1
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Schwedler JL, Stefan MA, Thatcher CE, McIlroy PR, Sinha A, Phillips AM, Sumner CA, Courtney CM, Kim CY, Weilhammer DR, Harmon B. Therapeutic efficacy of a potent anti-Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus antibody is contingent on Fc effector function. MAbs 2024; 16:2297451. [PMID: 38170638 PMCID: PMC10766394 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2297451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of specific, safe, and potent monoclonal antibodies (Abs) has led to novel therapeutic options for infectious disease. In addition to preventing viral infection through neutralization, Abs can clear infected cells and induce immunomodulatory functions through engagement of their crystallizable fragment (Fc) with complement proteins and Fc receptors on immune cells. Little is known about the role of Fc effector functions of neutralizing Abs in the context of encephalitic alphavirus infection. To determine the role of Fc effector function in therapeutic efficacy against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), we compared the potently neutralizing anti-VEEV human IgG F5 (hF5) Ab with intact Fc function (hF5-WT) or containing the loss of function Fc mutations L234A and L235A (hF5-LALA) in the context of VEEV infection. We observed significantly reduced binding to complement and Fc receptors, as well as differential in vitro kinetics of Fc-mediated cytotoxicity for hF5-LALA compared to hF5-WT. The in vivo efficacy of hF5-LALA was comparable to hF5-WT at -24 and + 24 h post infection, with both Abs providing high levels of protection. However, when hF5-WT and hF5-LALA were administered + 48 h post infection, there was a significant decrease in the therapeutic efficacy of hF5-LALA. Together these results demonstrate that optimal therapeutic Ab treatment of VEEV, and possibly other encephalitic alphaviruses, requires neutralization paired with engagement of immune effectors via the Fc region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Schwedler
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Maxwell A. Stefan
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Christine E. Thatcher
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Peter R. McIlroy
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Anupama Sinha
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Ashlee M. Phillips
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A. Sumner
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Colleen M. Courtney
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Christina Y. Kim
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Dina R. Weilhammer
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Brooke Harmon
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
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2
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Phelps AL, Salguero FJ, Hunter L, Stoll AL, Jenner DC, O'Brien LM, Williamson ED, Lever MS, Laws TR. Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, Chemokines, and Leukocyte Infiltrate Are Biomarkers for Pathology in the Brains of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEEV)-Infected Mice. Viruses 2023; 15:1307. [PMID: 37376607 DOI: 10.3390/v15061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a disease typically confined to South and Central America, whereby human disease is characterised by a transient systemic infection and occasionally severe encephalitis, which is associated with lethality. Using an established mouse model of VEEV infection, the encephalitic aspects of the disease were analysed to identify biomarkers associated with inflammation. Sequential sampling of lethally challenged mice (infected subcutaneously) confirmed a rapid onset systemic infection with subsequent spread to the brain within 24 h of the challenge. Changes in inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, CCL-2, and CCL-5) and CD45+ cell counts were found to correlate strongly to pathology (R>0.9) and present previously unproven biomarkers for disease severity in the model, more so than viral titre. The greatest level of pathology was observed within the olfactory bulb and midbrain/thalamus. The virus was distributed throughout the brain/encephalon, often in areas not associated with pathology. The principal component analysis identified five principal factors across two independent experiments, with the first two describing almost half of the data: (1) confirmation of a systemic Th1-biased inflammatory response to VEEV infection, and (2) a clear correlation between specific inflammation of the brain and clinical signs of disease. Targeting strongly associated biomarkers of deleterious inflammation may ameliorate or even eliminate the encephalitic syndrome of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Phelps
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | | | - Laura Hunter
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - Dominic C Jenner
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Lyn M O'Brien
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | | | - M Stephen Lever
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Thomas R Laws
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
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3
