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Brazendale K, Gurnurkar S, Hunt ET, Burkart S, Armstrong B, Weaver RG, Beets MW, Sikder A, McClean C. Free Summer Day Camp to Address Childhood Obesity: Is There Demand? Child Obes 2023; 19:560-564. [PMID: 36315438 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2022.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Children from low-income households, and who are overweight or obese (OWOB), are at risk of accelerated weight gain during summer. Summer day camps (SDCs) have the potential to mitigate accelerated weight gain during summer as these settings can positively influence children's obesogenic behaviors (i.e., increase physical activity); however, barriers exist to attending, most notably cost. Little is known on whether low-income caregivers of children with OWOB would be interested in having their child attend SDC for free. Caregivers (n = 109, 82% mother respondents, >75% Medicaid and Minority Household) with a child attending pediatric endocrinology clinics completed a one-page survey to explore demand. Approximately 66% of respondents expressed interest for their child to attend SDC for free. Providing free SDC for children with OWOB and from low-income households is a possible strategy to tackle childhood obesity during summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Brazendale
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Ethan T Hunt
- Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Burkart
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bridget Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - R Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Aniqa Sikder
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Carina McClean
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Weaver RG, Armstrong B, Adams E, Beets MW, White J, Flory K, Wilson D, McLain A, Tennie B. Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of structured programming and a parent intervention to mitigate accelerated summer BMI gain: a pilot study. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2023; 9:83. [PMID: 37189190 PMCID: PMC10184061 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-023-01312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed the initial feasibility and preliminary efficacy of providing children a free summer day camp and a parent intervention to improve self-regulation and mitigate accelerated summer BMI gain. METHODS This pilot 2x2 factorial randomized control trial used a mixed-methods design to evaluate providing children a free summer day camp (SCV), a parent intervention (PI), and the combination of these two strategies (SCV+PI) to mitigate accelerated summer body mass index (BMI) gain. Progression criteria for feasibility and efficacy were assessed to determine if a full-scale trial was warranted. Feasibility criteria included recruitment capability (≥80 participants recruited) retention (≥70% participants retained), compliance (≥80% of participants attending the summer program with children attending ≥60% of program days, and ≥80% of participants completing goal setting calls with ≥60% of weeks syncing their child's Fitbit), and treatment fidelity (≥80% of summer program days delivered for ≥9 h/day, and ≥80% of participant texts delivered). Efficacy criteria were assessed via achieving a clinically meaningful impact on zBMI (i.e., ≥0.15). Changes in BMI were estimated using intent-to-treat and post hoc dose-response analyses via multilevel mixed-effects regressions. RESULTS For recruitment, capability and retention progression criteria were met with a total of 89 families participating and 24 participants randomized to the PI group, 21 randomized to the SCV group, 23 randomized to the SCV+PI group, and 21 randomized to the control. However, fidelity and compliance progression criteria were not achieved due to COVID-19 and lack of transportation. Progression criteria for efficacy was also not achieved as intent-to-treat analyses did not show changes in BMI gain that were clinically meaningful. Post hoc dose-response analyses showed that for each day (0 to 29) of summer programming children attended they gained -0.009 (95CI= -0.018, -0.001) less in BMI z score. CONCLUSIONS Engagement in both the SCV and PI was not ideal due to COVID-19 and lack of transportation. Providing children with structured summer programming to mitigate accelerated summer BMI gain may be an effective strategy. However, because feasibility and efficacy progression criteria were not met, a larger trial is not warranted until further pilot work is completed to ensure children attend the programming. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial reported herein was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. Trial #: NCT04608188.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, room 130, Columbia, SC, 29205, USA.
| | - B Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, room 130, Columbia, SC, 29205, USA
| | - E Adams
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, room 130, Columbia, SC, 29205, USA
| | - M W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, room 130, Columbia, SC, 29205, USA
| | - J White
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, room 130, Columbia, SC, 29205, USA
| | - K Flory
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - D Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - A McLain
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - B Tennie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
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Larose D, Chih-Shing Chen M, Panahi S, Yessis J, Tremblay A, Drapeau V. Interventions to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors in children and adolescents in summer day camps: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:773. [PMID: 37101170 PMCID: PMC10134537 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and adolescents have suboptimal physical activity and eating habits during summer breaks. Unlike the school setting, there is little evidence on interventions to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors in Summer Day Camps (SDCs). METHODS The aim of this scoping review was to examine physical activity, healthy eating, and sedentary behavior interventions in the SDCs. A systematic search on four platforms (EBSCOhost, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science) was performed in May 2021 and was updated in June 2022. Studies related to promoting healthy behaviors, physical activity, sedentary behaviors and/or healthy eating among campers aged 6 to 16 in Summer Day Camps were retained. The protocol and writing of the scoping review were done according to the guidelines of the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR)". RESULTS Most interventions had a positive effect on the behavioral determinants or the behaviors themselves (i.e., physical activity, sedentary behaviors, or healthy eating). Involving counsellors and parents, setting camp goals, gardening, and education are all relevant strategies in promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors in SDCs. CONCLUSIONS Since only one intervention directly targeted sedentary behaviors, it should strongly be considered for inclusion in future studies. In addition, more long-term and experimental studies are needed to establish cause-and-effect relationships between healthy behavior interventions in SDCs and behaviors of children and young adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Larose
