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de La Vega MA, Xiii A, Massey S, Spengler JR, Kobinger GP, Woolsey C. An update on nonhuman primate usage for drug and vaccine evaluation against filoviruses. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024:1-27. [PMID: 39090822 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2386100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to their faithful recapitulation of human disease, nonhuman primates (NHPs) are considered the gold standard for evaluating drugs against Ebolavirus and other filoviruses. The long-term goal is to reduce the reliance on NHPs with more ethical alternatives. In silico simulations and organoid models have the potential to revolutionize drug testing by providing accurate, human-based systems that mimic disease processes and drug responses without the ethical concerns associated with animal testing. However, as these emerging technologies are still in their developmental infancy, NHP models are presently needed for late-stage evaluation of filovirus vaccines and drugs, as they provide critical insights into the efficacy and safety of new medical countermeasures. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors introduce available NHP models and examine the existing literature on drug discovery for all medically significant filoviruses in corresponding models. EXPERT OPINION A deliberate shift toward animal-free models is desired to align with the 3Rs of animal research. In the short term, the use of NHP models can be refined and reduced by enhancing replicability and publishing negative data. Replacement involves a gradual transition, beginning with the selection and optimization of better small animal models; advancing organoid systems, and using in silico models to accurately predict immunological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine de La Vega
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ara Xiii
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shane Massey
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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2
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Johnson DM, Juelich T, Zhang L, Smith JK, Kalveram BK, Perez D, Smith J, Grimes MR, Garron T, Torres M, Massey S, Brasel T, Beasley DWC, Freiberg AN, Comer JE. Comparison of Routes of Administration, Frequency, and Duration of Favipiravir Treatment in Mouse and Guinea Pig Models of Ebola Virus Disease. Viruses 2024; 16:1101. [PMID: 39066263 PMCID: PMC11281331 DOI: 10.3390/v16071101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Favipiravir is a ribonucleoside analogue that has been explored as a therapeutic for the treatment of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). Promising data from rodent models has informed nonhuman primate trials, as well as evaluation in patients during the 2013-2016 West African EVD outbreak of favipiravir treatment. However, mixed results from these studies hindered regulatory approval of favipiravir for the indication of EVD. This study examined the influence of route of administration, duration of treatment, and treatment schedule of favipiravir in immune competent mouse and guinea pig models using rodent-adapted Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV). A dose of 300 mg/kg/day of favipiravir with an 8-day treatment was found to be fully effective at preventing lethal EVD-like disease in BALB/c mice regardless of route of administration (oral, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous) or whether it was provided as a once-daily dose or a twice-daily split dose. Preclinical data generated in guinea pigs demonstrates that an 8-day treatment of 300 mg/kg/day of favipiravir reduces mortality following EBOV challenge regardless of route of treatment or duration of treatments for 8, 11, or 15 days. This work supports the future translational development of favipiravir as an EVD therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 945501, USA
| | - Terry Juelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.J.)
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.J.)
| | - Jennifer K. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.J.)
| | - Birte K. Kalveram
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.J.)
| | - David Perez
- Office of Biosafety, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jeanon Smith
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (S.M.)
| | - Michael R. Grimes
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Tania Garron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Maricela Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Shane Massey
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (S.M.)
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (S.M.)
| | - David W. C. Beasley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (S.M.)
| | - Alex N. Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.J.)
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (S.M.)
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Srivastava S, Sharma D, Kumar S, Sharma A, Rijal R, Asija A, Adhikari S, Rustagi S, Sah S, Al-qaim ZH, Bashyal P, Mohanty A, Barboza JJ, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Sah R. Emergence of Marburg virus: a global perspective on fatal outbreaks and clinical challenges. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1239079. [PMID: 37771708 PMCID: PMC10526840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1239079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Marburg virus (MV), identified in 1967, has caused deadly outbreaks worldwide, the mortality rate of Marburg virus disease (MVD) varies depending on the outbreak and virus strain, but the average case fatality rate is around 50%. However, case fatality rates have varied from 24 to 88% in past outbreaks depending on virus strain and case management. Designated a priority pathogen by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), MV induces hemorrhagic fever, organ failure, and coagulation issues in both humans and non-human primates. This review presents an extensive exploration of MVD outbreak evolution, virus structure, and genome, as well as the sources and transmission routes of MV, including human-to-human spread and involvement of natural hosts such as the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and other Chiroptera species. The disease progression involves early viral replication impacting immune cells like monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, followed by damage to the spleen, liver, and secondary lymphoid organs. Subsequent spread occurs to hepatocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. MV can evade host immune response by inhibiting interferon type I (IFN-1) synthesis. This comprehensive investigation aims to enhance understanding of pathophysiology, cellular tropism, and injury sites in the host, aiding insights into MVD causes. Clinical data and treatments are discussed, albeit current methods to halt MVD outbreaks remain elusive. By elucidating MV infection's history and mechanisms, this review seeks to advance MV disease treatment, drug development, and vaccine creation. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers MV a high-concern filovirus causing severe and fatal hemorrhagic fever, with a death rate ranging from 24 to 88%. The virus often spreads through contact with infected individuals, originating from animals. Visitors to bat habitats like caves or mines face higher risk. We tailored this search strategy for four databases: Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed. we primarily utilized search terms such as "Marburg virus," "Epidemiology," "Vaccine," "Outbreak," and "Transmission." To enhance comprehension of the virus and associated disease, this summary offers a comprehensive overview of MV outbreaks, pathophysiology, and management strategies. Continued research and learning hold promise for preventing and controlling future MVD outbreaks. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriyansh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Rishikesh Rijal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ankush Asija
- WVU United Hospital Center, Bridgeport, WV, United States
| | | | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanjit Sah
- Global Consortium for Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
- Department of Anesthesia Techniques, SR Sanjeevani Hospital, Siraha, Nepal
| | | | - Prashant Bashyal
- Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu University Parvas, Palpa, Nepal
| | - Aroop Mohanty
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Master Program on Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Spital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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4
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Sword J, Lee JH, Castro MA, Solomon J, Aiosa N, Reza SMS, Chu WT, Johnson JC, Bartos C, Cooper K, Jahrling PB, Johnson RF, Calcagno C, Crozier I, Kuhn JH, Hensley LE, Feuerstein IM, Mani V. Computed Tomography Imaging for Monitoring of Marburg Virus Disease: a Nonhuman Primate Proof-Of-Concept Study. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0349422. [PMID: 37036346 PMCID: PMC10269526 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03494-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) is a highly virulent zoonotic filovirid that causes Marburg virus disease (MVD) in humans. The pathogenesis of MVD remains poorly understood, partially due to the low number of cases that can be studied, the absence of state-of-the-art medical equipment in areas where cases are reported, and limitations on the number of animals that can be safely used in experimental studies under maximum containment animal biosafety level 4 conditions. Medical imaging modalities, such as whole-body computed tomography (CT), may help to describe disease progression in vivo, potentially replacing ethically contentious and logistically challenging serial euthanasia studies. Towards this vision, we performed a pilot study, during which we acquired whole-body CT images of 6 rhesus monkeys before and 7 to 9 days after intramuscular MARV exposure. We identified imaging abnormalities in the liver, spleen, and axillary lymph nodes that corresponded to clinical, virological, and gross pathological hallmarks of MVD in this animal model. Quantitative image analysis indicated hepatomegaly with a significant reduction in organ density (indicating fatty infiltration of the liver), splenomegaly, and edema that corresponded with gross pathological and histopathological findings. Our results indicated that CT imaging could be used to verify and quantify typical MVD pathogenesis versus altered, diminished, or absent disease severity or progression in the presence of candidate medical countermeasures, thus possibly reducing the number of animals needed and eliminating serial euthanasia. IMPORTANCE Marburg virus (MARV) is a highly virulent zoonotic filovirid that causes Marburg virus disease (MVD) in humans. Much is unknown about disease progression and, thus, prevention and treatment options are limited. Medical imaging modalities, such as whole-body computed tomography (CT), have the potential to improve understanding of MVD pathogenesis. Our study used CT to identify abnormalities in the liver, spleen, and axillary lymph nodes that corresponded to known clinical signs of MVD in this animal model. Our results indicated that CT imaging and analyses could be used to elucidate pathogenesis and possibly assess the efficacy of candidate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Sword
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marcelo A. Castro
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Solomon
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nina Aiosa
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Syed M. S. Reza
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Winston T. Chu
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua C. Johnson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher Bartos
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kurt Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter B. Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Reed F. Johnson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa E. Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Irwin M. Feuerstein
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Venkatesh Mani
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick Frederick, Maryland, USA
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5
