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Qu S, Yang C, Sun X, Huang H, Li J, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Li L, Liang H, Zen K. Blockade of pan-viral propagation by inhibition of host cell PNPT1. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 63:107124. [PMID: 38412930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
For successful viral propagation within infected cells, the virus needs to overcome the cellular integrated stress response (ISR), triggered during viral infection, which, in turn, inhibits general protein translation. This paper reports a tactic employed by viruses to suppress the ISR by upregulating host cell polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase 1 (PNPT1). The propagation of adenovirus, murine cytomegalovirus and hepatovirus within their respective host cells induces PNPT1 expression. Notably, when PNPT1 is knocked down, the propagation of all three viruses is prevented. Mechanistically, the inhibition of PNPT1 facilitates the relocation of mitochondrial double-stranded RNAs (mt-dsRNAs) to the cytoplasm, where they activate RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). This activation leads to eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation, resulting in the suppression of translation. Furthermore, by scrutinizing the PNPT1 recognition element and screening 17,728 drugs and bioactive compounds approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, lanatoside C was identified as a potent PNPT1 inhibitor. This compound impedes the propagation of adenovirus, murine cytomegalovirus and hepatovirus, and suppresses production of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 spike protein. These discoveries shed light on a novel strategy to impede pan-viral propagation by activating the host cell mt-dsRNA-PKR-eIF2α signalling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinlei Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaliang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Limin Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwei Liang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ke Zen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Samolej J, White IJ, Strang BL, Mercer J. Cardiac glycosides inhibit early and late vaccinia virus protein expression. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:001971. [PMID: 38546099 PMCID: PMC10995631 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are natural steroid glycosides, which act as inhibitors of the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Although traditionally considered toxic to human cells, CGs are widely used as drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular-related medical conditions. More recently, CGs have been explored as potential anti-viral drugs and inhibit replication of a range of RNA and DNA viruses. Previously, a compound screen identified CGs that inhibited vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. However, no further investigation of the inhibitory potential of these compounds was performed, nor was there investigation of the stage(s) of the poxvirus lifecycle they impacted. Here, we investigated the anti-poxvirus activity of a broad panel of CGs. We found that all CGs tested were potent inhibitors of VACV replication. Our virological experiments showed that CGs did not impact virus infectivity, binding, or entry. Rather, experiments using recombinant viruses expressing reporter proteins controlled by VACV promoters and arabinoside release assays demonstrated that CGs inhibited early and late VACV protein expression at different concentrations. Lack of virus assembly in the presence of CGs was confirmed using electron microscopy. Thus, we expand our understanding of compounds with anti-poxvirus activity and highlight a yet unrecognized mechanism by which poxvirus replication can be inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Samolej
- Insititute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian J. White
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Blair L. Strang
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jason Mercer
- Insititute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
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3
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Martinez-Gzegozewska Y, Rasmussen L, McKellip S, Manuvakhova A, Nebane NM, Reece AJ, Ruiz P, Sosa M, Bostwick R, Vinson P. High-Throughput cell-based immunofluorescence assays against influenza. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2024; 29:66-76. [PMID: 37925159 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
A rapid drug discovery response to influenza outbreaks with the potential to reach pandemic status could help minimize the virus's impact by reducing the time to identify anti-influenza drugs. Although several anti-influenza strategies have been considered in the search for new drugs, only a few therapeutic agents are approved for clinical use. The cytopathic effect induced by the influenza virus in Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells has been widely used for high-throughput anti-influenza drug screening, but the fact that the MDCK cells are not human cells constitutes a disadvantage when searching for new therapeutic agents for human use. We have developed a highly sensitive cell-based imaging assay for the identification of inhibitors of influenza A and B virus that is high-throughput compatible using the A549 human cell line. The assay has also been optimized for the assessment of the neutralizing effect of anti-influenza antibodies in the absence of trypsin, which allows testing of purified antibodies and serum samples. This assay platform can be applied to full high-throughput screening campaigns or later stages requiring quantitative potency determinations for structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohanka Martinez-Gzegozewska
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Sara McKellip
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Anna Manuvakhova
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - N Miranda Nebane
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Andrew J Reece
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Pedro Ruiz
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Melinda Sosa
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Robert Bostwick
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Paige Vinson
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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4
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da Silva PG, Chaves EJF, Silva TMS, Rocha GB, Dantas WM, de Oliveira RN, Pena LJ. Antiviral Activity of Flavonoids from Geopropolis of the Brazilian Jandaira Bee against Zika and Dengue Viruses. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2494. [PMID: 37896254 PMCID: PMC10609720 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses within the Flaviviridae family such as Zika (ZIKV) and dengue (DENV) are responsible for major outbreaks in tropical countries, and there are no specific treatments against them. Naringenin and 7-O-methyl naringenin are flavonoids that can be extracted from geopropolis, a natural material that the Brazilian Jandaira stingless bee (Melipona subnitida Ducke) produces to protect its nest. Here, these flavonoids were tested against ZIKV and DENV using Vero cells as a cellular model to perform a cytotoxicity assay and to define the effective concentrations of TCID50 as the readout method. The results demonstrated the antiviral activity of the compounds against both viruses upon the treatment of infected cells. The tested flavonoids had antiviral activity comparable with 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (6-MMPr), used here as a positive control. In addition, to identify the possible action mechanism of the antiviral candidates, we carried out a docking analysis followed by a molecular dynamics simulation to elucidate naringenin and 7-O-methyl naringenin binding sites to each virus. Altogether, these results demonstrate that both flavonoids have potent antiviral effects against both viruses and warrant further in vivo trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliana Gomes da Silva
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (Lavite), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife 50670-420, Pernambuco, Brazil; (P.G.d.S.); (E.J.F.C.); (W.M.D.)
| | - Elton José Ferreira Chaves
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (Lavite), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife 50670-420, Pernambuco, Brazil; (P.G.d.S.); (E.J.F.C.); (W.M.D.)
| | - Tania Maria Sarmento Silva
- Phytochemical Bioprospecting Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil;
| | - Gerd Bruno Rocha
- Laboratory of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Paraiba, Brazil;
| | - Willyenne Marília Dantas
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (Lavite), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife 50670-420, Pernambuco, Brazil; (P.G.d.S.); (E.J.F.C.); (W.M.D.)
- Bioactive Compounds Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil;
| | - Ronaldo Nascimento de Oliveira
- Bioactive Compounds Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil;
| | - Lindomar José Pena
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (Lavite), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife 50670-420, Pernambuco, Brazil; (P.G.d.S.); (E.J.F.C.); (W.M.D.)
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Wu KX, Yogarajah T, Choy Loe MW, Kaur P, Hua Lee RC, Mok CK, Wong YH, Phuektes P, Yeo LS, Chow VT, Tan YW, Hann Chu JJ. The host-targeting compound peruvoside has a broad-spectrum antiviral activity against positive-sense RNA viruses. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:2039-2055. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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6
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Russell T, Gangotia D, Barry G. Assessing the potential of repurposing ion channel inhibitors to treat emerging viral diseases and the role of this host factor in virus replication. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Chen H, Gao X, Zhao S, Bao C, Ming X, Qian Y, Zhou Y, Jung YS. Pirh2 restricts influenza A virus replication by modulating short-chain ubiquitination of its nucleoprotein. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22537. [PMID: 36070077 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200473r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) rely on viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes to control transcription and replication. Each vRNP consists of one viral genomic RNA segment associated with multiple nucleoproteins (NP) and a trimeric IAV RNA polymerase complex. Previous studies showed that post-translational modifications of vRNP components, such as NP, by host factors would in turn affect the IAV life cycle or modulate host anti-viral response. In this study, we found host E3 ubiquitin ligase Pirh2 interacted with NP and mediated short-chain ubiquitination of NP at lysine 351, which suppressed NP-PB2 interaction and vRNP formation. In addition, we showed that knockdown of Pirh2 promoted IAV replication, whereas overexpression of Pirh2 inhibited IAV replication. However, Pirh2-ΔRING lacking E3 ligase activity failed to inhibit IAV infection. Moreover, we showed that Pirh2 had no effect on the replication of a rescued virus, WSN-K351R, carrying lysine-to-arginine substitution at residue 351. Interestingly, by analyzing human and avian IAVs from 2011 to 2020 in influenza research databases, we found that 99.18% of 26 977 human IAVs encode lysine, but 95.3% of 9956 avian IAVs encode arginine at residue 351 of NP protein. Consistently, knockdown of Pirh2 failed to promote propagation of two avian-like influenza viruses, H9N2-W1 and H9N2-C1, which naturally encode arginine at residue 351 of NP. Taken together, we demonstrated that Pirh2 is a host factor restricting IAV infection by modulating short-chain ubiquitination of NP. Meanwhile, it is noteworthy that residue 351 of NP targeted by Pirh2 may associate with the evasion of human anti-viral response against avian-like influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiying Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenyi Bao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Ming
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yong-Sam Jung
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Meineke R, Stelz S, Busch M, Werlein C, Kühnel M, Jonigk D, Rimmelzwaan GF, Elbahesh H. FDA-Approved Inhibitors of RTK/Raf Signaling Potently Impair Multiple Steps of In Vitro and Ex Vivo Influenza A Virus Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092058. [PMID: 36146864 PMCID: PMC9504178 DOI: 10.3390/v14092058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus (IV) infections pose a burden on global public health with significant morbidity and mortality. The limited range of currently licensed IV antiviral drugs is susceptible to the rapid rise of resistant viruses. In contrast, FDA-approved kinase inhibitors can be repurposed as fast-tracked host-targeted antivirals with a higher barrier of resistance. Extending our recent studies, we screened 21 FDA-approved small-molecule kinase inhibitors (SMKIs) and identified seven candidates as potent inhibitors of pandemic and seasonal IV infections. These SMKIs were further validated in a biologically and clinically relevant ex vivo model of human precision-cut lung slices. We identified steps of the virus infection cycle affected by these inhibitors (entry, replication, egress) and found that most SMKIs affected both entry and egress. Based on defined and overlapping targets of these inhibitors, the candidate SMKIs target receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated activation of Raf/MEK/ERK pathways to limit influenza A virus infection. Our data and the established safety profiles of these SMKIs support further clinical investigations and repurposing of these SMKIs as host-targeted influenza therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Meineke