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la formation et la profession enseignante (CRIFPE), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Shirin Panahi
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la formation et la profession enseignante (CRIFPE), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jennifer Yessis
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la formation et la profession enseignante (CRIFPE), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vicky Drapeau
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la formation et la profession enseignante (CRIFPE), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Department of Physical Education, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Prochnow TM, Patterson MS, Meyer AR, Umstattd Meyer MR. Sport Participation Associations With Child Friend Selection and Physical Activity While at Summer Care Programs. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:479-487. [PMID: 34252350 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1864261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Child physical activity (PA) declines during summer reducing PA-related health benefits. Summer care programs (e.g., Boys & Girls Clubs) can promote active play while providing opportunities for friendships. Sport participation is a positive influence on PA and social development. Purpose: This article investigates the role of sport participation in PA attainment, perceived skill competency, and social connection at a summer care program. Methods: Children self-reported PA, sport participation, and the names of up to five peers whom they played with most at the program at the start (T1; n = 100; M age = 9.94 years; SD = 1.34; 47% male) and end (T2; n = 77; M age = 9.83 years; SD = 1.46; 51% male) of summer. Network autocorrelation models were used to determine if child sport participation was significantly associated with those they played with at the program. Results:Children who reported sport participation reported significantly more PA than those who did not at T1, but not T2. Child sport participation was significantly related to that of the peers they said they spent time with while at the program for T1 (β = 0.07, p < .01), but not T2 (β = 0.06, p = .10). Additionally, PA (β = 0.08, p < .01; β = 0.07, p = .01) and skill competency (β = 0.11, p = .02; β = 0.15, p < .01) were significantly associated with sport participation at both time points. While sports participation was a key factor in child friendships at the start of summer, the program allowed children, regardless of sport participation, to become friends outside of sports. Conclusions: These results suggest summer care programs promote PA through play and provide opportunities for children to facilitate friendships regardless of sport participation.
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Weaver RG, Armstrong B, Adams E, Beets M, White J, Flory K, Wilson D, Mclain A, Tennie B. Feasibility & Preliminary Efficacy of Structured Programming and a Parent Intervention to Mitigate Accelerated Summer BMI Gain: A pilot study. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-1466063. [PMID: 35378750 PMCID: PMC8978946 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1466063/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThis study assessed initial feasibility and preliminary efficacy of providing children a free summer day camp and a parent intervention to improve self-regulation and mitigate accelerated summer BMI gain.MethodsThis pilot 2x2 factorial randomized control trial used a mixed methods design to evaluate providing children a free summer day camp (SCV), a parent intervention (PI), and the combination of these two strategies (SCV + PI) to mitigate accelerated summer body mass index (BMI) gain. Feasibility (i.e., recruitment capability, retention, compliance, treatment fidelity, acceptability) was examined using means, standard deviations, and percentages for relevant variables. Changes in BMI were estimated using intent-to-treat and post-hoc dose response analyses via multilevel mixed effects regressions.ResultsA total of 89 families participated, with 24 participants randomized to the PI group, 21 randomized to the SCV group, 23 randomized to the SCV + PI group, and 21 randomized to the control. Parents and children found the summer program acceptable but attendance at the summer program and engagement in the PI were low due to COVID-19 and lack of transportation. Intent-to-treat analyses showed no statistically significant difference between groups in summer BMI gain. Post-hoc dose response analyses showed that for each day (0 to 29) of summer programming children attended they gained - 0.009 (95CI= -0.018, -0.001) less in BMI z-score.ConclusionsEngagement in both the SCV and PI was not ideal and was likely due to COVID-19 and lack of transportation. Providing children with structured summer programming to mitigate accelerated summer BMI gain may be an effective strategy. Thus, a larger trial may be warranted, but more work is needed to ensure children attend the programming.Trial registration: The trial reported herein was prospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov. Trial #:NCT04608188.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Beets
- University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health
| | - James White
- University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health
| | - Kate Flory
- University of South Carolina Department of Psychology
| | - Dawn Wilson
- University of South Carolina Department of Psychology
| | - Alex Mclain
- University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health
| | - Brianna Tennie
- University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health
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Prochnow T, Patterson MS, Bridges Hamilton CN, Umstattd Meyer MR. Summer Friends and Physical Activity: Social Network Effects on Child Self-Reported Physical Activity at Summer Care Programs. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2022; 49:10901981221076399. [PMID: 35227130 DOI: 10.1177/10901981221076399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Summer is a time of reduced physical activity (PA) for children; however, summer care programs (SCPs) can provide opportunities for children to be active and foster friendships. This study investigated associations between PA and friendship formation at SCPs. Children (ages 8-12 years) from two SCPs reported demographics, PA, and up to five friends at the program. Exponential random graph modeling determined significant factors associated with connections at each time point and between time points. PA was a significant factor in sending and maintaining friendship connections. A further understanding of the social dynamics which assist in the maintenance of PA behaviors during summer may improve the odds children engage in the recommended amounts of PA during this crucial time.
