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Poaty Ditengou JIC, Cho S, Ahn SI, Chae B, Jeon E, Choi NJ. Effects of different triticale inclusion levels on broilers' growth parameters: A meta-analysis. Vet Anim Sci 2024; 23:100328. [PMID: 38192373 PMCID: PMC10772286 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Triticale is currently used in poultry nutrition as an alternative energy source to conventional cereals like maize and wheat. Many articles emphasized controversial results regarding its inclusion levels on broiler growth parameters. This study aimed to evaluate the overall impact of triticale and its appropriate incorporation level on the growth performance of broiler chickens via a meta-analysis. In February and April 2022, papers investigating the influence of triticale on broiler's live body weight (LBW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were identified on Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. Based on the eligibility criteria of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, 19 articles were recorded and divided into 62 experiments according to the inclusion percentages of triticale. Using the random-effects models, Hedges' g effect size of dietary triticale treatment was calculated to determine the standardized means difference (SMD) at a 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI). The triticale inclusion in the diet increased the broiler's BWG, FI, and FCR but decreased the broiler's LBW. The meta-regression showed that there was a positive correlation between the inclusion of triticale from 0 to 20 % and the broiler's LBW and FI. Although the funnel plot and the Egger linear test suggested significant publication bias for the LBW factor, this study remains valuable for understanding the impact of triticale on broiler growth parameters. In conclusion, the inclusion of triticale up to 20 % in broiler diets could be recommended to obtain optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sangbuem Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Sung-Il Ahn
- Department of Food and Regulatory Science, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Korea
| | - Byungho Chae
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Eunjeong Jeon
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Nag-Jin Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
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2
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Goodarzi Boroojeni F, Duangnumsawang Y, Józefiak D, Pachocka M, Sandvang D, Zentek J. Inclusion of a Bacillus-based probiotic in non-starch polysaccharides-rich broiler diets. Arch Anim Nutr 2024; 78:1-15. [PMID: 38303140 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2023.2284530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of a 3-strain Bacillus-based probiotic (BP; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and two Bacillus subtilis) in broiler diets with different rye levels on performance, mucus, viscosity, and nutrient digestibility. We distributed 720 one-d-old female broilers into 72 pens and designed nine diets using a 3 × 3 factorial approach, varying BP levels (0, 1.2 × 106, and 1.2 × 107 CFU/g) and rye concentrations (0, 200, 400 g/kg). On d 35, diets with 200 or 400 g/kg rye reduced broiler weight gain (BWG). Diets with 400 g/kg rye had the highest FCR, while rye-free diets had the lowest (p ≤0.05). Adding BP increased feed intake and BWG in weeks two and three (p ≤0.05). It should be noted that the overall performance fell below the goals of the breed. Including rye in diets reduced the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) for protein, ether extract (EE), calcium, phosphorus, and all amino acids (p ≤0.05). Rye-free diets exhibited the highest CAID for all nutrients, except for methionine, EE, and calcium, while diets with 400 g/kg of rye demonstrated the lowest CAID (p ≤0.05). BP in diets decreased phosphorus CAID (p ≤0.05). Diets containing 1.2 × 107 CFU/g (10X) of BP exhibited higher CAID of methionine than the other two diets (p ≤0.05). Diets containing 10X of BP showed higher CAID of cysteine than diets with no BP (p ≤0.05). Ileal viscosity increased as the inclusion level of rye in the diets increased (p ≤0.05). The ileal concentration of glucosamine in chickens fed diets with 400 g/kg of rye was higher than in those fed diets with no rye (p ≤0.05). Furthermore, ileal galactosamine concentrations were elevated in diets with 200 and 400 g/kg of rye when compared to rye-free diets (p ≤0.05). However, BP in diets had no impact on ileal viscosity, galactosamine, or glucosamine (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the applied Bacillus strains appeared to have a limited capacity to produce arabinoxylan-degrading enzymes and were only partially effective in mitigating the negative impacts of rye arabinoxylans on broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yada Duangnumsawang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Damian Józefiak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marta Pachocka
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
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Šimić A, González-Ortiz G, Mansbridge SC, Rose SP, Bedford MR, Yovchev D, Pirgozliev VR. Broiler chicken response to xylanase and fermentable xylooligosaccharide supplementation. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103000. [PMID: 37639756 PMCID: PMC10474081 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary fiber (DF), xylanase (XYL), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), and a combination of XYL and xylooligosaccharides (STBIO) on chicken growth performance, N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), and nutrient availability, characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and cecal content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). A 35-day experiment was performed on 1,920 as hatched Ross 308 broiler chicks, reared in 96 pens and fed ad libitum. Experimental diets were split into 2 phases: starter (0-21 d) and finisher (22-35 d). There were 2 basal diets, first contained 54% maize and in the second, 5% of the maize was replaced by wheat bran as DF. The diets were split into 4 batches: one of them was used as a control, and each of the others were supplemented either with XYL or XOS or with the STBIO. Each diet was fed to 12 pens following randomization. The data were analyzed in GenStat (20th edition) by ANOVA using a 2 × 4 factorial design. The addition of STBIO improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) and increased weight gain (WG) from 21 to 35 d and from 0 to 35 d (P < 0.05). The inclusion of DF had a negative effect on N and fat retention coefficients at 35 d as well as AMEn and dry matter retention at 21 and 35 d. At 21 d, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) retention was increased when xylanase and STBIO were added to the diet (P < 0.001) and at d 35 the highest retention was noted when the diet was supplemented with DF and XYL or STBIO (P = 0.001). There was no dietary effect on jejunum histomorphometry (P > 0.05). The addition of DF increased the concentration of cecal SCFA in particular valeric and propionic acid at 35-day-old birds (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that addition of STBIO in diet could provide benefits in terms of fiber degradation, WG, and feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Šimić
- The National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, United Kingdom.
| | - G González-Ortiz
- AB Vista, Woodstock Court, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - S C Mansbridge
- The National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, United Kingdom
| | - S P Rose
- The National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, United Kingdom
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista, Woodstock Court, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - D Yovchev
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - V R Pirgozliev
- The National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, United Kingdom
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Anderson AG, Bedford MR, Parsons CM. Effects of adaptation diet and exogenous enzymes on true metabolizable energy and cecal microbial ecology, short-chain fatty acid profile, and enzyme activity in roosters fed barley and rye diets. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102768. [PMID: 37236039 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Three experiments evaluated effects of adaptation diet and exogenous β-glucanase and xylanase on TMEn of barley and rye. Single Comb White Leghorn roosters were fed adaptation diets based on corn/soybean meal (SBM), barley/SBM with and without β-glucanase, or rye/corn/SBM with and without xylanase for 4 wk. In Experiments 1 and 2, after the adaptation period, TMEn was determined using a 48 h precision-fed rooster assay for 100% barley or 100% rye diets with or without β-glucanase or xylanase, respectively. Experiment 3 consisted only of feeding adaptation diets for 4 wk. Cecal samples were collected at the end of experiments for microbial ecology, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles, and enzyme activity analyses. In Experiments 1 and 2, β-glucanase increased (P < 0.05) TMEn of barley, and there was no significant effect of adaptation diet on TMEn values. Total cecal Eubacteria and Ruminococcaceae were decreased (P < 0.05) and Escherichia coli were increased (P < 0.05) at the end of the TMEn assay compared with the end of the adaptation period (with no TMEn assay). There was a large decrease (P < 0.05) for most cecal SCFA at the end of the TMEn assay compared with the end of the adaptation period. Both cecal β-glucanase and xylanase activity were increased for birds fed adaptation diets containing the respective enzyme. In Experiment 3, there were no consistent effects of adaptation diet on cecal microbial profiles or SCFA but cecal β-glucanase activity was increased (P < 0.05) by exogenous β-glucanase for barley and cecal xylanase activity was increased (P < 0.05) by exogenous xylanase for rye. Overall, the results indicated that TMEn of barley was increased by exogenous β-glucanase, adaptation diet did not significantly influence the TMEn response to the dietary enzymes, and cecal fermentation (based on cecal SCFA) was greatly reduced by the TMEn assay. Cecal β-glucanase and xylanase activity, however, were often increased by feeding high barley and high rye diets containing exogenous enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Anderson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - C M Parsons