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Kafai NM, Williamson LE, Binshtein E, Sukupolvi-Petty S, Gardner CL, Liu J, Mackin S, Kim AS, Kose N, Carnahan RH, Jung A, Droit L, Reed DS, Handley SA, Klimstra WB, Crowe JE, Diamond MS. Neutralizing antibodies protect mice against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus aerosol challenge. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20212532. [PMID: 35297953 PMCID: PMC9195047 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) remains a risk for epidemic emergence or use as an aerosolized bioweapon. To develop possible countermeasures, we isolated VEEV-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from mice and a human immunized with attenuated VEEV strains. Functional assays and epitope mapping established that potently inhibitory anti-VEEV mAbs bind distinct antigenic sites in the A or B domains of the E2 glycoprotein and block multiple steps in the viral replication cycle including attachment, fusion, and egress. A 3.2-Å cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of VEEV virus-like particles bound by a human Fab suggests that antibody engagement of the B domain may result in cross-linking of neighboring spikes to prevent conformational requirements for viral fusion. Prophylaxis or postexposure therapy with these mAbs protected mice against lethal aerosol challenge with VEEV. Our study defines functional and structural mechanisms of mAb protection and suggests that multiple antigenic determinants on VEEV can be targeted for vaccine or antibody-based therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M. Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lauren E. Williamson
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Christina L. Gardner
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Jaclyn Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Samantha Mackin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Arthur S. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Robert H. Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ana Jung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Douglas S. Reed
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Scott A. Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - William B. Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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4
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Williamson LE, Reeder KM, Bailey K, Tran MH, Roy V, Fouch ME, Kose N, Trivette A, Nargi RS, Winkler ES, Kim AS, Gainza C, Rodriguez J, Armstrong E, Sutton RE, Reidy J, Carnahan RH, McDonald WH, Schoeder CT, Klimstra WB, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Alter G, Meiler J, Schey KL, Julander JG, Diamond MS, Crowe JE. Therapeutic alphavirus cross-reactive E1 human antibodies inhibit viral egress. Cell 2021; 184:4430-4446.e22. [PMID: 34416147 PMCID: PMC8418820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses cause severe arthritogenic or encephalitic disease. The E1 structural glycoprotein is highly conserved in these viruses and mediates viral fusion with host cells. However, the role of antibody responses to the E1 protein in immunity is poorly understood. We isolated E1-specific human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with diverse patterns of recognition for alphaviruses (ranging from Eastern equine encephalitis virus [EEEV]-specific to alphavirus cross-reactive) from survivors of natural EEEV infection. Antibody binding patterns and epitope mapping experiments identified differences in E1 reactivity based on exposure of epitopes on the glycoprotein through pH-dependent mechanisms or presentation on the cell surface prior to virus egress. Therapeutic efficacy in vivo of these mAbs corresponded with potency of virus egress inhibition in vitro and did not require Fc-mediated effector functions for treatment against subcutaneous EEEV challenge. These studies reveal the molecular basis for broad and protective antibody responses to alphavirus E1 proteins.
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MESH Headings
- Alphavirus/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line
- Chikungunya virus/immunology
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/virology
- Epitope Mapping
- Female
- Horses
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Joints/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Biological
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Temperature
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Virion/metabolism
- Virus Internalization
- Virus Release/physiology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristen M Reeder
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin Bailey
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84335, USA
| | - Minh H Tran
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Center of Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Nurgun Kose
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew Trivette
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher Gainza
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jessica Rodriguez
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Erica Armstrong
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joseph Reidy
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - W Hayes McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Clara T Schoeder
- Center of Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA
| | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center of Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Justin G Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84335, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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5
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Raabe V, Lai L, Xu Y, Huerta C, Wang D, Pouch SM, Burke CW, Piper AE, Gardner CL, Glass PJ, Mulligan MJ. The Immune Response to Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Acquired Through Organ Transplantation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:561530. [PMID: 33072022 PMCID: PMC7541818 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.561530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immune response to eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection is poorly characterized due to the rarity of infection. We examined the humoral and cellular immune response to EEEV acquired from an infected donor via liver transplantation. Both binding and highly neutralizing antibodies to EEEV as well as a robust EEEV-specific IgG memory B cell response were generated. Despite triple-drug immunosuppressive therapy, a virus-specific CD4+ T cell response, predominated by interferon-γ production, was generated. T cell epitopes on the E2 envelope protein were identified by interferon-γ ELISpot. Although these results are from a single person who acquired EEEV by a non-traditional mechanism, to our knowledge this work represents the first analysis of the human cellular immune response to EEEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Raabe
