cognat E, Marie-Claire C, Laplanche JL, Bellivier F, Paquet C, Naassila M, Vorspan F. Plasma tau, NfL, GFAP and UCHL1 as candidate biomarkers of alcohol withdrawal-associated brain damage: A pilot study. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13232. [PMID: 36301211 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this translational study, we investigated the plasma tau protein, neurofilament light chain (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), which are established biomarkers of neurological injury, as predictive biomarkers of alcohol withdrawal-associated brain toxicity. In the clinical study, patients with severe alcohol use disorder (AUD) on D1 of hospitalization for alcohol cessation (AC) (N = 36) were compared to severe AUD patients with at least 3 months of abstinence (N = 16). Overall, patients were 40 men (76.9%), aged 49.8 years [SD ±9.9]. Tau, NfL, GFAP and UCHL1 levels were measured using SIMOA and analysed with a quasipoisson regression model adjusted for age and sex. The NfL level was higher in the AC group (p = 0.013). In the AC group, the tau (p = 0.021) and UCHL1 (p = 0.021) levels were positively associated with the dose of diazepam per weight, and the tau (p = 0.045), NfL (p = 4.9 × 10-3 ) and UCHL1 (p = 0.036) levels were higher in the presence of signs of Wernicke's encephalopathy (n = 9). In the preclinical study, NfL and GFAP levels were assessed in the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) procedure (N = 17) and control Wistar rats (N = 15). Furthermore, ADE rats were prospectively assessed: after 24 h (T1) and 3 weeks of AC (T2) (paired-samples Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests). The NfL level was higher in the ADE model than in the control rats at both T1 and T2 (p = 0.033 and p = 1.3 × 10-3 ) and higher at T2 than at T1 (p = 0.040). Plasma tau, NfL and UCHL1 are potential biomarkers of brain suffering during alcohol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgile Clergue-Duval
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, APHP GHU Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France.,Inserm UMRS-1144 Optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,FHU Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders (NOR-SUD), Paris, France.,UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Resalcog (Réseau pour la prise en charge des troubles cognitifs liés à l'alcool), Paris, France
| | - Agathe Vrillon
- Inserm UMRS-1144 Optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,FHU Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders (NOR-SUD), Paris, France.,UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, APHP GHU Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Jeanblanc
- Inserm UMRS-1247 Groupe de recherche sur l'alcool et les pharmacodépendances, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,FHU Améliorer le pronostic des troubles Addictifs et Mentaux par une Médecine Personnalisée (A2M2P), Amiens, France
| | - Frank Questel
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, APHP GHU Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France.,Inserm UMRS-1144 Optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,FHU Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders (NOR-SUD), Paris, France.,Resalcog (Réseau pour la prise en charge des troubles cognitifs liés à l'alcool), Paris, France
| | - Julien Azuar
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, APHP GHU Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France.,Inserm UMRS-1144 Optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,FHU Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders (NOR-SUD), Paris, France.,Resalcog (Réseau pour la prise en charge des troubles cognitifs liés à l'alcool), Paris, France
| | - Grégory Fouquet
- Inserm UMRS-1247 Groupe de recherche sur l'alcool et les pharmacodépendances, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,FHU Améliorer le pronostic des troubles Addictifs et Mentaux par une Médecine Personnalisée (A2M2P), Amiens, France
| | - François Mouton-Liger
- Inserm UMRS-1144 Optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,FHU Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders (NOR-SUD), Paris, France.,UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, APHP GHU Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France
| | - Dorian Rollet
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, APHP GHU Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France.,FHU Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders (NOR-SUD), Paris, France.,Resalcog (Réseau pour la prise en charge des troubles cognitifs liés à l'alcool), Paris, France
| | - Eric Hispard
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, APHP GHU Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France.,FHU Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders (NOR-SUD), Paris, France.,Resalcog (Réseau pour la prise en charge des troubles cognitifs liés à l'alcool), Paris, France
| | - Elodie Bouaziz-Amar
- Inserm UMRS-1144 Optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,FHU Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders (NOR-SUD), Paris, France.,Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, APHP GHU Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France.,UFR de Pharmacie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Bloch
- Inserm UMRS-1144 Optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,FHU Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders (NOR-SUD), Paris, France.,UFR de Pharmacie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Service de Pharmacie, APHP GHU Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Dereux
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, APHP GHU Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France.,Inserm UMRS-1144 Optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,FHU Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders (NOR-SUD), Paris, France.,Resalcog (Réseau pour la prise en charge des troubles cognitifs liés à l'alcool), Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Cognat
- Inserm UMRS-1144 Optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,FHU Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders (NOR-SUD), Paris, France.,UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, APHP GHU Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France
| | - Cynthia Marie-Claire
- Inserm UMRS-1144 Optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,FHU Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders (NOR-SUD), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Laplanche
- Inserm UMRS-1144 Optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,FHU Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders (NOR-SUD), Paris, France.,Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, APHP GHU Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France.,UFR de Pharmacie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, APHP GHU Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France.,Inserm UMRS-1144 Optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,FHU Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders (NOR-SUD), Paris, France.,UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claire Paquet
- Inserm UMRS-1144 Optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,FHU Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders (NOR-SUD), Paris, France.,UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, APHP GHU Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France
| | - Mickael Naassila
- Inserm UMRS-1247 Groupe de recherche sur l'alcool et les pharmacodépendances, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,FHU Améliorer le pronostic des troubles Addictifs et Mentaux par une Médecine Personnalisée (A2M2P), Amiens, France.,UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Florence Vorspan
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, APHP GHU Nord, Site Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, Paris, France.,Inserm UMRS-1144 Optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,FHU Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders (NOR-SUD), Paris, France.,UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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19
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Vengeliene V, Spanagel R. mGlu2 mechanism-based interventions to treat alcohol relapse. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:985954. [PMID: 36188569 PMCID: PMC9520163 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.985954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we identified a deficiency in metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2) function in the corticoaccumbal pathway, as a common pathological mechanism underlying alcohol-seeking and relapse behavior. Based on this mechanism, we hypothesized that mGlu2/3 agonists and mGlu2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) may be effective in reducing relapse-like behavior. Two mGlu2/3 agonists, LY379268 and LY354740 (a structural analog of LY379268 six-fold more potent in activating mGlu2 over mGluR3), were tested in a well-established rat model of relapse, the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) with repeated deprivation phases. Since these agonists do not readily discriminate between contributions of mGlu2 and mGluR3, we also tested LY487379, a highly specific PAM that potentiates the effect of glutamate on the mGlu2 with less specificity on other mGlu receptor subtypes. Both LY379268 and LY354740 significantly and dose-dependently reduced the expression of the ADE. No significant changes in water intake, body weight and locomotor activity were observed. Importantly, repeated administration of mGlu2/3 agonist did not lead to tolerance development. mGlu2 PAM LY487379 treatment significantly reduced expression of the ADE in both male and female rats. Combination treatment of mGlu2/3 agonist and PAM had similar effect on relapse-like drinking to that seen in mGlu2/3 agonist treatment alone. Together with other preclinical data showing that PAMs can reduce alcohol-seeking behavior we conclude that mGlu2 PAMs should be considered for clinical trials in alcohol-dependent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vengeliene
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Rainer Spanagel,
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20