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sonja Stelz
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian Busch
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christopher Werlein
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark Kühnel
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Husni Elbahesh
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
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de Padua RM, Kratz JM, Munkert J, Bertol JW, Rigotto C, Schuster D, Maltarollo VG, Kreis W, Simões CMO, Braga F. Effects of Lipophilicity and Structural Features on the Antiherpes Activity of Digitalis Cardenolides and Derivatives. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200411. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Maia de Padua
- UFMG: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Pharmaceutical Products Av. Antônio Carlos 6627 Belo Horizonte BRAZIL
| | - Jadel Müller Kratz
- UFSC: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Pharmaceutical Sciences R. Delfino Conti, S/N Florianópolis BRAZIL
| | - Jennifer Munkert
- University of Erlangen-Nuernberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Division of Pharmaceutical Biology Staudtstraße 5 Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Jéssica Wildgrube Bertol
- UFSC: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Pharmaceutical Sciences R. Delfino Conti, S/N Florianópolis BRAZIL
| | - Caroline Rigotto
- UFSC: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Pharmaceutical Sciences R. Delfino Conti, S/N Florianópolis BRAZIL
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg: Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversitat Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Strubergasse 21 Salzburg AUSTRIA
| | | | - Wolfgang Kreis
- University of Erlangen-Nuernberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Division of Pharmaceutical Biology Staudtstraße 5 Erlangen GERMANY
| | | | - Fernão Braga
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Pharmaceutical Sciences Av. Antônio Carlos 6627 31270901 Belo Horizonte BRAZIL
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Cai J, Zhang BD, Li YQ, Zhu WF, Akihisa T, Kikuchi T, Xu J, Liu WY, Feng F, Zhang J. Cardiac glycosides from the roots of Streblus asper Lour. with activity against Epstein-Barr virus lytic replication. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:106004. [PMID: 35843015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides (CGs) show potential broad-spectrum antiviral activity by targeting cellular host proteins. Herein are reported the isolation of five new (1-5) and eight known (7-13) CGs from the roots of Streblus asper Lour. Of these compounds 1 and 7 exhibited inhibitory action against EBV early antigen (EA) expression, with half-maximal effective concentration values (EC50) being less than 60 nM, and they also showed selectivity, with selectivity index (SI) values being 56.80 and 103.17, respectively. Preliminary structure activity relationships indicated that the C-10 substituent, C-5 hydroxy groups, and C-3 sugar unit play essential roles in the mediation of the inhibitory activity of CGs against EBV. Further enzyme experiments demonstrated that these compounds might inhibit ion pump function and thereby change the intracellular signal transduction pathway by binding to Na+/K+-ATPase, as validated by simulated molecular docking. This study is the first report that CGs can effectively limit EBV lytic replication, and the observations made in this study may be of value for lead compound development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bo-Dou Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu-Qi Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wan-Fang Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Toshihiro Akihisa
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Jian Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Feng Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China.
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11
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Zhao H, Yuen KY. Broad-spectrum Respiratory Virus Entry Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1366:137-153. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8702-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Orr-Burks N, Murray J, Todd KV, Bakre A, Tripp RA. Drug repositioning of Clopidogrel or Triamterene to inhibit influenza virus replication in vitro. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259129. [PMID: 34714852 PMCID: PMC8555795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause respiratory tract infections and substantial health concerns. Infection may result in mild to severe respiratory disease associated with morbidity and some mortality. Several anti-influenza drugs are available, but these agents target viral components and are susceptible to drug resistance. There is a need for new antiviral drug strategies that include repurposing of clinically approved drugs. Drugs that target cellular machinery necessary for influenza virus replication can provide a means for inhibiting influenza virus replication. We used RNA interference screening to identify key host cell genes required for influenza replication, and then FDA-approved drugs that could be repurposed for targeting host genes. We examined the effects of Clopidogrel and Triamterene to inhibit A/WSN/33 (EC50 5.84 uM and 31.48 uM, respectively), A/CA/04/09 (EC50 6.432 uM and 3.32 uM, respectively), and B/Yamagata/16/1988 (EC50 0.28 uM and 0.11 uM, respectively) replication. Clopidogrel and Triamterene provide a druggable approach to influenza treatment across multiple strains and subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Orr-Burks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Kyle V. Todd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Abhijeet Bakre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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13
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Inhibition of endocytosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by rottlerin and its potential prophylactic administration in piglets. Antiviral Res 2021; 195:105191. [PMID: 34678331 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Owing to several limitations of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) control procedures, the importance of antiviral agents is increasing; however, limited studies have been done on the development of anti-PRRSV agents. Herein, we explored the antiviral effect and mechanism of rottlerin against PRRSV. We demonstrated that treatment of rottlerin at an early stage of PRRSV infection significantly inhibited the viral replication. PRRSV infection induced protein kinase C-δ phosphorylation, which was specifically downregulated by rottlerin. The treatment of rottlerin led to disrupting the PRRSV entry pathway by blocking endocytosis of the virions. Further, to evaluate the anti-PRRSV effect of the rottlerin in vivo, we administrated rottlerin loaded liposome to pigs infected with PRRSV LMY or FL12 strain. The treatment of rottlerin-liposome reduced the blood viral load, interstitial pneumonia and clinical scores compared to untreated pigs. These results provide an evidence of anti-PRRSV effect of rottlerin in vitro via inhibiting PRRSV internalization and in vivo, all of which strongly suggest the applicability of rottlerin as a potential PRRSV prophylactic treatment.
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14
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Machado RG, Glaser T, Araujo DB, Petiz LL, Oliveira DBL, Durigon GS, Leal AL, Pinho JR, Ferreira LCS, Ulrich H, Durigon EL, Guzzo CR. Inhibition of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Replication by Hypertonic Saline Solution in Lung and Kidney Epithelial Cells. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1514-1527. [PMID: 34651104 PMCID: PMC8442612 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented global health crisis has been caused by a new virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We performed experiments to test if a hypertonic saline solution was capable of inhibiting virus replication. Our data show that 1.2% NaCl inhibited virus replication by 90%, achieving 100% of inhibition at 1.5% in the nonhuman primate kidney cell line Vero, and 1.1% of NaCl was sufficient to inhibit the virus replication by 88% in human epithelial lung cell line Calu-3. Furthermore, our results indicate that the inhibition is due to an intracellular mechanism and not to the dissociation of the spike SARS-CoV-2 protein and its human receptor. NaCl depolarizes the plasma membrane causing a low energy state (high ADP/ATP concentration ratio) without impairing mitochondrial function, supposedly associated with the inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. Membrane depolarization and intracellular energy deprivation are possible mechanisms by which the hypertonic saline solution efficiently prevents virus replication in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael
R. G. Machado
- Department
of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
| | - Talita Glaser
- Department
of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
| | - Danielle B. Araujo
- Department
of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
- Hospital
Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652, Brazil
| | - Lyvia Lintzmaier Petiz
- Department
of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
| | - Danielle B. L. Oliveira
- Department
of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
- Hospital
Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652, Brazil
- Development
and Innovation Center, Laboratory of Virology, Butantan Institute, São
Paulo 05503, Brazil
| | - Giuliana S. Durigon
- Medical
School Clinical Hospital, University of
São Paulo, São
Paulo 05508, Brazil
| | | | - João Renato
R. Pinho
- Hospital
Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652, Brazil
- LIM-03, Central
Laboratories Division, Clinics Hospital, São Paulo School of
Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
- LIM-07,
Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
| | - Luis C. S. Ferreira
- Department
of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
- Scientific
Platform Pasteur USP, São
Paulo 05508, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department
of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
| | - Edison L. Durigon
- Department
of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
- Scientific
Platform Pasteur USP, São
Paulo 05508, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Rodrigues Guzzo
- Department
of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
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15
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Valipour M, Zarghi A, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Irannejad H. Therapeutic potential of chelerythrine as a multi-purpose adjuvant for the treatment of COVID-19. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:2321-2336. [PMID: 34585628 PMCID: PMC8506812 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1982509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional nature of phytochemicals and their chemical diversity has attracted attention to develop leads originated from nature to fight COVID-19. Pharmacological activities of chelerythrine and its congeners have been studied and reported in the literature. This compound simultaneously has two key therapeutic effects for the treatment of COVID-19, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. Chelerythrine can prevent hyper-inflammatory immune response through regulating critical signaling pathways involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as alteration in Nrf2, NF-κB, and p38 MAPK activities. In addition, chelerythrine has a strong protein kinase C-α/-β inhibitory activity suitable for cerebral vasospasm prevention and eryptosis reduction, as well as beneficial effects in suppressing pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. In terms of antiviral activity, chelerythrine can fight with SARS-CoV-2 through various mechanisms, such as direct-acting mechanism, viral RNA-intercalation, and regulation of host-based antiviral targets. Although chelerythrine is toxic in vitro, the in vivo toxicity is significantly reduced due to its structural conversion to alkanolamine. Its multifunctional action makes chelerythrine a prominent compound for the treatment of COVID-19. Considering precautions related to the toxicity at higher doses, it is expected that this compound is useful in combination with proper antivirals to reduce the severity of COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Valipour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamid Irannejad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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16
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Chen F, Shi Q, Pei F, Vogt A, Porritt RA, Garcia G, Gomez AC, Cheng MH, Schurdak ME, Liu B, Chan SY, Arumugaswami V, Stern AM, Taylor DL, Arditi M, Bahar I. A systems-level study reveals host-targeted repurposable drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e10239. [PMID: 34339582 PMCID: PMC8328275 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202110239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and identifying potential therapeutics are global imperatives. Using a quantitative systems pharmacology approach, we identified a set of repurposable and investigational drugs as potential therapeutics against COVID-19. These were deduced from the gene expression signature of SARS-CoV-2-infected A549 cells screened against Connectivity Map and prioritized by network proximity analysis with respect to disease modules in the viral-host interactome. We also identified immuno-modulating compounds aiming at suppressing hyperinflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients, based on the transcriptome of ACE2-overexpressing A549 cells. Experiments with Vero-E6 cells infected by SARS-CoV-2, as well as independent syncytia formation assays for probing ACE2/SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell fusion using HEK293T and Calu-3 cells, showed that several predicted compounds had inhibitory activities. Among them, salmeterol, rottlerin, and mTOR inhibitors exhibited antiviral activities in Vero-E6 cells; imipramine, linsitinib, hexylresorcinol, ezetimibe, and brompheniramine impaired viral entry. These novel findings provide new paths for broadening the repertoire of compounds pursued as therapeutics against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Chen