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lilin Lai
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yong Xu
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chris Huerta
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dongli Wang
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stephanie M Pouch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Crystal W Burke
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ashley E Piper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christina L Gardner
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Pamela J Glass
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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6
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Woods S, O'Brien LM, Butcher W, Preston JE, Georgian AR, Williamson ED, Salguero FJ, Modino F, Abbott NJ, Roberts CW, D'Elia RV. Glucosamine-NISV delivers antibody across the blood-brain barrier: Optimization for treatment of encephalitic viruses. J Control Release 2020; 324:644-656. [PMID: 32512014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The field of brain drug delivery faces many challenges that hinder development and testing of novel therapies for clinically important central nervous system disorders. Chief among them is how to deliver large biologics across the highly restrictive blood-brain barrier. Non-ionic surfactant vesicles (NISV) have long been used as a drug delivery platform for cutaneous applications and have benefits over comparable liposomes in terms of greater stability, lower cost and suitability for large scale production. Here we describe a glucosamine-coated NISV, for blood-brain barrier GLUT1 targeting, capable of traversing the barrier and delivering active antibody to cells within the brain. In vitro, we show glucosamine vesicle transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier with intact cargo, which is partially dynamin-dependent, but is clathrin-independent and does not associate with sorting endosome marker EEA1. Uptake of vesicles into astrocytes follows a more classical pathway involving dynamin, clathrin, sorting endosomes and Golgi trafficking where the cargo is released intracellularly. In vivo, glucosamine-coated vesicles are superior to uncoated or transferrin-coated vesicles for delivering cargo to the mouse brain. Finally, mice infected with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) were successfully treated with anti-VEEV monoclonal antibody Hu1A3B-7 delivered in glucosamine-coated vesicles and had improved survival and reduced brain tissue virus levels. An additional benefit was that the treatment also reduced viral load in peripheral tissues. The data generated highlights the huge potential of glucosamine-decorated NISV as a drug delivery platform with wider potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Woods
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Lyn M O'Brien
- Chemical Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Wendy Butcher
- Chemical Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Jane E Preston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Ana R Georgian
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - E Diane Williamson
- Chemical Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - F Javier Salguero
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Francesca Modino
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - N Joan Abbott
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Craig W Roberts
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Riccardo V D'Elia
- Chemical Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
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7
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Burke CW, Froude JW, Rossi F, White CE, Moyer CL, Ennis J, Pitt ML, Streatfield S, Jones RM, Musiychuk K, Kervinen J, Zeitlin L, Yusibov V, Glass PJ. Therapeutic monoclonal antibody treatment protects nonhuman primates from severe Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus disease after aerosol exposure. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008157. [PMID: 31790515 PMCID: PMC6907853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no FDA licensed vaccines or therapeutics for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) which causes a debilitating acute febrile illness in humans that can progress to encephalitis. Previous studies demonstrated that murine and macaque monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) provide prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against VEEV peripheral and aerosol challenge in mice. Additionally, humanized versions of two neutralizing mAbs specific for the E2 glycoprotein, 1A3B-7 and 1A4A-1, administered singly protected mice against aerosolized VEEV. However, no studies have demonstrated protection in nonhuman primate (NHP) models of VEEV infection. Here, we evaluated a chimeric antibody 1A3B-7 (c1A3B-7) containing mouse variable regions on a human IgG framework and a humanized antibody 1A4A-1 containing a serum half-life extension modification (Hu-1A4A-1-YTE) for their post-exposure efficacy in NHPs exposed to aerosolized VEEV. Approximately 24 hours after exposure, NHPs were administered a single bolus intravenous mAb. Control NHPs had typical biomarkers of VEEV infection including measurable viremia, fever, and lymphopenia. In contrast, c1A3B-7 treated NHPs had significant reductions in viremia and lymphopenia and on average approximately 50% reduction in fever. Although not statistically significant, Hu-1A4A-1-YTE administration did result in reductions in viremia and fever duration. Delay of treatment with c1A3B-7 to 48 hours post-exposure still provided NHPs protection from severe VEE disease through reductions in viremia and fever. These results demonstrate that post-exposure administration of c1A3B-7 protected macaques from development of severe VEE disease even when administered 48 hours following aerosol exposure and describe the first evaluations of VEEV-specific mAbs for post-exposure prophylactic use in NHPs. Viral mutations were identified in one NHP after c1A3B-7 treatment administered 24 hrs after virus exposure. This suggests that a cocktail-based therapy, or an alternative mAb against an epitope that cannot mutate without resulting in loss of viral fitness may be necessary for a highly effective therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal W. Burke
