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Siragam V, Maltseva M, Castonguay N, Galipeau Y, Srinivasan MM, Soto JH, Dankar S, Langlois MA. Seasonal human coronaviruses OC43, 229E, and NL63 induce cell surface modulation of entry receptors and display host cell-specific viral replication kinetics. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0422023. [PMID: 38864599 PMCID: PMC11218498 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04220-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic prompted an increased interest in seasonal human coronaviruses. OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1 are endemic seasonal coronaviruses that cause the common cold and are associated with generally mild respiratory symptoms. In this study, we identified cell lines that exhibited cytopathic effects (CPE) upon infection by three of these coronaviruses and characterized their viral replication kinetics and the effect of infection on host surface receptor expression. We found that NL63 produced CPE in LLC-MK2 cells, while OC43 produced CPE in MRC-5, HCT-8, and WI-38 cell lines, while 229E produced CPE in MRC-5 and WI-38 by day 3 post-infection. We observed a sharp increase in nucleocapsid and spike viral RNA (vRNA) from day 3 to day 5 post-infection for all viruses; however, the abundance and the proportion of vRNA copies measured in the supernatants and cell lysates of infected cells varied considerably depending on the virus-host cell pair. Importantly, we observed modulation of coronavirus entry and attachment receptors upon infection. Infection with 229E and OC43 led to a downregulation of CD13 and GD3, respectively. In contrast, infection with NL63 and OC43 leads to an increase in ACE2 expression. Attempts to block entry of NL63 using either soluble ACE2 or anti-ACE2 monoclonal antibodies demonstrated the potential of these strategies to greatly reduce infection. Overall, our results enable a better understanding of seasonal coronaviruses infection kinetics in permissive cell lines and reveal entry receptor modulation that may have implications in facilitating co-infections with multiple coronaviruses in humans.IMPORTANCESeasonal human coronavirus is an important cause of the common cold associated with generally mild upper respiratory tract infections that can result in respiratory complications for some individuals. There are no vaccines available for these viruses, with only limited antiviral therapeutic options to treat the most severe cases. A better understanding of how these viruses interact with host cells is essential to identify new strategies to prevent infection-related complications. By analyzing viral replication kinetics in different permissive cell lines, we find that cell-dependent host factors influence how viral genes are expressed and virus particles released. We also analyzed entry receptor expression on infected cells and found that these can be up- or down-modulated depending on the infecting coronavirus. Our findings raise concerns over the possibility of infection enhancement upon co-infection by some coronaviruses, which may facilitate genetic recombination and the emergence of new variants and strains.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Virus Replication
- Coronavirus NL63, Human/physiology
- Coronavirus NL63, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/physiology
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/physiology
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/genetics
- Cell Line
- Virus Internalization
- Seasons
- Kinetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Common Cold/virology
- Common Cold/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/physiology
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Animals
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19/metabolism
- Coronavirus/physiology
- Coronavirus/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayakumar Siragam
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mariam Maltseva
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nicolas Castonguay
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Yannick Galipeau
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mrudhula Madapuji Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Justino Hernandez Soto
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Samar Dankar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- The Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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2
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Haid S, Matthaei A, Winkler M, Sake SM, Gunesch AP, Milke V, Köhler NM, Rückert J, Vieyres G, Kühl D, Nguyen TT, Göhl M, Lasswitz L, Zapatero-Belinchón FJ, Brogden G, Gerold G, Wiegmann B, Bilitewski U, Brown RJP, Brönstrup M, Schulz TF, Pietschmann T. Repurposing screen identifies novel candidates for broad-spectrum coronavirus antivirals and druggable host targets. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0121023. [PMID: 38319076 PMCID: PMC10916382 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01210-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Libraries composed of licensed drugs represent a vast repertoire of molecules modulating physiological processes in humans, providing unique opportunities for the discovery of host-targeting antivirals. We screened the Repurposing, Focused Rescue, and Accelerated Medchem (ReFRAME) repurposing library with approximately 12,000 molecules for broad-spectrum coronavirus antivirals and discovered 134 compounds inhibiting an alphacoronavirus and mapping to 58 molecular target categories. Dominant targets included the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor, the dopamine receptor, and cyclin-dependent kinases. Gene knock-out of the drugs' host targets including cathepsin B and L (CTSB/L; VBY-825), the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR; Phortress), the farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1; P-3622), and the kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1; Omaveloxolone), significantly modulated HCoV-229E infection, providing evidence that these compounds inhibited the virus through acting on their respective host targets. Counter-screening of all 134 primary compound candidates with SARS-CoV-2 and validation in primary cells identified Phortress, an AHR activating ligand, P-3622-targeting FDFT1, and Omaveloxolone, which activates the NFE2-like bZIP transcription factor 2 (NFE2L2) by liberating it from its endogenous inhibitor KEAP1, as antiviral candidates for both an Alpha- and a Betacoronavirus. This study provides an overview of HCoV-229E repurposing candidates and reveals novel potentially druggable viral host dependency factors hijacked by diverse coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Haid
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alina Matthaei
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melina Winkler
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja M. Sake
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antonia P. Gunesch
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Milke
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalie M. Köhler