- Department of Computational and Systems BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qingya Shi
- Department of Computational and Systems BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fen Pei
- Department of Computational and Systems BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery InstitutePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Andreas Vogt
- Department of Computational and Systems BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery InstitutePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Rebecca A Porritt
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
- Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research CenterCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Angela C Gomez
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Mary Hongying Cheng
- Department of Computational and Systems BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Mark E Schurdak
- Department of Computational and Systems BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery InstitutePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Computational and Systems BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Andrew M Stern
- Department of Computational and Systems BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery InstitutePittsburghPAUSA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- Department of Computational and Systems BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery InstitutePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
- Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research CenterCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery InstitutePittsburghPAUSA
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17
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Duan E, Zhang B, Liang X, Jing H, Liu C, Zhang F, Huang J, Su L, Wang J. Effects of glycyrrhizin on the growth cycle and ATPase activity of PRRSV-2-infected MARC-145 cells. Res Vet Sci 2021; 138:30-38. [PMID: 34091227 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a viral infectious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and is devastating the swine industry. MARC-145 cells, an African green monkey kidney cell line, are sensitive to PRRSV-2, and are often used for in vitro studies on PRRSV-2. Preliminary research has shown that glycyrrhizin, an important active component extracted from traditional Chinese medicinal licorice, significantly inhibits the proliferation of PRRSV-2 in MARC-145 cells; however, the in-depth molecular mechanism remains unclear. By determining the cell growth cycle, this study found that PRRSV-2 infection first increased the content of G1-phase MARC-145 cells and then decreased the content of G1-phase cells. Moreover, glycyrrhizin affected the role of PRRSV-2 in regulating the cell cycle. Furthermore, PRRSV-2 had the highest proliferation titer in G0/G1-phase MARC-145 cells, and glycyrrhizin reduced the content of PRRSV-2 in synchronized MARC-145 cells. According to the results of ATPase detection, PRRSV-2 infection weakened the Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase activities in MARC-145 cells, while glycyrrhizin significantly enhanced their activities in PRRSV-2-infected MARC-145 cells. The above results provide theoretical support toward clarifying the mechanism by which glycyrrhizin inhibits the proliferation of PRRSV-2 in MARC-145 cells. Moreover, these results offer references for the development and use of glycyrrhizin and the clinical treatment of PRRSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzhen Duan
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Huiyuan Jing
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Cen Liu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Kaifeng Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Jin Huang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Lanli Su
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Jinrong Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
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18
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Souza E Souza KFC, Moraes BPT, Paixão ICNDP, Burth P, Silva AR, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF. Na +/K +-ATPase as a Target of Cardiac Glycosides for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:624704. [PMID: 33935717 PMCID: PMC8085498 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.624704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), identified for the first time in Wuhan, China, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which moved from epidemic status to becoming a pandemic. Since its discovery in December 2019, there have been countless cases of mortality and morbidity due to this virus. Several compounds such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir-ritonavir, and remdesivir have been tested as potential therapies; however, no effective treatment is currently recommended by regulatory agencies. Some studies on respiratory non-enveloped viruses such as adenoviruses and rhinovirus and some respiratory enveloped viruses including human respiratory syncytial viruses, influenza A, parainfluenza, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have shown the antiviral activity of cardiac glycosides, correlating their effect with Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) modulation. Cardiac glycosides are secondary metabolites used to treat patients with cardiac insufficiency because they are the most potent inotropic agents. The effects of cardiac glycosides on NKA are dependent on cell type, exposure time, and drug concentration. They may also cause blockage of Na+ and K+ ionic transport or trigger signaling pathways. The antiviral activity of cardiac glycosides is related to cell signaling activation through NKA inhibition. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) seems to be an essential transcription factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. NFκB inhibition by cardiac glycosides interferes directly with SARS-CoV-2 yield and inflammatory cytokine production. Interestingly, the antiviral effect of cardiac glycosides is associated with tyrosine kinase (Src) activation, and NFκB appears to be regulated by Src. Src is one of the main signaling targets of the NKA α-subunit, modulating other signaling factors that may also impair viral infection. These data suggest that Src-NFκB signaling modulated by NKA plays a crucial role in the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Herein, we discuss the antiviral effects of cardiac glycosides on different respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 pathology, cell signaling pathways, and NKA as a possible molecular target for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauê Francisco Corrêa Souza E Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Portugal Tavares Moraes
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurociências (PPGNEURO), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Izabel Christina Nunes de Palmer Paixão
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia (PPBI), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neûrologia/Neurociências, Hospital Antônio Pedro Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Burth
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia (PPBI), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Adriana Ribeiro Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurociências (PPGNEURO), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Felippe Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurociências (PPGNEURO), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia (PPBI), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Celular e Molecular (PPGBMC), Universidade Federal Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Orr-Burks N, Murray J, Todd KV, Bakre A, Tripp RA. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor and Ion Channel Genes Used by Influenza Virus for Replication. J Virol 2021; 95:e02410-20. [PMID: 33536179 PMCID: PMC8104092 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02410-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus causes epidemics and sporadic pandemics resulting in morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. Influenza viruses require host genes to replicate. RNA interference (RNAi) screens can identify host genes coopted by influenza virus for replication. Targeting these proinfluenza genes can provide therapeutic strategies to reduce virus replication. Nineteen proinfluenza G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and 13 proinfluenza ion channel genes were identified in human lung (A549) cells by use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). These proinfluenza genes were authenticated by testing influenza virus A/WSN/33-, A/CA/04/09-, and B/Yamagata/16/1988-infected A549 cells, resulting in the validation of 16 proinfluenza GPCR and 5 proinfluenza ion channel genes. These findings showed that several GPCR and ion channel genes are needed for the production of infectious influenza virus. These data provide potential targets for the development of host-directed therapeutic strategies to impede the influenza virus productive cycle so as to limit infection.IMPORTANCE Influenza epidemics result in morbidity and mortality each year. Vaccines are the most effective preventive measure but require annual reformulation, since a mismatch of vaccine strains can result in vaccine failure. Antiviral measures are desirable particularly when vaccines fail. In this study, we used RNAi screening to identify several GPCR and ion channel genes needed for influenza virus replication. Understanding the host genes usurped by influenza virus during viral replication can help identify host genes that can be targeted for drug repurposing or for the development of antiviral drugs. The targeting of host genes is refractory to drug resistance generated by viral mutations, as well as providing a platform for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Orr-Burks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kyle V Todd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Abhijeet Bakre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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20
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Boff L, Schreiber A, da Rocha Matos A, Del Sarto J, Brunotte L, Munkert J, Melo Ottoni F, Silva Ramos G, Kreis W, Castro Braga F, José Alves R, Maia de Pádua R, Maria Oliveira Simões C, Ludwig S. Semisynthetic Cardenolides Acting as Antiviral Inhibitors of Influenza A Virus Replication by Preventing Polymerase Complex Formation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204853. [PMID: 33096707 PMCID: PMC7587960 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections represent a major public health issue by causing annual epidemics and occasional pandemics that affect thousands of people worldwide. Vaccination is the main prophylaxis to prevent these epidemics/pandemics, although the effectiveness of licensed vaccines is rather limited due to the constant mutations of influenza virus antigenic characteristics. The available anti-influenza drugs are still restricted and there is an increasing viral resistance to these compounds, thus highlighting the need for research and development of new antiviral drugs. In this work, two semisynthetic derivatives of digitoxigenin, namely C10 (3β-((N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aminoacetyl)amino-3-deoxydigitoxigenin) and C11 (3β-(hydroxyacetyl)amino-3-deoxydigitoxigenin), showed anti-influenza A virus activity by affecting the expression of viral proteins at the early and late stages of replication cycle, and altering the transcription and synthesis of new viral proteins, thereby inhibiting the formation of new virions. Such antiviral action occurred due to the interference in the assembly of viral polymerase, resulting in an impaired polymerase activity and, therefore, reducing viral replication. Confirming the in vitro results, a clinically relevant ex vivo model of influenza virus infection of human tumor-free lung tissues corroborated the potential of these compounds, especially C10, to completely abrogate influenza A virus replication at the highest concentration tested (2.0 µM). Taken together, these promising results demonstrated that C10 and C11 can be considered as potential new anti-influenza drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurita Boff
- Institute of Virology (IVM), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms University (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany; (L.B.); (A.S.); (A.d.R.M.); (J.D.S.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - André Schreiber
- Institute of Virology (IVM), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms University (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany; (L.B.); (A.S.); (A.d.R.M.); (J.D.S.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Aline da Rocha Matos
- Institute of Virology (IVM), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms University (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany; (L.B.); (A.S.); (A.d.R.M.); (J.D.S.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
- Respiratory Viruses and Measles Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 22775-051, Brazil
| | - Juliana Del Sarto
- Institute of Virology (IVM), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms University (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany; (L.B.); (A.S.); (A.d.R.M.); (J.D.S.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (F.M.O.); (G.S.R.); (F.C.B.); (R.J.A.); (R.M.d.P.)