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffery W. Froude
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Franco Rossi
- Center of Aerobiological Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles E. White
- Biostatisics Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick Maryland, United States of America
| | - Crystal L. Moyer
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jane Ennis
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - M. Louise Pitt
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen Streatfield
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - R. Mark Jones
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Konstantin Musiychuk
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Jukka Kervinen
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Vidadi Yusibov
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Glass
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
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8
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Sharma A, Knollmann-Ritschel B. Current Understanding of the Molecular Basis of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020164. [PMID: 30781656 PMCID: PMC6410161 DOI: 10.3390/v11020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedication This review is dedicated in the memory of Dr Radha K. Maheshwari, a great mentor and colleague, whose passion for research and student training has left a lasting effect on this manuscript and many other works. Abstract Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus in the family Togaviridae. VEEV is highly infectious in aerosol form and a known bio-warfare agent that can cause severe encephalitis in humans. Periodic outbreaks of VEEV occur predominantly in Central and South America. Increased interest in VEEV has resulted in a more thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease. Inflammation plays a paradoxical role of antiviral response as well as development of lethal encephalitis through an interplay between the host and viral factors that dictate virus replication. VEEV has efficient replication machinery that adapts to overcome deleterious mutations in the viral genome or improve interactions with host factors. In the last few decades there has been ongoing development of various VEEV vaccine candidates addressing the shortcomings of the current investigational new drugs or approved vaccines. We review the current understanding of the molecular basis of VEEV pathogenesis and discuss various types of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Antibody Preparations from Human Transchromosomic Cows Exhibit Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy against Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00226-17. [PMID: 28468884 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00226-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a mosquito-borne RNA virus that causes low mortality but high morbidity rates in humans. In addition to natural outbreaks, there is the potential for exposure to VEEV via aerosolized virus particles. There are currently no FDA-licensed vaccines or antiviral therapies for VEEV. Passive immunotherapy is an approved method used to protect individuals against several pathogens and toxins. Human polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) are ideal, but this is dependent upon serum from convalescent human donors, which is in limited supply. Non-human-derived PAbs can have serious immunoreactivity complications, and when "humanized," these antibodies may exhibit reduced neutralization efficiency. To address these issues, transchromosomic (Tc) bovines have been created, which can produce potent neutralizing human antibodies in response to hyperimmunization. In these studies, we have immunized these bovines with different VEEV immunogens and evaluated the protective efficacy of purified preparations of the resultant human polyclonal antisera against low- and high-dose VEEV challenges. These studies demonstrate that prophylactic or therapeutic administration of the polyclonal antibody preparations (TcPAbs) can protect mice against lethal subcutaneous or aerosol challenge with VEEV. Furthermore, significant protection against unrelated coinfecting viral pathogens can be conferred by combining individual virus-specific TcPAb preparations.IMPORTANCE With the globalization and spread or potential aerosol release of emerging infectious diseases, it will be critical to develop platforms that are able to produce therapeutics in a short time frame. By using a transchromosomic (Tc) bovine platform, it is theoretically possible to produce antigen-specific highly neutralizing therapeutic polyclonal human antibody (TcPAb) preparations in 6 months or less. In this study, we demonstrate that Tc bovine-derived Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV)-specific TcPAbs are highly effective against VEEV infection that mimics not only the natural route of infection but also infection via aerosol exposure. Additionally, we show that combinatorial TcPAb preparations can be used to treat coinfections with divergent pathogens, demonstrating that the Tc bovine platform could be beneficial in areas where multiple infectious diseases occur contemporaneously or in the case of multipathogen release.