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Kidokoro T, Minatoya Y, Imai N, Shikano A, Noi S. The Immediate and Lasting Effects of Resident Summer Camp on Movement Behaviors Among Children. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:912221. [PMID: 35837239 PMCID: PMC9273949 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.912221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine the immediate and lasting effects of resident summer camp on movement behaviors among children with repeated pre-, during-, and post-intervention measurements. In total, 21 children (aged 10.3 ± 1.2 years, 17 boys and 4 girls) participated in a 31-day nature-based resident summer camp in Japan. Daily children's movement behaviors (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep) were continuously monitored before, during, and after the summer camp (i.e., 75 continuous days). It was found that the children engaged more time in MVPA (9.6%), less time in SB (58.0%), had more steps (22,405 steps/day), and an earlier midpoint of sleep (0:24 a.m.) in the summer camp as compared to the other periods (before and after the camp). However, the children engaged in unfavorable behaviors [reduction in MVPA (3.6%), increased SB (67.3%), and a later midpoint of sleep (1:32 a.m.)] during the summer vacation after the camp. This study indicates that the resident summer camp was effective in improving children's movement behaviors during the camp. However, the lasting effects were negligible or at least limited after its completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Kidokoro
- Research Institute for Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Minatoya
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Imai
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Shikano
- Research Institute for Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Noi
- Research Institute for Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Brazendale K, Rayan S, Eisenstein D, Blankenship M, Rey A, Garcia J, Odahowski CL, Leon A. Obesogenic Behaviors of Rural Children on School and Nonschool Days. Child Obes 2021; 17:483-492. [PMID: 34129374 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2021.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: Children living in rural areas are at increased risk of overweight and obesity compared with their urban-dwelling counterparts. The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary evidence of rural children's obesogenic behaviors (e.g., activity, sedentary behaviors, sleep, and diet) during school days, nonschool weekdays, and weekend days. Methods: A repeated measures 14-day observational study was conducted early March 2020. Children (n = 54, 92% 6-11 years old; 66% female; 98% non-Hispanic white; 22% overweight or obese) wore accelerometers on the nondominant wrist for 24 hours/day for 14 consecutive days to capture moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time, and sleep. Parents completed diaries to report daily activities, diet, and screen time of their child each day. Mixed effect models compared behaviors between school days, nonschool weekdays, and weekend days. Results: Children accumulated +16 additional minutes/day of MVPA (95% confidence interval, CI: +10 to +23 minutes/day), reduced sedentary time (-68 minutes/day, 95% CI: -84 to -51 minutes/day), and reduced screen time (-99 minutes/day; 95% CI: -117 to -81 minutes/day) on school days vs. nonschool weekdays. Similar patterns were observed on school weekdays days vs. weekend days, and on nonschool days when children attended a structured program vs. days they did not attend. Minimal differences were observed in reported consumption of food groups across different days. Conclusions: Preliminary evidence suggests rural children display multiple unfavorable obesogenic behaviors on days when they do not attend school or other structured programs. Future interventions targeting obesogenic behaviors of rural children may want to target times when rural children are not engaged in school and "school-like" environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Brazendale
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Serena Rayan
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Eisenstein
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Michael Blankenship
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Alejandra Rey
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jeanette Garcia
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Cassie L Odahowski
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ana Leon
- School of Social Work, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Scarpellini F, Segre G, Cartabia M, Zanetti M, Campi R, Clavenna A, Bonati M. Distance learning in Italian primary and middle school children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1035. [PMID: 34078328 PMCID: PMC8170444 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background School closure created difficulties for parents, who were asked to care for their children and help them with schooling, while working at home. We aimed to explore the experiences in organising school for children at home and its implications on children’s psychological well-being and educational progress during the quarantine for the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A nationwide online survey of mothers of primary and middle school students was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Demographic data and information on distance learning organisation and children’s attitudes and behavioural changes were collected. Results 2149 mothers completed the survey, with a final sample of 1601 subjects. Large differences between primary and middle school emerged: lessons were less organised and routines were more instable for the youngest, who could not pay attention for more than 20 min (28.3%) and needed breaks every 10 min (21.6%), with lower quality of learning (40.6%), increased restlessness (69.1%), and aggressiveness (33.3%). A large use of screens was reported, with an abuse in screen time in 2%. Two thirds of mothers did not approve of distance learning (72.2%) because of their role in replacing teachers (77.8%), the effort required (66%), and the great commitment required (78.3%). Conclusions Distance learning increased educational deprivation and social inequalities, especially for the youngest children, who lost almost one year of school. The situation was even worse for children with disabilities, who were neglected by the institutions. This period should be considered as an opportunity to correct the weaknesses of our school system. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11026-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scarpellini
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giulia Segre
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Cartabia
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Zanetti
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Campi
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Clavenna
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bonati
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
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Consequences of Confinement Due to COVID-19 in Spain on Anxiety, Sleep and Executive Functioning of Children and Adolescents with ADHD. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13052487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak and the quick expansion of SARS-CoV-2, from December 2019 to today, has forced countries around the world to resolve virus containment measures in order to slow down the contagion curve. Between these measures, the situation of lockdown, and the isolation or limitation of social contact between the citizens, there has been an unknown psychological impact. Certain groups (the elderly, children and teenagers, and the clinical population, for instance) arouse serious fears among professionals due to their greater vulnerability and ignorance regarding the short- and long-term consequences. The main purposes of this work are first of all to evaluate the consequences of the lockdown in children and teenagers diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), sleep-related problems, and problems with executive functions. Secondly, we aim to compare the effects produced with respect to the previously mentioned variables with normotypic subjects; that is to say, between a group that was subject to lockdown and another group that was not confined. The findings show that the clinic confined group had high levels of state anxiety and problems with sleep and executive functions; differences could also be seen between the two groups, with the confined ADHD group being more negatively affected in all measured variables.