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology (IVM), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms University (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany; (L.B.); (A.S.); (A.d.R.M.); (J.D.S.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Jennifer Munkert
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, 91054 Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; (J.M.); (W.K.)
| | - Flaviano Melo Ottoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (F.M.O.); (G.S.R.); (F.C.B.); (R.J.A.); (R.M.d.P.)
| | - Gabriela Silva Ramos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (F.M.O.); (G.S.R.); (F.C.B.); (R.J.A.); (R.M.d.P.)
| | - Wolfgang Kreis
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, 91054 Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; (J.M.); (W.K.)
| | - Fernão Castro Braga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (F.M.O.); (G.S.R.); (F.C.B.); (R.J.A.); (R.M.d.P.)
| | - Ricardo José Alves
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (F.M.O.); (G.S.R.); (F.C.B.); (R.J.A.); (R.M.d.P.)
| | - Rodrigo Maia de Pádua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (F.M.O.); (G.S.R.); (F.C.B.); (R.J.A.); (R.M.d.P.)
| | - Cláudia Maria Oliveira Simões
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology (IVM), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms University (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany; (L.B.); (A.S.); (A.d.R.M.); (J.D.S.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
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Elucidation of the mechanism of anti-herpes action of two novel semisynthetic cardenolide derivatives. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1385-1396. [PMID: 32346764 PMCID: PMC7188521 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are among the most prevalent pathogens worldwide and have become an important public health issue. Recurrent infections and the emergence of resistant viral strains reinforce the need of searching new drugs to treat herpes virus infections. Cardiac glycosides are used clinically to treat cardiovascular disturbances, such as congestive heart failure and atrial arrhythmias. In recent years, they have sparked new interest in their potential anti-herpes action. It has been previously reported by our research group that two new semisynthetic cardenolides, namely C10 (3β-[(N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aminoacetyl]amino-3-deoxydigitoxigenin) and C11 (3β-(hydroxyacetyl)amino-3-deoxydigitoxigenin), exhibited potential anti-HSV-1 and anti-HSV-2 with selectivity index values > 1,000, comparable with those of acyclovir. This work reports the mechanism investigation of anti-herpes action of these derivatives. The results demonstrated that C10 and C11 interfere with the intermediate and final steps of HSV replication, but not with the early stages, since they completely abolished the expression of the UL42 (β) and gD (γ) proteins and partially reduced that of ICP27 (α). Additionally, they were not virucidal and had no prophylactic effects. Both compounds inhibited HSV replication at nanomolar concentrations, but cardenolide C10 was more active than C11 and can be considered as an anti-herpes drug candidate including against acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 strains.
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O’Hanlon R, Leyva-Grado VH, Sourisseau M, Evans MJ, Shaw ML. An Influenza Virus Entry Inhibitor Targets Class II PI3 Kinase and Synergizes with Oseltamivir. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1779-1793. [PMID: 31448902 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two classes of antivirals targeting the viral neuraminidase (NA) and endonuclease are currently the only clinically useful drugs for the treatment of influenza. However, resistance to both antivirals has been observed in clinical isolates, and there was widespread resistance to oseltamivir (an NA inhibitor) among H1N1 viruses prior to 2009. This potential for resistance and lack of diversity for antiviral targets highlights the need for new influenza antivirals with a higher barrier to resistance. In this study, we identified an antiviral compound, M85, that targets host kinases, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and phosphoinositide 3 class II β (PIK3C2β) and is not susceptible to resistance by viral mutations. M85 blocks endocytosis of influenza viruses and inhibits a broad-spectrum of viruses with minimal cytotoxicity. In vitro, we found that combinations of M85 and oseltamivir have strong synergism. In the mouse model for influenza, treatment with the combination therapy was more protective against a lethal viral challenge than oseltamivir alone, indicating that development of M85 could lead to combination therapies for influenza. Finally, through this discovery of M85 and its antiviral mechanism, we present the first description of PIK3C2β as a necessary host factor for influenza virus entry.
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Inhibitory Effects of Antiviral Drug Candidates on Canine Parvovirus in F81 cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080742. [PMID: 31412574 PMCID: PMC6724046 DOI: 10.3390/v11080742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a common etiological agent of acute enteritis, which occurs globally in domestic and wild carnivores. Despite the widespread use of inactivated or live attenuated vaccines, the emergence of antigenic variants and the influence of maternal antibodies have raised some concerns regarding the efficacy of commercial vaccines. While no specific antiviral therapy for CPV infection exists, the only treatment option for the infection is supportive therapy based on symptoms. Thus, there is an urgent medical need to develop antiviral therapeutic options to reduce the burden of CPV-related disease. In this study, a cytopathic effect (CPE)-based high-throughput screening assay was used to screen CPV inhibitors from a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug library. After two rounds of screening, seven out of 1430 screened drugs were found to have >50% CPE inhibition. Three drugs—Nitazoxanide, Closantel Sodium, and Closantel—with higher anti-CPV effects were further evaluated in F81 cells by absolute PCR quantification and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The inhibitory effects of all three drugs were dose-dependent. Time of addition assay indicated that the drugs inhibited the early processes of the CPV replication cycle, and the inhibition effects were relatively high within 2 h postinfection. Western blot assay also showed that the three drugs had broad-spectrum antiviral activity against different subspecies of three CPV variants. In addition, antiapoptotic effects were observed within 12 h in Nitazoxanide-treated F81 cells regardless of CPV infection, while Closantel Sodium- or Closantel-treated cells had no pro- or antiapoptotic effects. In conclusion, Nitazoxanide, Closantel Sodium, and Closantel can effectively inhibit different subspecies of CPV. Since the safety profiles of FDA-approved drugs have already been extensively studied, these three drugs can potentially become specific and effective anti-CPV drugs.
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24
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Zhang J, Hu Y, Musharrafieh R, Yin H, Wang J. Focusing on the Influenza Virus Polymerase Complex: Recent Progress in Drug Discovery and Assay Development. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2243-2263. [PMID: 29984646 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180706112940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are severe human pathogens that pose persistent threat to public health. Each year more people die of influenza virus infection than that of breast cancer. Due to the limited efficacy associated with current influenza vaccines, as well as emerging drug resistance from small molecule antiviral drugs, there is a clear need to develop new antivirals with novel mechanisms of action. The influenza virus polymerase complex has become a promising target for the development of the next-generation of antivirals for several reasons. Firstly, the influenza virus polymerase, which forms a heterotrimeric complex that consists of PA, PB1, and PB2 subunits, is highly conserved. Secondly, both individual polymerase subunit (PA, PB1, and PB2) and inter-subunit interactions (PA-PB1, PB1- PB2) represent promising drug targets. Lastly, growing insight into the structure and function of the polymerase complex has spearheaded the structure-guided design of new polymerase inhibitors. In this review, we highlight recent progress in drug discovery and assay development targeting the influenza virus polymerase complex and discuss their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Rami Musharrafieh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.,BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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25
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The Establishment and Validation of the Human U937 Cell Line as a Cellular Model to Screen Immunomodulatory Agents Regulating Cytokine Release Induced by Influenza Virus Infection. Virol Sin 2019; 34:648-661. [PMID: 31286365 PMCID: PMC6889097 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00145-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe influenza infections are often associated with the excessive induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is also referred to as "cytokine storms". Several studies have shown that cytokine storms are directly associated with influenza-induced fatal acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Due to the narrow administration window, current antiviral therapies are often inadequate. The efforts to use immunomodulatory agents alone or in combination with antiviral agents in the treatment of influenza in animal models have resulted in the achievement of protective effects accompanied with reduced cytokine production. Currently, there are no immunomodulatory drugs for influenza available for clinical use. Animal models, despite being ideal to study the anti-inflammatory responses to influenza virus infection, are very costly and time-consuming. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish fast and economical screening methods using cell-based models to screen and develop novel immunomodulatory agents. In this study, we screened seven human cell lines and found that the human monocytic cell U937 supports the replication of different subtypes of influenza viruses as well as the production of the important pro-inflammatory cytokines and was selected to develop the cell-based model. The U937 cell model was validated by testing a panel of known antiviral and immunomodulatory agents and screening a drug library consisting of 1280 compounds comprised mostly of FDA-approved drugs. We demonstrated that the U937 cell model is robust and suitable for the high-throughput screening of immunomodulators and antivirals against influenza infection.