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Khadilkar A, Bunch ZL, Wagoner J, Ravindran V, Oda JM, Vidar WS, Clark TN, Manwill PK, Todd DA, Barr SA, Olinger LK, Fink SL, Strangman WK, Linington RG, MacMillan JB, Cech NB, Polyak SJ. Modulation of in Vitro SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Stephania tetrandra and Its Alkaloid Constituents. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1061-1073. [PMID: 37043739 PMCID: PMC10108733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Botanical natural products have been widely consumed for their purported usefulness against COVID-19. Here, six botanical species from multiple sources and 173 isolated natural product compounds were screened for blockade of wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 infection in human 293T epithelial cells overexpressing ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 protease (293TAT). Antiviral activity was demonstrated by an extract from Stephania tetrandra. Extract fractionation, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), antiviral assays, and computational analyses revealed that the alkaloid fraction and purified alkaloids tetrandrine, fangchinoline, and cepharanthine inhibited WT SARS-CoV-2 infection. The alkaloids and alkaloid fraction also inhibited the delta variant of concern but not WT SARS-CoV-2 in VeroAT cells. Membrane permeability assays demonstrate that the alkaloids are biologically available, although fangchinoline showed lower permeability than tetrandrine. At high concentrations, the extract, alkaloid fractions, and pure alkaloids induced phospholipidosis in 293TAT cells and less so in VeroAT cells. Gene expression profiling during virus infection suggested that alkaloid fraction and tetrandrine displayed similar effects on cellular gene expression and pathways, while fangchinoline showed distinct effects on cells. Our study demonstrates a multifaceted approach to systematically investigate the diverse activities conferred by complex botanical mixtures, their cell-context specificity, and their pleiotropic effects on biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswad Khadilkar
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Cruz, California 95964, United States
| | - Zoie L. Bunch
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Jessica Wagoner
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195,United States
| | - Vandana Ravindran
- Oslo
Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology (OCBE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0313, Norway
| | - Jessica M. Oda
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195,United States
| | - Warren S. Vidar
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Trevor N. Clark
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Preston K. Manwill
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Daniel A. Todd
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Sarah A. Barr
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Lauren K. Olinger
- Department
of Biology and Marine Biology, University
of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Susan L. Fink
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195,United States
| | - Wendy K. Strangman
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Roger G. Linington
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - John B. MacMillan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Cruz, California 95964, United States
| | - Nadja B. Cech
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Stephen J. Polyak
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195,United States
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Broni E, Ashley C, Adams J, Manu H, Aikins E, Okom M, Miller WA, Wilson MD, Kwofie SK. Cheminformatics-Based Study Identifies Potential Ebola VP40 Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076298. [PMID: 37047270 PMCID: PMC10094735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus (EBOV) is still highly infectious and causes severe hemorrhagic fevers in primates. However, there are no regulatorily approved drugs against the Ebola virus disease (EVD). The highly virulent and lethal nature of EVD highlights the need to develop therapeutic agents. Viral protein 40 kDa (VP40), the most abundantly expressed protein during infection, coordinates the assembly, budding, and release of viral particles into the host cell. It also regulates viral transcription and RNA replication. This study sought to identify small molecules that could potentially inhibit the VP40 protein by targeting the N-terminal domain using an in silico approach. The statistical quality of AutoDock Vina’s capacity to discriminate between inhibitors and decoys was determined, and an area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic (AUC-ROC) curve of 0.791 was obtained. A total of 29,519 natural-product-derived compounds from Chinese and African sources as well as 2738 approved drugs were successfully screened against VP40. Using a threshold of −8 kcal/mol, a total of 7, 11, 163, and 30 compounds from the AfroDb, Northern African Natural Products Database (NANPDB), traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and approved drugs libraries, respectively, were obtained after molecular docking. A biological activity prediction of the lead compounds suggested their potential antiviral properties. In addition, random-forest- and support-vector-machine-based algorithms predicted the compounds to be anti-Ebola with IC50 values in the micromolar range (less than 25 μM). A total of 42 natural-product-derived compounds were identified as potential EBOV inhibitors with desirable ADMET profiles, comprising 1, 2, and 39 compounds from NANPDB (2-hydroxyseneganolide), AfroDb (ZINC000034518176 and ZINC000095485942), and TCM, respectively. A total of 23 approved drugs, including doramectin, glecaprevir, velpatasvir, ledipasvir, avermectin B1, nafarelin acetate, danoprevir, eltrombopag, lanatoside C, and glycyrrhizin, among others, were also predicted to have potential anti-EBOV activity and can be further explored so that they may be repurposed for EVD treatment. Molecular dynamics simulations coupled with molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area calculations corroborated the stability and good binding affinities of the complexes (−46.97 to −118.9 kJ/mol). The potential lead compounds may have the potential to be developed as anti-EBOV drugs after experimental testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Broni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra LG 77, Ghana
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), College of Health Sciences (CHS), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra LG 581, Ghana
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Carolyn Ashley
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Joseph Adams
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), College of Health Sciences (CHS), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra LG 581, Ghana
| | - Hammond Manu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra LG 77, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Aikins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra LG 77, Ghana
| | - Mary Okom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra LG 77, Ghana
| | - Whelton A. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence: (W.A.M.III); (S.K.K.); Tel.: +1(708)-2168451 (W.A.M.III); +23-320-3797922 (S.K.K.)
| | - Michael D. Wilson
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), College of Health Sciences (CHS), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra LG 581, Ghana
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Samuel K. Kwofie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra LG 77, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra LG 54, Ghana
- Correspondence: (W.A.M.III); (S.K.K.); Tel.: +1(708)-2168451 (W.A.M.III); +23-320-3797922 (S.K.K.)
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7
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Chakraborty S, Chauhan A. Fighting the flu: a brief review on anti-influenza agents. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-52. [PMID: 36946567 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2191081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The influenza virus causes one of the most prevalent and lethal infectious viral diseases of the respiratory system; the disease progression varies from acute self-limiting mild fever to disease chronicity and death. Although both the preventive and treatment measures have been vital in protecting humans against seasonal epidemics or sporadic pandemics, there are several challenges to curb the influenza virus such as limited or poor cross-protection against circulating virus strains, moderate protection in immune-compromised patients, and rapid emergence of resistance. Currently, there are four US-FDA-approved anti-influenza drugs to treat flu infection, viz. Rapivab, Relenza, Tamiflu, and Xofluza. These drugs are classified based on their mode of action against the viral replication cycle with the first three being Neuraminidase inhibitors, and the fourth one targeting the viral polymerase. The emergence of the drug-resistant strains of influenza, however, underscores the need for continuous innovation towards development and discovery of new anti-influenza agents with enhanced antiviral effects, greater safety, and improved tolerability. Here in this review, we highlighted commercially available antiviral agents besides those that are at different stages of development including under clinical trials, with a brief account of their antiviral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashwini Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology, Tripura University, Agartala, India
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8
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Kitaura S, Tobiume M, Kawahara M, Satoh M, Kato H, Nakayama N, Nakajima N, Komeno T, Furuta Y, Suzuki T, Moriya K, Saijo M, Ebihara H, Ito-Takayama M. Evaluation of a novel severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model for antiviral drug evaluation against Chandipura virus infection. Antiviral Res 2023; 213:105582. [PMID: 36948302 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus known to cause fatal encephalitis outbreaks in the Indian subcontinent. The virus displays tropism towards the pediatric population and holds significant public health concerns. Currently, there is no specific, effective therapy for CHPV encephalitis. In this study, we evaluated a novel C.B-17 severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model which can be used for pre-clinical antiviral evaluation. Inoculation of CHPV developed a lethal infection in our model. Plaque assay and immunohistochemistry detected increased viral loads and antigens in various organs, including the brain, spinal cord, adrenal glands, and whole blood. We further conducted a proof-of-concept evaluation of favipiravir in the SCID mouse model. Favipiravir treatment improved survival with pre-symptomatic (days 5-14) and post-symptomatic (days 9-18) treatment. Reduced viral loads were observed in whole blood, kidney/adrenal gland, and brain tissue with favipiravir treatment. The findings in this study demonstrate the utility of SCID mouse for in vivo drug efficacy evaluation and the potential efficacy of favipiravir against CHPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kitaura
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tobiume
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Kawahara
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Satoh
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kato
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakayama
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoji Moriya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mutsuyo Ito-Takayama
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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9
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Padmanabha Das KM. Editorial: Antiviral drug discovery against pathogens of pandemic concern: Advancements in target site identification and structure-based drug development. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1165208. [PMID: 36968270 PMCID: PMC10034765 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1165208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M. Padmanabha Das
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (BCMP), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Krishna M. Padmanabha Das,
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10
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Inhibition of Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases by Nucleoside Inhibitors: An Illustration of the Unity and Diversity of Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012649. [PMID: 36293509 PMCID: PMC9604226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) is essential for the replication and expression of RNA viral genomes. This class of viruses comprise a large number of highly pathogenic agents that infect essentially all species of plants and animals including humans. Infections often lead to epidemics and pandemics that have remained largely out of control due to the lack of specific and reliable preventive and therapeutic regimens. This unmet medical need has led to the exploration of new antiviral targets, of which RdRP is a major one, due to the fact of its obligatory need in virus growth. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability of several synthetic nucleoside analogs to serve as mimics of the corresponding natural nucleosides. These mimics cause stalling/termination of RdRP, or misincorporation, preventing virus replication or promoting large-scale lethal mutations. Several such analogs have received clinical approval and are being routinely used in therapy. In parallel, the molecular structural basis of their inhibitory interactions with RdRP is being elucidated, revealing both traditional and novel mechanisms including a delayed chain termination effect. This review offers a molecular commentary on these mechanisms along with their clinical implications based on analyses of recent results, which should facilitate the rational design of structure-based antiviral drugs.