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Sneddon EA, Rasizer LN, Cavalco NG, Jaymes AH, Ostlie NJ, Minshall BL, Masters BM, Hughes MR, Hrncir H, Arnold AP, Radke AK. Gonadal hormones and sex chromosome complement differentially contribute to ethanol intake, preference, and relapse-like behaviour in four core genotypes mice. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13222. [PMID: 36001422 PMCID: PMC9413386 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use and high-risk alcohol drinking behaviours among women are rapidly rising. In rodent models, females typically consume more ethanol (EtOH) than males. Here, we used the four core genotypes (FCG) mouse model to investigate the influence of gonadal hormones and sex chromosome complement on EtOH drinking behaviours. FCG mice were given access to escalating concentrations of EtOH in a two-bottle, 24-h continuous access drinking paradigm to assess consumption and preference. Relapse-like behaviour was measured by assessing escalated intake following repeated cycles of deprivation and re-exposure. Twenty-four-hour EtOH consumption was greater in mice with ovaries (Sry-), relative to those with testes, and in mice with the XX chromosome complement, relative to those with XY sex chromosomes. EtOH preference was higher in XX versus XY mice. For both consumption and preference, the influences of the Sry gene and sex chromosomes were concentration dependent. Escalated intake following repeated cycles of deprivation and re-exposure emerged only in XX mice (vs. XY). Mice with ovaries (Sry- FCG mice and C57BL/6J females) were also found to consume more water than mice with testes. These results demonstrate that aspects of EtOH drinking behaviour may be independently regulated by sex hormones and chromosomes and inform our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms which contribute to EtOH dependence in male and female mice. Future investigation of the contribution of sex chromosomes to EtOH drinking behaviours is warranted. We used the FCG mouse model to investigate the influence of gonadal hormones and sex chromosome complement on EtOH drinking behaviours, including the alcohol deprivation effect. Escalated intake following repeated cycles of deprivation and re-exposure emerged only in XX mice (vs. XY). These results demonstrate that aspects of EtOH drinking behaviour may be independently regulated by sex hormones and chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Sneddon
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Lindsay N. Rasizer
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Natalie G. Cavalco
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Asa H. Jaymes
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Noah J. Ostlie
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Brianna L. Minshall
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Brianna M. Masters
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | | | - Haley Hrncir
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arthur P. Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna K. Radke
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
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21
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Fredriksson I, Jayaram-Lindström N, Kalivas PW, Melas PA, Steensland P. N-acetylcysteine improves impulse control and attenuates relapse-like alcohol intake in long-term drinking rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 436:114089. [PMID: 36063970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) present with a disrupted glutamatergic system that underlies core components of addictive disorders, including drug relapse and low impulse control. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a cystine prodrug that has been found to promote glutamate homeostasis and drug abstinence. However, no studies to date have evaluated NAC's effect on impulsivity in substance use disorders. Here we determined whether NAC would decrease alcohol-intake behaviors, in addition to improving impulse control, in long-term alcohol drinking male Wistar-Han rats. Before the start of the experiments, all rats were exposed to long-term intermittent access to 20% ethanol for at least seven weeks. Next, in different groups of rats, the effect of NAC (60 and/or 90mg/kg) was evaluated on (i) voluntary alcohol drinking using a two-bottle free choice paradigm, (ii) the motivation to self-administer alcohol under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement, and (iii) relapse-like drinking using the alcohol deprivation effect model. Finally, (iv) NAC's effect on impulse control was evaluated using the five-choice serial reaction time task. Results showed that NAC administration at 90mg/kg significantly reduced relapse-like drinking and improved impulse control. In contrast, NAC had no effect on levels of alcohol drinking or motivation to drink alcohol. In conclusion, our findings continue to support the use of NAC as an adjuvant treatment for the maintenance of abstinence in AUD. Moreover, we provide evidence for NAC's efficacy in improving impulse control following drinking, which warrants further investigation in substance use settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Fredriksson
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, 11364 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nitya Jayaram-Lindström
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, 11364 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter W Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph Johnson Veterans Administration, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Philippe A Melas
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, 11364 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:00, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pia Steensland
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, 11364 Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Foo JC, Meinhardt MW, Skorodumov I, Spanagel R. Alcohol solution strength preference predicts compulsive-like drinking behavior in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1710-1719. [PMID: 35871774 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding compulsive drinking behavior is key to improving outcomes in the treatment of addiction. In the present study, we investigated compulsive-like drinking in alcohol-addicted rats using the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) model of relapse behavior, which involves repeated deprivation and reintroduction phases; the latter approximate relapse. METHODS High-resolution longitudinal drinking and locomotor data were measured while rats (n = 30) underwent a four-bottle (water, 5%, 10%, 20% alcohol v/v) free-choice ADE paradigm. Alcohol bottles were adulterated with the bitter compound quinine during a reintroduction phase to test for compulsive behavior. We characterized how drinking and locomotor behavior during ADE + quinine differed from a regular ADE and how, at the individual level, behavioral parameters extracted from the regular ADE related to compulsive-like drinking. Associations of drinking with locomotor activity were also examined. RESULTS In the ADE with quinine, we observed reduced consumption of alcohol and a shift to preference for stronger alcohol. Quinine acted by decreasing both the access size and frequency of drinking of 5% alcohol while increasing the frequency of consumption of 20% alcohol. Preference for higher alcohol concentrations prior to the quinine challenge was associated with greater compulsive-like drinking behavior; higher baseline consumption of 20% alcohol correlated with more drinking of quinine-adulterated solutions while high frequency and amount of 5% alcohol consumption at baseline were correlated with being more strongly affected by quinine. Associations between locomotor activity and drinking behavior were observed at the hourly level. These associations reflected changing preferences across experimental phases. CONCLUSION Drinking patterns, and specifically solution preference, may offer insights into the presentation of compulsive-like drinking. The findings provide a preclinical basis for observations from epidemiological studies that link higher risk and burden of alcohol-related disease to stronger alcohol concentrations and encourage further translational studies to better understand the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome C Foo
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcus W Meinhardt
- Institute for Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ivan Skorodumov
- Institute for Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute for Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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23
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Melugin PR, Wu F, Munoz C, Phensy A, Pradhan G, Luo Y, Nofal A, Manepalli R, Kroener S. The effects of acamprosate on prefrontal cortical function are mimicked by CaCl2 and they are influenced by the history of alcohol exposure. Neuropharmacology 2022; 212:109062. [PMID: 35430241 PMCID: PMC10804777 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is associated with functional changes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which include altered glutamatergic transmission and deficits in executive functions that contribute to relapse. Acamprosate (calcium-bis N-acetylhomotaurinate) reduces alcohol craving and relapse, effects that are thought to be mediated by acamprosate's ability to ameliorate alcohol-induced dysregulation of glutamatergic signaling. Treatment with acamprosate and its active moiety calcium (CaCl2) both improve deficits in cognitive flexibility in postdependent mice following chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure. Here, we show that mice that self-administered alcohol under goal-directed conditions (i.e., operant responding on a fixed-ratio schedule) also display similar deficits in cognitive flexibility and altered glutamatergic signaling in the mPFC, both of which were improved with acamprosate or CaCl2. However, under conditions shown to bias behavior towards habitual responding (operant self-administration after CIE exposure, or on a variable interval schedule), alcohol-induced changes to glutamatergic transmission were unaffected by either acamprosate or CaCl2 treatment. Together, these findings suggest that the variable effects of acamprosate on synaptic signaling may reflect a shift in mPFC networks related to the loss of behavioral control in habitual alcohol-seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Melugin
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Fei Wu
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA; Institute of Neurobiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Crystal Munoz
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aarron Phensy
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Grishma Pradhan
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yi Luo
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Abraham Nofal
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rohan Manepalli
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sven Kroener
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA.