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26
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To J, Torres J. Viroporins in the Influenza Virus. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070654. [PMID: 31261944 PMCID: PMC6679168 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious virus that causes seasonal epidemics and unpredictable pandemics. Four influenza virus types have been identified to date: A, B, C and D, with only A–C known to infect humans. Influenza A and B viruses are responsible for seasonal influenza epidemics in humans and are responsible for up to a billion flu infections annually. The M2 protein is present in all influenza types and belongs to the class of viroporins, i.e., small proteins that form ion channels that increase membrane permeability in virus-infected cells. In influenza A and B, AM2 and BM2 are predominantly proton channels, although they also show some permeability to monovalent cations. By contrast, M2 proteins in influenza C and D, CM2 and DM2, appear to be especially selective for chloride ions, with possibly some permeability to protons. These differences point to different biological roles for M2 in types A and B versus C and D, which is also reflected in their sequences. AM2 is by far the best characterized viroporin, where mechanistic details and rationale of its acid activation, proton selectivity, unidirectionality, and relative low conductance are beginning to be understood. The present review summarizes the biochemical and structural aspects of influenza viroporins and discusses the most relevant aspects of function, inhibition, and interaction with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet To
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jaume Torres
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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27
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Bergmann S, Elbahesh H. Targeting the proviral host kinase, FAK, limits influenza a virus pathogenesis and NFkB-regulated pro-inflammatory responses. Virology 2019; 534:54-63. [PMID: 31176924 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections result in ∼500,000 global deaths annually. Host kinases link multiple signaling pathways at various stages of infection and are attractive therapeutic target. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, regulates several cellular processes including NFkB and antiviral responses. We investigated how FAK kinase activity regulates IAV pathogenesis. Using a severe infection model, we infected IAV-susceptible DBA/2 J mice with a lethal dose of H1N1 IAV. We observed reduced viral load and pro-inflammatory cytokines, delayed mortality, and increased survival in FAK inhibitor (Y15) treated mice. In vitro IAV-induced NFkB-promoter activity was reduced by Y15 or a dominant negative kinase-dead FAK mutant (FAK-KD) independently of the viral immune modulator, NS1. Finally, we observed reduced IAV-induced nuclear localization of NFkB in FAK-KD expressing cells. Our data suggest a novel mechanism where IAV hijacks FAK to promote viral replication and limit its ability to contribute to innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Bergmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Husni Elbahesh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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28
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Amarelle L, Katzen J, Shigemura M, Welch LC, Cajigas H, Peteranderl C, Celli D, Herold S, Lecuona E, Sznajder JI. Cardiac glycosides decrease influenza virus replication by inhibiting cell protein translational machinery. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L1094-L1106. [PMID: 30892074 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00173.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are used primarily for cardiac failure and have been reported to have other effects, including inhibition of viral replication. Here we set out to study mechanisms by which CGs as inhibitors of the Na-K-ATPase decrease influenza A virus (IAV) replication in the lungs. We found that CGs inhibit influenza virus replication in alveolar epithelial cells by decreasing intracellular potassium, which in turn inhibits protein translation, independently of viral entry, mRNA transcription, and protein degradation. These effects were independent of the Src signaling pathway and intracellular calcium concentration changes. We found that short-term treatment with ouabain prevented IAV replication without cytotoxicity. Rodents express a Na-K-ATPase-α1 resistant to CGs. Thus we utilized Na-K-ATPase-α1-sensitive mice, infected them with high doses of influenza virus, and observed a modest survival benefit when treated with ouabain. In summary, we provide evidence that the inhibition of the Na-K-ATPase by CGs decreases influenza A viral replication by modulating the cell protein translational machinery and results in a modest survival benefit in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Amarelle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois.,Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Jeremy Katzen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois.,Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Masahiko Shigemura
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lynn C Welch
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Héctor Cajigas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christin Peteranderl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center , Giessen , Germany
| | - Diego Celli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Susanne Herold
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center , Giessen , Germany
| | - Emilia Lecuona
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jacob I Sznajder
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
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29
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Lee JY, Abundo MEC, Lee CW. Herbal Medicines with Antiviral Activity Against the Influenza Virus, a Systematic Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 46:1663-1700. [PMID: 30612461 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly changing influenza virus has remained a consistent threat to the well-being of a variety of species on the planet. Influenza virus' high mutation rate has allowed the virus to rapidly and continuously evolve, as well as generate new strains that are resistant to the current commercially available antivirals. Thus, the increased resistance has compelled the scientific community to explore alternative compounds that have antiviral effects against influenza virus. In this paper, the authors systematically review numerous herbal extracts that were shown to have antiviral effects against the virus. Specifically, the herbal antiviral targets mainly include hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and matrix 2 proteins. In some instances, herbal extracts inhibited the replication of oseltamivir-resistant strains and certain pentacyclic triterpenes exhibited higher antiviral activity than oseltamivir. This paper also explores the possibility of targeting various host-cell signaling pathways that are utilized by the virus during its replication process. Infected cell pathways are hijacked by intracellular signaling cascades such as NF-kB signaling, PI3K/Akt pathway, MAPK pathway and PKC/PKR signaling cascades. Herbal antivirals have been shown to target these pathways by suppressing nuclear export of influenza vRNP and thus inhibiting the phosphorylation signaling cascade. In conclusion, copious amounts of herbal antivirals have been shown to inhibit influenza virus, however further studies are needed for these new compounds to be up to modern pharmacological standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Young Lee
- * Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,‡ Mom-Pyon Han Pharmacy, Nambusoonhwan-ro 770, Seosan City, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Edward C Abundo
- * Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,† Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- * Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,† Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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30
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HDAC6 Restricts Influenza A Virus by Deacetylation of the RNA Polymerase PA Subunit. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01896-18. [PMID: 30518648 PMCID: PMC6364008 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01896-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) continues to threaten global public health due to drug resistance and the emergence of frequently mutated strains. Thus, it is critical to find new strategies to control IAV infection. Here, we discover one host protein, HDAC6, that can inhibit viral RNA polymerase activity by deacetylating PA and thus suppresses virus RNA replication and transcription. Previously, it was reported that IAV can utilize the HDAC6-dependent aggresome formation mechanism to promote virus uncoating, but HDAC6-mediated deacetylation of α-tubulin inhibits viral protein trafficking at late stages of the virus life cycle. These findings together will contribute to a better understanding of the role of HDAC6 in regulating IAV infection. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of HDAC6 at various periods of viral infection may illuminate novel strategies for developing antiviral drugs. The life cycle of influenza A virus (IAV) is modulated by various cellular host factors. Although previous studies indicated that IAV infection is controlled by HDAC6, the deacetylase involved in the regulation of PA remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that HDAC6 acts as a negative regulator of IAV infection by destabilizing PA. HDAC6 binds to and deacetylates PA, thereby promoting the proteasomal degradation of PA. Based on mass spectrometric analysis, Lys(664) of PA can be deacetylated by HDAC6, and the residue is crucial for PA protein stability. The deacetylase activity of HDAC6 is required for anti-IAV activity, because IAV infection was enhanced due to elevated IAV RNA polymerase activity upon HDAC6 depletion and an HDAC6 deacetylase dead mutant (HDAC6-DM; H216A, H611A). Finally, we also demonstrate that overexpression of HDAC6 suppresses IAV RNA polymerase activity, but HDAC6-DM does not. Taken together, our findings provide initial evidence that HDAC6 plays a negative role in IAV RNA polymerase activity by deacetylating PA and thus restricts IAV RNA transcription and replication. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) continues to threaten global public health due to drug resistance and the emergence of frequently mutated strains. Thus, it is critical to find new strategies to control IAV infection. Here, we discover one host protein, HDAC6, that can inhibit viral RNA polymerase activity by deacetylating PA and thus suppresses virus RNA replication and transcription. Previously, it was reported that IAV can utilize the HDAC6-dependent aggresome formation mechanism to promote virus uncoating, but HDAC6-mediated deacetylation of α-tubulin inhibits viral protein trafficking at late stages of the virus life cycle. These findings together will contribute to a better understanding of the role of HDAC6 in regulating IAV infection. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of HDAC6 at various periods of viral infection may illuminate novel strategies for developing antiviral drugs.