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11
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Cross RW, Longini IM, Becker S, Bok K, Boucher D, Carroll MW, Díaz JV, Dowling WE, Draghia-Akli R, Duworko JT, Dye JM, Egan MA, Fast P, Finan A, Finch C, Fleming TR, Fusco J, Geisbert TW, Griffiths A, Günther S, Hensley LE, Honko A, Hunegnaw R, Jakubik J, Ledgerwood J, Luhn K, Matassov D, Meshulam J, Nelson EV, Parks CL, Rustomjee R, Safronetz D, Schwartz LM, Smith D, Smock P, Sow Y, Spiropoulou CF, Sullivan NJ, Warfield KL, Wolfe D, Woolsey C, Zahn R, Henao-Restrepo AM, Muñoz-Fontela C, Marzi A. An introduction to the Marburg virus vaccine consortium, MARVAC. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010805. [PMID: 36227853 PMCID: PMC9560149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Marburg virus (MARV) in Guinea and Ghana triggered the assembly of the MARV vaccine "MARVAC" consortium representing leaders in the field of vaccine research and development aiming to facilitate a rapid response to this infectious disease threat. Here, we discuss current progress, challenges, and future directions for MARV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ira M. Longini
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute for Virology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Karin Bok
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Boucher
- U.S. COVID-19 Response at U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | | | - William E. Dowling
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Washington, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Ruxandra Draghia-Akli
- Johnson & Johnson—Global Public Health Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James T. Duworko
- Partnership for Research on Infectious Diseases in Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - John M. Dye
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Egan
- Auro Vaccines, Pearl River, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Amy Finan
- Sabin vaccine Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Courtney Finch
- Sabin vaccine Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Fleming
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joan Fusco
- Public Health Vaccines, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephan Günther
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa E. Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna Honko
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruth Hunegnaw
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn Jakubik
- Sabin vaccine Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Julie Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kerstin Luhn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Emily V. Nelson
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Roxana Rustomjee
- Sabin vaccine Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - David Safronetz
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Dean Smith
- Bacterial and Combination Vaccines, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Smock
- Sabin vaccine Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Ydrissa Sow
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina F. Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly L. Warfield
- Emergent BioSolutions, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Wolfe
- Bacterial and Combination Vaccines, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Galveston National Laboratory, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roland Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
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12
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Marlin R, Desjardins D, Contreras V, Lingas G, Solas C, Roques P, Naninck T, Pascal Q, Behillil S, Maisonnasse P, Lemaitre J, Kahlaoui N, Delache B, Pizzorno A, Nougairede A, Ludot C, Terrier O, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Relouzat F, Chapon C, Ho Tsong Fang R, van der Werf S, Rosa Calatrava M, Malvy D, de Lamballerie X, Guedj J, Le Grand R. Antiviral efficacy of favipiravir against Zika and SARS-CoV-2 viruses in non-human primates. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5108. [PMID: 36042198 PMCID: PMC9427089 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32565-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has exemplified that rigorous evaluation in large animal models is key for translation from promising in vitro results to successful clinical implementation. Among the drugs that have been largely tested in clinical trials but failed so far to bring clear evidence of clinical efficacy is favipiravir, a nucleoside analogue with large spectrum activity against several RNA viruses in vitro and in small animal models. Here, we evaluate the antiviral activity of favipiravir against Zika or SARS-CoV-2 virus in cynomolgus macaques. In both models, high doses of favipiravir are initiated before infection and viral kinetics are evaluated during 7 to 15 days after infection. Favipiravir leads to a statistically significant reduction in plasma Zika viral load compared to untreated animals. However, favipiravir has no effects on SARS-CoV-2 viral kinetics, and 4 treated animals have to be euthanized due to rapid clinical deterioration, suggesting a potential role of favipiravir in disease worsening in SARS-CoV-2 infected animals. To summarize, favipiravir has an antiviral activity against Zika virus but not against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the cynomolgus macaque model. Our results support the clinical evaluation of favipiravir against Zika virus but they advocate against its use against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Repurposed antiviral drugs present as a valuable resource in the defence during outbreaks, with rigorous evaluation in large animal models keys for translation to clinical implementation. Here, the authors explore the antiviral activity of favipiravir against Zika virus and SARS-CoV-2 in cynomolgus macaques, in order to support future clinical investigations into this RNA polymerase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Marlin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Caroline Solas
- Aix-Marseille Univ, APHM, Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE) IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, Hôpital La Timone, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Roques
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Thibaut Naninck
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Quentin Pascal
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sylvie Behillil
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, GMVR, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence des Virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Maisonnasse
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Julien Lemaitre
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nidhal Kahlaoui
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Benoit Delache
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Andrés Pizzorno
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Nougairede
- Unité des Virus Emergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Ludot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier Terrier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Francis Relouzat
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Catherine Chapon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Raphael Ho Tsong Fang
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, GMVR, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence des Virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Rosa Calatrava
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.,VirNext, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Malvy
- Department of infectious ad tropical diseases, University hopsital, Bordeaux & Inserm 1219/IRD, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Emergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jeremie Guedj
- Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, F-75018, Paris, France.
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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13
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Liu CH, Hu YT, Wong SH, Lin LT. Therapeutic Strategies against Ebola Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030579. [PMID: 35336986 PMCID: PMC8954160 DOI: 10.3390/v14030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2014–2016 epidemic, Ebola virus (EBOV) has spread to several countries and has become a major threat to global health. EBOV is a risk group 4 pathogen, which imposes significant obstacles for the development of countermeasures against the virus. Efforts have been made to develop anti-EBOV immunization and therapeutics, with three vaccines and two antibody-based therapeutics approved in recent years. Nonetheless, the high fatality of Ebola virus disease highlights the need to continuously develop antiviral strategies for the future management of EBOV outbreaks in conjunction with vaccination programs. This review aims to highlight potential EBOV therapeutics and their target(s) of inhibition, serving as a summary of the literature to inform readers of the novel candidates available in the continued search for EBOV antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Yee-Tung Hu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Shu Hui Wong
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
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14
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Keshavarzi Arshadi A, Salem M, Firouzbakht A, Yuan JS. MolData, a molecular benchmark for disease and target based machine learning. J Cheminform 2022; 14:10. [PMID: 35255958 PMCID: PMC8899453 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-022-00590-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep learning’s automatic feature extraction has been a revolutionary addition to computational drug discovery, infusing both the capabilities of learning abstract features and discovering complex molecular patterns via learning from molecular data. Since biological and chemical knowledge are necessary for overcoming the challenges of data curation, balancing, training, and evaluation, it is important for databases to contain information regarding the exact target and disease of each bioassay. The existing depositories such as PubChem or ChEMBL offer the screening data for millions of molecules against a variety of cells and targets, however, their bioassays contain complex biological descriptions which can hinder their usage by the machine learning community. In this work, a comprehensive disease and target-based dataset is collected from PubChem in order to facilitate and accelerate molecular machine learning for better drug discovery. MolData is one the largest efforts to date for democratizing the molecular machine learning, with roughly 170 million drug screening results from 1.4 million unique molecules assigned to specific diseases and targets. It also provides 30 unique categories of targets and diseases. Correlation analysis of the MolData bioassays unveils valuable information for drug repurposing for multiple diseases including cancer, metabolic disorders, and infectious diseases. Finally, we provide a benchmark of more than 30 models trained on each category using multitask learning. MolData aims to pave the way for computational drug discovery and accelerate the advancement of molecular artificial intelligence in a practical manner. The MolData benchmark data is available at https://GitHub.com/Transilico/MolData as well as within the additional files.
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15
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Eloy P, Laouénan C, Beavogui AH, Keita S, Manchon P, Etard JF, Sissoko D, Mentré F, Malvy D. Full title: High doses of favipiravir in two men survivors of Ebola virus disease carrying Ebola virus in semen in Guinea. IDCases 2022; 27:e01412. [PMID: 35127447 PMCID: PMC8808076 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persistence of Ebola virus (EBOV) in semen remains of deep concern, as sexual transmission of EBOV seems plausible up to 6 months after acute phase of Ebola virus disease (EVD). Favipiravir, a broad spectrum antiviral product, has been evaluated in reducing EVD mortality in Guinea in 2014–2015 in the JIKI trial, the pharmacokinetic results of which suggest that an increase of dose might be necessary to achieve a therapeutically relevant exposure. In FORCE trial, we aimed at evaluating the tolerance and activity of high doses of favipiravir in male EVD survivors with EBOV RNA detection in semen in Guinea. Case In 2016, we launched a phase IIa open-labeled multicenter dose escalation study. Male survivors of EVD with EBOV RT-PCR positive on semen received a loading dose of 2400 mg BID of favipiravir on day 1 then a maintenance dose of 1800 mg BID from day 2–14. The primary outcome was the tolerance, assessed daily during period treatment and up to day 90. Unfortunately only two participants were included and the trial was stopped for lack of recruitment. No clinical adverse event of grade 3/4 was reported for both patients. One patient experienced a grade 3 hypocalcemia at day 10 and 14. Conclusions High doses of favipiravir were well tolerated in these two participants. Better characterized tolerance and pharmacokinetics of high doses of favipiravir are of utmost importance considering that favipiravir is a candidate treatment for a variety of emerging severe viral diseases with poor prognosis. Ebola virus (EBOV) RNA in semen of survivors of EBOV disease up to 17 months after disease onset. High doses of Favipiravir were well tolerated in EBOV disease survivors. No QTc interval prolongation of grade 2, 3 or 4 with high doses of Favipiravir.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and the Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun He
- National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and the Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and the Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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17
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Bradfute SB. The discovery and development of novel treatment strategies for filoviruses. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 17:139-149. [PMID: 34962451 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2013800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Filoviruses are negative-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses that can cause hemorrhagic fever in humans and include Ebola and Marburg viruses. Lethality rates can reach 90% in isolated outbreaks. The 2013-2016 Ebola virus epidemic demonstrated the global threat of filoviruses and hastened development of vaccines and therapeutics. There are six known filoviruses that cause disease in humans, but still few therapeutics are available for treatment. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes identification, testing, and development of therapeutics based on the peer-reviewed scientific literature beginning with the discovery of filoviruses in 1967. Small molecules, antibodies, cytokines, antisense, post-exposure vaccination, and host-targeted therapeutic approaches are discussed. An emphasis is placed on therapeutics that have shown promise in in vivo studies. EXPERT OPINION Two monoclonal antibody regimens are approved for use in humans for one filovirus (Ebola virus), and preclinical nonhuman primate studies suggest that other monoclonal-based therapies are likely to be effective against other filoviruses. Significant progress has been made in small-molecule antivirals and host-targeted approaches. An important consideration is the necessity of pan-filovirus therapeutics via broadly effective small molecules, antibody cocktails, and cross-reactive antibodies. The use of filovirus therapeutics as prophylactic treatment or in chronically infected individuals should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, USA
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18