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Chai Z, Fu F, Jiang F, Tian H, Wang Z, Zheng N, Zhang X, Wang X, Li X. Development of a neutralizing mouse-pig chimeric antibody with therapeutic potential againstHaemophilus parasuisinPichia pastoris. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 354:85-91. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
| | - Fang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
| | - Fucheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
| | - Huabin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
| | - Xueyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
| | - Xiangling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
| | - Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
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11
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Hülseweh B, Rülker T, Pelat T, Langermann C, Frenzel A, Schirrmann T, Dübel S, Thullier P, Hust M. Human-like antibodies neutralizing Western equine encephalitis virus. MAbs 2014; 6:718-27. [PMID: 24518197 PMCID: PMC4011916 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the development of the first neutralizing antibodies against Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), a member of the genus Alphavirus. WEEV is transmitted by mosquitoes and can spread to the human central nervous system, causing symptoms ranging from mild febrile reactions to life-threatening encephalitis. WEEV has been classified as a biological warfare agent by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. No anti-WEEV drugs are currently commercially available. Neutralizing antibodies are useful for the pre- and post-exposure treatment of WEEV infections. In this study, two immune antibody gene libraries were constructed from two macaques immunized with inactivated WEEV. Four antibodies were selected from these libraries and recloned as scFv-Fc, with a human Fc part. These antibodies bound WEEV specifically in ELISA with little or no cross-reaction with other alphaviruses. They were further analyzed by immunohistochemistry. All binders were suitable for the intracellular detection of WEEV particles. Neutralizing activity was determined in vitro. Three of the four antibodies were found to be neutralizing; about 1 ng/mL of the best antibody (ToR69–3A2) neutralized 50% of 5x104 TCID50/mL. Due to its human-like nature with a germinality index of 89% (VH) and 91% (VL), the ToR69–3A2 antibody is a promising candidate for future passive vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Hülseweh
- Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut für Schutztechnologien (WIS); ABC-Schutz; Munster, Germany
| | - Torsten Rülker
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik; Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thibaut Pelat
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA); Département de Microbiologie; Unité de biotechnologie des anticorps et des toxines; La Tronche, France
| | - Claudia Langermann
- Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut für Schutztechnologien (WIS); ABC-Schutz; Munster, Germany
| | - Andrè Frenzel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik; Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik; Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik; Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philippe Thullier
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA); Département de Microbiologie; Unité de biotechnologie des anticorps et des toxines; La Tronche, France
| | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik; Braunschweig, Germany
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12
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Nagata LP, Wong JP, Hu WG, Wu JQ. Vaccines and therapeutics for the encephalitic alphaviruses. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This article is a review of vaccines and therapeutics in development for the encephalitic alphaviruses, which includes eastern equine encephalitis virus, western equine encephalitis virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. The encephalitic alphaviruses are endemic within regions in North and South America. Hosts are normally exposed after being bitten by infectious mosquitoes, and infection can develop into encephalitis in equines and humans with severe rates of morbidity and mortality. These viruses are also potential biological threat agents, being highly infectious via an aerosol route of exposure. In humans, equine encephalitis virus and western equine encephalitis virus are neurotropic viruses targeting the CNS and causing encephalitis. Mortality rates are 50 and 10%, respectively, for these viruses. On the other hand, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus produces a systemic influenza-like illness with pathogenesis in the lungs and lymphoid tissue in adults and older children. The incidence of encephalitis is less than 5% in younger children with a case–mortality rate of 1%. The host response to virus infectivity is briefly discussed, along with a number of promising therapeutic and prophylactic approaches. These approaches can be broadly classified as: virus-specific, including vaccines, antibody therapy and gene-silencing oligonucleotides; or broad-spectrum, including interferon and activation of the host‘s innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Les P Nagata
- BioThreat Defence Section, Defence Research & Development Canada, PO Box 4000, Medicine Hat, AB T1A 8K6, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Wong