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11
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Volmut T, Pišot R, Planinšec J, Šimunič B. Physical Activity Drops During Summer Holidays for 6- to 9-Year-Old Children. Front Public Health 2021; 8:631141. [PMID: 33537285 PMCID: PMC7848070 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.631141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular physical activity (PA) reduces the health risk of childhood obesity and associated chronic diseases as well as mental health problems. Since PA declines as children age as well with future generations it is of highest importance to intervene in school and out-of-school settings. Out-of-school periods affect children's PA as it is mainly left to the interest and motivation of their parents. We compared accelerometer-based PA patterns in 93 6- to 9-year old children assessed four times: before (May/June), during (August), and after (September) summer holidays and at a 1-year follow up (May/June). Before summer holidays children were assessed also for anthropometry and motor tests. During summer holidays overall PA decreased by 18% (p < 0.001), physical inactivity increased by 5.5% (p < 0.001), moderate PA decreased by 53% (p < 0.001) and moderate to vigorous PA decreased by 45% (p < 0.001) when compared to before summer holidays. Furthermore, overall PA remained diminished also after summer holidays by 8.8% (p = 0.001) but recovered to baseline values at 1-year follow up. About 30% of overall PA and moderate to vigorous PA decrease during summer holidays could be explained by children's fitness level as a greater decrease was found in children with better results in standing long jump and 300-meter running time. Our finding detects an alarming summer holiday decrease in children PA that should not be neglected in future studies and intervention designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Volmut
- Faculty of Education, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Rado Pišot
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Planinšec
- Faculty of Education, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Šimunič
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
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12
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Prochnow T, Patterson MS, Umstattd Meyer MR. A social network analysis approach to group and individual perceptions of child physical activity. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2020; 35:564-573. [PMID: 32918452 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Child physical activity (PA) is influenced by social environment. Self-perception and perception of others' behaviors may impact health behaviors such as PA. This study examines associations between child networks, perception of their own PA and the network's perception of their PA. Children (n = 89, M age = 10.00, SD = 1.34) at a summer care program reported demographics (54% female; 46% Black), PA, and physical skill competency. Children indicated up to five people they interacted with the most while at the program and how active they perceived each person to be. Multilevel modeling was used to determine significant associations between skill competency, network measures, and child's perception of their own PA, the network's perception of their PA, and the absolute difference between the two. Children perceived themselves to be more physically active if they perceived their friends were more physically active. Children who were central in the network and more physically competent were perceived as more active by their peers. Absolute differences between self-reported and network perceived PA were significantly larger for females. This work builds on understanding of how network position may impact child PA perceptions at summer care programs. Implications of these perceptions for PA promotion programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Prochnow
- Baylor University, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, One Bear Place No. 97313, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Megan S Patterson
- Texas A&M University, Department of Health and Kinesiology, MS 4243 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - M Renee Umstattd Meyer
- Baylor University, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, One Bear Place No. 97313, Waco, TX 76798, USA
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13
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Evans EW, Wing RR, Pierre DF, Howie WC, Brinker M, Jelalian E. Testing the effect of summer camp on excess summer weight gain in youth from low-income households: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1732. [PMID: 33203385 PMCID: PMC7670692 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children from racial and ethnic minority groups, low-income households, and those with overweight or obesity gain more weight during the summer than the school year. Summer day camps, which offer routine opportunities for physical activity and regular meal and snack times, have potential to mitigate excess weight gain. This randomized controlled trial was done to determine the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of summer camp in preventing excess summer weight gain among youth from low-income households. METHODS Children, ages 6 to 12 years, were randomized to attend 8-weeks of summer day camp (CAMP) or to experience an unstructured summer as usual (SAU) in 2017-2018. Primary feasibility outcomes included retention, engagement and completion of midsummer measures. Secondary outcomes included changes in BMIz, engagement in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior, and diet quality and energy intake from the school year to summer. Multivariable linear mixed models were used to assess group differences. RESULTS Ninety-four participants were randomized to CAMP (n = 46) or SAU (n = 48), of whom 93.0 and 91.6% completed end of school and end of summer assessments, respectively. While CAMP participants attended only 50% of camp days offered, on average, they lost - 0.03 BMIz units while those in SAU gained 0.07 BMIz units over the summer (b = 0.10; p = .02). Group differences in change in energy intake from the school year to summer were borderline significant, as energy intake remained relatively unchanged in CAMP participants but increased among participants in SAU (p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS Randomizing children to attend summer day camp or experience an unstructured summer as usual was effective in this low-income sample. Our findings support the potential for summer camps in mitigating excess summer weight gain. A larger randomized trial is needed explore efficacy, cost-effectiveness and longer-term effects of attending summer camp on weight and weight-related behaviors. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Registration: NCT04085965 (09/2019, retrospective registration).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Whitney Evans
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, 196 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Rena R Wing