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Vasudevan K, Thirumal Kumar D, Udhaya Kumar S, Saleem A, Nagasundaram N, Siva R, Tayubi IA, George Priya Doss C, Zayed H. A computational overview on phylogenetic characterization, pathogenic mutations, and drug targets for Ebola virus disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 61:28-35. [PMID: 34563987 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization declared Ebola virus disease (EVD) as the major outbreak in the 20th century. EVD was first identified in 1976 in South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. EVD was transmitted from infected fruit bats to humans via contact with infected animal body fluids. The Ebola virus (EBOV) has a genome size of ∼18,959 bp. It encodes seven distinct proteins: nucleoprotein (NP), glycoprotein (GP), viral proteins VP24, VP30, VP35, matrix protein VP40, and polymerase L is considered a prime target for potential antiviral strategies. The current US FDA-approved anti-EVD vaccine, ERVERBO, and the other equally effective anti-EBOV combinations of three fully human monoclonal antibodies such as REGN-EB3, primarily target the envelope glycoprotein. This work elaborates on the EBOV's phylogenetic structure and the crucial mutations associated with viral pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthick Vasudevan
- School of Applied Sciences, Reva University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | - D Thirumal Kumar
- Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S Udhaya Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Aisha Saleem
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - N Nagasundaram
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - R Siva
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Iftikhar Aslam Tayubi
- Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - C George Priya Doss
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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19
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Niemi SM. Harm-Benefit Analyses Can Be Harmful. ILAR J 2021; 60:341-346. [PMID: 32785593 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Harm-benefit analyses (HBAs) are becoming de rigueur with some governmental regulatory agencies and popular with local institutional animal care and use committees (or their equivalents), the latter due, in part, to the adoption of HBAs as an international accreditation standard. Such analyses are employed as an attempt to balance potential or actual pain or distress imposed on laboratory animals against scientists' justifications for those impositions. The outcomes of those analyses are then supposed to be included in an official assessment of whether a given animal protocol should be approved as proposed. While commendable in theory as a means to avoid or minimize animal suffering, HBAs come with a flawed premise. Establishing an accurate prediction of benefit, especially for so-called "basic" research (vs "applied" research, such as in vivo testing for product development or batch release), is often impossible given the uncertain nature of experimental outcomes and the eventual value of those results. That impossibility, in turn, risks disapproving a legitimate research proposal that might have yielded important new knowledge if it had been allowed to proceed. Separately, the anticipated harm to which the animal would be subjected should similarly be scrutinized with an aim to refine that harm regardless of purported benefits if the protocol is approved. The intentions of this essay are to reflect on the potential harm and benefit of the HBA itself, highlight how HBAs may be helpful in advancing refinements, and propose alternative approaches to both parts of the equation in the assessment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Niemi
- Animal Law & Policy Program, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Escaffre O, Juelich TL, Neef N, Massey S, Smith J, Brasel T, Smith JK, Kalveram B, Zhang L, Perez D, Ikegami T, Freiberg AN, Comer JE. STAT-1 Knockout Mice as a Model for Wild-Type Sudan Virus (SUDV). Viruses 2021; 13:v13071388. [PMID: 34372594 PMCID: PMC8310124 DOI: 10.3390/v13071388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there is no FDA-licensed vaccine or therapeutic against Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) infections. The largest ever reported 2014–2016 West Africa outbreak, as well as the 2021 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo, highlight the critical need for countermeasures against filovirus infections. A well-characterized small animal model that is susceptible to wild-type filoviruses would greatly add to the screening of antivirals and vaccines. Here, we infected signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 knock out (STAT-1 KO) mice with five different wildtype filoviruses to determine susceptibility. SUDV and Marburg virus (MARV) were the most virulent, and caused 100% or 80% lethality, respectively. Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV), and Taï Forest ebolavirus (TAFV) caused 40%, 20%, and no mortality, respectively. Further characterization of SUDV in STAT-1 KO mice demonstrated lethality down to 3.1 × 101 pfu. Viral genomic material was detectable in serum as early as 1 to 2 days post-challenge. The onset of viremia was closely followed by significant changes in total white blood cells and proportion of neutrophils and lymphocytes, as well as by an influx of neutrophils in the liver and spleen. Concomitant significant fluctuations in blood glucose, albumin, globulin, and alanine aminotransferase were also noted, altogether consistent with other models of filovirus infection. Finally, favipiravir treatment fully protected STAT-1 KO mice from lethal SUDV challenge, suggesting that this may be an appropriate small animal model to screen anti-SUDV countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Escaffre
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Terry L. Juelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Natasha Neef
- XTR Toxicologic Pathology Services LLC, Sterling, VA 20165, USA;
| | - Shane Massey
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.M.); (J.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Jeanon Smith
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.M.); (J.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.M.); (J.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Birte Kalveram
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - David Perez
- Texas A&M University Division of Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence: (A.N.F.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.M.); (J.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute of Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence: (A.N.F.); (J.E.C.)
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21
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Dos Santos Nascimento IJ, de Aquino TM, da Silva-Júnior EF. Drug Repurposing: A Strategy for Discovering Inhibitors against Emerging Viral Infections. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2887-2942. [PMID: 32787752 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200812215852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral diseases are responsible for several deaths around the world. Over the past few years, the world has seen several outbreaks caused by viral diseases that, for a long time, seemed to possess no risk. These are diseases that have been forgotten for a long time and, until nowadays, there are no approved drugs or vaccines, leading the pharmaceutical industry and several research groups to run out of time in the search for new pharmacological treatments or prevention methods. In this context, drug repurposing proves to be a fast and economically viable technique, considering the fact that it uses drugs that have a well-established safety profile. Thus, in this review, we present the main advances in drug repurposing and their benefit for searching new treatments against emerging viral diseases. METHODS We conducted a search in the bibliographic databases (Science Direct, Bentham Science, PubMed, Springer, ACS Publisher, Wiley, and NIH's COVID-19 Portfolio) using the keywords "drug repurposing", "emerging viral infections" and each of the diseases reported here (CoV; ZIKV; DENV; CHIKV; EBOV and MARV) as an inclusion/exclusion criterion. A subjective analysis was performed regarding the quality of the works for inclusion in this manuscript. Thus, the selected works were those that presented drugs repositioned against the emerging viral diseases presented here by means of computational, high-throughput screening or phenotype-based strategies, with no time limit and of relevant scientific value. RESULTS 291 papers were selected, 24 of which were CHIKV; 52 for ZIKV; 43 for DENV; 35 for EBOV; 10 for MARV; and 56 for CoV and the rest (72 papers) related to the drugs repurposing and emerging viral diseases. Among CoV-related articles, most were published in 2020 (31 papers), updating the current topic. Besides, between the years 2003 - 2005, 10 articles were created, and from 2011 - 2015, there were 7 articles, portraying the outbreaks that occurred at that time. For ZIKV, similar to CoV, most publications were during the period of outbreaks between the years 2016 - 2017 (23 articles). Similarly, most CHIKV (13 papers) and DENV (14 papers) publications occur at the same time interval. For EBOV (13 papers) and MARV (4 papers), they were between the years 2015 - 2016. Through this review, several drugs were highlighted that can be evolved in vivo and clinical trials as possible used against these pathogens showed that remdesivir represent potential treatments against CoV. Furthermore, ribavirin may also be a potential treatment against CHIKV; sofosbuvir against ZIKV; celgosivir against DENV, and favipiravir against EBOV and MARV, representing new hopes against these pathogens. CONCLUSION The conclusions of this review manuscript show the potential of the drug repurposing strategy in the discovery of new pharmaceutical products, as from this approach, drugs could be used against emerging viral diseases. Thus, this strategy deserves more attention among research groups and is a promising approach to the discovery of new drugs against emerging viral diseases and also other diseases.
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22
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Hansen F, Feldmann H, Jarvis MA. Targeting Ebola virus replication through pharmaceutical intervention. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:201-226. [PMID: 33593215 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1881061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The consistent emergence/reemergence of filoviruses into a world that previously lacked an approved pharmaceutical intervention parallels an experience repeatedly played-out for most other emerging pathogenic zoonotic viruses. Investment to preemptively develop effective and low-cost prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against viruses that have high potential for emergence and societal impact should be a priority.Areas covered. Candidate drugs can be characterized into those that interfere with cellular processes required for Ebola virus (EBOV) replication (host-directed), and those that directly target virally encoded functions (direct-acting). We discuss strategies to identify pharmaceutical interventions for EBOV infections. PubMed/Web of Science databases were searched to establish a detailed catalog of these interventions.Expert opinion. Many drug candidates show promising in vitro inhibitory activity, but experience with EBOV shows the general lack of translation to in vivo efficacy for host-directed repurposed drugs. Better translation is seen for direct-acting antivirals, in particular monoclonal antibodies. The FDA-approved monoclonal antibody treatment, Inmazeb™ is a success story that could be improved in terms of impact on EBOV-associated disease and mortality, possibly by combination with other direct-acting agents targeting distinct aspects of the viral replication cycle. Costs need to be addressed given EBOV emergence primarily in under-resourced countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Hansen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Michael A Jarvis
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, UK.,The Vaccine Group, Ltd, Plymouth, Devon, UK
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23
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Reynard S, Gloaguen E, Baillet N, Madelain V, Guedj J, Raoul H, de Lamballerie X, Mullaert J, Baize S. Early control of viral load by favipiravir promotes survival to Ebola virus challenge and prevents cytokine storm in non-human primates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009300. [PMID: 33780452 PMCID: PMC8031739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus has been responsible for two major epidemics over the last several years and there has been a strong effort to find potential treatments that can improve the disease outcome. Antiviral favipiravir was thus tested on non-human primates infected with Ebola virus. Half of the treated animals survived the Ebola virus challenge, whereas the infection was fully lethal for the untreated ones. Moreover, the treated animals that did not survive died later than the controls. We evaluated the hematological, virological, biochemical, and immunological parameters of the animals and performed proteomic analysis at various timepoints of the disease. The viral load strongly correlated with dysregulation of the biological functions involved in pathogenesis, notably the inflammatory response, hemostatic functions, and response to stress. Thus, the management of viral replication in Ebola virus disease is of crucial importance in preventing the immunopathogenic disorders and septic-like shock syndrome generally observed in Ebola virus-infected patients. Ebola virus was responsible for several epidemics in the recent years and is now considered as a major public health concern in Central and West African countries. We and others demonstrated that pathogenic events observed during Ebola virus disease are linked to a deleterious immune response. However, the mechanisms implicated are not fully understood. Here, we studied immune responses depending on the viral loads observed in infected cynomolgus monkeys. An antiviral treatment allowed the reduction of viral load in some animals and we observed that these animals did not experience deleterious immune response and the loss of hemostasis. The release of pathogen-associated molecular patterns may thus be limited by the inhibition of viral replication, avoiding the overstimulation of the immune system and consequently the pathogenic events observed in Ebola virus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Reynard
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Nicolas Baillet
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Hervé Raoul
- Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux–INSERM, INSERM US003, Lyon, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE Aix-Marseille Université-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | | | - Sylvain Baize
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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24
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Formulation, Stability, Pharmacokinetic, and Modeling Studies for Tests of Synergistic Combinations of Orally Available Approved Drugs against Ebola Virus In Vivo. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030566. [PMID: 33801811 PMCID: PMC7998926 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of Ebola ebolavirus (EBOV) have been associated with high morbidity and mortality. Milestones have been reached recently in the management of EBOV disease (EVD) with licensure of an EBOV vaccine and two monoclonal antibody therapies. However, neither vaccines nor therapies are available for other disease-causing filoviruses. In preparation for such outbreaks, and for more facile and cost-effective management of EVD, we seek a cocktail containing orally available and room temperature stable drugs with strong activity against multiple filoviruses. We previously showed that (bepridil + sertraline) and (sertraline + toremifene) synergistically suppress EBOV in cell cultures. Here, we describe steps towards testing these combinations in a mouse model of EVD. We identified a vehicle suitable for oral delivery of the component drugs and determined that, thus formulated the drugs are equally active against EBOV as preparations in DMSO, and they maintain activity upon storage in solution for up to seven days. Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies indicated that the drugs in the oral delivery vehicle are well tolerated in mice at the highest doses tested. Collectively the data support advancement of these combinations to tests for synergy in a mouse model of EVD. Moreover, mathematical modeling based on human oral PK projects that the combinations would be more active in humans than their component single drugs.