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Rückert
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabrielle Vieyres
- Junior Research Group “Cell Biology of RNA Viruses”, Leibniz Institute of Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Integrative Analysis of Pathogen-Induced Compartments, Leibniz ScienceCampus InterACt, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Kühl
- Junior Research Group “Cell Biology of RNA Viruses”, Leibniz Institute of Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tu-Trinh Nguyen
- Calibr, a Division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Matthias Göhl
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lisa Lasswitz
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Francisco J. Zapatero-Belinchón
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Graham Brogden
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, 901 87 Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), 901 87 Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bettina Wiegmann
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Lower Saxony Center for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- BREATH (Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Richard J. P. Brown
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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3
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De SK. Recent Discovery of Peptidomimetics for the Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19), Human Coronavirus, and Enteroviruses. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1289-1295. [PMID: 37143268 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230504150758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This patent describes the synthesis of compounds, methods, and compositions for preventing, treating, and/or curing Covid-19, human coronavirus, and enterovirus infections. Some peptidomimetic compounds are very potent and could be a game changer in new treatment therapy for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya K De
- Department of Chemistry, Conju-Probe, San Diego, California, USA
- Bharath University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600126, India
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4
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Fessler MB, Madenspacher JH, Baker PJ, Hilligan KL, Bohrer AC, Castro E, Meacham J, Chen SH, Johnson RF, McDonald JG, Martin NP, Tucker CJ, Mahapatra D, Cesta M, Mayer-Barber KD. Endogenous and Therapeutic 25-Hydroxycholesterols May Worsen Early SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 69:638-648. [PMID: 37578898 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0007oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols (i.e., oxidized cholesterol species) have complex roles in biology. 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a product of the activity of cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) on cholesterol, has recently been shown to be broadly antiviral, suggesting therapeutic potential against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, 25HC can also amplify inflammation and be converted by CYP7B1 (cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1) to 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol, a lipid with chemoattractant activity, via the G protein-coupled receptor EBI2 (Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2)/GPR183 (G protein-coupled receptor 183). Here, using in vitro studies and two different murine models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we investigate the effects of these two oxysterols on SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. We show that although 25HC and enantiomeric-25HC are antiviral in vitro against human endemic coronavirus-229E, they did not inhibit SARS-CoV-2; nor did supplemental 25HC reduce pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 titers in the K18-human ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) mouse model in vivo. Treatment with 25HC also did not alter immune cell influx into the airway, airspace cytokines, lung pathology, weight loss, symptoms, or survival but was associated with increased airspace albumin, an indicator of microvascular injury, and increased plasma proinflammatory cytokines. Conversely, mice treated with the EBI2/GPR183 inhibitor NIBR189 displayed a modest increase in lung viral load only at late time points but no change in weight loss. Consistent with these findings, although Ch25h and 25HC were upregulated in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected wild-type mice, lung viral titers and weight loss in Ch25h-/- and Gpr183-/- mice infected with the β variant were similar to those in control animals. Taken together, endogenous 25HCs do not significantly regulate early SARS-CoV-2 replication or pathogenesis, and supplemental 25HC may have proinjury rather than therapeutic effects in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Reed F Johnson
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics and
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | | | - Charles J Tucker
- Fluorescence Microscopy and Imaging Center, Signal Transduction Laboratory, and
| | | | - Mark Cesta
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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5
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Lie LK, Synowiec A, Mazur J, Rabalski L, Pyrć K. An engineered A549 cell line expressing CD13 and TMPRSS2 is permissive to clinical isolate of human coronavirus 229E. Virology 2023; 588:109889. [PMID: 37778059 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The lack of suitable in vitro culture model has hampered research on wild-type (WT) human coronaviruses. While 3D tissue or organ cultures have been instrumental for this purpose, such models are challenging, time-consuming, expensive and require extensive cell culture adaptation and directed evolution. Consequently, high-throughput applications are beyond reach in most cases. Here we developed a robust A549 cell line permissive to a human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) clinical isolate by transducing CD13 and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), henceforth referred to as A549++ cells. This modification allowed for productive infection, and a more detailed analysis showed that the virus might use the TMPRSS2-dependent pathway but can still bypass this pathway using cathepsin-mediated endocytosis. Overall, our data showed that A549++ cells are permissive to HCoV-229E clinical isolate, and applicable for further studies on HCoV-229E infectiology. Moreover, this line constitutes a uniform platform for studies on multiple members of the Coronaviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurensius Kevin Lie
- Virogenetics Group, Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Synowiec
- Virogenetics Group, Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Jedrzej Mazur
- Virogenetics Group, Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Lukasz Rabalski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrć
- Virogenetics Group, Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland.