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Lingens JB, Visscher C, Sürie C, Grone R, von Felde A, Wilke V, Abd El-Wahab A. Effect of replacing whole wheat with broken rye as a sustainable grain in diets of fattening turkeys on growth performance, litter quality, and foot pad health. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1142500. [PMID: 37113560 PMCID: PMC10126500 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1142500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rye is one of the most important cereal crops in Central Europe, thus attempts have been made to include it in the diets of birds to reduce production costs, since the cost of feed accounts for as much as 50 %-70 % thereof. Nevertheless, the use of rye has been limited to date, particularly in turkeys. This study aimed to test the effects of rye inclusion up to 10 % on growth, excreta, and/or litter dry matter, and foot pad health. Methods Four trials were performed with a total of 4,322, 4,307, 4,256, and 4,280 female turkeys (BUT BIG 6, Aviagen) for trials 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. All birds were fed commercial starter diets for the dietary phases 1 and 2 (up to d 35 of life). Thereafter, at the start of the study, the control group received commercial supplementary feed with 5 % or 10 % wheat until the end of the fattening period. The experimental group was offered supplementary feed to which instead of wheat increasing levels of rye were added stepwise from 5 % to 10 %. Results Using supplementary feed with rye showed no significant differences in the final body weight between the control and experimental groups (10.9 vs. 10.8 kg). The dry matter content of fresh excreta for turkeys during the experimental period did not show significant differences between both groups, except at weeks 10 and 14 of life. The feed type (either control diet or experimental diet) did not significantly affect litter dry matter content between the groups throughout the experimental period. No significant differences were noted in food pad dermatitis scoring between both groups throughout the experimental period, except at weeks 11 and 16 of life. Overall, this study showed that including proportions of rye up to 10% could replace conventional ingredients and may increase sustainability in poultry production regardless of the addition of supplementary feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Berend Lingens
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Sürie
- Farm for Education and Research Ruthe, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Sarstedt, Germany
| | | | | | - Volker Wilke
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Science and Innovation for Sustainable Poultry Production (WING), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Vechta, Germany
| | - Amr Abd El-Wahab
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Nutrition and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Fuhrmann L, Zentek J, Vahjen W, Günther R, Saliu EM. Effects of a Specific Pre- and Probiotic Combination and Parent Stock Vaccination on Performance and Bacterial Communities in Broilers Challenged with a Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121703. [PMID: 36551360 PMCID: PMC9774208 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance poses a risk for human and animal health, leading to a growing demand for effective alternatives. Combining nutritional tools and parent stock vaccination could be an approach to achieve sufficient protection against bacterial infections in poultry. In an Escherichia coli O1/O18 challenge trial, we investigated the protective effects of feeding diets containing Enterococcus faecium DSM 7134 and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) combined with specific parent stock vaccination in 225 ROSS 308 broilers. Data on performance parameters, intestinal microbial composition and metabolites, and antibiotic resistance genes (sul1-3, dhfr1a, SHV-12) were obtained. E. faecium and FOS combined with parent stock vaccination led to the highest body weights, which were significantly higher than those of controls throughout the experiment and decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the crop digesta compared to that in the positive control. However, cumulative feed conversation remained unaffected by the strategies. Birds receiving the pre-/probiotic combination showed lower cecal pH levels and higher crop L-lactate concentrations than the controls, whereas copy numbers of dhfr1a (trimethoprim resistance) and SHV-12 (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase) genes were only decreased in broilers from vaccinated hens compared to those in the challenged control. In conclusion, prophylactic administration of E. faecium and FOS in combination with parent stock vaccination can have complementary effects by improving broiler weight gain and stimulating intestinal bacterial metabolism, which may be beneficial for maintaining gut health in terms of Escherichia coli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fuhrmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilfried Vahjen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronald Günther
- Fachtierärztliche Praxis für Wirtschaftsgeflügel und Beratung, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Saliu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Perera WNU, Abdollahi MR, Zaefarian F, Wester TJ, Ravindran V. Barley, an Undervalued Cereal for Poultry Diets: Limitations and Opportunities. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192525. [PMID: 36230265 PMCID: PMC9558528 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary With the ever-increasing demand for poultry products, the continuous supply of conventional cereal grains such as maize has become a challenge. Barley has been recognised as a potential alternative feed ingredient that can replace common cereal grains in poultry diets. However, due to several limitations such as the presence of various anti-nutritive factors and the variability in nutrient composition and quality, the use of barley in poultry diets remains comparatively low. The previous findings on the optimum use of barley in poultry diets are also inconsistent primarily due to differences in research methodologies. The importance of using accurate nutrient profiles for specific barley cultivars to formulate barley-based diets is emphasised in this review. Moreover, the need to adapt feed processing conditions suitable to different barley cultivars to increase the inclusion of barley in poultry diets is highlighted in this review. Abstract The supply of conventional cereal grains, especially of maize, will be a significant constraint to the future growth of the poultry industry. Various alternative feed ingredients are being tested to replace maize in poultry diets. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one such feed ingredient, the use of which remains limited in poultry diets due to its low metabolisable energy, presence of anti-nutritive, soluble non-starch polysaccharides and consequent inter-cultivar variability. Differences in research methodologies used in published studies have also contributed to the inconsistent findings, preventing a good understanding of the nutritional value of barley for poultry. The importance of using accurate nutrient profiles, specifically metabolisable energy and digestible amino acids, for specific barley cultivars to formulate barley-based diets is emphasised. Nutritionists should also pay close attention to feed processing conditions tailored to the specific barley cultivars to increase the barley inclusion in poultry diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Nipuna U. Perera
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - M. Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Faegheh Zaefarian
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Timothy J. Wester
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Velmurugu Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-27-224-0350
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Kim E, Morgan N, Moss A, Solbak A, Li L, Ader P, Choct M. In vitro degradation of non-starch polysaccharide residues in the digesta of broilers offered wheat-soy or maize-soy diets by feed enzymes. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/jaan2022.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the in vitro efficacy of different feed enzymes on degrading non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) residues present in digesta collected from broilers’ gastrointestinal tract. Two dietary treatments, wheat-soy or maize-soy based diets, were assigned to broilers (12 replicates per treatment; 10 birds per replicate pen) from d 0 to 35. At 35 d of age, digesta was collected from the gizzard, jejunum and ileum from three birds per replicate and pooled. The digesta samples were digested in vitro with one of nine enzymes; GH10, GH11 and GH8 xylanase, arabinofuranosidase, a combination of GH10 xylanase and β-glucanase (XYN+BG), β-mannanase, protease, cellulase cocktail and pectate lyase. When using the gizzard digesta as substrate, GH8 xylanase reduced (P<0.005) both insoluble and soluble NSP levels compared to the control, regardless of diet type. Analysis of NSP degradation in jejunal digesta from birds fed the wheat-soy diet revealed that the three xylanases and arabinofuranosidase reduced (P<0.001) insoluble NSP level compared to the control, but the soluble NSP level was not affected by the enzyme treatments. All enzymes, except the cellulase cocktail and pectate lyase, reduced (P=0.005) the insoluble NSP level in the jejunal digesta collected from birds fed the maize-soy diet. Similarly, all enzyme preparations reduced (P<0.001) the insoluble NSP level in ileal digesta obtained from birds fed the maize-soy diet. The GH10 and GH11 xylanase, XYN+BG, cellulase cocktail and pectate lyase reduced (P<0.001) the insoluble NSP level in the ileal digesta from birds fed the wheat-soy diet compared to the control, with XYN+BG exhibiting the greatest reduction. Collectively, the present in vitro study indicated that the in vitro efficacy of enzyme preparations was dictated by the amount and type of NSP remaining undigested in various parts of the gut, which perhaps affect the in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Kim
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - N.K. Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - A.F. Moss
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - A. Solbak
- BASF Enzymes LLC, 3550 John Hopkins Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - L. Li
- BASF South East Asia, 038987, Singapore
| | - P. Ader
- BASF SE, Chemiestraße 22, 68623 Lampertheim, Germany
| | - M. Choct
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Lin Y, Olukosi OA. Qualitative and quantitative profiles of jejunal oligosaccharides and cecal short-chain fatty acids in broiler chickens receiving different dietary levels of fiber, protein and exogenous enzymes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5190-5201. [PMID: 33608932 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplemental carbohydrases are able to degrade non-starch polysaccharides and generate oligosaccharides in the gastrointestinal tract. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary fiber and protein levels on growth performance, nutrient utilization, digesta oligosaccharides profile and cecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile in broilers receiving diets supplemented with xylanase or protease individually or in combination. RESULTS Enzyme supplementation had no effect on growth performance. There was significant (P < 0.05) fiber × protein × xylanase interaction for ileal nitrogen digestibility and significant (P < 0.01) protein × xylanase × protease interaction for nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy. Birds fed high-fiber diets had higher (P < 0.05) jejunal oligosaccharides and cecal SCFA concentrations. Xylanase and protease combination produced the greatest pentose (Pent) levels in low fiber-adequate protein diets but lowest levels in highfiber-low protein diets. There was significant (P < 0.05) fiber × xylanase × protease interaction explained by the digesta concentrations of (Pent)3 , (Pent)4 and (Pent)5 being greatest (P < 0.5) in protease-only supplemented high-fiber diets but lowest in protease-only supplemented low-fiber diets. CONCLUSION These results suggest that, of all the factors investigated, dietary fiber level had the greatest effect on modulating digesta concentration of oligosaccharides and cecal SCFA. Evidence points to the fact that there is considerable capacity for generating pentose oligosaccharides in the digestive tract of broilers receiving diets rich in fibrous feedstuffs, and that this may have a beneficial effect on microbial profile in the digestive tract. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Bautil A, Buyse J, Goos P, Bedford MR, Courtin CM. Feed endoxylanase type and dose affect arabinoxylan hydrolysis and fermentation in ageing broilers. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:787-800. [PMID: 34466683 PMCID: PMC8384776 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the general use of endoxylanases in poultry feed to improve broiler performance, the abundance of different endoxylanase products and the variable response to their application in the field prevent a clear understanding of endoxylanase functionality in vivo. To gain insight into this functionality, we investigated the impact of endoxylanase type (Belfeed from Bacillus subtilis versus Econase XT from Nonomuraea flexuosa) and dose (10, 100, 1,000 mg/kg) in combination with broiler age on arabinoxylan (AX) hydrolysis and fermentation in broilers (Ross 308) fed a wheat-soy based diet. In a digestibility trial and a performance trial, a total of 1,057 one-day-old chicks received the control diet or 1 of the 6 endoxylanase supplemented wheat-soy based diets with, respectively, 5 replicate cages and 8 replicate pens per dietary treatment per trial. The AX content and structure, the AX digestibility values and the short-chain fatty acids produced were analysed at the level of the ileum, caeca and excreta at d 11 and 36. Endoxylanase supplementation resulted in a more extensive solubilisation of wheat AX and a reduction in the intestinal viscosity compared to the control (P < 0.05). A high endoxylanase dose was, however, required to obtain increased hydrolysis of the dietary AX along the gastrointestinal tract against the control (P < 0.001). Depending on the type of endoxylanase, a pool of AX with distinct physicochemical properties was created. The B. subtilis endoxylanase created a large pool of soluble AX in the ileum, thereby increasing ileal viscosity compared to broilers fed an endoxylanase from N. flexuosa (P < 0.001). The N. flexuosa endoxylanase mainly triggered caecal AX fermentation in young broilers, by delivering easily fermentable AX substrates with a low degree of polymerisation (P = 0.03). The effects were particularly present in young broilers (d 11). From this study, it is clear that the type and dose of endoxylanase added to wheat-soy based diets determine the nature of AX substrates formed. These, in turn, affect the intestinal viscosity and the interplay between the dietary AX compounds and microbiota, hence dictating AX digestion at young broiler ages and performance outcomes towards slaughter age.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Bautil
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Buyse
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Goos
- MeBioS Division, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Christophe M. Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Wang J, Liu S, Ma J, Piao X. Changes in Growth Performance and Ileal Microbiota Composition by Xylanase Supplementation in Broilers Fed Wheat-Based Diets. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:706396. [PMID: 34335542 PMCID: PMC8319766 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.706396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanase exerts key roles in improving growth performance and intestinal health of broilers fed wheat-based diets. However, knowledge is limited regarding effects of xylanase supplementation on ileal microbiota in broilers. A total of 128 one-day-old broilers (initial BW 48.03 ± 0.33 g) were selected to investigate effects of xylanase (AT-xynA) on growth performance, ileal morphology, microbiota composition, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and endocrine peptide levels in broilers. Broilers were randomly allotted into two dietary treatments (n = 8), namely, a wheat-soybean basal diet and a basal diet with 4,000 U/kg AT-xynA (XY). On days 7, 14, 21, and 42, broilers were weighted and ileal tissues were sampled. Ileal digesta samples were collected for analyzing microbiota composition on days 21 and 42. The results showed that AT-xynA could improve average daily weight gain and average daily feed intake, and there were interactions between diet and age of broilers (p < 0.05). On days 21 and 42, xylanase supplementation decreased ileal microbiota α-diversity, and the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic microbiota, such as phylum Proteobacteria, family Moraxellaceae and Staphylococcaceae, genus Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus, increased the abundance of Lactobacillus (p < 0.05). Moreover, the reduction in acetate concentration and abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria was also observed in broilers from XY group (p < 0.05). AT-xynA increased ileal villus height, glucagon-like peptide-1, and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations and decreased interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and malondialdehyde content in broilers, and these positive effects on intestinal health were greater in young broilers. In conclusion, xylanase supplementation to wheat-based diets could improve ileal intestinal morphology and immune function, and alleviate excess fermentation of bacteria, which may be related to changes of intestinal microbiota. In addition, the positive effects of xylanase on intestinal health were more pronounced in young broilers, thus contributing to subsequent improvement in growth performance of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Musigwa S, Cozannet P, Morgan N, Kheravii SK, Swick RA, Wu SB. Efficacy of supplemental multi-carbohydrases in broiler diets depends on soluble arabinoxylan-to-total arabinoxylan content. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:528-538. [PMID: 33563046 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1884652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
1. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of multi-carbohydrase enzymes (MC) on net energy (NE), performance and gene expression in Cobb 500 broilers fed diets containing different levels of soluble and total arabinoxylan (sAX/tAX) ratios.2. The study employed a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments, with factors including with or without MC and three ratios of sAX/tAX: high (HS, 27.3%), intermediate (IS, 21.3%) and low (LS, 15.7%).3. Six dietary treatments were formulated, with each diet replicated five times in the calorimetric study (Experiment 1) and eight times for a floor pen feeding trial (Experiment 2).4. Experiment 1 showed significant (P < 0.01) MC × sAX/tAX interactions for apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and NE. These interactions indicated that the supplemental MC increased AME only in the HS diet, and NE in the HS and LS diets.5. Experiment 2 results showed MC × sAX/tAX interactions for feed conversion ratio (FCR, P < 0.01) and ileal digesta viscosity (P < 0.05), demonstrating that MC lowered FCR only in the LS-fed birds, and reduced digesta viscosity only in the HS-fed birds. Apparent ileal digestible crude protein (AID CP) was negatively correlated with ileal digesta viscosity (r = -0.735, P < 0.001), which suggested that increasing ileal digesta viscosity reduced AID CP.6. A significant (P < 0.05) MC × sAX/tAX interaction was observed for duodenal COX III mRNA gene expression, which indicated that this gene was upregulated in the IS-fed birds relative to the HS-fed birds, but only when MC was added. This gene was downregulated (P < 0.05) in the muscle in the presence of MC application in all diets.7. The results from this study showed that supplemental MC can improve NE and FCR in birds fed diets containing the low sAX/tAX ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Musigwa
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - P Cozannet
- Center of Expertise and Research in Nutrition (CERN), Adisseo France SAS, Antony, France
| | - N Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - S K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - R A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - S-B Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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Kubiś M, Kołodziejski P, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Sassek M, Konieczka P, Górka P, Flaga J, Katarzyńska-Banasik D, Hejdysz M, Wiśniewska Z, Kaczmarek SA. Emulsifier and Xylanase Can Modulate the Gut Microbiota Activity of Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122197. [PMID: 33255285 PMCID: PMC7760159 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Modern broiler nutrition, due to widely accepted goals of sustainable production, is concerned with the improvement of nutrient utilization. To achieve this, in our study, we used feed additives that improve the value of feed components. Due to the significant amounts of non-starch polysaccharides (which are not digested under broiler intestinal tract conditions and negatively affect broilers performance) in popular feed components like wheat, enzymes are needed. Furthermore, the use of emulsifiers to improve fat digestion is necessary, as young birds do not secrete sufficient enzyme and bile salts. Previous studies have shown that an additional increase in carbohydrate digestibility can be obtained by using an emulsifier containing xylanase in the feed. Presumably, the increase in carbohydrate digestibility occurred after adding the emulsifier. In our study, we aimed to investigate the effect of xylanase, emulsifier, and a combination of both in wheat diets with high level of tallow on the gastrointestinal tract microbiota activity of 480 one-day-old male ROSS 308 broiler chickens. The simultaneous usage of both additives in wheat-based diets with beef tallow reduces the ileum microbiota activity and enhances cecum microbiota activity. Presumably, the addition of both additives results in a cumulative effect on the gut microbiota activity. Abstract In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of xylanase (XYL), emulsifier (EMU), and a combination of both (XYL + EMU) in wheat diet with a high level of tallow on gastrointestinal tract microbiota activity, excretion of sialic acids, and selected gut segments morphology of 480 one-day-old male ROSS 308 broiler chickens. The activities of bacterial enzymes in the ileal digesta were lower in experimental groups compared to the control (CON) group. Enzyme activity in the cecum was significantly higher than in the ileum. The additives did not affect the excretion of sialic acid. The number of duodenum goblet cells on the villi decreased in all of the experimental groups (p < 0.05). The simultaneous use of XYL + EMU deepened the ileum crypts (p < 0.05). The total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration in the cecal digesta was higher in experimental groups. The abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Escherichia coli did not change among experimental groups. The relative abundance of Clostridium was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in groups with emulsifier addition. In conclusion, the simultaneous usage of EMU and XYL in wheat-based diets with beef tallow reduces the ileum microbiota activity and enhances cecum microbiota activity. Presumably, the addition of both additives results in a cumulative effect on the gut microbiota activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kubiś
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (Z.W.)