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25
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Lem FF, Opook F, Lee DJH, Chee FT, Lawson FP, Chin SN. Molecular Mechanism of Action of Repurposed Drugs and Traditional Chinese Medicine Used for the Treatment of Patients Infected With COVID-19: A Systematic Scoping Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:585331. [PMID: 33746739 PMCID: PMC7970521 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The emergence of COVID-19 as a pandemic has resulted in the need for urgent development of vaccines and drugs and the conduction of clinical trials to fight the outbreak. Because of the time constraints associated with the development of vaccines and effective drugs, drug repurposing and other alternative treatment methods have been used to treat patients that have been infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and have acquired COVID-19. Objective: The objective of this systematic scoping review is to provide an overview of the molecular mechanism of action of repurposed drugs or alternative treatment medicines used to attenuate COVID-19 disease. Method: The research articles or gray literature, including theses, government reports, and official news online, were identified from four databases and one search engine. The full content of a total of 160 articles that fulfilled our inclusion criteria was analyzed and information about six drugs (ritonavir, lopinavir, oseltamivir, remdesivir, favipiravir, and chloroquine) and four Traditional Chinese Medicines (Shuang Huang Lian Kou Fu Ye, TCM combination of Bu Huan Jin Zheng Qi San and Da Yuan Yin, Xue Bi Jing Injection, and Qing Fei Pai Du Tang) was extracted. Results: All of the repurposed drugs and complementary medicine that have been used for the treatment of COVID-19 depend on the ability of the drug to inhibit the proliferation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus by binding to enzyme active sites, viral chain termination, or triggering of the molecular pathway, whereas Traditional Chinese Medicine plays a pivotal role in triggering the inflammation pathway, such as the neuraminidase blocker, to fight the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fui Fui Lem
- Clinical Research Centre, Hospital Queen Elizabeth, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Fernandes Opook
- Wildlife Health, Genetic and Forensic Laboratory, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | | | - Fong Tyng Chee
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan, Malaysia
| | - Fahcina P. Lawson
- School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Su Na Chin
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
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26
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Curley P, Neary M, Arshad U, Tatham L, Pertinez H, Box H, Rajoli RKR, Valentijn A, Sharp J, Rannard SP, Owen A. Development of a highly sensitive bioanalytical assay for the quantification of favipiravir. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.02.03.429628. [PMID: 33564761 PMCID: PMC7872349 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.03.429628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Favipiravir (FAV; T-705) has been approved for use as an anti-influenza therapeutic and has reports against a wide range of viruses (e.g., Ebola virus, rabies and norovirus). Most recently FAV has been reported to demonstrate activity against SARS-CoV-2. Repurposing opportunities have been intensively studied with only limited success to date. If successful, repurposing will allow interventions to become more rapidly available than development of new chemical entities. Pre-clinical and clinical investigations of FAV require robust, reproducible and sensitive bioanalytical assay. Here, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay is presented which was linear from 0.78-200 ng/mL Accuracy and precision ranged between 89% and 110%, 101% and 106%, respectively. The presented assay here has applications in both pre-clinical and clinical research and may be used to facilitate further investigations into the application of FAV against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Curley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Megan Neary
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Usman Arshad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Lee Tatham
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Henry Pertinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Helen Box
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Rajith KR Rajoli
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Anthony Valentijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Joanne Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Steve P Rannard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
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27
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Lingas G, Rosenke K, Safronetz D, Guedj J. Lassa viral dynamics in non-human primates treated with favipiravir or ribavirin. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008535. [PMID: 33411731 PMCID: PMC7817048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever is an haemorrhagic fever caused by Lassa virus (LASV). There is no vaccine approved against LASV and the only recommended antiviral treatment relies on ribavirin, despite limited evidence of efficacy. Recently, the nucleotide analogue favipiravir showed a high antiviral efficacy, with 100% survival obtained in an otherwise fully lethal non-human primate (NHP) model of Lassa fever. However the mechanism of action of the drug is not known and the absence of pharmacokinetic data limits the translation of these results to the human setting. Here we aimed to better understand the antiviral effect of favipiravir by developping the first mathematical model recapitulating Lassa viral dynamics and treatment. We analyzed the viral dynamics in 24 NHPs left untreated or treated with ribavirin or favipiravir, and we put the results in perspective with those obtained with the same drugs in the context of Ebola infection. Our model estimates favipiravir EC50 in vivo to 2.89 μg.mL-1, which is much lower than what was found against Ebola virus. The main mechanism of action of favipiravir was to decrease virus infectivity, with an efficacy of 91% at the highest dose. Based on our knowledge acquired on the drug pharmacokinetics in humans, our model predicts that favipiravir doses larger than 1200 mg twice a day should have the capability to strongly reduce the production infectious virus and provide a milestone towards a future use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - David Safronetz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Hashemian SM, Farhadi T, Velayati AA. A review on favipiravir: the properties, function, and usefulness to treat COVID-19. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:1029-1037. [PMID: 33372567 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1866545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION At this time, there is no specific therapeutic or vaccine for treatment of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Hence, available drugs for treatment of other viral infections may be useful to treat COVID-19. AREAS COVERED The focus of the current review was studying the main characteristics of favipiravir and its usefulness to treat COVID-19. An electronic search was done by using Pubmed and Google scholar. EXPERT OPINION Based on the mechanism of action and safety of favipiravir, the drug may be a promising candidate for compassionate use against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Favipiravir has a wide range of activity against many single-stranded RNA viruses, is well tolerated in humans and has a high barrier to resistance. However, high doses of the agent are necessary to obtain an efficient antiviral activity. Favipiravir is teratogen in pregnant women and associated with the hyperuricemia. Therefore, the administration of the drug should be well controlled. Investigating the antiviral prophylactic potency of favipiravir and search for its pro-drugs and/or analogs showing improved activity and/or safety are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed MohammadReza Hashemian
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Farhadi
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Velayati
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Huchting J. Targeting viral genome synthesis as broad-spectrum approach against RNA virus infections. Antivir Chem Chemother 2020; 28:2040206620976786. [PMID: 33297724 PMCID: PMC7734526 DOI: 10.1177/2040206620976786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic spillover, i.e. pathogen transmission from animal to human, has repeatedly introduced RNA viruses into the human population. In some cases, where these viruses were then efficiently transmitted between humans, they caused large disease outbreaks such as the 1918 flu pandemic or, more recently, outbreaks of Ebola and Coronavirus disease. These examples demonstrate that RNA viruses pose an immense burden on individual and public health with outbreaks threatening the economy and social cohesion within and across borders. And while emerging RNA viruses are introduced more frequently as human activities increasingly disrupt wild-life eco-systems, therapeutic or preventative medicines satisfying the “one drug-multiple bugs”-aim are unavailable. As one central aspect of preparedness efforts, this review digs into the development of broadly acting antivirals via targeting viral genome synthesis with host- or virus-directed drugs centering around nucleotides, the genomes’ universal building blocks. Following the first strategy, selected examples of host de novo nucleotide synthesis inhibitors are presented that ultimately interfere with viral nucleic acid synthesis, with ribavirin being the most prominent and widely used example. For directly targeting the viral polymerase, nucleoside and nucleotide analogues (NNAs) have long been at the core of antiviral drug development and this review illustrates different molecular strategies by which NNAs inhibit viral infection. Highlighting well-known as well as recent, clinically promising compounds, structural features and mechanistic details that may confer broad-spectrum activity are discussed. The final part addresses limitations of NNAs for clinical development such as low efficacy or mitochondrial toxicity and illustrates strategies to overcome these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Huchting
- Chemistry Department, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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30
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Hushmandi K, Bokaie S, Hashemi M, Moghadam ER, Raei M, Hashemi F, Bagheri M, Habtemariam S, Nabavi SM. A review of medications used to control and improve the signs and symptoms of COVID-19 patients. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173568. [PMID: 32956644 PMCID: PMC7501068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, an unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia associated with a novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan City, Hubei province, China. The virus that caused the disease was officially named by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). According to the high transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2, it became a global pandemic and public health emergency within few months. Since SARS-CoV-2 is genetically 80% homologous with the SARS-CoVs family, it is hypothesized that medications developed for the treatment of SARS-CoVs may be useful in the control and management of SARS-CoV-2. In this regard, some medication being tested in clinical trials and in vitro studies include anti-viral RNA polymerase inhibitors, HIV-protease inhibitors, anti-inflammatory agents, angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 (ACE 2) blockers, and some other novel medications. In this communication, we reviewed the general characteristics of medications, medical usage, mechanism of action, as well as SARS-CoV-2 related trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saied Bokaie
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Raei
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farid Hashemi
- Kazerun Health Technology Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Bagheri
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories and Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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31
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Porter DP, Weidner JM, Gomba L, Bannister R, Blair C, Jordan R, Wells J, Wetzel K, Garza N, Van Tongeren S, Donnelly G, Steffens J, Moreau A, Bearss J, Lee E, Bavari S, Cihlar T, Warren TK. Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Efficacious in Cynomolgus Macaques Infected With Marburg Virus. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1894-1901. [PMID: 32479636 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) is a filovirus with documented human case-fatality rates of up to 90%. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir (GS-5734) in nonhuman primates experimentally infected with MARV. Beginning 4 or 5 days post inoculation, cynomolgus macaques were treated once daily for 12 days with vehicle, 5 mg/kg remdesivir, or a 10-mg/kg loading dose followed by 5 mg/kg remdesivir. All vehicle-control animals died, whereas 83% of animals receiving a 10-mg/kg loading dose of remdesivir survived, as did 50% of animals receiving a 5-mg/kg remdesivir regimen. Remdesivir-treated animals exhibited improved clinical scores, lower plasma viral RNA, and improved markers of kidney function, liver function, and coagulopathy versus vehicle-control animals. The small molecule remdesivir showed therapeutic efficacy in this Marburg virus disease model with treatment initiation 5 days post inoculation, supporting further assessment of remdesivir for the treatment of Marburg virus disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica M Weidner