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6
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Zhang Y, Sun Y, Xie Y, Shang W, Wang Z, Jiang H, Shen J, Xiao G, Zhang L. A viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor VV116 broadly inhibits human coronaviruses and has synergistic potency with 3CLpro inhibitor nirmatrelvir. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:360. [PMID: 37735468 PMCID: PMC10514301 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
During the ongoing pandemic, providing treatment consisting of effective, low-cost oral antiviral drugs at an early stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been a priority for controlling COVID-19. Although Paxlovid and molnupiravir have received emergency approval from the FDA, some side effect concerns have emerged, and the possible oral agents are still limited, resulting in optimized drug development becoming an urgent requirement. An oral remdesivir derivative, VV116, has been reported to have promising antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 and positive therapeutic outcomes in clinical trials. However, whether VV116 has broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus activity and potential synergy with other drugs is not clear. Here, we uncovered the broad-spectrum antiviral potency of VV116 against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-229E in various cell lines. In vitro drug combination screening targeted RdRp and proteinase, highlighting the synergistic effect of VV116 and nirmatrelvir on HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2. When co-administrated with ritonavir, the combination of VV116 and nirmatrelvir showed significantly enhanced antiviral potency with noninteracting pharmacokinetic properties in mice. Our findings will facilitate clinical treatment with VV116 or VV116+nirmatrelvir combination to fight coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | | | - Weijuan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Lingang Laboratory, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Lingang Laboratory, 200031, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingshan Shen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Leike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, 430200, Wuhan, China.
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7
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Leonard RA, Rao VN, Bartlett A, Froggatt HM, Luftig MA, Heaton BE, Heaton NS. A low-background, fluorescent assay to evaluate inhibitors of diverse viral proteases. J Virol 2023; 97:e0059723. [PMID: 37578235 PMCID: PMC10506478 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00597-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple coronaviruses (CoVs) can cause respiratory diseases in humans. While prophylactic vaccines designed to prevent infection are available for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), incomplete vaccine efficacy, vaccine hesitancy, and the threat of other pathogenic CoVs for which vaccines do not exist have highlighted the need for effective antiviral therapies. While antiviral compounds targeting the viral polymerase and protease are already in clinical use, their sensitivity to potential resistance mutations as well as their breadth against the full range of human and preemergent CoVs remain incompletely defined. To begin to fill that gap in knowledge, we report here the development of an improved, noninfectious, cell-based fluorescent assay with high sensitivity and low background that reports on the activity of viral proteases, which are key drug targets. We demonstrate that the assay is compatible with not only the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro protein but also orthologues from a range of human and nonhuman CoVs as well as clinically reported SARS-CoV-2 drug-resistant Mpro variants. We then use this assay to define the breadth of activity of two clinically used protease inhibitors, nirmatrelvir and ensitrelvir. Continued use of this assay will help define the strengths and limitations of current therapies and may also facilitate the development of next-generation protease inhibitors that are broadly active against both currently circulating and preemergent CoVs. IMPORTANCE Coronaviruses (CoVs) are important human pathogens with the ability to cause global pandemics. Working in concert with vaccines, antivirals specifically limit viral disease in people who are actively infected. Antiviral compounds that target CoV proteases are already in clinical use; their efficacy against variant proteases and preemergent zoonotic CoVs, however, remains incompletely defined. Here, we report an improved, noninfectious, and highly sensitive fluorescent method of defining the sensitivity of CoV proteases to small molecule inhibitors. We use this approach to assay the activity of current antiviral therapies against clinically reported SARS-CoV-2 protease mutants and a panel of highly diverse CoV proteases. Additionally, we show this system is adaptable to other structurally nonrelated viral proteases. In the future, this assay can be used to not only better define the strengths and limitations of current therapies but also help develop new, broadly acting inhibitors that more broadly target viral families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Leonard
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vishwas N. Rao
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexandria Bartlett