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24
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Wirtshafter HS, Disterhoft JF. In Vivo Multi-Day Calcium Imaging of CA1 Hippocampus in Freely Moving Rats Reveals a High Preponderance of Place Cells with Consistent Place Fields. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4538-4554. [PMID: 35501152 PMCID: PMC9172072 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1750-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium imaging using GCaMP indicators and miniature microscopes has been used to image cellular populations during long timescales and in different task phases, as well as to determine neuronal circuit topology and organization. Because the hippocampus (HPC) is essential for tasks of memory, spatial navigation, and learning, calcium imaging of large populations of HPC neurons can provide new insight on cell changes over time during these tasks. All reported HPC in vivo calcium imaging experiments have been done in mouse. However, rats have many behavioral and physiological experimental advantages over mice. In this paper, we present the first (to our knowledge) in vivo calcium imaging from CA1 HPC in freely moving male rats. Using the UCLA Miniscope, we demonstrate that, in rat, hundreds of cells can be visualized and held across weeks. We show that calcium events in these cells are highly correlated with periods of movement, with few calcium events occurring during periods without movement. We additionally show that an extremely large percent of cells recorded during a navigational task are place cells (77.3 ± 5.0%, surpassing the percent seen during mouse calcium imaging), and that these cells enable accurate decoding of animal position and can be held over days with consistent place fields in a consistent spatial map. A detailed protocol is included, and implications of these advancements on in vivo imaging and place field literature are discussed.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In vivo calcium imaging in freely moving animals allows the visualization of cellular activity across days. In this paper, we present the first in vivo Ca2+ recording from CA1 hippocampus (HPC) in freely moving rats. We demonstrate that hundreds of cells can be visualized and held across weeks, and that calcium activity corresponds to periods of movement. We show that a high percentage (77.3 ± 5.0%) of imaged cells are place cells, and that these place cells enable accurate decoding and can be held stably over days with little change in field location. Because the HPC is essential for many tasks involving memory, navigation, and learning, imaging of large populations of HPC neurons can shed new insight on cellular activity changes and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Wirtshafter
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - John F Disterhoft
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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25
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Dong E, Zhang H, Chu A, Pandey SC. Acute and Protracted Prenatal Stress Produce Mood Disorder-Like and Ethanol Drinking Behaviors in Male and Female Adult Offspring. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:862390. [PMID: 35722193 PMCID: PMC9204301 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.862390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex and chronic relapsing brain disease, which is often co-morbid with psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. AUD phenotypes differ in men and women. Although genetic factors play an important role in its pathophysiology, epidemiologic evidence suggests that during prenatal development, individuals are more vulnerable to the negative effects of environmental factors that may predispose them to AUD later in life. We explored the effects of prenatal stress on the development of AUD phenotypes as well as anxiety- and depression-like behaviors using rat model. Methods In this study, timed-pregnant Sprague Dawley dams were used. Dams in the control group were left undisturbed throughout gestation, whereas dams in stress groups were either subjected to protracted or acute restraint stress under bright light. At adulthood, the anxiety-like, ethanol drinking, and sucrose drinking behaviors were measured using the Light/Dark Box test and two-bottle free-choice procedure. Results Compared to the control group, both the male and female offspring in the stress groups exhibited anxiety-like behavior and consumed significantly higher amounts of ethanol in which the acute stress group demonstrated the higher ethanol preference. Moreover, male but not female offspring from the stress groups had decreased sucrose preferences. Conclusion These findings suggest that protracted and acute prenatal stress in late pregnancy can induce in anxiety-, depressive-like behaviors, and excessive ethanol intake in adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbo Dong
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, College of Medicine, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States,*Correspondence: Erbo Dong
| | - Huaibo Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, College of Medicine, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alison Chu
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, College of Medicine, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Subhash C. Pandey
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, College of Medicine, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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26
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Spanagel R. Ten Points to Improve Reproducibility and Translation of Animal Research. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:869511. [PMID: 35530730 PMCID: PMC9070052 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.869511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Findings from animal experiments are often difficult to transfer to humans. In this perspective article I discuss two questions. First, why are the results of animal experiments often so difficult to transfer to humans? And second, what can be done to improve translation from animal experiments to humans? Translation failures are often the result of poor methodology. It is not merely the fact that low statistical power of basic and preclinical studies undermine a "real effect," but the accuracy with which data from animal studies are collected and described, and the resulting robustness of the data is generally very low and often does not allow translation to a much more heterogeneous human condition. Equally important is the fact that the vast majority of publications in the biomedical field in the last few decades have reported positive findings and have thus generated a knowledge bias. Further contributions to reproducibility and translation failures are discussed in this paper, and 10 points of recommendation to improve reproducibility and translation are outlined. These recommendations are: (i) prior to planning an actual study, a systematic review or potential preclinical meta-analysis should be considered. (ii) An a priori power calculation should be carried out. (iii) The experimental study protocol should be pre-registered. (iv) The execution of the study should be in accordance with the most recent ARRIVE guidelines. (v) When planning the study, the generalizability of the data to be collected should also be considered (e.g., sex or age differences). (vi) "Method-hopping" should be avoided, meaning that it is not necessary to use the most advanced technology but rather to have the applied methodology under control. (vii) National or international networks should be considered to carry out multicenter preclinical studies or to obtain convergent evidence. (viii) Animal models that capture DSM-5 or ICD-11 criteria should be considered in the context of research on psychiatric disorders. (ix) Raw data of publication should be made publicly available and should be in accordance with the FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management. (x) Finally, negative findings should be published to counteract publication bias. The application of these 10 points of recommendation, especially for preclinical confirmatory studies but also to some degree for exploratory studies, will ultimately improve the reproducibility and translation of animal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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27
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Inactivation of the cholinergic M4 receptor results in a disinhibited endophenotype predicting alcohol use. Behav Brain Res 2022; 430:113921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Alcohol Deprivation Differentially Changes Alcohol Intake in Female and Male Rats Depending on Early-Life Stressful Experience. NEUROSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci3020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiencing early-life adverse events has enduring effects on individual vulnerability to alcohol abuse and the development of addiction-related behaviors. In rodents, it can be studied using maternal separation (MS) stress. Studies have shown that, depending on the protocol used, MS can affect the mother and pups’ behavior and are associated with behavioral alterations later in adulthood, associated with both positive or negative outcomes. However, it is not fully elucidated how MS affects relapse-like behaviors when experienced by female or male individuals. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of brief and prolonged MS on the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) in female and male rats. Female and male Wistar rats were exposed to brief (15 min/day) or prolonged (180 min/day) MS from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 10. Later, during adulthood (PND 70), animals were submitted to an ADE protocol. Brief MS exposure prevented the ADE in both females and males, while prolonged MS exposure also prevented the ADE in female rats. Moreover, the ADE was more robust in females when compared to males. In conclusion, we showed that male and female rats are differentially affected by alcohol deprivation periods depending on their early-life experiences.