| | - Paweł Kołodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostrructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (P.K.); (E.P.-O.); (M.S.)
| | - Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostrructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (P.K.); (E.P.-O.); (M.S.)
| | - Maciej Sassek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostrructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (P.K.); (E.P.-O.); (M.S.)
| | - Paweł Konieczka
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jablonna, Poland;
| | - Paweł Górka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (P.G.); (J.F.)
| | - Jadwiga Flaga
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (P.G.); (J.F.)
| | - Dorota Katarzyńska-Banasik
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Marcin Hejdysz
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (Z.W.)
- Department of Animal Breeding and Animal Product Quality Assessment, University of Life Sciences, Słoneczna 1, 62-002 Złotniki, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Wiśniewska
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (Z.W.)
| | - Sebastian A. Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Impact of Rye Inclusion in Diets for Broilers on Performance, Litter Quality, Foot Pad Health, Digesta Viscosity, Organ Traits and Intestinal Morphology. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12187753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rye could offer diverse benefits in terms of sustainability if it could replace parts of the main cereals, corn and wheat, in broiler diets. A total of 256 broilers, Ross 308, were randomly allocated into 32 pens. From day 14 till day 42, the birds were divided into four feeding groups (eight replicates each). The control group received a conventional finisher diet “control”, whereas in the other groups, a pelleted supplementary feed was offered (SFI to corn and SFII to rye), to which crushed corn (SFI-Corn) or squashed rye (SFII-Rye) was added. The fourth group received a mixture of 50% SFI-Corn and 50% SFII-Rye. The cereal level was increased weekly (5%, 10%, 20%, 30%) at the expense of the supplementary feeds. No significant effects were observed for body weight at d 42 and excreta viscosity between all groups. Overall, foot pad health was excellent. Compared to the control group, birds fed SFI-Corn displayed a significant increase in gizzard relative weight, whereas, in contrast to all other groups, ileal villus height was significantly lower. In conclusion, feeding SFI-Corn or SFII-Rye diets had no negative influences on performance, litter quality and digesta viscosity, whereas SFI-Corn partially affected ileal morphology.
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Koçer B, Bozkurt M, Ege G, Tüzün AE. Effects of sunflower meal supplementation in the diet on productive performance, egg quality and gastrointestinal tract traits of laying hens. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:101-109. [PMID: 32835498 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1814202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. A trial was conducted to study the effects of additional dietary fibre (DF), resulting from partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with high-fibre sunflower meal (SFM), on egg production and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) traits in laying hens. 2. A total of 480 Nick Chick white laying hens (21 weeks of age) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments and fed for 24 weeks. The hens were fed either the control diet based on corn and SBM, which contained 30 g/kg crude fibre (CF) without SFM, or test diets containing 40 g more CF/kg from adding 47 g/kg SFM or 50 g more CF/kg from adding 97 g SFM/kg. Each dietary treatment was replicated eight times (20 hens per replicate). 3. Body weight (P < 0.05), egg production rate (P < 0.05), egg weight (P < 0.01) and egg mass (P < 0.01) linearly increased but feed conversion ratio linearly decreased (P < 0.01) with increasing SFM supplementation. Feed intake, cracked/broken egg ratios and shell less egg ratios were comparable amongst the groups. 4. The egg quality indices were not influenced by dietary treatments, except for the Haugh units, which decreased (linear, P < 0.01; quadratic P < 0.05) when SFM was added. 5. Digestive organ size was not affected by the dietary treatments, but caecum length increased in hens fed SFM (P < 0.05). Digesta pH in the ileum and caecum was reduced linearly (P < 0.01) with SFM supplementation. 6. Small intestine morphology traits improved with 47 g SFM/kg supplementation, whereas negative effects were observed with 97 g SFM/kg. 7. Productive performance of laying hens improved with 40 or 50 g/kg more CF in feed, mostly from SFM supplementation. It was concluded that this performance increase was attributed mostly to the increase in fat content, rather than DF level, when high-fibre SFM was included in layer diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Koçer
- Directorate of Agricultural Production Enterprise, Agricultural Extension and In-Service Training Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry , Aydın, Turkey
| | - M Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University , Aydın, Turkey
| | - G Ege
- Directorate of Food Control Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry , Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - A E Tüzün
- Koçarlı Vocational School, Aydın Adnan Menderes University , Aydın, Turkey
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Donkotjan C, Benjanirut C, Angkanaporn K. Effect of Thunbergia laurifolia leaves on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and liver antioxidant enzymes of broilers fed mycotoxin-contaminated feed. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an19570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context Contamination of feedstuff with mixed mycotoxins is one of the frequent problems found in broiler chicken production, especially in tropical countries with a hot and humid climate, such as Thailand. Aims An in vivo study was conducted to examine the effects of Thunbergia laurifolia Linn. (TL) leaves on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and antioxidant enzyme activity of broiler chicks fed naturally mycotoxin-contaminated feed. Methods In total, 375 1-day-old male Arbor Acre broilers were allotted into five experimental groups, with five replicates each (15 chicks per replicate). The experimental groups were mycotoxin-free basal corn–soybean diet (T1, control), diet with mixed mycotoxins (aflatoxin, fumonisins, tricothecene and ochratoxin, T2), T2 diet but supplemented with 1% (w/w) yeast glucomannan (GM, T3), T2 diet but supplemented with 2% (w/w) TL (T4) and T2 diet but supplemented with both 2% (w/w) TL and 1% (w/w) GM (T5). Feed intake, bodyweight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality rate, nutrient digestibility and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were measured at Days 21 and 42. Key results Broilers in T4 and T5 groups had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher nutrient digestibility than those in the other groups at Day 42, while broilers in the T3, T4 and T5 groups had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher glutathione peroxidase activity than those in the other groups. There was no difference in the growth performance among the groups, except chicks that received the mixed mycotoxin-contaminated feed had a higher feed conversion ratio and ate more feed than did those in the control group. Conclusion It is concluded that 2% TL and 1% GM helped ameliorate the adverse effect of mycotoxin, improving nutrient digestibility and increased the glutathione peroxidase activity, but without a significant change in growth rate. Implications Herbal plant TL can be used as an alternative mycotoxin adsorbent in broiler production.