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31
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Directed Evolution of an Influenza Reporter Virus To Restore Replication and Virulence and Enhance Noninvasive Bioluminescence Imaging in Mice. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00593-18. [PMID: 29899096 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00593-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reporter viruses provide a powerful tool to study infection, yet incorporating a nonessential gene often results in virus attenuation and genetic instability. Here, we used directed evolution of a luciferase-expressing pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) 2009 influenza A virus in mice to restore replication kinetics and virulence, increase the bioluminescence signal, and maintain reporter gene expression. An unadapted pH1N1 virus with NanoLuc luciferase inserted into the 5' end of the PA gene segment grew to titers 10-fold less than those of the wild type in MDCK cells and in DBA/2 mice and was less virulent. For 12 rounds, we propagated DBA/2 lung samples with the highest bioluminescence-to-titer ratios. Every three rounds, we compared in vivo replication, weight loss, mortality, and bioluminescence. Mouse-adapted virus after 9 rounds (MA-9) had the highest relative bioluminescence signal and had wild-type-like fitness and virulence in DBA/2 mice. Using reverse genetics, we discovered fitness was restored in virus rPB2-MA9/PA-D479N by a combination of PA-D479N and PB2-E158G amino acid mutations and PB2 noncoding mutations C1161T and C1977T. rPB2-MA9/PA-D479N has increased mRNA transcription, which helps restore wild-type-like phenotypes in DBA/2 and BALB/c mice. Overall, the results demonstrate that directed evolution that maximizes foreign-gene expression while maintaining genetic stability is an effective method to restore wild-type-like in vivo fitness of a reporter virus. Virus rPB2-MA9/PA-D479N is expected to be a useful tool for noninvasive imaging of pH1N1 influenza virus infection and clearance while analyzing virus-host interactions and developing new therapeutics and vaccines.IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses contribute to 290,000 to 650,000 deaths globally each year. Infection is studied in mice to learn how the virus causes sickness and to develop new drugs and vaccines. During experiments, scientists have needed to euthanize groups of mice at different times to measure the amount of infectious virus in mouse tissues. By inserting a foreign gene that causes infected cells to light up, scientists could see infection spread in living mice. Unfortunately, adding an extra gene not needed by the virus slowed it down and made it weaker. Here, we used a new strategy to restore the fitness and lethality of an influenza reporter virus; we adapted it to mouse lungs and selected for variants that had the greatest light signal. The adapted virus can be used to study influenza virus infection, immunology, and disease in living mice. The strategy can also be used to adapt other viruses.
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32
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Amarelle L, Lecuona E. The Antiviral Effects of Na,K-ATPase Inhibition: A Minireview. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082154. [PMID: 30042322 PMCID: PMC6121263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since being first described more than 60 years ago, Na,K-ATPase has been extensively studied, while novel concepts about its structure, physiology, and biological roles continue to be elucidated. Cardiac glycosides not only inhibit the pump function of Na,K-ATPase but also activate intracellular signal transduction pathways, which are important in many biological processes. Recently, antiviral effects have been described as a novel feature of Na,K-ATPase inhibition with the use of cardiac glycosides. Cardiac glycosides have been reported to be effective against both DNA viruses such as cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex and RNA viruses such as influenza, chikungunya, coronavirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, among others. Consequently, cardiac glycosides have emerged as potential broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, with the great advantage of targeting cell host proteins, which help to minimize resistance to antiviral treatments, making them a very promising strategy against human viral infections. Here, we review the effect of cardiac glycosides on viral biology and the mechanisms by which these drugs impair the replication of this array of different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Amarelle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Emilia Lecuona
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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33
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White KM, Ayllon J, Mena I, Potenski A, Krammer F, García-Sastre A. Influenza B virus reverse genetic backbones with improved growth properties in the EB66® cell line as basis for vaccine seed virus generation. Vaccine 2018; 36:1146-1153. [PMID: 29395518 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination remains the best available prophylaxis to prevent influenza virus infections, yet current inadequacies in influenza virus vaccine manufacturing often lead to vaccine shortages at times when the vaccine is most needed, as it was the case during the last influenza virus pandemic. Novel influenza virus vaccine production systems will be crucial to improve public health and safety. Here we report the optimization of influenza B virus growth in the proprietary EB66® cell line, currently in use for human vaccine production. To this end, we collected, curated and sequenced 71 influenza B viruses selected for high diversity in date of isolation and lineage. This viral collection was tested for ability to enter and replicate within EB66® cells in a single cycle assay and appears to readily infect these cells. When the collection was tested for viral progeny production in a multi-cycle assay, we found a large variation from strain to strain. The strains with the top growth characteristics from the B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages were selected for vaccine backbone generation using a reverse genetics system. We then showed that these backbones maintain their desirable growth within EB66® cells when the HA and NA from poorly growing strains were substituted for the parental segments, indicating that the selected backbones are viable options for vaccine production in EB66®. Finally, we show that compounds previously reported to enhance influenza virus growth in cell culture also increase virus production in the EB66® cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris M White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.
| | - Juan Ayllon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Ignacio Mena
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Anna Potenski
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
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Kuss-Duerkop SK, Wang J, Mena I, White K, Metreveli G, Sakthivel R, Mata MA, Muñoz-Moreno R, Chen X, Krammer F, Diamond MS, Chen ZJ, García-Sastre A, Fontoura BMA. Influenza virus differentially activates mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling to maximize late stage replication. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006635. [PMID: 28953980 PMCID: PMC5617226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus usurps host signaling factors to regulate its replication. One example is mTOR, a cellular regulator of protein synthesis, growth and motility. While the role of mTORC1 in viral infection has been studied, the mechanisms that induce mTORC1 activation and the substrates regulated by mTORC1 during influenza virus infection have not been established. In addition, the role of mTORC2 during influenza virus infection remains unknown. Here we show that mTORC2 and PDPK1 differentially phosphorylate AKT upon influenza virus infection. PDPK1-mediated phoshorylation of AKT at a distinct site is required for mTORC1 activation by influenza virus. On the other hand, the viral NS1 protein promotes phosphorylation of AKT at a different site via mTORC2, which is an activity dispensable for mTORC1 stimulation but known to regulate apoptosis. Influenza virus HA protein and down-regulation of the mTORC1 inhibitor REDD1 by the virus M2 protein promote mTORC1 activity. Systematic phosphoproteomics analysis performed in cells lacking the mTORC2 component Rictor in the absence or presence of Torin, an inhibitor of both mTORC1 and mTORC2, revealed mTORC1-dependent substrates regulated during infection. Members of pathways that regulate mTORC1 or are regulated by mTORC1 were identified, including constituents of the translation machinery that once activated can promote translation. mTORC1 activation supports viral protein expression and replication. As mTORC1 activation is optimal midway through the virus life cycle, the observed effects on viral protein expression likely support the late stages of influenza virus replication when infected cells undergo significant stress. Drug-resistant influenza viruses commonly arise due to frequent genetic changes and current antiviral drugs are not highly efficient. These underscore the need for new antiviral therapies effective against influenza viruses. Understanding how influenza virus uses cellular proteins for infection can potentially identify novel targets for pharmacological intervention. Influenza virus modulates cellular pathways to promote its replication and avoid immune restriction. Here we reveal the interplay between the cellular protein mTOR, which functions in two distinct protein complexes, and influenza virus infection. mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is activated during influenza virus infection through a cascade of specific modifications, or phosphorylation events, and by reducing the levels of another cellular protein termed REDD1, which is an mTORC1 inhibitor. Activation of mTORC1 results in additional phosphorylation events that together promote viral protein expression and replication. On the other hand, mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) phosphorylates AKT at a specific site during infection, which is a process mediated by the viral NS1 protein that is known to regulate viral-mediated cell death. Since these effects occur midway through the virus life cycle in the infected cell, mTORC1 and mTORC2 activation are likely important to regulate the cellular environment in order to facilitate the late stages of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K. Kuss-Duerkop
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ignacio Mena
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kris White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Giorgi Metreveli
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ramanavelan Sakthivel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Miguel A. Mata
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Raquel Muñoz-Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zhijian J. Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Beatriz M. A. Fontoura
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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de Carvalho OV, Félix DM, de Mendonça LR, de Araújo CMCS, de Oliveira Franca RF, Cordeiro MT, Silva Júnior A, Pena LJ. The thiopurine nucleoside analogue 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (6MMPr) effectively blocks Zika virus replication. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 50:718-725. [PMID: 28803932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil in 2015, 48 countries and territories in the Americas have confirmed autochthonous cases of disease caused by the virus. ZIKV-associated neurological manifestations and congenital defects make the development of safe and effective antivirals against ZIKV of utmost importance. Here we evaluated the antiviral activity of 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (6MMPr), a thiopurine nucleoside analogue derived from the prodrug azathioprine, against the epidemic ZIKV strain circulating in Brazil. In all of the assays, an epithelial (Vero) and a human neuronal (SH-SY5Y) cell line were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity and effective concentrations of 6MMPr against ZIKV. Levels of ZIKV-RNA, viral infectious titre and the percentage of infected cells in the presence or absence of 6MMPr were used to determine antiviral efficacy. 6MMPr decreased ZIKV production by >99% in both cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, 6MMPr was 1.6 times less toxic to SH-SY5Y cells compared with Vero cells, presenting a 50% cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) of 460.3 µM and 291 µM, respectively. The selectivity index of 6MMPr for Vero and SH-SY5Y cells was 11.9 and 22.7, respectively, highlighting the safety profile of the drug to neuronal cells. Taken together, these results identify, for the first time, the thiopurine nucleoside analogue 6MMPr as a promising antiviral candidate against ZIKV that warrants further in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otavio Valério de Carvalho