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29
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Sánchez-Marín L, Javier Pavón-Morón F, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Serrano A. Attenuation of Oleoylethanolamide-Induced Reduction of Alcohol Consumption in Adult Rats Exposed Intermittently to Alcohol During Adolescence. Neurosci Lett 2022; 781:136670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Fernández-Rodríguez S, Cano-Cebrián MJ, Rius-Pérez S, Pérez S, Guerri C, Granero L, Zornoza T, Polache A. Different brain oxidative and neuroinflammation status in rats during prolonged abstinence depending on their ethanol relapse-like drinking behavior: Effects of ethanol reintroduction. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 232:109284. [PMID: 35033958 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic alcohol consumption is associated with excessive oxidative damage and neuroinflammatory processes and these events have been associated to early alcohol withdrawal. In the present research we wonder if brain oxidative stress and neuroinflammation remains altered during prolonged withdrawal situations and whether these alterations can be correlated with relapse behavior in alcohol consumption. The effects of alcohol reintroduction were also evaluated METHODS: We have used a model based on the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) within a cohort of wild-type male Wistar rats. Two subpopulations were identified according to the alcohol relapse-like drinking behavior displayed (ADE and NO-ADE subpopulations). Oxidized and reduced glutathione content was determined within the hippocampus and the amygdala using a mass spectrometry method. The levels of mRNA of seven different inflammatory mediators in the prefrontal cortex of rats were quantified. All the analyses were performed in two different conditions: after 21-day alcohol deprivation (prolonged abstinence) and after 24 h of ethanol reintroduction in both subpopulations. RESULTS ADE and NO-ADE rats showed different endophenotypes. ADE rats always displayed a significant lower alcohol intake rate and ethanol preference than NO-ADE rats. The results also demonstrated the existence of altered brain redox and neuroinflammation status after prolonged abstinence exclusively in ADE rats. Moreover, when ethanol was reintroduced in the ADE subpopulation, altered oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory markers were restored. CONCLUSIONS Present findings provide new mechanisms underlying the neurobiology of relapse behavior and suggest the development of new pharmacological approaches to treat alcohol-induced relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernández-Rodríguez
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - M J Cano-Cebrián
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - S Rius-Pérez
- Departament de Fisiologia, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - S Pérez
- Departament de Fisiologia, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - C Guerri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Carrer d'Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - L Granero
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - T Zornoza
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - A Polache
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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31
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Ilari A, Curti L, Petrella M, Cannella N, La Rocca A, Ranieri G, Gerace E, Iezzi D, Silvestri L, Mannaioni G, Ciccocioppo R, Masi A. Moderate ethanol drinking is sufficient to alter Ventral Tegmental Area dopamine neurons activity via functional and structural remodeling of GABAergic transmission. Neuropharmacology 2022; 203:108883. [PMID: 34785165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown a major involvement of Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons in mediating the rewarding effects of ethanol (EtOH). Much less is known on the role of this system in mediating the transition from moderate to excessive drinking and abuse. Here we sought to explore the hypothesis that early stage drinking in rodents, resembling recreational EtOH use in humans, is sufficient to dysregulate VTA DA transmission thus increasing the propensity to use over time. To this purpose, midbrain slice recordings in mice previously exposed to an escalating (3, 6 and 12%) 18-day voluntary EtOH drinking paradigm was used. By recording from DA and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) VTA neurons in midbrain slices, we found that moderate EtOH drinking leads to a significant suppression of the spontaneous activity of VTA DA neurons, while increasing their response to acute EtOH application. We also found that chronic EtOH leads to the enhancement of GABA input frequency onto a subset of DA neurons. Structurally, chronic EtOH induced a significant increase in the number of GABA axonal boutons contacting DA neurons, suggesting deep rewiring of the GABA network. This scenario is consistent with a downmodulation of the reward DA system induced by moderate EtOH drinking, a neurochemical state defined as "hypodopaminergic" and previously associated with advanced stages of drug use in humans. In this context, increased sensitivity of DA neurons towards acute EtOH may represent the neurophysiological correlate of increased unitary rewarding value, possibly driving progression to addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ilari
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, NEUROFARBA, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - L Curti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, NEUROFARBA, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - M Petrella
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della salute, Università di Camerino, Italy
| | - N Cannella
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della salute, Università di Camerino, Italy
| | - A La Rocca
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, NEUROFARBA, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - G Ranieri
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, NEUROFARBA, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - E Gerace
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, NEUROFARBA, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - D Iezzi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, NEUROFARBA, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - L Silvestri
- Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Italy; European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Italy
| | - G Mannaioni
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, NEUROFARBA, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - R Ciccocioppo
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della salute, Università di Camerino, Italy.
| | - A Masi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, NEUROFARBA, Università di Firenze, Italy.