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, USA.,United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Gomba
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, USA.,United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jay Wells
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, USA.,United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly Wetzel
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, USA.,United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole Garza
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, USA.,United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean Van Tongeren
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, USA.,United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ginger Donnelly
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, USA.,United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jesse Steffens
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, USA.,United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Alicia Moreau
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy Bearss
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Lee
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Tomas Cihlar
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Travis K Warren
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, USA.,United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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32
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Jain S, Khaiboullina SF, Baranwal M. Immunological Perspective for Ebola Virus Infection and Various Treatment Measures Taken to Fight the Disease. Pathogens 2020; 9:E850. [PMID: 33080902 PMCID: PMC7603231 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolaviruses, discovered in 1976, belongs to the Filoviridae family, which also includes Marburg and Lloviu viruses. They are negative-stranded RNA viruses with six known species identified to date. Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of Zaire ebolavirus species and can cause the Ebola virus disease (EVD), an emerging zoonotic disease that results in homeostatic imbalance and multi-organ failure. There are three EBOV outbreaks documented in the last six years resulting in significant morbidity (> 32,000 cases) and mortality (> 13,500 deaths). The potential factors contributing to the high infectivity of this virus include multiple entry mechanisms, susceptibility of the host cells, employment of multiple immune evasion mechanisms and rapid person-to-person transmission. EBOV infection leads to cytokine storm, disseminated intravascular coagulation, host T cell apoptosis as well as cell mediated and humoral immune response. In this review, a concise recap of cell types targeted by EBOV and EVD symptoms followed by detailed run-through of host innate and adaptive immune responses, virus-driven regulation and their combined effects contributing to the disease pathogenesis has been presented. At last, the vaccine and drug development initiatives as well as challenges related to the management of infection have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India;
| | - Svetlana F. Khaiboullina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Manoj Baranwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India;
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Kortepeter MG, Dierberg K, Shenoy ES, Cieslak TJ. Marburg virus disease: A summary for clinicians. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 99:233-242. [PMID: 32758690 PMCID: PMC7397931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article summarizes the countermeasures for Marburg virus disease, focusing on pathogenesis, clinical features and diagnostics. There is an emphasis on therapies and vaccines that have demonstrated, through their evaluation in nonhuman primates (NHPs) and/or in humans, potential for use in an emergency situation. METHODS A standardized literature review was conducted on vaccines and treatments for Marburg virus disease, with a focus on human and nonhuman primate data published in the last five years. More detail on the methods that were used is summarized in a companion methods paper. RESULTS The study identified six treatments and four vaccine platforms that have demonstrated, through their efficacy in NHPs, potential benefit for treating or preventing infection in humans. CONCLUSION Succinct summaries of Marburg countermeasures are provided to give the busy clinician a head start in reviewing the literature if faced with a patient with Marburg virus disease. Links to other authoritative sources of information are also provided.
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34
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Zeitlinger M, Koch BCP, Bruggemann R, De Cock P, Felton T, Hites M, Le J, Luque S, MacGowan AP, Marriott DJE, Muller AE, Nadrah K, Paterson DL, Standing JF, Telles JP, Wölfl-Duchek M, Thy M, Roberts JA. Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Antiviral Agents Used to Treat SARS-CoV-2 and Their Potential Interaction with Drugs and Other Supportive Measures: A Comprehensive Review by the PK/PD of Anti-Infectives Study Group of the European Society of Antimicrobial Agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 59:1195-1216. [PMID: 32725382 PMCID: PMC7385074 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-020-00924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify optimal antiviral therapies for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. We have conducted a rapid and comprehensive review of relevant pharmacological evidence, focusing on (1) the pharmacokinetics (PK) of potential antiviral therapies; (2) coronavirus-specific pharmacodynamics (PD); (3) PK and PD interactions between proposed combination therapies; (4) pharmacology of major supportive therapies; and (5) anticipated drug-drug interactions (DDIs). We found promising in vitro evidence for remdesivir, (hydroxy)chloroquine and favipiravir against SARS-CoV-2; potential clinical benefit in SARS-CoV-2 with remdesivir, the combination of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) plus ribavirin; and strong evidence for LPV/r plus ribavirin against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) for post-exposure prophylaxis in healthcare workers. Despite these emerging data, robust controlled clinical trials assessing patient-centred outcomes remain imperative and clinical data have already reduced expectations with regard to some drugs. Any therapy should be used with caution in the light of potential drug interactions and the uncertainty of optimal doses for treating mild versus serious infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | - Pieter De Cock
- Department of Pharmacy 2, Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Timothy Felton
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Intensive Care Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Maya Hites
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, CUB-Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Le
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Luque
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Pathology and Antimicrobials Research Group (IPAR), Institut Hospital del Mar D'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alasdair P MacGowan
- Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research and Evaluation, Infection Sciences, Severn Pathology Partnership, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-On-Trym, Bristol, UK
| | - Deborah J E Marriott
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anouk E Muller
- HaaglandenMC, The Hague and ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Nadrah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David L Paterson
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joseph F Standing
- Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - João P Telles
- Department of Infectious Diseases, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael Wölfl-Duchek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Thy
- Infectious Diseases Department and Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Bichat, Paris, France
- EA7323, Evaluation of Perinatal and Paediatric Therapeutics and Pharmacology, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jason A Roberts
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Translational Anti-Infective Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France.
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield St, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia.
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Yaylaci S, Dheir H, Şenocak D, Genc AB, Kocayigit H, Çekiç D, Varım C, Aydın A, Koroglu M, Karabay O. The effects of favipiravir on hematological parameters of covıd-19 patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 66Suppl 2:65-70. [PMID: 32965359 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.66.s2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aims to evaluate changes in hematological parameters after the follow-up of patients who received treatment with favipiravir due to COVID-19 infections. METHODS Sixty-two cases receiving favipiravir treatment for at least five days due to COVID-19 infection were evaluated retrospectively. Parameters including age, gender, nasopharyngeal swab positivity, and chronic diseases were analyzed. Hematologic parameters were analyzed before and after the treatment. RESULTS The mean age of the patients receiving treatment with favipiravir was 63.7±12.3 years. Nasopharyngeal swab positivity was detected in 67.7%. The most common comorbid conditions detected in patients were hypertension in 25 cases (40.3%) and diabetes in 16 cases (25.8%). In the statistical analysis of the hematological parameters before and after treatment with favipiravir, WBC, PT-PTT-INR levels were found to be unaffected; the mean RBC was found to have decreased from 4.33 ± 0.58 M/uL to 4.16 ± 0.54 M/uL (p:0.003); the median hemoglobin level was found to have decreased from 12.3 g/dl to 11.9 g/dl (p:0.041); the hematocrit level decreased from 38.1% ± 4.8 to 36.9% ± 4.2 (p:0.026); the median neutrophil count decreased from 4.57 K/uL to 3.85 K/uL (p:0.001); the mean lymphocyte count increased from 1.22 ± 0.53 K/uL to 1.84 ± 1.19 K/uL (p:0.000); and the mean platelet count increased from 244.1 ± 85.1 K/uL to 281.9 ± 103.3 K/uL (p:0.005). CONCLUSION We concluded that the pathological effect of treatment with favipiravir on the hematologic system was the suppression in the erythrocyte series, and there were no adverse effects in other hematologic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selçuk Yaylaci
- . Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya,Turkey
| | - Hamad Dheir
- . Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya,Turkey
| | - Didar Şenocak
- . Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya,Turkey
| | - Ahmed Bilal Genc
- . Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya,Turkey
| | - Havva Kocayigit
- . Sakarya University Education and Research Hospital, Department of Intensive Care, Sakarya,Turkey
| | - Deniz Çekiç
- . Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya,Turkey
| | - Ceyhun Varım
- . Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya,Turkey
| | - Abdülkadir Aydın
- . Sakarya University Education and Research Hospital, Department of Family Medicine, Sakarya,Turkey
| | - Mehmet Koroglu
- . Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine Department Medical Microbiology, Sakarya,Turkey
| | - Oğuz Karabay
- . Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine Department of Infectious Diseases, Sakarya,Turkey
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36
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Hawman DW, Haddock E, Meade-White K, Nardone G, Feldmann F, Hanley PW, Lovaglio J, Scott D, Komeno T, Nakajima N, Furuta Y, Gowen BB, Feldmann H. Efficacy of favipiravir (T-705) against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection in cynomolgus macaques. Antiviral Res 2020; 181:104858. [PMID: 32645335 PMCID: PMC11056077 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a widely distributed hemorrhagic fever virus found throughout Eastern Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. It is spread through bites from infected ticks, animal husbandry and can also be acquired in the healthcare setting during care of infected patients. In humans, CCHFV can cause a sudden onset of a non-specific febrile illness that can rapidly progress to severe hemorrhagic manifestations. Currently, there is no widely available vaccine and although ribavirin has been suggested for the treatment of CCHFV, clinical efficacy in both animal models and humans is inconsistent suggesting more potent antivirals are needed for CCHFV. Favipiravir is approved in Japan for the treatment of influenza virus infections and has shown promise against other highly pathogenic RNA viruses including CCHFV with demonstrated efficacy in the type I interferon deficient mouse model. In this report we utilized the cynomolgus macaque model to evaluate the efficacy of once- and twice-daily favipiravir treatment against CCHFV infection. We found that favipiravir treatment suppressed viremia and viral shedding when treatment was initiated 24 h post-infection and viral burdens in key tissues trended lower in favipiravir-treated animals. Our data indicate that favipiravir has efficacy against CCHFV in vivo in a non-human primate model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hawman
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA.