- Department of Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Daniele Mendes Félix
- Department of Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Leila Rodrigues de Mendonça
- Department of Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marli Tenório Cordeiro
- Department of Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Silva Júnior
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Lindomar José Pena
- Department of Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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36
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Mondal A, Dawson AR, Potts GK, Freiberger EC, Baker SF, Moser LA, Bernard KA, Coon JJ, Mehle A. Influenza virus recruits host protein kinase C to control assembly and activity of its replication machinery. eLife 2017; 6:26910. [PMID: 28758638 PMCID: PMC5791932 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus expresses transcripts early in infection and transitions towards genome replication at later time points. This process requires de novo assembly of the viral replication machinery, large ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) composed of the viral polymerase, genomic RNA and oligomeric nucleoprotein (NP). Despite the central role of RNPs during infection, the factors dictating where and when they assemble are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that human protein kinase C (PKC) family members regulate RNP assembly. Activated PKCδ interacts with the polymerase subunit PB2 and phospho-regulates NP oligomerization and RNP assembly during infection. Consistent with its role in regulating RNP assembly, knockout of PKCδ impairs virus infection by selectively disrupting genome replication. However, primary transcription from pre-formed RNPs deposited by infecting particles is unaffected. Thus, influenza virus exploits host PKCs to regulate RNP assembly, a step required for the transition from primary transcription to genome replication during the infectious cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Mondal
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Anthony R Dawson
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Gregory K Potts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Elyse C Freiberger
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Steven F Baker
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Lindsey A Moser
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Kristen A Bernard
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Andrew Mehle
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
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37
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de Carvalho OV, Félix DM, de Camargo Tozato C, Fietto JLR, de Almeida MR, Bressan GC, Pena LJ, Silva-Júnior A. 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside, a thiopurine nucleoside with antiviral activity against canine distemper virus in vitro. Virol J 2017. [PMID: 28651549 PMCID: PMC5485505 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine distemper (CD) is a widespread infectious disease that can severely impact a variety of species in the order Carnivora, as well as non-carnivore species such as non-human primates. Despite large-scale vaccination campaigns, several fatal outbreaks have been reported in wild and domestic carnivore populations. This, in association with expansion of the disease host range and the development of vaccine-escape strains, has contributed to an increased demand for therapeutic strategies synergizing with vaccine programs for effectively controlling canine distemper. 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (6MMPr) is a modified thiopurine nucleoside with known antiviral properties against certain RNA viruses. METHODS We tested the inhibitory effects of 6MMPr against a wild-type CDV strain infection in cell culture. We measured infectious particle production and viral RNA levels in treated and untreated CDV-infected cells. Ribavirin (RIB) was used as a positive control. RESULTS Here, we report for the first time the antiviral effects of 6MMPr against canine distemper virus (CDV) in vitro. 6MMPr was able to reduce viral RNA levels and to inhibit the production of infectious CDV particles. The therapeutic selectivity of 6MMPr was approximately six times higher than that of ribavirin. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that 6MMPr has high anti-CDV potential and warrants further testing against other paramyxoviruses, as well as clinical testing of the compound against CDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otávio Valério de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary, Universidade Federal of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil.,Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Av. Moraes Rego, s/n, Campus UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Daniele Mendes Félix
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Av. Moraes Rego, s/n, Campus UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Claudia de Camargo Tozato
- Laboratory of Animal and Human Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Paulista State University, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Márcia Rogéria de Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Bressan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Lindomar José Pena
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Av. Moraes Rego, s/n, Campus UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil.
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary, Universidade Federal of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil.
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38
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Hover S, Foster B, Barr JN, Mankouri J. Viral dependence on cellular ion channels - an emerging anti-viral target? J Gen Virol 2017; 98:345-351. [PMID: 28113044 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The broad range of cellular functions governed by ion channels represents an attractive target for viral manipulation. Indeed, modulation of host cell ion channel activity by viral proteins is being increasingly identified as an important virus-host interaction. Recent examples have demonstrated that virion entry, virus egress and the maintenance of a cellular environment conducive to virus persistence are, in part, dependent on virus manipulation of ion channel activity. Most excitingly, evidence has emerged that targeting ion channels pharmacologically can impede virus life cycles. Here, we discuss current examples of virus-ion channel interactions and the potential of targeting ion channel function as a new, pharmacologically safe and broad-ranging anti-viral therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hover
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Becky Foster
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - John N Barr
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jamel Mankouri
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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39
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Amarelle L, Lecuona E, Sznajder JI. Anti-Influenza Treatment: Drugs Currently Used and Under Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arbr.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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40
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Elbahesh H, Bergmann S, Russell CJ. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates polymerase activity of multiple influenza A virus subtypes. Virology 2016; 499:369-374. [PMID: 27743963 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause numerous pandemics and yearly epidemics resulting in ~500,000 annual deaths globally. IAV modulates cellular signaling pathways at every step of the infection cycle. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been shown to play a critical role in endosomal trafficking of influenza A viruses, yet it is unclear how FAK kinase activity regulates IAV replication. Using mini-genomes derived from H1N1, H5N1 and H7N9 viruses, we dissected RNA replication by IAVs independent of viral entry or release. Our results show FAK activity promotes efficient IAV polymerase activity and inhibiting FAK activity with a chemical inhibitor or a kinase-dead mutant significantly reduces IAV polymerase activity. Using co-immunoprecipitations and proximity ligation assays, we observed interactions between FAK and the viral nucleoprotein, supporting a direct role of FAK in IAV replication. Altogether, the data indicates that FAK kinase activity is important in promoting IAV replication by regulating its polymerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husni Elbahesh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Silke Bergmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Amarelle L, Lecuona E, Sznajder JI. Anti-Influenza Treatment: Drugs Currently Used and Under Development. Arch Bronconeumol 2016; 53:19-26. [PMID: 27519544 PMCID: PMC6889083 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
La gripe es una enfermedad contagiosa altamente prevalente y con significativa morbimortalidad. El tratamiento disponible con fármacos antivirales, de ser administrado de forma precoz, puede reducir el riesgo de complicaciones severas; sin embargo, muchos tipos de virus desarrollan resistencia a estos fármacos, reduciendo notablemente su efectividad. Ha habido un gran interés en el desarrollo de nuevas opciones terapéuticas para combatir la enfermedad. Una gran variedad de fármacos han demostrado tener actividad antiinfluenza, pero aún no están disponibles para su uso en la clínica. Muchos de ellos tienen como objetivo componentes del virus, mientras que otros son dirigidos a elementos de la célula huésped que participan en el ciclo viral. Modular los componentes del huésped es una estrategia que minimiza el desarrollo de cepas resistentes, dado que estos no están sujetos a la variabilidad genética que tiene el virus. Por otro lado, la principal desventaja es que existe un mayor riesgo de efectos secundarios asociados al tratamiento. El objetivo de la presente revisión es describir los principales agentes farmacológicos disponibles en la actualidad, así como los nuevos fármacos en estudio con potencial beneficio en el tratamiento de la gripe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Amarelle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, Estados Unidos de América; Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Emilia Lecuona
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, Estados Unidos de América
| | - Jacob I Sznajder
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, Estados Unidos de América.
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Abstract
Influenza infection can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), leading to poor disease outcome with high mortality. One of the driving features in the pathogenesis of ARDS is the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli, which causes severe pulmonary edema and impaired oxygen uptake. In this issue of the JCI, Peteranderl and colleagues define a paracrine communication between macrophages and type II alveolar epithelial cells during influenza infection where IFNα induces macrophage secretion of TRAIL that causes endocytosis of Na,K-ATPase by the alveolar epithelium. This reduction of Na,K-ATPase expression decreases alveolar fluid clearance, which in turn leads to pulmonary edema. Inhibition of the TRAIL signaling pathway has been shown to improve lung injury after influenza infection, and future studies will be needed to determine if blocking this pathway is a viable option in the treatment of ARDS.
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43
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Lanatoside C Promotes Foam Cell Formation and Atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20154. [PMID: 26821916 PMCID: PMC4731744 DOI: 10.1038/srep20154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lanatoside C’s impact on atherosclerosis is poorly understood. The present study was conducted to determine whether lanatoside C affects the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE–/–) mice. ApoE–/– mice were administered either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.1% DMSO (the vehicle control group) or lanatoside C at low (1 mg/kg per day) or high (2 mg/kg per day) doses, and fed a Western diet for 12 weeks. Lanatoside C dose-dependently aggravated the development of atherosclerosis in the ApoE–/– mice compared with the vehicle control group. In an effort to determine the mechanism by which lanatoside C increased atherosclerosis, we found that lanatoside C significantly promoted the uptake of oxidised low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and increased foam-cell formation by upregulation of scavenger receptor class A (SR-A) and the class B scavenger receptor (CD36) in macrophages. Meanwhile, the effects of lanatoside C were abolished using small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors β/δ (PPARβ/δ). Overall, our data demonstrate that lanatoside C aggravates the development of atherosclerosis by inducing PPARβ/δ expression, which mediates upregulation of SR-A and CD36, and promotes oxLDL uptake and foam-cell formation.