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, 196 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Denise F Pierre
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Whitney C Howie
- Department of Psychological & Brain Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Morgan Brinker
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Elissa Jelalian
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, 196 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
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14
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Prochnow T, Patterson MS, Bridges Hamilton CN, Delgado H, Craig S, Umstattd Meyer MR. Network Autocorrelation of Perceived Physical Activity Skill Competence Among Adolescents at a Summer Care Program: A Pilot Study. Am J Health Promot 2020; 35:430-433. [PMID: 32929978 DOI: 10.1177/0890117120958544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigates the possible association between adolescent friendship networks and perceived physical activity skill competence in a summer care program. DESIGN Adolescents participated in researcher-administered surveys at the start (T1) and end (T2) of summer. SETTING Adolescents at a Boys & Girls Club were sampled. SAMPLE Adolescents (age 8-12) completed researcher-administered surveys at T1 (n = 100; µ age = 9.9 years; 47% male; 55% Black) and T2 (n = 77; µ age = 9.8 years; 51% male; 49% Black). MEASURES Perceived skill competence was measured by asking adolescents to rate how good they felt they were at physical activity at the club. Adolescents were also asked to provide names of up to 5 peers whom they hung around with, talked to, and did things with the most while at the club. ANALYSIS Linear network autocorrelation models were used to determine network effects or clustering of perceived physical activity skill competence within the club. RESULTS There were significant network effects for adolescent perceived skill competency scores at T1 (β = 0.05, p < 0.01) and T2 (β = 0.05, p = 0.02), indicating adolescent perceived skill competence scores were associated with those of their friends. CONCLUSIONS Practitioners may wish to encourage the use of group or collaborative skill competency improvement activities as well as possibly pairing adolescents with differing skill competencies to foster improvement and possible diffusion of perceived skill competency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sam Craig
- 4224Carthage College, Kenosha, WI, USA
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15
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Brazendale K, Beets MW, Weaver RG, Turner-McGrievy GM, Moore JB, Huberty JL, Ward DS. Turn up the healthy eating and activity time (HEAT): Physical activity outcomes from a 4-year non-randomized controlled trial in summer day camps. Prev Med Rep 2020; 17:101053. [PMID: 31993301 PMCID: PMC6976943 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Summer day camps (SDCs) serve over 14 million children in the U.S. and are well-positioned to help children accumulate the guideline of 60 min per day (60 min/d) of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate a multi-component intervention to increase the percentage of children meeting 60 min/d of MVPA. Twenty SDCs serving 3524 children (7.9 yrs., 46.2% girls, 66.1% non-Hispanic Black) participated in a 4-summer non-randomized two-group intervention. Children's accelerometer-derived MVPA was collected using accelerometers worn on the non-dominant wrist. SDCs were assigned to either 2 summers of intervention (n = 10, no intervention summer 2015, intervention summer 2016 and 2017) or 1 summer of intervention (n = 10, no intervention summer 2015 and 2016, intervention summer 2017). The final summer (July 2018) was a no intervention follow-up. Multilevel mixed effects regression models estimated changes in percent of children meeting 60 min/d of MVPA. Across all summers and SDCs, children accumulated an average of 89.2 min/day (±22.5) of MVPA. The likelihood of meeting the 60 min/d MVPA guideline was not different during intervention versus baseline summers for boys or girls (p > 0.05). Girls and boys were 3.5 (95CI = 1.5, 8.1) and 3.7 (95CI = 1.6, 8.4) times more likely to meet the 60 min/d guideline during intervention summers versus follow-up, respectively. The intervention was not successful at increasing the percentage of children meeting the 60 min/d MVPA guideline. However, children attending SDCs accumulated substantial amounts of MVPA thus efforts should focus on making SDCs an accessible setting for all children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Brazendale
- University of Central Florida, Department of Health Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael W. Beets
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - R. Glenn Weaver
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Justin B. Moore
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Huberty
- Arizona State University, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Dianne S. Ward
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Nutrition, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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16
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Weaver RG, Hunt E, Rafferty A, Beets MW, Brazendale K, Turner-McGrievy G, Pate RR, Maydeu-Olivares A, Saelens B, Youngstedt S. The potential of a year-round school calendar for maintaining children's weight status and fitness: Preliminary outcomes from a natural experiment. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:18-27. [PMID: 31921477 PMCID: PMC6943754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the potential of a year-round school calendar (180-day school year distributed across 12 months) as an intervention compared to a traditional school calendar (180-day school year distributed across 9 months) for mitigating children's weight gain and fitness loss via a natural experiment. Methods Height, weight, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) (i.e., Fitnessgram Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run) were measured in children (5-12 years old) in 3 schools (2 traditional, 1 year-round, n = 990 students, age = 8.6 ± 2.4 years, 53.1% male, 68.9% African American) from 1 school district. Structure (represented by the presence of a school day) was the independent variable. Changes in body mass index (BMI), age- and sex-specific BMI z-scores (zBMI), BMI percentile, percent of overweight or obese children, and CRF (Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run laps completed) were assessed for summer 2017 (May-August 2017), school year 2017/2018 (August 2017-May 2018), and summer 2018 (May-August 2018). Primary analyses examined the overall change in weight and CRF from summer 2017 until summer 2018 via multilevel mixed effects regression, with group (traditional vs. year-round calendar), time, and a group-by-time interaction as the independent variables. Secondary regression analyses estimated differences in change within and between groups during each time period, separately. Results Year-round students gained less