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32
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Crabbe JC, Hack WR, Ozburn AR, Savarese AM, Metten P. Long-term alcohol drinking in High Drinking in the Dark mice is stable for many months and does not show alcohol deprivation effects. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13074. [PMID: 34227188 PMCID: PMC8720065 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have modelled genetic risk for binge-like drinking by selectively breeding High Drinking in the Dark-1 and -2 (HDID-1 and HDID-2) mice for their propensity to reach intoxicating blood alcohol levels (BALs) after binge-like drinking in a single bottle, limited access paradigm. Interestingly, in standard two-bottle choice (2BC) tests for continuously available alcohol versus water, HDID mice show modest levels of preference. This indicates some degree of independence of the genetic contributions to risk for binge-like and sustained, continuous access drinking. We had few data where the drinking in the dark (DID) tests of binge-like drinking had been repeatedly performed, so we serially offered multiple DID tests to see whether binge-like drinking escalated. It did not. We also asked whether HDID mice would escalate their voluntary intake with prolonged exposure to alcohol 2BC. They did not. Lastly, we assessed whether an alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) developed. ADE is a temporary elevation in drinking typically observed after a period of abstinence from sustained access to alcohol choice. With repetition, these periods of ADE sometimes have led to more sustained elevations in drinking. We therefore asked whether repeated ADE episodes would elevate choice drinking in HDID mice. They did not. After nearly 500 days of alcohol access, the intake of HDID mice remained stable. We conclude that a genetically-enhanced high risk for binge-like drinking is not sufficient to yield alterations in long-term alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Crabbe
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, VA Portland Health Care System (R&D 12), Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Wyatt R Hack
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, VA Portland Health Care System (R&D 12), Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Angela R Ozburn
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, VA Portland Health Care System (R&D 12), Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Antonia M Savarese
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, VA Portland Health Care System (R&D 12), Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Pamela Metten
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, VA Portland Health Care System (R&D 12), Portland, Oregon, USA
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33
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Bowen MT, George O, Muskiewicz DE, Hall FS. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE ESCALATION OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 132:730-756. [PMID: 34839930 PMCID: PMC8892842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding factors that contribute to the escalation of alcohol consumption is key to understanding how an individual transitions from non/social drinking to AUD and to providing better treatment. In this review, we discuss how the way ethanol is consumed as well as individual and environmental factors contribute to the escalation of ethanol consumption from intermittent low levels to consistently high levels. Moreover, we discuss how these factors are modelled in animals. It is clear a vast array of complex, interacting factors influence changes in alcohol consumption. Some of these factors act early in the acquisition of ethanol consumption and initial escalation, while others contribute to escalation of ethanol consumption at a later stage and are involved in the development of alcohol dependence. There is considerable need for more studies examining escalation associated with the formation of dependence and other hallmark features of AUD, especially studies examining mechanisms, as it is of considerable relevance to understanding and treating AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Bowen
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia,The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia,Corresponding Author: Michael T. Bowen, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia,
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dawn E. Muskiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, OH, USA
| | - F. Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, OH, USA
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34
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Holbrook OT, Molligoda B, Bushell KN, Gobrogge KL. Behavioral consequences of the downstream products of ethanol metabolism involved in alcohol use disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104501. [PMID: 34942269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Research concerning Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) has previously focused primarily on either the behavioral or chemical consequences experienced following ethanol intake, but these areas of research have rarely been considered in tandem. Compared with other drugs of abuse, ethanol has been shown to have a unique metabolic pathway once it enters the body, which leads to the formation of downstream metabolites which can go on to form biologically active products. These metabolites can mediate a variety of behavioral responses that are commonly observed with AUD, such as ethanol intake, reinforcement, and vulnerability to relapse. The following review considers the preclinical and chemical research implicating these downstream products in AUD and proposes a chemobehavioral model of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto T Holbrook
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA.
| | - Brandon Molligoda
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA.
| | - Kristen N Bushell
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA
| | - Kyle L Gobrogge
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA
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35
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Pizarro N, Kossatz E, González P, Gamero A, Veza E, Fernández C, Gabaldón T, de la Torre R, Robledo P. Sex-Specific Effects of Synbiotic Exposure in Mice on Addictive-Like Behavioral Alterations Induced by Chronic Alcohol Intake Are Associated With Changes in Specific Gut Bacterial Taxa and Brain Tryptophan Metabolism. Front Nutr 2021; 8:750333. [PMID: 34901109 PMCID: PMC8662823 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.750333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol intake has been shown to disrupt gut microbiota homeostasis, but whether microbiota modulation could prevent behavioral alterations associated with chronic alcohol intake remains unknown. We investigated the effects of synbiotic dietary supplementation on the development of alcohol-related addictive behavior in female and male mice and evaluated whether these effects were associated with changes in bacterial species abundance, short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolism, and neurotransmitter levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Chronic intermittent exposure to alcohol during 20 days induced escalation of intake in both female and male mice. Following alcohol deprivation, relapse-like behavior was observed in both sexes, but anxiogenic and cognitive deficits were present only in females. Synbiotic treatment reduced escalation and relapse to alcohol intake in females and males. In addition, the anxiogenic-like state and cognitive deficits observed in females following alcohol deprivation were abolished in mice exposed to synbiotic. Alcohol-induced differential alterations in microbial diversity and abundance in both sexes. In females, synbiotic exposure abrogated the alterations provoked by alcohol in Prevotellaceae UCG-001 and Ruminococcaceae UCG-014 abundance. In males, synbiotic exposure restored the changes induced by alcohol in Akkermansia and Muribaculum uncultured bacterium abundance. Following alcohol withdrawal, tryptophan metabolites, noradrenaline, dopamine, and γ-aminobutyric acid concentrations in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus were correlated with bacterial abundance and behavioral alterations in a sex-dependent manner. These results suggested that a dietary intervention with a synbiotic to reduce gut dysbiosis during chronic alcohol intake may impact differently the gut-brain-axis in females and males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Pizarro
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (CEXS-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elk Kossatz
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alba Gamero
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (CEXS-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emma Veza
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Fernández
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (CEXS-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (CEXS-UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Robledo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (CEXS-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Giuliano C, Puaud M, Cardinal RN, Belin D, Everitt BJ. Individual differences in the engagement of habitual control over alcohol seeking predict the development of compulsive alcohol seeking and drinking. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e13041. [PMID: 33955649 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive drinking is an important behavioural characteristic of alcohol addiction, but not the only one. Individuals addicted to alcohol crave alcoholic beverages, spend time seeking alcohol despite negative consequences and eventually drink to intoxication. With prolonged use, control over alcohol seeking devolves to anterior dorsolateral striatum, dopamine-dependent mechanisms implicated in habit learning and individuals in whom alcohol seeking relies more on these mechanisms are more likely to persist in seeking alcohol despite the risk of punishment. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the development of habitual alcohol seeking predicts the development of compulsive seeking and that, once developed, it is associated with compulsive alcohol drinking. Male alcohol-preferring rats were pre-exposed intermittently to a two-bottle choice procedure and trained on a seeking-taking chained schedule of alcohol reinforcement until some individuals developed punishment-resistant seeking behaviour. The associative basis of their seeking responses was probed with an outcome-devaluation procedure, early or late in training. After seeking behaviour was well established, subjects that had developed greater resistance to outcome devaluation (were more habitual) were more likely to show punishment-resistant (compulsive) alcohol seeking. These individuals also drank more alcohol, despite quinine adulteration, even though having similar alcohol preference and intake before and during instrumental training. They were also less sensitive to changes in the contingency between seeking responses and alcohol outcome, providing further evidence of recruitment of the habit system. We therefore provide direct behavioural evidence that compulsive alcohol seeking emerges alongside compulsive drinking in individuals who have preferentially engaged the habit system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giuliano
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Mickaël Puaud
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Rudolf N. Cardinal
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychiatry University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Liaison Psychiatry Service Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
| | - David Belin
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Barry J. Everitt
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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Modulation of relapse-like drinking in male Sprague-Dawley rats by ligands targeting the α5GABA A receptor. Neuropharmacology 2021; 199:108785. [PMID: 34509495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical evidence suggests a key role for GABAA receptors containing the α5 subunit (i.e., α5GABAA receptors) in the abuse-related effects of alcohol, including the reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects, as well as cue-induced alcohol-seeking behavior. However, the contribution of this GABAA receptor subtype to relapse-like drinking behavior remains unknown. The present study evaluated the capacity of ligands targeting α5GABAA receptors to modulate the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE), a model of relapse-like drinking. Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats underwent repeated cycles of long-term access to alcohol solutions (5%, 10%, 20% v/v) and water in the home cage followed by water only deprivation periods. Upon evidence that the ADE could be reliably expressed across cycles, drug treatment was initiated. One group received the α5GABAA receptor-preferring agonist QH-ii-066 and the other group received the α5GABAA receptor-selective inverse agonist L-655,708. At the end of ADE testing, rats underwent testing in the elevated zero maze under vehicle or L-655,708 treatment for assessment of anxiety-like behavior. The ADE was reliably expressed across repeated cycles of alcohol access/deprivation in a subset of rats. Low doses of QH-ii-066 enhanced expression of the ADE; whereas, L-655,708 dose-dependently inhibited expression of the ADE. L-655,708 did not engender anxiogenic effects in the elevated zero maze under the conditions evaluated. These findings suggest a key role for α5GABAA receptor mechanisms in relapse-like drinking. Moreover, they suggest that α5GABAA receptors may represent a novel pharmacological target for the development of medications to prevent or reduce alcohol relapse.