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44
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Park H, Yu JE, Kim S, Nahm SS, Chung C. Decreased Na(+) influx lowers hippocampal neuronal excitability in a mouse model of neonatal influenza infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13440. [PMID: 26310542 PMCID: PMC4550875 DOI: 10.1038/srep13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is one of common infectious diseases occurring worldwide. The human influenza virus can infect the central nervous system and cause brain dysfunctions affecting cognition and spatial memory. It has been previously shown that infection with the influenza viral protein within the hippocampus decreases Ca(2+) influx and reduces excitatory postsynaptic currents. However, the neuronal properties of animals surviving neonatal infection have not been investigated. Using a mouse model of neonatal influenza infection, we performed thorough electrophysiological analyses of hippocampal neurotransmission. We found that animals surviving the infection exhibited reduced spontaneous transmission with no significant defects in evoked neurotransmission. Interestingly, the hippocampus of the infected group conducted synaptic transmission with less fidelity upon repeated stimulations and failed to generate action potentials faithfully upon step current injections primarily due to reduced Na(+) influx. The reversal potential for the Na(+) current was hyperpolarized and the activation of Na(+) channels was slower in the infected group while the inactivation process was minimally disturbed. Taken together, our observations suggest that neonatally infected offsprings exhibit noticeable deficits at rest and severe failures when higher activity is required. This study provides insight into understanding the cellular mechanisms of influenza infection-associated functional changes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyong Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
| | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
| | - ChiHye Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
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45
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White KM, De Jesus P, Chen Z, Abreu P, Barile E, Mak PA, Anderson P, Nguyen QT, Inoue A, Stertz S, Koenig R, Pellecchia M, Palese P, Kuhen K, García-Sastre A, Chanda SK, Shaw ML. A Potent Anti-influenza Compound Blocks Fusion through Stabilization of the Prefusion Conformation of the Hemagglutinin Protein. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:98-109. [PMID: 25984567 PMCID: PMC4426349 DOI: 10.1021/id500022h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
![]()
An
ultrahigh-throughput screen was performed to identify novel
small molecule inhibitors of influenza virus replication. The screen
employed a recombinant influenza A/WSN/33 virus expressing Renilla luciferase and yielded a hit rate of 0.5%,
of which the vast majority showed little cytotoxicity at the inhibitory
concentration. One of the top hits from this screen, designated S20,
inhibits HA-mediated membrane fusion. S20 shows potent antiviral activity
(IC50 = 80 nM) and low toxicity (CC50 = 40 μM),
yielding a selectivity index of 500 and functionality against all
of the group 1 influenza A viruses tested in this study, including
the pandemic H1N1 and avian H5N1 viruses. Mechanism of action studies
proved a direct S20–HA interaction and showed that S20 inhibits
fusion by stabilizing the prefusion conformation of HA. In silico
docking studies were performed, and the predicted binding site in
HA2 corresponds with the area where resistance mutations occurred
and correlates with the known role of this region in fusion. This
high-throughput screen has yielded many promising new lead compounds,
including S20, which will potentially shed light on the molecular
mechanisms of viral infection and serve as research tools or be developed
for clinical use as antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris M. White
- Department
of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Paul De Jesus
- Infectious
and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhong Chen
- Genomics Institute
of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Pablo Abreu
- Department
of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Elisa Barile
- Infectious
and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Puiying A. Mak
- Genomics Institute
of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Paul Anderson
- Genomics Institute
of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Quy T. Nguyen
- Infectious
and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Atsushi Inoue
- Infectious
and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Silke Stertz
- Department
of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Renate Koenig
- Infectious
and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Maurizio Pellecchia
- Infectious
and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peter Palese
- Department
of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Kelli Kuhen
- Genomics Institute
of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department
of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Infectious
and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Megan L. Shaw
- Department
of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
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46
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Lai KY, Ng WYG, Cheng FF. Human Ebola virus infection in West Africa: a review of available therapeutic agents that target different steps of the life cycle of Ebola virus. Infect Dis Poverty 2014; 3:43. [PMID: 25699183 PMCID: PMC4334593 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-3-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of the human Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) epidemic is spiraling out of control in West Africa. Human EBOV hemorrhagic fever has a case fatality rate of up to 90%. The EBOV is classified as a biosafety level 4 pathogen and is considered a category A agent of bioterrorism by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with no approved therapies and vaccines available for its treatment apart from supportive care. Although several promising therapeutic agents and vaccines against EBOV are undergoing the Phase I human trial, the current epidemic might be outpacing the speed at which drugs and vaccines can be produced. Like all viruses, the EBOV largely relies on host cell factors and physiological processes for its entry, replication, and egress. We have reviewed currently available therapeutic agents that have been shown to be effective in suppressing the proliferation of the EBOV in cell cultures or animal studies. Most of the therapeutic agents in this review are directed against non-mutable targets of the host, which is independent of viral mutation. These medications are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of other diseases. They are available and stockpileable for immediate use. They may also have a complementary role to those therapeutic agents under development that are directed against the mutable targets of the EBOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yiu Lai
- />Department of Intensive Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, HKSAR, B6, 30 Gascoigne Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Wing Yiu George Ng
- />Department of Intensive Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, HKSAR, B6, 30 Gascoigne Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Fan Fanny Cheng
- />Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, HKSAR, Kowloon, Hong Kong SARChina
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47
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Swine interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins potently inhibit influenza A virus replication. J Virol 2014; 89:863-9. [PMID: 25320322 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02516-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) were identified as restriction factors of influenza A virus (IAV). Given the important role of pigs in the zoonotic cycle of IAV, we cloned swine IFITMs (swIFITMs) and found two IFITM1-like proteins, one homologue of IFITM2, and a homologue of IFITM3. We show that swIFITM2 and swIFITM3 localize to endosomes and display potent antiviral activities. Knockdown of swIFITMs strongly reduced virus inhibition by interferon, establishing the swIFITMs as potent restriction factors in porcine cells.
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48
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Cheung YY, Chen KC, Chen H, Seng EK, Chu JJH. Antiviral activity of lanatoside C against dengue virus infection. Antiviral Res 2014; 111:93-9. [PMID: 25251726 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dengue infection poses a serious threat globally due to its recent rapid spread and rise in incidence. Currently, there is no approved vaccine or effective antiviral drug for dengue virus infection. In response to the urgent need for the development of an effective antiviral for dengue virus, the US Drug Collection library was screened in this study to identify compounds with anti-dengue activities. Lanatoside C, an FDA approved cardiac glycoside was identified as a candidate anti-dengue compound. Our data revealed that lanatoside C has an IC50 of 0.19μM for dengue virus infection in HuH-7 cells. Dose-dependent reduction in dengue viral RNA and viral proteins synthesis were also observed upon treatment with increasing concentrations of lanatoside C. Time of addition study indicated that lanatoside C inhibits the early processes of the dengue virus replication cycle. Furthermore, lanatoside C can effectively inhibit all four serotypes of dengue virus, flavivirus Kunjin, alphavirus Chikungunya and Sindbis virus as well as the human enterovirus 71. These findings suggest that lanatoside C possesses broad spectrum antiviral activity against several groups of positive-sense RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yi Cheung
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Karen Caiyun Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Huixin Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Eng Khuan Seng
- School of Chemical & Life Sciences, 180 Ang Mo Kio Ave 8, Nanyang Polytechnic, Singapore 569830, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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49
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Takahashi T, Takano M, Agarikuchi T, Kurebayashi Y, Minami A, Otsubo T, Ikeda K, Suzuki T. A novel method for detection of Newcastle disease virus with a fluorescent sialidase substrate. J Virol Methods 2014; 209:136-42. [PMID: 25241143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV), belonging to the family Paramixoviridae, causes respiratory and neuronal symptoms in almost all birds. NDV has haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein possessing sialidase activity. HN glycoprotein is highly expressed on the surface of NDV-infected cells, resulting in much higher sialidase activity in NDV-infected cells than in non-infected cells. It was reported that mouse and human cancer cells up-regulating sialidase expression were histochemically stained with a fluorescent sialidase substrate, 2-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-4-bromophenyl 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-α-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosidonic acid (BTP3-Neu5Ac), which deposits water-insoluble fluorescent compound BTP3 on locations of sialidase activity. By using the BTP3-Neu5Ac assay, we showed that NDV-infected cells and HN gene-expressing cells could be simply detected at room temperature after only 5min. Infection of the cells with the virus resulted in apparent green fluorescence, which disappeared with addition of a sialidase inhibitor. Cells that were stained in the BTP3-Neu5Ac assay were immunostained with an anti-NDV antibody. Moreover, BTP3-Neu5Ac staining was applied to a virus overlay binding assay with NDV particles. NDV-bound protein bands on guinea pig red blood cells were easily and rapidly detected by the BTP3-Neu5Ac assay after Western blotting. BTP3-Neu5Ac offers an easy and rapid protocol for fluorescent staining of NDV and virus-infected cells without antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Maiko Takano
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Takashi Agarikuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Yuuki Kurebayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Akira Minami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Tadamune Otsubo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure-shi, Hiroshima 7370112, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ikeda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure-shi, Hiroshima 7370112, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan.
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50
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Zhao H, Guo XK, Bi Y, Zhu Y, Feng WH. PKCδ is required for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication. Virology 2014; 468-470:96-103. [PMID: 25155198 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) that transduces signals to modulate a wide range of cellular functions has been shown to regulate a number of viral infections. Herein, we showed that inhibition of PKC with the PKC inhibitor GF109203X significantly impaired porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication. Inhibition of PKC led to virus yield reduction, which was associated with decreased viral RNA synthesis and lowered virus protein expression. And this inhibitory effect by PKC inhibitor was shown to occur at the early stage of PRRSV infection. Subsequently, we found that PRRSV infection activated PKCδ in PAMs and knockdown of PKCδ by small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppressed PRRSV replication, suggesting that novel PKCδ may play an important factor in PRRSV replication. Taken together, these data imply that PKC is involved in PRRSV infection and beneficial to PRRSV replication, extending our understanding of PRRSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue-Kun Guo
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanmin Bi
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yihui Zhu
- College of Biological Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, China
| | - Wen-Hai Feng
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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