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - Glenn Nardone
- Research Technologies Branch, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Dana Scott
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Heinz Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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37
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Lane TR, Massey C, Comer JE, Freiberg AN, Zhou H, Dyall J, Holbrook MR, Anantpadma M, Davey RA, Madrid PB, Ekins S. Pyronaridine tetraphosphate efficacy against Ebola virus infection in guinea pig. Antiviral Res 2020; 181:104863. [PMID: 32682926 PMCID: PMC8194506 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent outbreaks of the Ebola virus (EBOV) in Africa have brought global visibility to the shortage of available therapeutic options to treat patients infected with this or closely related viruses. We have recently computationally identified three molecules which have all demonstrated statistically significant efficacy in the mouse model of infection with mouse adapted Ebola virus (ma-EBOV). One of these molecules is the antimalarial pyronaridine tetraphosphate (IC50 range of 0.82-1.30 μM against three strains of EBOV and IC50 range of 1.01-2.72 μM against two strains of Marburg virus (MARV)) which is an approved drug in the European Union and used in combination with artesunate. To date, no small molecule drugs have shown statistically significant efficacy in the guinea pig model of EBOV infection. Pharmacokinetics and range-finding studies in guinea pigs directed us to a single 300 mg/kg or 600 mg/kg oral dose of pyronaridine 1hr after infection. Pyronaridine resulted in statistically significant survival of 40% at 300 mg/kg and protected from a lethal challenge with EBOV. In comparison, oral favipiravir (300 mg/kg dosed once a day) had 43.5% survival. All animals in the vehicle treatment group succumbed to disease by study day 12 (100% mortality). The in vitro metabolism and metabolite identification of pyronaridine and another of our EBOV active molecules, tilorone, suggested significant species differences which may account for the efficacy or lack thereof, respectively in guinea pig. In summary, our studies with pyronaridine demonstrates its utility for repurposing as an antiviral against EBOV and MARV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Christopher Massey
- Institutional Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Institutional Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Huanying Zhou
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Julie Dyall
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael R. Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Robert A. Davey
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Peter B. Madrid
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Cabezón E, Arechaga I. Drug Weaponry to Fight Against SARS-CoV-2. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:204. [PMID: 33195397 PMCID: PMC7477106 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused a large increase in mortality and morbidity associated with respiratory diseases. Huge efforts are currently ongoing to develop a vaccine against this virus. However, alternative approaches could be considered in the fight against this disease. Among other strategies, structural-based drug design could be an effective approach to generate specific molecules against SARS-CoV-2, thus reducing viral burden in infected patients. Here, in addition to this structural approach, we also revise several therapeutic strategies to fight against this viral threat. Furthermore, we report ACE-2 genetic polymorphic variants affecting residues involved in close contacts with SARS-CoV-2 that might be associated to different infection risks. These analyses could provide valuable information to predict the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio Arechaga
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
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A Surrogate Animal Model for Screening of Ebola and Marburg Glycoprotein-Targeting Drugs Using Pseudotyped Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090923. [PMID: 32842671 PMCID: PMC7552044 DOI: 10.3390/v12090923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, including Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV), cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates with high mortality rates. There is no approved therapy against these deadly viruses. Antiviral drug development has been hampered by the requirement of a biosafety level (BSL)-4 facility to handle infectious EBOV and MARV because of their high pathogenicity to humans. In this study, we aimed to establish a surrogate animal model that can be used for anti-EBOV and -MARV drug screening under BSL-2 conditions by focusing on the replication-competent recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) pseudotyped with the envelope glycoprotein (GP) of EBOV (rVSV/EBOV) and MARV (rVSV/MARV), which has been investigated as vaccine candidates and thus widely used in BSL-2 laboratories. We first inoculated mice, rats, and hamsters intraperitoneally with rVSV/EBOV and found that only hamsters showed disease signs and succumbed within 4 days post-infection. Infection with rVSV/MARV also caused lethal infection in hamsters. Both rVSV/EBOV and rVSV/MARV were detected at high titers in multiple organs including the liver, spleen, kidney, and lungs of infected hamsters, indicating acute and systemic infection resulting in fatal outcomes. Therapeutic effects of passive immunization with an anti-EBOV neutralizing antibody were specifically observed in rVSV/EBOV-infected hamsters. Thus, this animal model is expected to be a useful tool to facilitate in vivo screening of anti-filovirus drugs targeting the GP molecule.
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Abstract
Since its discovery in 1976, Ebola virus (EBOV) has caused numerous outbreaks of fatal hemorrhagic disease in Africa. The biggest outbreak on record is the 2013-2016 epidemic in west Africa with almost 30,000 cases and over 11,000 fatalities, devastatingly affecting Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. The epidemic highlighted the need for licensed drugs or vaccines to quickly combat the disease. While at the beginning of the epidemic no licensed countermeasures were available, several experimental drugs with preclinical efficacy were accelerated into human clinical trials and used to treat patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD) toward the end of the epidemic. In the same manner, vaccines with preclinical efficacy were administered primarily to known contacts of EVD patients on clinical trial protocols using a ring-vaccination strategy. In this review, we describe the pathogenesis of EBOV and summarize the current status of EBOV vaccine development and treatment of EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Furuyama
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA;
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA;
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Louchet M, Sibiude J, Peytavin G, Picone O, Tréluyer JM, Mandelbrot L. Placental transfer and safety in pregnancy of medications under investigation to treat coronavirus disease 2019. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2020; 2:100159. [PMID: 32838264 PMCID: PMC7308040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective Treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 is mostly symptomatic, but a wide range of medications are under investigation against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Although pregnant women are excluded from clinical trials, they will inevitably receive therapies whenever they seem effective in nonpregnant patients and even under compassionate use. Methods We conducted a review of the literature on placental transfer and pregnancy safety data of drugs under current investigation for coronavirus disease 2019. Results Regarding remdesivir, there are no data in pregnant women. Several other candidates already have safety data in pregnant women, because they are repurposed drugs already used for their established indications. Thus, they may be used in pregnancy, although their safety in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 may differ from conventional use. These include HIV protease inhibitors such as lopinavir/ritonavir that have low placental transfer, interferon that does not cross the placental barrier, and hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine that has high placental transfer. There are also pregnancy safety and placental transfer data for colchicine, steroids, oseltamivir, azithromycin, and some monoclonal antibodies. However, some drugs are strictly prohibited in pregnancy because of known teratogenicity (thalidomide) or fetal toxicities (renin-angiotensin system blockers). Other candidates including tocilizumab, other interleukin 6 inhibitors, umifenovir, and favipiravir have insufficient data on pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion In life-threatening cases of coronavirus disease 2019, the potential risks of therapy to the fetus may be more than offset by the benefit of curing the mother. Although preclinical and placental transfer studies are required for a number of potential anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 drugs, several medications can already be used in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Louchet
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
| | - Jeanne Sibiude
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
- Inserm Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution U1137, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Picone
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
- Inserm Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution U1137, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Tréluyer
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France; and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, URC/CIC Cochin-Necker, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Mandelbrot
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
- Inserm Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution U1137, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Corresponding author: Laurent Mandelbrot, MD.