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38
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Poceviciute I, Buisas R, Danelius T, Dulinskas R, Ruksenas O, Vengeliene V. The Anticonvulsant Lamotrigine Reduces Bout-Like Alcohol Drinking in Rats. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 57:242-245. [PMID: 34718391 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We used an optical lickometer system to study drinking microstructure and effect of lamotrigine in voluntary alcohol-drinking rats. We showed that, similar to humans, animals differ by their drinking microstructure where some consume alcohol exclusively in a bout-like patterns. The study suggests that anticonvulsants, such as lamotrigine, may be one treatment strategy specifically affecting this type of drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Poceviciute
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rokas Buisas
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tadas Danelius
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Vilnius University, Naugarduko g. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Redas Dulinskas
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Osvaldas Ruksenas
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Valentina Vengeliene
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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39
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Simmons KE, Healey KL, Li Q, Moore SD, Klein RC. Effects of sex and genotype in human APOE-targeted replacement mice on alcohol self-administration measured with the automated IntelliCage system before and after repeated mild traumatic brain injury. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2231-2245. [PMID: 34585391 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the association between APOE genotype and alcohol use. Although some of these studies have reported outcomes associated with a history of drinking, none have examined alcohol-seeking behavior. In addition, no preclinical studies have examined alcohol use as a function of APOE genotype with or without traumatic brain injury. METHODS Male and female human APOE3- and APOE4-targeted replacement (TR) mice were used to assess voluntary alcohol seeking longitudinally using a 2-bottle choice paradigm conducted within the automated IntelliCage system prior to and following repeated mild TBI (rmTBI). Following an acquisition phase in which the concentration of ethanol (EtOH) was increased to 12%, a variety of drinking paradigms that included extended alcohol access (EAA1 and EAA2), alcohol deprivation effect (ADE), limited access drinking in the dark (DID), and progressive ratio (PR) were used to assess alcohol-seeking behavior. Additional behavioral tasks were performed to measure cognitive function and anxiety-like behavior. RESULTS All groups readily consumed increasing concentrations of EtOH (4-12%) during the acquisition phase. During the EAA1 period (12% EtOH), there was a significant genotype effect in both males and females for EtOH preference. Following a 3-week abstinence period, mice received sham or rmTBI resulting in a genotype- and sex-independent main effect of rmTBI on the recovery of righting reflex and a main effect of rmTBI on spontaneous home-cage activity in females only. Reintroduction of 12% EtOH (EAA2) resulted in a significant effect genotype for alcohol preference in males with APOE4 mice displaying increased preference and motivation for alcohol compared with APOE3 mice independent of TBI while in females, there was a significant genotype × TBI interaction under the ADE and DID paradigms. Finally, there was a main effect of rmTBI on increased risk-seeking behavior in both sexes, but no effect on spatial learning or cognitive flexibility. CONCLUSION These results suggest that sex and APOE genotype play a significant role in alcohol consumption and may subsequently influence long-term recovery following traumatic brain insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Simmons
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kati L Healey
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott D Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca C Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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40
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Vegeris EL, Brooks R. Occupational Lives in Sustained Recovery From Alcohol Dependency: An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. OTJR-OCCUPATION PARTICIPATION AND HEALTH 2021; 42:22-29. [PMID: 34493124 PMCID: PMC8652362 DOI: 10.1177/15394492211042265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use is a significant risk factor for ill health. Although many people complete treatment, only one third maintain their sobriety. Research has suggested that occupational engagement supports early recovery, but its role in sustained recovery is not known. This study aimed to explore the occupational lives of individuals in sustained recovery from alcohol dependency. An interpretive phenomenological analysis methodology was used, utilizing an occupational perspective. Participants were recruited from a substance use recovery center. Data were collected through interviews and analyzed thematically. This study had three participants. Four themes emerged: (a) shaping occupational lives, (b) shifting coping strategies, (c) finding a gateway to new social connections and a sense of belonging, and (d) establishing a new role in the context of recovery. Findings suggest that in sustained recovery, occupations develop new meanings and purposes that have the potential to support recovery.
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Sudden cessation of fluoxetine before alcohol drinking reinstatement alters microglial morphology and TLR4/inflammatory neuroadaptation in the rat brain. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2243-2264. [PMID: 34236532 PMCID: PMC8354990 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies on the effects of abrupt cessation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a medication often prescribed in alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients with depression, results in alcohol consumption escalation after resuming drinking. However, a potential neuroinflammatory component on this escalation remains unexplored despite the immunomodulatory role of serotonin. Here, we utilized a rat model of 14-daily administration of the SSRI fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day) along alcohol self-administration deprivation to study the effects of fluoxetine cessation on neuroinflammation after resuming alcohol drinking. Microglial morphology and inflammatory gene expression were analyzed in prelimbic cortex, striatum, basolateral amygdala and dorsal hippocampus. Results indicated that alcohol drinking reinstatement increased microglial IBA1 immunoreactivity and altered morphometric features of activated microglia (fractal dimension, lacunarity, density, roughness, and cell area, perimeter and circularity). Despite alcohol reinstatement, fluoxetine cessation modified microglial morphology in a brain region-specific manner, resulting in hyper-ramified (spatial complexity of branching), reactive (lower heterogeneity and circularity)-like microglia. We also found that microglial cell area correlated with changes in mRNA expression of chemokines (Cx3cl1/fractalkine, Cxcl12/SDF1α, Ccl2/MCP1), cytokines (IL1β, IL6, IL10) and the innate immune toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in dorsal hippocampus. Specifically, TLR4 correlated with microglial spatial complexity assessed by fractal dimension in striatum, suggesting a role in process branching. These findings suggest that alcohol drinking reinstatement after fluoxetine treatment cessation disturbs microglial morphology and reactive phenotype associated with a TLR4/inflammatory response to alcohol in a brain region-specific manner, facts that might contribute to alcohol-induced damage through the promotion of escalation of alcohol drinking behavior.