BMI (difference in ∆ = -0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.67 to -0.03) and less CRF (difference in ∆ = -1.92, 95%CI: -3.56 to -0.28) than students attending a traditional school overall. Compared with traditional students, during both summers, year-round students gained less BMI (summer 2017 difference in ∆ = -0.15, 95%CI: -0.21 to -0.08; summer 2018 difference in ∆ = -0.16, 95%CI: -0.24 to -0.07) and zBMI (summer 2017 difference in ∆ = -0.032, 95%CI: -0.050 to -0.010; summer 2018 difference in ∆ = -0.033, 95%CI: -0.056 to -0.009), and increased CRF (summer 2017 difference in ∆ = 0.40, 95%CI: 0.02-0.85; summer 2018 difference in ∆ = 0.23, 95%CI: -0.25 to 0.74). However, the opposite was observed for the school year, with traditional students gaining less BMI and zBMI and increasing CRF compared with year-round students (difference in BMI ∆ = 0.05, 95%CI: 0.03-0.07; difference in zBMI ∆ = 0.012, 95%CI: 0.005-0.019; difference in Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run laps ∆ = -0.43, 95%CI: -0.58 to -0.28). Conclusion The year-round school calendar had a small beneficial impact on children's weight status but not CRF. It is unclear if this benefit to children's weight would be maintained because gains made in the summer were largely erased during the school year. Trajectories of weight and CRF gain/loss were consistent with the structured days hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ethan Hunt
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Aaron Rafferty
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Michael W. Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Keith Brazendale
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Russell R. Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - Brian Saelens
- Center for Child Health Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Shawn Youngstedt
- Department of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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17
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Brusseau TA, Burns RD, Fu Y, Weaver RG. Impact of Year-Round and Traditional School Schedules on Summer Weight Gain and Fitness Loss. Child Obes 2019; 15:541-547. [PMID: 31364859 PMCID: PMC9208378 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2019.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Summer weight gain and fitness loss has been identified as a public health concern for children. The objective of this study was to compare changes in weight status and cardiovascular fitness in children attending year-round and traditional calendar schools. Methods: Participants were 321 children from a traditional and year-round school. BMI and Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) Laps were collected during school. Multilevel general linear mixed-effects models were utilized to examine changes in BMI and PACER over the summer while also considering summer camp and sport participation. Results: Children had higher BMI z-scores during Fall 2018 compared with Spring 2018 (b = 0.09, p = 0.006). This effect was modified by Break Length, as students with 3-week (b = -0.09, p = 0.012) and 7-week breaks (b = -0.10, p = 0.003) displayed attenuated increases in BMI z-scores compared with 12-week breaks. For PACER Laps, students who participated in summer sports displayed improvements compared with nonparticipants (b = 4.6 laps, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Shorter summer breaks appear to have a protective effect on summer weight gain when compared with a traditional 12-week break. In addition, children who participated in organized sport over the summer did see a significant improvement in cardiovascular fitness. Schools might consider a year-round school calendar for its potential to protect against summer weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Brusseau
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.,Address correspondence to: Timothy A. Brusseau, PhD, Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Ryan D. Burns
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - You Fu
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV
| | - R. Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
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18
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Tanskey LA, Goldberg JP, Chui K, Must A, Sacheck JM. Accelerated Summer Weight Gain in a Low-Income, Ethnically Diverse Sample of Elementary School Children in Massachusetts. Child Obes 2019; 15:244-253. [PMID: 30888836 PMCID: PMC6909732 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2017.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several studies have found that children in the United States gain weight at a faster rate in the summer than in the school year, but little is known about the prevalence of this problem, its effect on high-risk subgroups, or its determinants. This study compares school year and summer weight change in a low-income, ethnically diverse sample of school-age children in Massachusetts and explores differences by race/ethnicity, weight status, and exposure to school year physical activity (PA) programming. Diet and PA are examined as potential mediators of summer weight gain. Methods: Children participating in a school-based PA program evaluation (in which weight change was not a primary outcome) had their height and weight measured three times between October 2015 and September 2016 to capture a school year and summer interval. Diet and PA patterns were assessed mid-school year and mid-summer in a subsample of children. Mixed linear models were used to estimate the effect of season (school year vs. summer) on change in BMI and to examine the influence of race/ethnicity, weight status, and program (walk/run, classroom activity breaks, or control) on any observed effects. Structural equation models were used to explore diet and PA as mediators of seasonal weight change in a subsample of participants. Results: Of 769 participants, 53% were non-Caucasian, 40% were overweight or obese, and 58% were eligible for free or reduced-price school meals. BMI increased in both the school year and summer but increased more rapidly in the summer (0.046 kg/m2 more per month, p = 0.007). Of the three tested interactions, statistical significance was only observed between season and program (χ2 = 14.90, p < 0.001); on average, children exposed to a school year walk/run program did not gain weight more rapidly during the summer, whereas children in the control group and a classroom activity breaks program did. Poorer diet and PA patterns were observed in the summer, but neither diet nor PA was statistically significant mediators of BMI change. Conclusions: Children in this high-risk sample gained weight at a faster rate during the summer than during the school year, with no discernable demographic differences. However, this phenomenon was not observed in the subgroup exposed to a school year walk/run program. More research is needed to clarify the determinants of summer weight gain and understand how school year programming and its effects can be transferred to the summer months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A. Tanskey