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Lee SH, Hosseindoust A, Laxman Ingale S, Rathi PC, Yoon SY, Choi JW, Kim JS. Thermostable xylanase derived from Trichoderma citrinoviride increases growth performance and non-starch polysaccharide degradation in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2019; 61:57-62. [PMID: 31559842 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1673316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of this trial was to determine the optimal supplementation level of a xylanase enzyme from Trichoderma citrinoviride on growth performance, apparent ileal and total tract nutrient retention, intestinal morphology, and intestinal concentration of volatile fatty acids in broiler chickens.2. A total of 600 broiler chickens (Ross 308) of mixed sex were randomly allotted to four treatments, on the basis of similar body weight. The dietary treatments were made from a corn-wheat-soy based diet supplemented with either 0, 3750, 7500, or 11 250 XU/kg xylanase and were fed to 32 d of age.3. A linear response to increasing dietary xylanase was demonstrated for overall weight gain (P < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and gross energy, and the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CIAD) of N and soluble non-starch polysaccharides were linearly improved when xylanase was added to the diet (P < 0.05). Moreover, a linear increase (P < 0.05) was observed in the CIAD of Arg, Lys, and Try with increasing dietary levels of xylanase.4. The viscosity of digesta in ileum was linearly decreased when dietary xylanase level increased (P < 0.05).5. An increase in villus height of the duodenum and jejunum were observed with increasing dietary levels of xylanase (linear, P < 0.05).6. Overall, the results showed that the effects of dietary xylanase supplementation on broiler performance was determined through effects on nutrient availability and intestinal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- Department of Swine Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - A Hosseindoust
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - P C Rathi
- Advanced Enzyme Technologies Ltd., Thane, India
| | - S Y Yoon
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - J W Choi
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - J S Kim
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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20
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The gizzard: function, influence of diet structure and effects on nutrient availability. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933911000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Craig AD, Bedford MR, Hastie P, Khattak F, Olukosi OA. The effect of carbohydrases or prebiotic oligosaccharides on growth performance, nutrient utilisation and development of small intestine and immune organs in broilers fed nutrient-adequate diets based on either wheat or barley. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:3246-3254. [PMID: 30549054 PMCID: PMC6492135 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-starch polysaccharides are large complex molecules and are found in cereal grains. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of carbohydrase enzymes or prebiotic oligosaccharides on growth performance, nutrient utilisation and weight of organs associated with the immune system in broilers fed wheat- or barley-based diets. RESULTS In wheat-based diets, feed intake was lower (P < 0.05) following xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation, whereas in barley-based diets feed intake was greater (P < 0.05) following β-glucanase supplementation. Gross energy digestibility was improved (P < 0.01) when either level of xylanase was added to wheat diets. Ileal digestible energy was greater (P < 0.01) in wheat diets including an additive compared with the control diet. In wheat diets, bursa weight was lower (P < 0.05) following xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation compared with the control treatment. CONCLUSIONS The current study showed that supplemented carbohydrases or prebiotic oligosaccharides could alter the development of immune organs or small intestine without any significant effect on growth performance in broilers receiving nutrient-adequate diets. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison D Craig
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural CollegeEdinburghEH9 3JGUK
- McCall Building, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - Peter Hastie
- McCall Building, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Farina Khattak
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural CollegeEdinburghEH9 3JGUK
| | - Oluyinka A Olukosi
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural CollegeEdinburghEH9 3JGUK
- Department of Poultry ScienceUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
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Zaefarian F, Abdollahi MR, Cowieson A, Ravindran V. Avian Liver: The Forgotten Organ. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9020063. [PMID: 30781411 PMCID: PMC6406855 DOI: 10.3390/ani9020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The liver is a multi-purpose organ, with involvement in bile secretion, and lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, as well as a number of other metabolic functions. This organ can adapt easily to changes in feed and the environment. Being at the centre of a number of digestive, metabolic and productive activities, it is essential to have a better understanding of this organ and the factors affecting liver functionality. Abstract Despite having huge responsibilities in avian species, published reports on the influence of dietary factors and other possible constraints on the size, development and function of liver are limited. Consideration of the factors that could influence and alter liver function is therefore of critical relevance. In the current review, aspects of liver structure and function, and the influence of feed restriction, anti-nutritional factors, structural components and feed additives on liver are discussed. Effects of feed technology techniques such as thermal treatment and pelleting, feed particle size and whole grain feeding on the liver are also reviewed. A discussion of lipogenesis and lipid storage in poultry is presented to provide a better understanding and to differentiate the normal pathways of lipid metabolism from abnormal (i.e., disordered) pathways. The liver is the main site of fat synthesis in poultry, but under certain conditions, excessive fat can accumulate in the liver and cause problems. Factors contributing to the fatty liver syndrome are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faegheh Zaefarian
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Mohammad Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Aaron Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
| | - Velmurugu Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Arczewska-Wlosek A, Swiatkiewicz S, Bederska-Lojewska D, Orczewska-Dudek S, Szczurek W, Boros D, Fras A, Tomaszewska E, Dobrowolski P, Muszynski S, Kwiecien M, Schwarz T. The Efficiency of Xylanase in Broiler Chickens Fed with Increasing Dietary Levels of Rye. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E46. [PMID: 30708944 PMCID: PMC6406454 DOI: 10.3390/ani9020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present a study on the evaluation of the effect of xylanase addition to a diet with an increasing content of modern hybrid rye (Brasetto variety) on the performance indices and viscosity of small intestine content in broiler chickens. A total of 560 1-day-old male Ross 308 chickens were randomly assigned to 1 of 10 treatments, each comprising 7 replicate cages, with 8 male birds per cage. A 5 × 2 factorial arrangement was employed, with five dietary levels of ground rye (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). All the diets were either unsupplemented or supplemented with xylanase (200 mg/kg of feed; with minimum xylanase activity 1000 FXU/g). In the starter rearing period (1⁻21 days of age), the inclusion of rye (without xylanase supplementation) to the diet, even at the lowest dietary level (5%), negatively affected body weight gain (p < 0.05); there was no effect on feed intake and feed conversion ratio. In older chickens (the grower-finisher rearing period; 22⁻42 days of age), none of the dietary levels of rye (5⁻20%) affected growth performance indices. Similarly, no significant effect of increasing dietary level of rye was found for the entire rearing period (1⁻42 days of age). Diet supplementation with xylanase improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in chickens from 1 to 21 days of age. No positive effect of enzyme was found in older birds. No significant effects of the experimental factors used were noticed on the results of slaughter analysis, i.e., the carcass yield, breast meat yield, abdominal fat, and relative weight of the liver and gizzard. A high dietary concentration of rye (20%) increased the viscosity of small intestine content (p < 0.05); however, diet supplementation with xylanase significantly alleviated this effect. The findings of this experiment indicated that modern hybrid rye grain may be used at a 20% dietary level in broiler diets during the second feeding phase, i.e., from 22 to 42 days of age, without any detrimental influence on growth performance indices, while enzyme (xylanase) positively affected body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in younger chicks (1⁻21 days of age).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Arczewska-Wlosek
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland.
| | - Sylwester Swiatkiewicz
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland.
| | - Dorota Bederska-Lojewska
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Orczewska-Dudek
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland.
| | - Witold Szczurek
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland.
| | - Danuta Boros
- Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Plant Materials, Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization - National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland.
| | - Anna Fras
- Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Plant Materials, Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization - National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland.
| | - Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Piotr Dobrowolski
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Siemowit Muszynski
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Kwiecien
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromathology, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Schwarz
- Department of Swine and Small Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