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Salinas AG, Mateo Y, Carlson VCC, Stinnett GS, Luo G, Seasholtz AF, Grant KA, Lovinger DM. Long-term alcohol consumption alters dorsal striatal dopamine release and regulation by D2 dopamine receptors in rhesus macaques. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1432-1441. [PMID: 33452430 PMCID: PMC8209056 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The dorsal striatum (DS) is implicated in behavioral and neural processes including action control and reinforcement. Alcohol alters these processes in rodents, and it is believed that the development of alcohol use disorder involves changes in DS dopamine signaling. In nonhuman primates, the DS can be divided into caudate and putamen subregions. As part of a collaborative effort examining the effects of long-term alcohol self-administration in rhesus macaques, we examined DS dopamine signaling using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. We found that chronic alcohol self-administration resulted in several dopamine system adaptations. Most notably, dopamine release was altered in a sex- and region-dependent manner. Following long-term alcohol consumption, male macaques, regardless of abstinence status, had reduced dopamine release in putamen, while only male macaques in abstinence had reduced dopamine release in caudate. In contrast, female macaques had enhanced dopamine release in the caudate, but not putamen. Dopamine uptake was also enhanced in females, but not males (regardless of abstinence state). We also found that dopamine D2/3 autoreceptor function was reduced in male, but not female, alcohol drinkers relative to control groups. Finally, we found that blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors inhibited evoked dopamine release in nonhuman primates. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that long-term alcohol consumption can sex-dependently alter dopamine release, as well as its feedback control mechanisms in both DS subregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando G. Salinas
- grid.22448.380000 0004 1936 8032Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Division of Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Yolanda Mateo
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Division of Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Verginia C. Cuzon Carlson
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA
| | - Gwen S. Stinnett
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Guoxiang Luo
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Division of Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Audrey F. Seasholtz
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Kathleen A. Grant
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA
| | - David M. Lovinger
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Division of Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Lost in translation: no effect of repeated optogenetic cortico-striatal stimulation on compulsivity in rats. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:315. [PMID: 34031365 PMCID: PMC8144623 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The orbitofrontal cortex-ventromedial striatum (OFC-VMS) circuitry is widely believed to drive compulsive behavior. Hyperactivating this pathway in inbred mice produces excessive and persistent self-grooming, which has been considered a model for human compulsivity. We aimed to replicate these findings in outbred rats, where there are few reliable compulsivity models. Male Long-Evans rats implanted with optical fibers into VMS and with opsins delivered into OFC received optical stimulation at parameters that produce OFC-VMS plasticity and compulsive grooming in mice. We then evaluated rats for compulsive self-grooming at six timepoints: before, during, immediately after, and 1 h after each stimulation, 1 and 2 weeks after the ending of a 6-day stimulation protocol. To further test for effects of OFC-VMS hyperstimulation, we ran animals in three standard compulsivity assays: marble burying, nestlet shredding, and operant attentional set-shifting. OFC-VMS stimulation did not increase self-grooming or induce significant changes in nestlet shredding, marble burying, or set-shifting in rats. Follow-on evoked potential studies verified that the stimulation protocol altered OFC-VMS synaptic weighting. In sum, although we induced physiological changes in the OFC-VMS circuitry, we could not reproduce in a strongly powered study in rats a model of compulsive behavior previously reported in mice. This suggests possible limitations to translation of mouse findings to species higher on the phylogenetic chain.
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NMDA Receptors in Accumbal D1 Neurons Influence Chronic Sugar Consumption and Relapse. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0029-21.2021. [PMID: 33906970 PMCID: PMC8143023 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0029-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic input via NMDA and AMPA receptors within the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway plays a critical role in the development of addictive behavior and relapse toward drugs of abuse. Although well-established for drugs of abuse, it is not clear whether glutamate receptors within the mesolimbic system are involved in mediating chronic consumption and relapse following abstinence from a non-drug reward. Here, we evaluated the contribution of mesolimbic glutamate receptors in mediating chronic sugar consumption and the sugar-deprivation effect (SDE), which is used as a measure of relapse-like behavior following abstinence. We studied four inducible mutant mouse lines lacking the GluA1 or GluN1 subunit in either DA transporter (DAT) or D1R-expressing neurons in an automated monitoring system for free-choice sugar drinking in the home cage. Mice lacking either GluA1 or GluN1 in D1R-expressing neurons (GluA1D1CreERT2 or GluN1D1CreERT2mice) have altered sugar consumption in both sexes, whereas GluA1DATCreERT2 and GluN1DATCreERT2do not differ from their respective littermate controls. In terms of relapse-like behavior, female GluN1D1CreERT2mice show a more pronounced SDE. Given that glutamate receptors within the mesolimbic system play a critical role in mediating relapse behavior of alcohol and other drugs of abuse, it is surprising that these receptors do not mediate the SDE, or in the case of female GluN1D1CreERT2 mice, show an opposing effect. We conclude that a relapse-like phenotype of sugar consumption differs from that of drugs of abuse on the molecular level, at least with respect to the contribution of mesolimbic glutamate receptors.
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Ballesta A, Alen F, Orio L, Arco R, Vadas E, Decara J, Vargas A, Gómez de Heras R, Ramírez‐López M, Serrano A, Pavón FJ, Suárez J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Abrupt cessation of reboxetine along alcohol deprivation results in alcohol intake escalation after reinstatement of drinking. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12957. [PMID: 32815666 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Major depression (MD) is a frequent comorbidity in alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients. Antidepressant prescription is often limited by poor clinical outcomes or unwanted side effects in comorbid AUD-MD patients. Recent studies suggest that abrupt cessation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors antidepressant treatment increases alcohol consumption after an alcohol deprivation period in rats. However, the appearance of this effect after the treatment with selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) is not known. Here, we report that interruption of subchronic (14 days) treatment with the SNRIs reboxetine (15 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally) resulted in escalation of ethanol intake when the animals resume alcohol self-administration. This effect of reboxetine treatment cessation was associated with a profound deactivation of the endocannabinoid/acylethanolamide signaling system in the prefrontal cortex but not in the dorsal hippocampus, as reflected by the decrease in the protein expression of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor, the PPARα receptor, the 2-arachidonoylglycerol synthesizing enzymes DAGLα and DGALβ, and the endocanabinoid degrading enzyme MAGL. This was associated with dysregulation of the expression of glutamic acid receptors GluN1, GluA1, and mGlu5 in the medial prefrontal cortex and the dorsal hippocampus of the animals exposed to reboxetine. The present results further support the idea that abrupt cessation of antidepressant therapy along alcohol deprivation time can boost alcohol intake after relapse through mechanisms associated with endocannabinoid/glutamate signaling dysregulation. This finding might be relevant for patients suffering AUD/MD comorbidity where antidepressant therapy must be monitored with caution for avoiding unwanted side effects if adherence to the treatment is not fully achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ballesta
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Francisco Alen
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Rocío Arco
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Evelyn Vadas
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Antonio Vargas
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Raquel Gómez de Heras
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Mayte Ramírez‐López
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