- BioThreat Defence Section, Defence Research & Development Canada, PO Box 4000, Medicine Hat, AB T1A 8K6, Canada
| | - Wei-gang Hu
- BioThreat Defence Section, Defence Research & Development Canada, PO Box 4000, Medicine Hat, AB T1A 8K6, Canada
| | - Josh Q Wu
- BioThreat Defence Section, Defence Research & Development Canada, PO Box 4000, Medicine Hat, AB T1A 8K6, Canada
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13
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Rülker T, Voß L, Thullier P, O' Brien LM, Pelat T, Perkins SD, Langermann C, Schirrmann T, Dübel S, Marschall HJ, Hust M, Hülseweh B. Isolation and characterisation of a human-like antibody fragment (scFv) that inactivates VEEV in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37242. [PMID: 22666347 PMCID: PMC3364240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) belongs to the Alphavirus genus and several species of this family are pathogenic to humans. The viruses are classified as potential agents of biological warfare and terrorism and sensitive detection as well as effective prophylaxis and antiviral therapies are required.In this work, we describe the isolation of the anti-VEEV single chain Fragment variable (scFv), ToR67-3B4, from a non-human primate (NHP) antibody gene library. We report its recloning into the bivalent scFv-Fc format and further immunological and biochemical characterisation.The scFv-Fc ToR67-3B4 recognised viable as well as formalin and ß-propionolactone (ß-Pl) inactivated virus particles and could be applied for immunoblot analysis of VEEV proteins and immuno-histochemistry of VEEV infected cells. It detected specifically the viral E1 envelope protein of VEEV but did not react with reduced viral glycoprotein preparations suggesting that recognition depends upon conformational epitopes. The recombinant antibody was able to detect multiple VEEV subtypes and displayed only marginal cross-reactivity to other Alphavirus species except for EEEV. In addition, the scFv-Fc fusion described here might be of therapeutic use since it successfully inactivated VEEV in a murine disease model. When the recombinant antibody was administered 6 hours post challenge, 80% to 100% of mice survived lethal VEEV IA/B or IE infection. Forty to sixty percent of mice survived when scFv-Fc ToR67-3B4 was applied 6 hours post challenge with VEEV subtypes II and former IIIA. In combination with E2-neutralising antibodies the NHP antibody isolated here could significantly improve passive protection as well as generic therapy of VEE.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Cloning, Molecular
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Gene Library
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Macaca fascicularis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification
- Sequence Analysis
- Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Chain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Rülker
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luzie Voß
- Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut für Schutztechnologien (WIS) – ABC-Schutz, Munster, Germany
| | - Philippe Thullier
- Centre de Recherche du Service de Santé des Armées (CRSSA-IRBA), La Tronche, France
| | - Lyn M. O' Brien
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Department, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Thibaut Pelat
- Centre de Recherche du Service de Santé des Armées (CRSSA-IRBA), La Tronche, France
| | - Stuart D. Perkins
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Department, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Langermann
- Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut für Schutztechnologien (WIS) – ABC-Schutz, Munster, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Marschall
- Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut für Schutztechnologien (WIS) – ABC-Schutz, Munster, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Birgit Hülseweh
- Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut für Schutztechnologien (WIS) – ABC-Schutz, Munster, Germany
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O'Brien LM, Goodchild SA, Phillpotts RJ, Perkins SD. A humanised murine monoclonal antibody protects mice from Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Everglades virus and Mucambo virus when administered up to 48 h after airborne challenge. Virology 2012; 426:100-5. [PMID: 22341308 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Currently there are no licensed antiviral treatments for the Alphaviruses Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), Everglades virus and Mucambo virus. We previously developed a humanised version of the mouse monoclonal antibody 1A3B-7 (Hu1A3B-7) which exhibited a wide range of reactivity in vitro and was able to protect mice from infection with VEEV. Continued work with the humanised antibody has now demonstrated that it has the potential to be a new human therapeutic. Hu1A3B-7 successfully protected mice from infection with multiple Alphaviruses. The effectiveness of the humanisation process was determined by assessing proliferation responses in human T-cells to peptides derived from the murine and humanised versions of the V(H) and V(L) domains. This analysis showed that the number of human T-cell epitopes within the humanised antibody had been substantially reduced, indicating that Hu1A3B-7 may have reduced immunogenicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn M O'Brien
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JQ, UK.