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Evaluation of carbohydrate properties and end-use quality of hexaploid triticale and its relationship to solvent retention capacity. J Cereal Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Toghyani M, Wu SB, Pérez-Maldonado RA, Iji PA, Swick RA. Performance, nutrient utilization, and energy partitioning in broiler chickens offered high canola meal diets supplemented with multicomponent carbohydrase and mono-component protease. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3960-3972. [PMID: 29050421 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two broiler chicken experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of canola meal (CM) replacing soybean meal (SBM) in diets supplemented with carbohydrase and protease on performance and partitioning of energy. First, a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed to evaluate: protein meals (CM vs. SBM), carbohydrase (none or 300 mg/kg), protease (none or 200 mg/kg), and their interactions. Each treatment was fed to 6 replicated pens of 16 male broilers (Ross 308) from d 10 to 35. In the second experiment, 32 broiler chicks were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to investigate CM and carbohydrase effects on energy partitioning. Birds were transferred into 16 closed-circuit calorimeter chambers (4 chambers/diet; 2 birds/chamber) to measure heat production (HP), metabolizable and net energy (NE) by gaseous exchange, and total excreta collection from d 25 to 28. There were no 3-way interactions among experimental factors for any of the performance parameters measured. Birds given CM diets consumed less feed, had lower BW, and exhibited higher FCR compared to the control birds (P < 0.01). Both enzymes, alone or in combination, improved final BW and FCR (P < 0.05). There was an interaction between carbohydrase and protease for FCR over the grower period (P < 0.01), in which the combination of the enzymes resulted in further improvement of FCR. Energy, DM, and crude protein digestibility values were higher in control birds (P < 0.05). There was an interaction of protein meal and carbohydrase for HP, respiratory quotient (P < 0.05), and NE:ME ratio of the diets (P = 0.06). Inclusion of CM without carbohydrase increased HP and decreased NE and NE:ME ratio of the diets (P < 0.05). Carbohydrase decreased HP and increased retained energy (P = 0.06) and NE and NE:ME ratio (P < 0.05). In conclusion, high CM in the diet negatively affects growth performance through reduction in feed consumption, nutrient digestibility, and NE of the diet, which could partly be restored by enzyme supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Toghyani
- Department of Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - S B Wu
- Department of Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - R A Pérez-Maldonado
- DSM Nutritional Products, Asia Pacific Pty Ltd. Mapletree Business City, 117440, Singapore
| | - P A Iji
- Department of Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - R A Swick
- Department of Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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van Krimpen MM, Torki M, Schokker D. Effects of rye inclusion in grower diets on immune competence-related parameters and performance in broilers. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3324-3337. [PMID: 28854752 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of rye, a model ingredient to increase gut viscosity, between 14 and 28 d of age on immune competence-related parameters and performance of broilers. A total of 960 day-old male Ross 308 chicks were weighed and randomly allocated to 24 pens (40 birds per pen), and the birds in every 8 replicate pens were assigned to 1 of 3 experimental diets including graded levels, 0%, 5%, and 10% of rye. Tested immune competence-related parameters were composition of the intestinal microbiota, genes expression in gut tissue, and gut morphology. The inclusion of 5% or 10% rye in the diet (d 14 to 28) resulted in decreased performance and litter quality, but in increased villus height and crypt depth in the small intestine (jejunum) of the broilers. Relative bursa and spleen weights were not affected by dietary inclusion of rye. In the jejunum, no effects on number and size of goblet cells, and only trends on microbiota composition in the digesta were observed. Dietary inclusion of rye affected expression of genes involved in cell cycle processes of the jejunal enterocyte cells, thereby influencing cell growth, cell differentiation and cell survival, which in turn were consistent with the observed differences in the morphology of the gut wall. In addition, providing rye-rich diets to broilers affected the complement and coagulation pathways, which among others are parts of the innate immune system. These pathways are involved in eradicating invasive pathogens. Overall, it can be concluded that inclusion of 5% or 10% rye to the grower diet of broilers had limited effects on performance. Ileal gut morphology, microbiota composition of jejunal digesta, and gene expression profiles of jejunal tissue, however, were affected by dietary rye inclusion level, indicating that rye supplementation to broiler diets might affect immune competence of the birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M van Krimpen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research; Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - M Torki
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research; Kermanshah, Iran; Animal Science Department, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - D Schokker
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research; Kermanshah, Iran
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Kokoszyński D, Kotowicz M, Piwczyński D, Bernacki Z, Podkówka Z, Dorszewski P, Grabowicz M, Saleh M. Effects of feeding whole-grain triticale and sex on carcass and meat characteristics of common pheasants. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1443028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Kokoszyński
- Zakład Hodowli Drobiu, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marek Kotowicz
- Katedra Technologii Mięsa, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Piwczyński
- Zakład Genetyki i Podstaw Hodowli Zwierząt, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zenon Bernacki
- Zakład Hodowli Drobiu, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Podkówka
- Pracownia Żywienia Zwierząt, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Dorszewski
- Pracownia Żywienia Zwierząt, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grabowicz
- Pracownia Żywienia Zwierząt, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Mohamed Saleh
- Department of Poultry and Animal Production, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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Mikulski D, Juskiewicz J, Przybylska-Gornowicz B, Sosnowska E, Slominski BA, Jankowski J, Zdunczyk Z. The effect of dietary faba bean and non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes on the growth performance and gut physiology of young turkeys. Animal 2017; 11:2147-2155. [PMID: 28506328 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111700101x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary replacement of soya bean meal (SBM) with faba bean (FB) and a blend of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) degrading enzymes on the gastrointestinal function, growth performance and welfare of young turkeys (1 to 56 days of age). An experiment with a 2×2 factorial design was performed to compare the efficacy of four diets: a SBM-based diet and a diet containing FB, with and without enzyme supplementation (C, FB, CE and FBE, respectively). In comparison with groups C, higher dry matter content and lower viscosity of the small intestinal digesta were noted in groups FB. The content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the small intestinal digesta was higher in groups FB, but SCFA concentrations in the caecal digesta were comparable in groups C and FB. In comparison with control groups, similar BW gains, higher feed conversion ratio (FCR), higher dry matter content of excreta and milder symptoms of footpad dermatitis (FPD) were noted in groups FB. Enzyme supplementation increased the concentrations of acetate, butyrate and total SCFAs, but it did not increase the SCFA pool in the caecal digesta. The enzymatic preparation significantly improved FCR, reduced excreta hydration and the severity of FPD in turkeys. It can be concluded that in comparison with the SBM-based diet, the diet containing 30% of FB enables to achieve comparable BW gains accompanied by lower feed efficiency during the first 8 weeks of rearing. Non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes can be used to improve the nutritional value of diets for young turkeys, but more desirable results of enzyme supplementation were noted in the SBM-based diet than in the FB-based diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mikulski
- 1Department of Poultry Science,University of Warmia and Mazury,Oczapowskiego 5,10-718 Olsztyn,Poland
| | - J Juskiewicz
- 2Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research,Polish Academy of Sciences,Tuwima 10,10-747 Olsztyn,Poland
| | - B Przybylska-Gornowicz
- 3Department of Histology and Embryology,University of Warmia and Mazury,Oczapowskiego 13,10-713 Olsztyn,Poland
| | - E Sosnowska
- 1Department of Poultry Science,University of Warmia and Mazury,Oczapowskiego 5,10-718 Olsztyn,Poland
| | - B A Slominski
- 4Department of Animal Science,University of Manitoba,Winnipeg,CanadaR3T 2N2
| | - J Jankowski
- 1Department of Poultry Science,University of Warmia and Mazury,Oczapowskiego 5,10-718 Olsztyn,Poland
| | - Z Zdunczyk
- 2Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research,Polish Academy of Sciences,Tuwima 10,10-747 Olsztyn,Poland
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Strang EJP, Eklund M, Rosenfelder P, Htoo JK, Mosenthin R. Variations in the chemical composition and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in eight genotypes of triticale fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:1614-1625. [PMID: 28464110 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to determine the chemical composition, physical characteristics, and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA of 8 currently available genotypes of triticale fed to growing pigs. The genotypes included Grenado, Cando, Agostino, Massimo, Tarzan, HYT Prime, SW Talentro, and Cultivo. Eight barrows with an initial BW of 31 ± 2 kg were fitted with simple T-cannulas at the distal ileum and allotted to an 8 × 8 Latin square design with 8 periods of 7 d each and 8 assay diets. The N-free method was used to determine basal ileal endogenous CP and AA losses. The 8 assay diets contained 1 of 8 triticale genotypes as the sole source of CP and AA. The triticale genotypes were grown under identical environmental conditions on the same site. Among the 8 genotypes, contents of CP ranged from 104.7 to 118.1 g/kg (as-fed basis). The content of total nonstarch polysaccharides and NDF ranged, on an as-fed basis, from 84.6 to 99.5 g/kg and from 88.4 to 149.0 g/kg, respectively. Among the 8 genotypes, SID of CP ranged from 81% in Grenado to 85% in Massimo and Tarzan. The SID of CP and AA did not differ among triticale genotypes except for SID of Arg, Glu, and Gly ( < 0.05). The mean SID of CP, Lys, Met, and Trp was 4, 4, 4, and 1 percantage units less and SID of Trp was 5 percantage units greater compared with values in current feed tables. Among the 8 triticale genotypes, standardized ileal digestible content (cSID) of CP followed total CP content and ranged from 84.8 to 98.7 g/kg (as-fed basis), with the lowest ( < 0.001) values for Grenado and the greatest ( < 0.001) values for SW Talentro and Cultivo. For CP and most AA, cSID linearly decreased as the content of total, soluble, and insoluble β-glucans increased ( < 0.05) in the 8 genotypes of triticale. There was a positive correlation between thousand seed weight and cSID of CP and most AA ( < 0.01). These variables may help to predict cSID in triticale batches, whereas other nutrients are not suitable due to their low variation among the 8 genotypes. The present study provides data on chemical composition, physical characteristics, and SID of CP and AA of 8 triticale genotypes grown under similar conditions. However, as most of the present SID values are less than those in feed tables, future research is warranted to elaborate whether these differences are caused by experimental conditions or reflect a consistent decrease that needs to be accounted for in feed tables.