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.,Address correspondence to: Lindsay A. Tanskey, PhD, Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7624, Raleigh, NC 27695-7624
| | - Jeanne P. Goldberg
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Kenneth Chui
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Aviva Must
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer M. Sacheck
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
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Children's Weight Gain and Cardiovascular Fitness Loss over the Summer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122770. [PMID: 30544487 PMCID: PMC6313671 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of summer breaks on the body composition and cardiovascular fitness of elementary school children who participated in a multi-year school-based physical activity intervention. Participants were 404 children who had their height and weight measured and completed the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) during physical education classes at the beginning and end of the school year for three consecutive years. To examine the effects of time on health-related fitness data, general linear mixed effects models were employed. The results indicate that there was a trend toward an increase in body mass index (BMI) after the summer of 2015 (p = 0.958), and a significant increase in BMI after the summer of 2016 compared to time point 1 (p < 0.001). For PACER laps, there were trends toward decreases in PACER laps after the summers of 2015 (p = 0.515) and 2016 (p = 0.073). Summer breaks tended to attenuate the BMI and PACER lap improvements that were observed during the intervention. While school-based physical activity programming has had some successes in improving health-related fitness markers, the loss of these improvements over the summer is of concern to both practitioners and researchers. It is clear that additional efforts are needed to limit obesogenic behaviors during the summer months.
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20
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Hopkins LC, Penicka C, Evich C, Jones B, Gunther C. Project SWEAT (Summer Weight and Environmental Assessment Trial): study protocol of an observational study using a multistate, prospective design that examines the weight gain trajectory among a racially and ethnically diverse convenience sample of economically disadvantaged school-age children. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e021168. [PMID: 30158223 PMCID: PMC6119428 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Racial/ethnic minority school-age children are at risk for unhealthy weight gain during the summer, and there is a dearth of information regarding the underlying behavioural and environmental factors. The study objective is to provide an in-depth examination of dietary and physical activity behaviours and food, physical activity, and social environments of African American and Hispanic school-age children during the summer. METHODS AND ANALYSIS An observational study will be conducted using a multistate (Ohio and Indiana, USA) prospective design examining the weight gain trajectory among a racially/ethnically diverse convenience sample of economically disadvantaged school-age children. In addition, a subset of these children will be evaluated to learn their daily health behaviours and food, physical activity, and social environments during the summer. Comparisons will be made between children who routinely attend programming and those who do not, both in the larger sample and subset. Determinants of programme participation and factors that may enhance the beneficial effects of programme participation will also be identified. Data collection at the Indiana site is planned for summer 2018. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is approved by The Ohio State University Behavioral and Social Sciences Institutional Review Board. Results from this study will be disseminated in publications for practitioners, scientists and stakeholders. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03010644; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Hopkins
- Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Christine Penicka
- Department of Human Sciences, Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Carly Evich
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Blake Jones
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Carolyn Gunther
- Department of Human Sciences, Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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21
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Weaver RG, Beets MW, Brazendale K, Brusseau TA. Summer Weight Gain and Fitness Loss: Causes and Potential Solutions. Am J Lifestyle Med 2018; 13:116-128. [PMID: 30800015 DOI: 10.1177/1559827617750576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 3 decades, public health professionals have worked to stem the rising childhood obesity epidemic. Despite the field's best efforts, no progress has been made in reducing child obesity. One reason for this failure may be that obesity prevention and treatment efforts have predominately been delivered during the 9-month school year. However, recent evidence suggests that the summer, not the school year, is when unhealthy changes in body composition (ie, accelerated increases in percent body fat) and fitness losses occur. This unhealthy change in body composition and fitness loss during the summer could be explained by the "Structured Days Hypothesis," which posits that children engage in a greater number of unhealthy obesogenic behaviors on unstructured days when compared with structured days. Furthermore, the summer may be contributing to a widening "health gap" between children from low-income and middle- to upper-income families. During summer, fewer opportunities exist for children from low-income households to access healthy structured programs that do not require fees for participation. Moving forward, public health professionals should prioritize efforts to mitigate unhealthy changes in body composition and fitness loss during the summer by identifying ways to provide access to structured programming during this timeframe for children from low-income households.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (RGW, MWB, KB).,Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (TAB)
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (RGW, MWB, KB).,Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (TAB)
| | - Keith Brazendale
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (RGW, MWB, KB).,Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (TAB)
| | - Timothy A Brusseau
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (RGW, MWB, KB).,Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (TAB)
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22