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Zhou Y, Kreek MJ. Blockade of alcohol excessive and "relapse" drinking in male mice by pharmacological cryptochrome (CRY) activation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1099-1109. [PMID: 33420591 PMCID: PMC7969462 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Metabolic dysfunction, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse disorders are associated with disruptions in circadian rhythm and circadian clock gene machinery. While the effects of alcohol on several core components of the clock genes have been described in rodent models, pharmacological activation or inhibition of clock gene functions has not been studied on alcohol drinking behaviors. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether cryptochrome (CRY1/2) activator KL001 altered alcohol intake in mice in excessive and relapse-like alcohol drinking models. METHODS Mice, subjected to 3 weeks of chronic intermittent alcohol drinking (IAD) (two-bottle choice, 24-h access every other day) developed excessive alcohol intake and high preference. We evaluated the pharmacological effects of KL001 after either 1-day acute withdrawal from IAD or 1-week chronic withdrawal using the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) model. RESULTS Single pretreatment with KL001 at 1-4 mg kg-1 reduced alcohol intake and preference after acute withdrawal in a dose-related manner. The effect of KL001 on reducing excessive alcohol consumption seems alcohol specific, as the compound does not alter sucrose (caloric reinforcer) or saccharin (noncaloric reinforcer) consumption in mice. Both single- and multiple-dosing regimens with an effective dose of KL001 (4 mg kg-1) prevented the ADE after chronic withdrawal, with no tolerance development after the multi-dosing regimen. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment with KL001 (a CRY1/2 activator) reduces excessive and "relapse" alcohol drinking in mice. Our in vivo results with a CRY activator suggest a possible novel target for alcohol treatment intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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Female mice are more prone to develop an addictive-like phenotype for sugar consumption. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7364. [PMID: 33795734 PMCID: PMC8016940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of “sugar addiction” is gaining increasing attention in both the lay media and scientific literature. However, the concept of sugar addiction is controversial and only a few studies to date have attempted to determine the “addictive” properties of sugar using rigorous scientific criteria. Here we set out to systematically test the addictive properties of sugar in male and female mice using established paradigms and models from the drug addiction field. Male and female C57BL/6N (8–10 weeks old) were evaluated in 4 experimental procedures to study the addictive properties of sugar: (i) a drinking in the dark (DID) procedure to model sugar binging; (ii) a long-term free choice home cage drinking procedure measuring the sugar deprivation effect (SDE) following an abstinence phase; (iii) a long-term operant sugar self-administration with persistence, motivation and compulsivity measures and (iv) intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). Female mice were more vulnerable to the addictive properties of sugar than male mice, showing higher binge and long-term, excessive drinking, a more pronounced relapse-like drinking following deprivation, and higher persistence and motivation for sugar. No sex differences were seen in a compulsivity test or reward sensitivity measured using ICSS following extended sugar consumption. This study demonstrates the occurrence of an addictive-like phenotype for sugar in male and female mice, similar to drugs of abuse, and suggests sex-dependent differences in the development of sugar addiction.
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Borruto AM, Stopponi S, Li H, Weiss F, Roberto M, Ciccocioppo R. Genetically selected alcohol-preferring msP rats to study alcohol use disorder: Anything lost in translation? Neuropharmacology 2021; 186:108446. [PMID: 33476639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, genetically selected alcohol-preferring rats have been successfully used to mimic and study alcohol use disorders (AUD). These rat lines have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of the neurobiology of alcoholism and enabling pharmacological studies to evaluate drug efficacy on alcohol drinking and relapse. Moreover, the results of these studies have identified genetic variables that are linked to AUD vulnerability. This is an up-to-date review that focuses on genetically selected Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) rats. To support the translational relevance of the findings that are obtained from msP rats and highlight important similarities to AUD patients, we also discuss the results of recent brain imaging studies. Finally, to demonstrate the importance of studying sex differences in animal models of AUD, we present original data that highlight behavioral differences in the response to alcohol in male and female rats. Female msP rats exhibited higher alcohol consumption compared with males. Furthermore, msP rats of both sexes exhibit higher anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze and forced swim test, respectively, compared with unselected Wistar controls. Notably, voluntary alcohol drinking decreases foot-shock stress and depressive-like behavior in both sexes, whereas anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze is attenuated only in males. These findings suggest that male and female msP rats both drink high amounts of alcohol to self-medicate negative affective symptoms. For females, this behavior may be driven by an attempt to treat stress and depressive-like conditions. For males, generalized anxiety appears to be an important additional factor in the motivation to drink alcohol. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Borruto
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Serena Stopponi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Hongwu Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Friedbert Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
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Individual differences in social play behaviour predict alcohol intake and control over alcohol seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:3119-3130. [PMID: 34338827 PMCID: PMC8605978 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Social play behaviour is a rewarding social activity displayed by young mammals, thought to be important for the development of brain and behaviour. Indeed, disruptions of social play behaviour in rodents have been associated with cognitive deficits and augmented sensitivity to self-administration of substances of abuse, including alcohol, later in life. However, the relation between social development and loss of control over substance use, a key characteristic of substance use disorders including alcohol use disorder (AUD), has not been investigated. Moreover, it remains unknown how inherent differences in playfulness relate to differences in the sensitivity to substance use and AUD. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine how individual differences in juvenile social play behaviour predict alcohol intake and loss of control over alcohol seeking. METHODS Juvenile male Lister hooded rats were characterized for their tendency to engage in social play behaviour. Subsequently, alcohol consumption and conditioned suppression of alcohol seeking were assessed in the tertiles of rats that showed the most and least social play. RESULTS The rats that engaged most in social play behaviour consumed more alcohol than their less playful counterparts. However, whereas the most playful rats showed intact conditioned suppression of alcohol seeking, the least playful rats showed no such suppression. CONCLUSION Individual levels of playfulness predict the sensitivity to alcohol-directed behaviour. Highly playful rats are more prone to alcohol intake, yet show greater control over alcohol seeking. These findings increase our understanding of the relationship between social development and vulnerability to AUD.
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Ibañez C, Vicencio S, Quintanilla ME, Maldonado P. Interoception and alcohol addiction: Vagotomy induces long-lasting suppression of relapse-type behavior. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12836. [PMID: 31846188 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Drug addictions are chronic mental disorders characterized by compulsive drug seeking and drug use, despite their negative consequences. It is a priority to find therapeutic alternatives to prevent relapse, as there are still no treatments that can ensure abstinence. One of the neural systems implicated in the appearance of the states of discomfort that motivate relapse is the interoceptive system, which oversees our internal body states. However, less attention has been given to the peripheral components of the interoceptive system and their role in addictions. Within these pathways, the vagus nerve represents one of the main visceral afferents of the interoceptive system. We hypothesized that the interruption of visceral afferent pathways would decrease the motivational effects of the drug, thereby either decreasing or preventing drug cravings. To test this idea, we used rats of a high-alcohol-drinking line and measured the effect that vagus nerve resection had on the relapse-like alcohol drinking, expressed as the alcohol deprivation effect, a phenomenon that has been linked to addiction-related events such as alcohol cravings. We found that even though vagotomy completely eliminates the effect of alcohol deprivation, it has no impact on water consumption or animal weight. These results give us valuable information about the relationship between the autonomic nervous system and alcohol use disorders and allow us to propose new clinical research that might have translational options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ibañez
- Department of Psychiatry Clinical Hospital of the Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Sergio Vicencio
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Pedro Maldonado
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
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