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Rezaeipour V, Hasanpour M, Janitabar M, Abdullahpour R. Effects of two native Iranian wheat cultivars, processing method, and enzyme supplementation on performance, carcass, intestinal morphology, and microbiota activity in broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2016.1221350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Rezaeipour
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasanpour
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| | - Marzeieh Janitabar
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| | - Rohullah Abdullahpour
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
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Sayehban P, Seidavi A, Dadashbeiki M, Ghorbani A, Araújo WAG, Albino LFT. Effects of Different Dietary Levels of Two Types of Olive Pulp and Exogenous Enzyme Supplementation on the Gastrointestinal tract size, Immunology and Hematology of Broilers. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635xspecialissuenutrition-poultryfeedingadditives073-086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - WAG Araújo
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Northern Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Temporal restriction of enzyme supplementation in barley-based diets has no effect in broiler performance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Goodarzi Boroojeni F, Vahjen W, Mader A, Knorr F, Ruhnke I, Röhe I, Hafeez A, Villodre C, Männer K, Zentek J. The effects of different thermal treatments and organic acid levels in feed on microbial composition and activity in gastrointestinal tract of broilers. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1440-52. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Santos C, Ribeiro T, Ponte P, Fernandes V, Falcão L, Freire J, Prates J, Ferreira L, Fontes C, Lordelo M. The effects of restricting enzyme supplementation in rye-based diets for broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zduńczyk Z, Jankowski J, Juśkiewicz J, Mikulski D, Slominski BA. Effect of different dietary levels of low-glucosinolate rapeseed (canola) meal and non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes on growth performance and gut physiology of growing turkeys. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2012-085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Zduńczyk, Z., Jankowski, J., Juśkiewicz, J., Mikulski, D. and Slominski, B. A. 2013. Effect of different dietary levels of low-glucosinolate rapeseed (canola) meal and non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes on growth performance and gut physiology of growing turkeys. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 353–362. One-day-old male turkey poults were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments and were fed diets containing 0, 60, 120, or 180 g kg−1of low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal (RSM) from 1 to 56 d of age without or with a commercial non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzyme product containing pectinase, cellulase, xylanase, glucanase, mannanase and galactanase activities. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in body weight and feed conversion ratio between the Control soybean meal-based diet and the diets containing RSM. Overall, the inclusion of up to 180 g kg−1of RSM did not affect the growth performance of turkeys. When compared with the Control treatment, the diet with the lowest RSM content increased the pH of the small intestinal contents and the amounts of cecal digesta. The moderate level of RSM also increased the pH of the small intestinal contents although no increase in the cecal digesta contents was noted. In comparison with other treatments, the highest RSM content increased the content of the small intestinal digesta considerably and decreased the pH of the small intestinal contents to that of the Control treatment. All three dietary levels of RSM significantly reduced the activity of bacterial β-glucuronidase in the ceca. Enzyme supplementation tended to reduce ileal viscosity (P=0.079), decreased ammonia concentration, increased the glycolytic activities of the intestinal microflora enzymes α-glucosidase, α-galactosidase, and β-galactosidase, decreased the activity of β-glucuronidase and increased the growth rate of turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenon Zduńczyk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dariusz Mikulski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bogdan A. Slominski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2
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Barekatain MR, Choct M, Iji PA. Xylanase supplementation improves the nutritive value of diets containing high levels of sorghum distillers' dried grains with solubles for broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:1552-1559. [PMID: 23280774 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sorghum distillers' dried grains with solubles (sDDGS) and xylanase supplementation in broiler chicken diets. A total of 432 Cobb-500 day-old male broiler chicks were used in a 4 × 2 factorial design (0, 100, 200 or 300 g kg(-1) sDDGS with or without xylanase supplementation). Each treatment was replicated six times with nine birds per replicate in a 35 day study. RESULTS Feed intake was increased (P < 0.001) throughout the study with the inclusion of dietary sDDGS. Body weight gain (BWG) was unaffected except for the last 2 weeks of study, when birds that received 200 and 300 g kg(-1) sDDGS had higher (P < 0.001) BWG. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased (P < 0.05) as sDDGS in the diet rose to 100 g kg(-1) during the starter phase and the whole period of study. Over the starter period, xylanase supplementation improved (P < 0.05) FCR, particularly for the highest inclusion of sDDGS. Protein digestibility deteriorated (P < 0.001) as sDDGS in the diet rose to 300 g kg(-1) . Xylanase reduced (P < 0.001) the concentration of xylose in the ileum of birds. The activities of sucrase and maltase in the jejunal mucosa were reduced when birds were offered 200 and 300 g kg(-1) sDDGS. Incorporation of sDDGS increased (P < 0.01) the total short-chain fatty acid concentration in the caeca. CONCLUSION The results showed that diets containing large amounts of sDDGS will benefit from xylanase supplementation, particularly in terms of FCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Barekatain
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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Mendes A, Ribeiro T, Correia B, Bule P, Maçãs B, Falcão L, Freire J, Ferreira L, Fontes C, Lordelo M. Low doses of exogenous xylanase improve the nutritive value of triticale-based diets for broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Rheological characterisation of aqueous extracts of triticale grains and its relation to dietary fibre characteristics. J Cereal Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Deswal D, Sharma A, Gupta R, Kuhad RC. Application of lignocellulolytic enzymes produced under solid state cultivation conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 115:249-254. [PMID: 22067437 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, cellulose from brown-rot fungus Fomitopsis sp. RCK2010, thermostable and alkalostable xylanase from Bacillus pumilus MK001 and laccase from Ganoderma sp. rckk-02 were evaluated for (i) saccharification of alkali pretreated rice straw and wheat straw, (ii) upgradation of chick feed and (iii) decolorization of dyes, respectively. The cellulose from brown-rot fungus resulted in a sugar release of 151.48 and 214.11 mg/g, respectively, from rice straw and wheat straw, which was comparatively higher than the earlier reports. While xylan, one of the main anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) present in the chick feed was removed to an extent of 11.6 mg/g xylose sugars at 50°C using the thermostable xylanase. Besides, the treatment with thermostable xylanase also brought about a release of 0.85 (mg/g) of soluble phosphorous. Moreover, the laccase when used for the decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) and xylidine ponceau cause almost complete decolorization in 2 and 4h, respectively, depicting high rate of decolorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Deswal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Esmaeilipour O, Moravej H, Shivazad M, Rezaian M, Aminzadeh S, Van Krimpen M. Effects of diet acidification and xylanase supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility, duodenal histology and gut microflora of broilers fed wheat based diet. Br Poult Sci 2012; 53:235-44. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.681771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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41
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Loar R, Donaldson J, Corzo A. Effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles to broilers from 0 to 42 days posthatch on broiler performance, carcass characteristics, and selected intestinal characteristics. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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42
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Jozefiak D, Sip A, Rawski M, Rutkowski A, Kaczmarek S, Hojberg O, Jensen BB, Engberg RM. Dietary divercin modifies gastrointestinal microbiota and improves growth performance in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2012; 52:492-9. [PMID: 21919577 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2011.602963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary administration of a divercin AS7 liquid preparation on broiler chicken performance, nutrient digestibility, counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and coliform bacteria, as well as on the microbial activity in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) as expressed by digesta pH and concentrations of short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid. 2. A total of 450 1-d-old male Ross 308 chickens were randomly distributed to three dietary treatments, with 15 pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen. The dietary treatments consisted of a positive control (PC) supplemented with 60 mg/kg salinomycin, a negative control (NC) without any additives, and the divercin (DIV) supplemented diet containing 0 x 2 mL/kg of the liquid divercin AS7 preparation. 3. The dietary divercin AS7 supplementation significantly increased body weight gain at 35 d compared to the NC group. Moreover, the pH of crop contents was higher and that of caecal contents lower in birds fed on the divercin supplemented diets. 4. Significantly lower counts of LAB were observed in the crops and caeca of the birds treated with divercin. Further, the divercin supplementation decreased lactic and succinic acid concentrations in the crop and ileum. 5. The present study demonstrates that the use of divercin supplemented diets can influence composition and activity of the microbiota in the broiler chicken GIT even in the lower parts that should otherwise not be targeted due to the peptide structure of the bacteriocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jozefiak
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, University of Life Sciences in Poznań, ul.Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