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Brazendale K, Beets MW, Weaver RG, Pate RR, Turner-McGrievy GM, Kaczynski AT, Chandler JL, Bohnert A, von Hippel PT. Understanding differences between summer vs. school obesogenic behaviors of children: the structured days hypothesis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017; 14:100. [PMID: 28747186 PMCID: PMC5530518 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0555-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the scientific community has acknowledged modest improvements can be made to weight status and obesogenic behaviors (i.e., physical activity, sedentary/screen time, diet, and sleep) during the school year, studies suggests improvements are erased as elementary-age children are released to summer vacation. Emerging evidence shows children return to school after summer vacation displaying accelerated weight gain compared to the weight gained occurring during the school year. Understanding how summer days differ from when children are in school is, therefore, essential. DISCUSSION There is limited evidence on the etiology of accelerated weight gain during summer, with few studies comparing obesogenic behaviors on the same children during school and summer. For many children, summer days may be analogous to weekend days throughout the school year. Weekend days are often limited in consistent and formal structure, and thus differ from school days where segmented, pre-planned, restrictive, and compulsory components exist that shape obesogenic behaviors. The authors hypothesize that obesogenic behaviors are beneficially regulated when children are exposed to a structured day (i.e., school weekday) compared to what commonly occurs during summer. This is referred to as the 'Structured Days Hypothesis' (SDH). To illustrate how the SDH operates, this study examines empirical data that compares weekend day (less-structured) versus weekday (structured) obesogenic behaviors in U.S. elementary school-aged children. From 190 studies, 155 (~80%) demonstrate elementary-aged children's obesogenic behaviors are more unfavorable during weekend days compared to weekdays. CONCLUSION In light of the SDH, consistent evidence demonstrates the structured environment of weekdays may help to protect children by regulating obesogenic behaviors, most likely through compulsory physical activity opportunities, restricting caloric intake, reducing screen time occasions, and regulating sleep schedules. Summer is emerging as the critical period where childhood obesity prevention efforts need to be focused. The SDH can help researchers understand the drivers of obesogenic behaviors during summer and lead to innovative intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Brazendale
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, 1st Floor Suite, Room 131, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Michael W. Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, 1st Floor Suite, Room 131, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - R. Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, 1st Floor Suite, Room 131, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Russell R. Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, 1st Floor Suite, Room 131, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Gabrielle M. Turner-McGrievy
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29201 USA
| | - Andrew T. Kaczynski
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29201 USA
| | - Jessica L. Chandler
- Medical University of South Carolina, College of Nursing, 99 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Amy Bohnert
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 West Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL 60626 USA
| | - Paul T. von Hippel
- The University of Texas at Austin, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, 2300 Red River Street, Austin, TX 78712 USA
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Weaver RG, Brazendale K, Chandler JL, Turner-McGrievy GM, Moore JB, Huberty JL, Ward DS, Beets MW. First year physical activity findings from turn up the HEAT (Healthy Eating and Activity Time) in summer day camps. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173791. [PMID: 28350830 PMCID: PMC5369693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Summer day camps (SDCs) serve 14 million children yearly in the U.S. and aim to provide participating children with 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). This study evaluated an intervention designed to increase the percent of children meeting this MVPA guideline. DESIGN Two-group, pre-post quasi-experimental. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Twenty SDCs serving 1,830 children aged 5-12 years were assigned to MVPA intervention (n = 10) or healthy eating attention control (n = 10). INTERVENTION The STEPs (Strategies to Enhance Practice) intervention is a capacity-building approach grounded in the Theory of Expanded, Extended and Enhanced Opportunities. Camp leaders and staff receive training to expand (e.g., introduction of activity breaks/active field trips), extend (e.g., schedule minimum of 3 hours/day for PA opportunities), and enhance (e.g., maximize MVPA children accumulate during schedule activity) activity opportunities. Camps in the comparison condition received support for improving the types of foods/beverages served. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Percent of children accumulating the 60min/d MVPA guideline at baseline (summer 2015) and post-test (summer 2016) measured via wrist-accelerometry. RESULTS Multilevel logistic regression conducted fall 2016 indicated boys and girls attending intervention SDCs were 2.04 (95CI = 1.10,3.78) and 3.84 (95CI = 2.02,7.33) times more likely to meet the 60min/d guideline compared to boys and girls attending control SDCs, respectively. This corresponded to increases of +10.6% (78-89%) and +12.6% (69-82%) in the percentage of boys and girls meeting the guideline in intervention SDCs, respectively. Boys in comparison SDCs increased by +1.6% (81-83%) and girls decreased by -5.5% (76-71%). Process data indicated intervention SDCs successfully extended and enhanced PA opportunities, but were unable to expand PA opportunities, compared to control SDCs. CONCLUSIONS Although substantial proportions of children met the MVPA guideline at baseline, no SDCs ensured all children met the guideline. This intervention demonstrated that, with support, SDCs can help all children in attendance to accumulate their daily recommended 60min MVPA. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02161809.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Glenn Weaver
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Keith Brazendale
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Chandler
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle M. Turner-McGrievy
- University of South Carolina, Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Justin B. Moore
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Huberty
- Arizona State University, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Dianne S. Ward
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Nutrition, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Beets
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
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