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Ristanović ES, Kokoškov NS, Crozier I, Kuhn JH, Gligić AS. A Forgotten Episode of Marburg Virus Disease: Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1967. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:e00095-19. [PMID: 32404328 PMCID: PMC7233485 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00095-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1967, several workers involved in poliomyelitis vaccine development and production fell ill at three different locations in Europe with a severe and often lethal novel disease associated with grivets (Chlorocebus aethiops) imported from Uganda. This disease was named Marburg virus disease (MVD) after the West German town of Marburg an der Lahn, where most human infections and deaths had been recorded. Consequently, the Marburg episode received the most scientific and media attention. Cases that occurred in Frankfurt am Main, West Germany, were also described in commonly accessible scientific literature, although they were less frequently cited than those pertaining to the Marburg infections. However, two infections occurring in a third location, in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, have seemingly been all but forgotten. Due in part to their absence in commonly used databases and in part to the fact that they were written in languages other than English, the important articles describing this part of the outbreak are very rarely cited. Here, we summarize this literature and correct published inaccuracies to remind a younger generation of scientists focusing on Marburg virus and its closest filoviral relatives of this important historical context. Importantly, and unfortunately, the three episodes of infection of 1967 still represent the best in-depth clinical look at MVD in general and in the context of "modern" medicine (fully resourced versus less-resourced capacity) in particular. Hence, each individual case of these episodes holds crucial information for health care providers who may be confronted with MVD today.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Crozier
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research supported by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ana S Gligić
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak," Belgrade, Serbia
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Madelain V, Mentré F, Baize S, Anglaret X, Laouénan C, Oestereich L, Nguyen THT, Malvy D, Piorkowski G, Graw F, Günther S, Raoul H, de Lamballerie X, Guedj J. Modeling Favipiravir Antiviral Efficacy Against Emerging Viruses: From Animal Studies to Clinical Trials. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2020; 9:258-271. [PMID: 32198838 PMCID: PMC7239338 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2014, our research network was involved in the evaluation of favipiravir, an anti-influenza polymerase inhibitor, against Ebola virus. In this review, we discuss how mathematical modeling was used, first to propose a relevant dosing regimen in humans, and then to optimize its antiviral efficacy in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model. The data collected in NHPs were finally used to develop a model of Ebola pathogenesis integrating the interactions among the virus, the innate and adaptive immune response, and the action of favipiravir. We conclude the review of this work by discussing how these results are of relevance for future human studies in the context of Ebola virus, but also for other emerging viral diseases for which no therapeutics are available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sylvain Baize
- UBIVEInstitut PasteurCentre International de Recherche en InfectiologieLyonFrance
| | - Xavier Anglaret
- INSERMUMR 1219Université de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
- Programme PACCI/site ANRS de Côte d’IvoireAbidjanCôte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Lisa Oestereich
- Bernhard‐Nocht‐Institute for Tropical MedicineHamburgGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)Partner Site HamburgGermany
| | | | - Denis Malvy
- INSERMUMR 1219Université de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Géraldine Piorkowski
- UMR "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" (EPV: Aix‐Marseille University – IRD 190 – Inserm 1207 – EHESP) – Institut Hospitalo‐Universitaire Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance
| | - Frederik Graw
- Center for Modeling and Simulation in the Biosciences (BIOMS)BioQuant‐CenterHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Stephan Günther
- Bernhard‐Nocht‐Institute for Tropical MedicineHamburgGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)Partner Site HamburgGermany
| | - Hervé Raoul
- Laboratoire P4 Inserm‐Jean MérieuxUS003 InsermLyonFrance
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- UMR "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" (EPV: Aix‐Marseille University – IRD 190 – Inserm 1207 – EHESP) – Institut Hospitalo‐Universitaire Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance
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Dong S, Wen K, Chu H, Li H, Yu Q, Wang C, Qin X. Crystal structure of the Měnglà virus VP30 C-terminal domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:392-397. [PMID: 32093889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The family Filoviridae contains many important human viruses, including Marburg virus (MARV) and Ebola virus (EBOV). Měnglà virus (MLAV), a newly discovered filovirus, is considered a potential human pathogen. The VP30 C-terminal domain (CTD) of these filoviruses plays an essential role in virion assembly. In common with other filoviruses, MLAV VP30 CTD mainly exists as a dimer in solution. In this work, we determined the crystal structure of recombinant MLAV VP30 CTD monomer, verifying that C-terminal helix-7 (H7) is critical for the dimerization process. This study provides a preliminary model for investigation of MLAV VP30 CTD as an anti-filovirus drug development target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishang Dong
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China.
| | - Kangning Wen
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Hongguan Chu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Changhui Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaochun Qin
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China.
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Bugert JJ, Hucke F, Zanetta P, Bassetto M, Brancale A. Antivirals in medical biodefense. Virus Genes 2020; 56:150-167. [PMID: 32076918 PMCID: PMC7089181 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01737-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The viruses historically implicated or currently considered as candidates for misuse in bioterrorist events are poxviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses and a number of arboviruses causing encephalitis, including alpha- and flaviviruses. All these viruses are of concern for public health services when they occur in natural outbreaks or emerge in unvaccinated populations. Recent events and intelligence reports point to a growing risk of dangerous biological agents being used for nefarious purposes. Public health responses effective in natural outbreaks of infectious disease may not be sufficient to deal with the severe consequences of a deliberate release of such agents. One important aspect of countermeasures against viral biothreat agents are the antiviral treatment options available for use in post-exposure prophylaxis. These issues were adressed by the organizers of the 16th Medical Biodefense Conference, held in Munich in 2018, in a special session on the development of drugs to treat infections with viruses currently perceived as a threat to societies or associated with a potential for misuse as biothreat agents. This review will outline the state-of-the-art methods in antivirals research discussed and provide an overview of antiviral compounds in the pipeline that are already approved for use or still under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Bugert
- Bundeswehr Institute for Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
| | - F Hucke
- Bundeswehr Institute for Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - P Zanetta
- Bundeswehr Institute for Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - M Bassetto
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - A Brancale
- Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
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Engineered Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptides Inhibit Ebola Virus Infection. iScience 2020; 23:100999. [PMID: 32252021 PMCID: PMC7104201 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak coupled with the most recent outbreaks in Central Africa underscore the need to develop effective treatment strategies against EBOV. Although several therapeutic options have shown great potential, developing a wider breadth of countermeasures would increase our efforts to combat the highly lethal EBOV. Here we show that human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (AMP) LL-37 and engineered LL-37 AMPs inhibit the infection of recombinant virus pseudotyped with EBOV glycoprotein (GP) and the wild-type EBOV. These AMPs target EBOV infection at the endosomal cell-entry step by impairing cathepsin B-mediated processing of EBOV GP. Furthermore, two engineered AMPs containing D-amino acids are particularly potent in blocking EBOV infection in comparison with other AMPs, most likely owing to their resistance to intracellular enzymatic degradation. Our results identify AMPs as a novel class of anti-EBOV therapeutics and demonstrate the feasibility of engineering AMPs for improved therapeutic efficacy. Cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) potently inhibit EBOV infection D-form AMPs are more resistant to proteolytic cleavage than L-form AMPs in the cell AMPs prevent cathepsin B-mediated processing of EBOV GP1, 2
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Shiraki K, Daikoku T. Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug against life-threatening RNA virus infections. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209:107512. [PMID: 32097670 PMCID: PMC7102570 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Favipiravir has been developed as an anti-influenza drug and licensed as an anti-influenza drug in Japan. Additionally, favipiravir is being stockpiled for 2 million people as a countermeasure for novel influenza strains. This drug functions as a chain terminator at the site of incorporation of the viral RNA and reduces the viral load. Favipiravir cures all mice in a lethal influenza infection model, while oseltamivir fails to cure the animals. Thus, favipiravir contributes to curing animals with lethal infection. In addition to influenza, favipiravir has a broad spectrum of anti-RNA virus activities in vitro and efficacies in animal models with lethal RNA viruses and has been used for treatment of human infection with life-threatening Ebola virus, Lassa virus, rabies, and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. The best feature of favipiravir as an antiviral agent is the apparent lack of generation of favipiravir-resistant viruses. Favipiravir alone maintains its therapeutic efficacy from the first to the last patient in an influenza pandemic or an epidemic lethal RNA virus infection. Favipiravir is expected to be an important therapeutic agent for severe influenza, the next pandemic influenza strain, and other severe RNA virus infections for which standard treatments are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyasu Shiraki
- Senri Kinran University and Department of Virology, University of Toyama, Japan.
| | - Tohru Daikoku
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Japan
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Duplantier AJ, Shurtleff AC, Miller C, Chiang CY, Panchal RG, Sunay M. Combating biothreat pathogens: ongoing efforts for countermeasure development and unique challenges. DRUG DISCOVERY TARGETING DRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA 2020. [PMCID: PMC7258707 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818480-6.00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research to discover and develop antibacterial and antiviral drugs with potent activity against pathogens of biothreat concern presents unique methodological and process-driven challenges. Herein, we review laboratory approaches for finding new antibodies, antibiotics, and antiviral molecules for pathogens of biothreat concern. Using high-throughput screening techniques, molecules that directly inhibit a pathogen’s entry, replication, or growth can be identified. Alternatively, molecules that target host proteins can be interesting targets for development when countering biothreat pathogens, due to the modulation of the host immune response or targeting proteins that interfere with the pathways required by the pathogen for replication. Monoclonal and cocktail antibody therapies approved by the Food and Drug Administration for countering anthrax and under development for treatment of Ebola virus infection are discussed. A comprehensive tabular review of current in vitro, in vivo, pharmacokinetic and efficacy datasets has been presented for biothreat pathogens of greatest concern. Finally, clinical trials and animal rule or traditional drug approval pathways are also reviewed. Opinions; interpretations; conclusions; and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the US Army.
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Zhang L, Lei S, Xie H, Li Q, Liu S, Liu Q, Huang W, Xiao X, Wang Y. Screening and Identification of Marburg Virus Entry Inhibitors Using Approved Drugs. Virol Sin 2019; 35:235-239. [PMID: 31863356 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Shan Lei
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Xinyue Xiao
- Institute for Reference Standards and Standardization, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China.
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De Clercq E. New Nucleoside Analogues for the Treatment of Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infections. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3962-3968. [PMID: 31389664 PMCID: PMC7159701 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eight different compounds, all nucleoside analogues, could presently be considered as potential drug candidates for the treatment of Ebola virus (EBOV) and/or other hemorrhagic fever virus (HFV) infections. They can be considered as either (i) adenine analogues (3-deazaneplanocin A, galidesivir, GS-6620 and remdesivir) or (ii) guanine analogues containing the carboxamide entity (ribavirin, EICAR, pyrazofurin and favipiravir). All eight owe their mechanism of action to hydrogen bonded base pairing with either (i) uracil or (ii) cytosine. Four out of the eight compounds (galidesivir, GS-6620, remdesivir and pyrazofurin) are C-nucleosides, and two of them (GS-6620, remdesivir) also contain a phosphoramidate part. The C-nucleoside and phosphoramidate (and for the adenine analogues the 1'-cyano group as well) may be considered as essential attributes for their antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical Research, KU LeuvenHerestraat 493000LeuvenBelgium
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