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Rakha A, Åman P, Andersson R. Dietary fiber in triticale grain: Variation in content, composition, and molecular weight distribution of extractable components. J Cereal Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Esmaeilipour O, Shivazad M, Moravej H, Aminzadeh S, Rezaian M, van Krimpen MM. Effects of xylanase and citric acid on the performance, nutrient retention, and characteristics of gastrointestinal tract of broilers fed low-phosphorus wheat-based diets. Poult Sci 2011; 90:1975-82. [PMID: 21844263 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to study the effects of xylanase and citric acid on the performance, nutrient retention, jejunal viscosity, and size and pH of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers fed a low-P wheat-based diet. The experiment was conducted as a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of xylanase (0 and 200 mg/kg) and 3 levels of citric acid (0, 20, and 40 g/kg). Each of the 6 dietary treatments was fed to 4 replicate pens (17 birds/pen) from 0 to 24 d of age. Chromium oxide (3 g/kg) was added to the diets as an indigestible marker to determine the apparent nutrient retention. No interaction effect was observed between xylanase and citric acid in any measured response. Xylanase did not affect feed intake but significantly increased BW gain by 3.6% (P < 0.05) from 1 to 24 d of age and improved G:F by 3.9% (P < 0.01). The inclusion of 40 g/kg of citric acid decreased (P < 0.01) BW gain and feed intake by 8.6 and 12.5%, respectively. The inclusion of 20 and 40 g/kg of citric acid improved G:F by 2.3 and 4.5% (P < 0.05), respectively. Xylanase significantly decreased the viscosity of digesta and improved the retention of DM, CP, and energy, but did not have a significant effect on the retention of fat and P. Inclusion of 20 and 40 g/kg of citric acid in the diets increased P retention by 15.8 and 16.3% (P < 0.01), respectively. Citric acid significantly decreased the pH of crop contents (P < 0.05). In conclusion, citric acid, at the 40 g/kg inclusion level, reduced feed intake and BW gain but improved G:F and P retention. Xylanase decreased digesta viscosity, increased nutrient retention, and consequently improved the performance of broilers fed the low-P wheat-based diet. Thus, adding 20 g/kg of citric acid, especially in the starter period, and 200 mg/kg of xylanase to low-P wheat-based diets can be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Esmaeilipour
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, PO Box 4111, Karaj, Iran
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Woyengo TA, Nyachoti CM. Review: Supplementation of phytase and carbohydrases to diets for poultry. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas10081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Woyengo, T. A. and Nyachoti, C. M. 2011. Review: Supplementation of phytase and carbohydrases to diets for poultry. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 177–192. Feedstuffs of plant origin contain anti-nutritional factors such as phytic acid (PA) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), which limit nutrient utilization in poultry. Phytic acid contains phosphorus, which is poorly digested by poultry, and has the capacity to bind to and reduce the utilisation of other nutrients, whereas NSP are indigestible and have the capacity to reduce nutrient utilisation by encapsulation. Supplemental phytase and NSP-degrading enzymes (carbohydrases) can, respectively, hydrolyze PA and NSP, alleviating the negative effects of these anti-nutritional factors. In feedstuffs of plant origin, PA is located within the cells, whereas NSP are located in cell walls, and hence it has been hypothesized that phytase and carbohydrases can act synergistically in improving nutrient utilization because the carbohydrases can hydrolyze the NSP in cell walls to increase the accessibility of phytase to PA. However, the response to supplementation of a combination of these enzymes is variable and dependent on several factors, including the type of carbohydrase supplement used, dietary NSP composition, calcium and non-phytate phosphorus contents, and endogenous phytase activity. These factors are discussed, and areas that need further research for optimising the use of a combination of phytase and carbohydrases in poultry diets are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Woyengo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - C. M. Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
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Loar RE, Moritz JS, Donaldson JR, Corzo A. Effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles to broilers from 0 to 28 days posthatch on broiler performance, feed manufacturing efficiency, and selected intestinal characteristics. Poult Sci 2010; 89:2242-50. [PMID: 20852115 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of 2 levels (0 vs. 8%) of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in a starter broiler diet (0 to 14 d; 45 replicates/treatment) after these same birds were subsequently fed a grower diet (14 to 28 d) with either 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, or 30% DDGS (9 replicates/treatment). Ross×Ross 308 male broilers were used in this experiment, and evaluation criteria consisted of feed mill parameters, broiler growth, relative liver weight, ileal viscosity, and cecal content count of Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli analyzed by both selective media and real-time PCR. Increased inclusion of DDGS resulted in a nonlinear response for production rate (P<0.05), conditioner energy usage (P<0.01), and pellet mill energy usage (P<0.05). Increasing DDGS resulted in a linear decrease in pellet quality (P<0.001) and an increase (P<0.001) in total fines. Inclusion of DDGS decreased (P<0.001) energy usage at the pellet mill and decreased (P<0.05) bulk density of the diets. The DDGS levels fed during the starter phase (0 vs. 8%) had no effect on the broilers at 14 or at 28 d of age. Increasing DDGS inclusion levels during the grower phase resulted in a linear decrease (P<0.001) in BW gain and liver relative weight (P<0.001). A DDGS starter×grower interaction (P<0.05) was observed for feed consumption, in which birds that consumed no DDGS during the starter phase exhibited a decrease in feed consumption with the higher inclusion levels of DDGS during the grower phase, whereas birds that received 8% DDGS during the starter phase were unaffected by DDGS inclusion level in the grower phase. Feed conversion, mortality, ileal viscosity, and cecal C. perfringens and E. coli concentrations were unaffected by DDGS level in the grower diet. The feed intake response suggests a beneficial effect of exposing broiler chicks to DDGS if inclusion levels of 22.5% or higher are to be fed after 14 d of age. However, the data suggest that the young broiler can be negatively affected with inclusion levels of 15% DDGS or higher up to 28 d of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Loar
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Józefiak D, Ptak A, Kaczmarek S, Mackowiak P, Sassek M, Slominski BA. Multi-carbohydrase and phytase supplementation improves growth performance and liver insulin receptor sensitivity in broiler chickens fed diets containing full-fat rapeseed. Poult Sci 2010; 89:1939-46. [PMID: 20709979 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a combination of carbohydrase and phytase enzymes on growth performance, insulin-like growth factor 1 gene expression, insulin status, and insulin receptor sensitivity in broiler chickens fed wheat-soybean meal diets containing 6% (starter) and 12% (grower-finisher) of full-fat rapeseed (canola type; low glucosinolate, low erucic acid) from 1 to 42 d of age was studied. A total of 510 one-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments, with 17 pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen. The dietary treatments consisted of a control diet and P- and Ca-deficient diets supplemented with either phytase (500 U/kg) or a combination of phytase and a multi-carbohydrase enzyme (Superzyme OM). The diets were pelleted at 78 degrees C and were fed ad libitum throughout the starter (9 d), grower (18 d), and finisher (15 d) phases of the experiment. Over the entire trial, growth performance of birds fed the phytase-supplemented diet did not differ from birds fed the control diet. The use of phytase in combination with a multicarbohydrase enzyme improved (P = 0.007) the feed conversion ratio from 1.90 to 1.84. Insulin liver receptor sensitivity increased by 9.3 and 12.3% (P = 0.004) for the phytase- and the carbohydrase-phytase-supplemented diets, respectively. There was no effect of phytase alone or carbohydrase and phytase supplementation on total plasma cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood glucose levels. However, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased (P = 0.007) for the phytase-carbohydrase treatment. Gene expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 tended to decrease by 32% (P = 0.083) after phytase-carbohydrase supplementation. The combination of carbohydrase and phytase enzymes may serve as an attractive means of facilitating nutrient availability for digestion and thus enhance the feeding value of wheat-soybean meal-based diets containing full-fat rapeseed. However, the extent to which the effects of enzyme addition on insulin receptors are associated with growth performance of broiler chicken requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Józefiak
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
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Rebolé A, Ortiz LT, Rodríguez ML, Alzueta C, Treviño J, Velasco S. Effects of inulin and enzyme complex, individually or in combination, on growth performance, intestinal microflora, cecal fermentation characteristics, and jejunal histomorphology in broiler chickens fed a wheat- and barley-based diet. Poult Sci 2010; 89:276-86. [PMID: 20075280 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was undertaken to examine the effects of inulin, alone or in combination with enzyme complex (primarily xylanase and beta-glucanase), on growth performance, ileal and cecal microflora, cecal short-chain fatty acids, and d-lactic acid and jejunal histomorphology of broiler chickens fed a wheat- and barley-based diet from 7 to 35 d of age. A total of 240 seven-day-old male Cobb broilers were allocated to 1 of 6 treatments, with 8 replicate pens per treatment and 5 birds per pen. The experiment consisted of a 3x2 factorial arrangement of the treatments with 3 concentrations of inulin (0, 10, or 20 g/kg of diet) and 2 concentrations of enzyme complex (0 or 100 mg/kg of diet). At the end of the experiment, 8 birds per treatment (one from each pen) were randomly chosen and slaughtered. Birds fed inulin-containing diets exhibited significantly (P=0.043) improved final BW gain. Dietary inulin had a positive and significant (P<0.002 to 0.009) effect on bifidobacteria and lactobacilli counts in both ileal and cecal contents and, to an extent, also altered the fermentation patterns in the ceca, increasing the concentration of n-butyric and d-lactic acids and the n-butyric acid:acetic acid ratio. Inulin inclusion had no effect on villus height and crypt depth or microvillus length, width, and density in the jejunum. Enzyme supplementation of the control diet and inulin-containing diets had no effect on many of the variables studied and only resulted in a decrease in crypt depth and an increase in villus height:crypt depth ratio in the jejunum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rebolé
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Spain.
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