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15
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Chahboun S, Hust M, Liu Y, Pelat T, Miethe S, Helmsing S, Jones RG, Sesardic D, Thullier P. Isolation of a nanomolar scFv inhibiting the endopeptidase activity of botulinum toxin A, by single-round panning of an immune phage-displayed library of macaque origin. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:113. [PMID: 22111995 PMCID: PMC3252318 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A), mainly represented by subtype A1, is the most toxic substance known. It causes naturally-occurring food poisoning, and is among the biological agents at the highest risk of being weaponized. Several antibodies neutralizing BoNT/A by targeting its heavy chain (BoNT/A-H) have been isolated in the past. For the first time however, an IgG (4LCA) recently isolated by hybridoma technology and targeting the BoNT/A light chain (BoNT/A-L), was shown to inhibit BoNT/A endopeptidase activity and protect in vivo against BoNT/A. In the present study, a phage-displayed library was constructed from a macaque (Macaca fascicularis) hyper-immunized with BoNTA/L in order to isolate scFvs inhibiting BoNT/A endopeptidase activity for clinical use. Results Diversity of the scFvs constituting the library was limited due to the frequent presence, within the genes intended to be part of the library, of restriction sites utilized for its construction. After screening with several rounds of increasing stringency, as is usual with phage technology, the library got overwhelmed by phagemids encoding incomplete scFvs. The screening was successfully re-performed with a single round of high stringency. In particular, one of the isolated scFvs, 2H8, bound BoNT/A1 with a 3.3 nM affinity and effectively inhibited BoNT/A1 endopeptidase activity. The sequence encoding 2H8 was 88% identical to human germline genes and its average G-score was -0.72, quantifying the high human-like quality of 2H8. Conclusions The presence of restrictions sites within many of the sequences that were to be part of the library did not prevent the isolation of an scFv, 2H8, by an adapted panning strategy. ScFv 2H8 inhibited toxin endopeptidase activity in vitro and possessed human-like quality required for clinical development. More generally, the construction and screening of phage-displayed libraries built from hyper-immunized non-human primates is an efficient solution to isolate antibody fragments with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siham Chahboun
- Unité de Biotechnologie des Anticorps, et des Toxines, Département de Microbiologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA), 24 Avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, BP 87, 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France.
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Sampath A, Metz M, Stundick M, Larsen JC. State-of-the-art therapeutic medical countermeasures for viral threat agents. Biosecur Bioterror 2011; 9:351-60. [PMID: 22053938 DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2011.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in the perceived threat of biological agents being used against civilian populations. This has prompted an urgent need for the development and procurement of medical countermeasures (MCMs) against highly pathogenic viruses that can prevent morbidity and mortality from infections caused by these agents. To date, antiviral drug development has been largely focused on clinically prevalent chronic infections due to their commercial viability. This has left a huge gap in the drug development path for acute infections of biodefense importance. In this review, we discuss the antiviral research and development initiatives focusing specifically on poxviruses, filoviruses, and equine encephalitis viruses (EEV). We discuss the benefits and technical challenges in the current development strategies and the hurdles in the licensure path for MCMs against these highly pathogenic viruses under the FDA Animal Rule, and we provide recommendations for the path forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Sampath
- Science Applications International Corporation, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Froude JW, Stiles B, Pelat T, Thullier P. Antibodies for biodefense. MAbs 2011; 3:517-27. [PMID: 22123065 PMCID: PMC3242838 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.6.17621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential bioweapons are biological agents (bacteria, viruses, and toxins) at risk of intentional dissemination. Biodefense, defined as development of therapeutics and vaccines against these agents, has seen an increase, particularly in the US following the 2001 anthrax attack. This review focuses on recombinant antibodies and polyclonal antibodies for biodefense that have been accepted for clinical use. These antibodies aim to protect against primary potential bioweapons, or category A agents as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, botulinum neurotoxins, smallpox virus, and certain others causing viral hemorrhagic fevers) and certain category B agents. Potential for prophylactic use is presented, as well as frequent use of oligoclonal antibodies or synergistic effect with other molecules. Capacities and limitations of antibodies for use in biodefense are discussed, and are generally applicable to the field of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Froude
- US Army Medical Research and Material Command; Fort Detrick, MD USA
- Unité de biotechnologie des anticorps et des toxines; Département de Microbiologie; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA); La Tronche Cedex, France
| | - Bradley Stiles
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; Fort Detrick, MD USA
| | - Thibaut Pelat
- Unité de biotechnologie des anticorps et des toxines; Département de Microbiologie; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA); La Tronche Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Thullier
- Unité de biotechnologie des anticorps et des toxines; Département de Microbiologie; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA); La Tronche Cedex, France
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