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heather M. Froggatt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Micah A. Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brook E. Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Castillo G, Mora-Díaz JC, Breuer M, Singh P, Nelli RK, Giménez-Lirola LG. Molecular mechanisms of human coronavirus NL63 infection and replication. Virus Res 2023; 327:199078. [PMID: 36813239 PMCID: PMC9944649 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) is spread globally, causing upper and lower respiratory tract infections mainly in young children. HCoV-NL63 shares a host receptor (ACE2) with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2 but, unlike them, HCoV-NL63 primarily develops into self-limiting mild to moderate respiratory disease. Although with different efficiency, both HCoV-NL63 and SARS-like CoVs infect ciliated respiratory cells using ACE2 as receptor for binding and cell entry. Working with SARS-like CoVs require access to BSL-3 facilities, while HCoV-NL63 research can be performed at BSL-2 laboratories. Thus, HCoV-NL63 could be used as a safer surrogate for comparative studies on receptor dynamics, infectivity and virus replication, disease mechanism, and potential therapeutic interventions against SARS-like CoVs. This prompted us to review the current knowledge on the infection mechanism and replication of HCoV-NL63. Specifically, after a brief overview on the taxonomy, genomic organization and virus structure, this review compiles the current HCoV-NL63-related research in virus entry and replication mechanism, including virus attachment, endocytosis, genome translation, and replication and transcription. Furthermore, we reviewed cumulative knowledge on the susceptibility of different cells to HCoV-NL63 infection in vitro, which is essential for successful virus isolation and propagation, and contribute to address different scientific questions from basic science to the development and assessment of diagnostic tools, and antiviral therapies. Finally, we discussed different antiviral strategies that have been explored to suppress replication of HCoV-NL63, and other related human coronaviruses, by either targeting the virus or enhancing host antiviral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Castillo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Mary Breuer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Rahul K Nelli
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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9
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Komaikul J, Ruangdachsuwan S, Wanlayaporn D, Palabodeewat S, Punyahathaikul S, Churod T, Choonong R, Kitisripanya T. Effect of andrographolide and deep eutectic solvent extracts of Andrographis paniculata on human coronavirus organ culture 43 (HCoV-OC43). PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 112:154708. [PMID: 36805485 PMCID: PMC9905047 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees has demonstrated potential for treating infections caused by coronaviruses. However, no antiviral activity of andrographolide or A. paniculata extracts against human coronavirus organ culture 43 (HCoV-OC43) has been reported. PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the anti-HCoV-OC43 effect of andrographolide and A. paniculata as well as the correlation between andrographolide concentration and the anti-HCoV-OC43 activity of A. paniculata extracts. METHODS This study evaluated and compared the in vitro anti-HCoV-OC43 activities of various A. paniculata extracts and andrographolide. To obtain A. paniculata extracts with different concentrations of andrographolide and its components, methanol and deep eutectic solvents (DES) were used to extract the aerial parts of A. paniculata. Andrographolide content was determined using UV-HPLC, and antiviral activity was assessed in HCT-8 colon cells. RESULTS The methanol and five acidic DES (containing malic acid or citric acid) extracts of A. paniculata exerted anti-HCoV-OC43 activity. Antiviral activity had a moderately strong positive linear relationship (r = 0.7938) with andrographolide content. Although the methanol extract contained the highest andrographolide content (2.34 mg/ml), its anti-HCoV-OC43 activity was lower than that of the DES extracts containing lower andrographolide concentrations (0.92-1.46 mg/ml). CONCLUSION Methanol and the five acidic DES extracts of A. paniculata exhibited anti-HCoV-OC43 activity. However, the in vitro antiviral activity of A. paniculata extracts did not have a very strong positive linear relationship (r < 0.8) with andrographolide concentration in the extract. As a result, when comparing A. paniculata extracts, the anti-HCoV-OC43 test could provide a different result from the andrographolide concentration determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukrapun Komaikul
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sasiporn Ruangdachsuwan
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Duangnapa Wanlayaporn
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Somnuek Palabodeewat
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Surat Punyahathaikul
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Theeraporn Churod
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | - Tharita Kitisripanya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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10
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Li J, Wang Y, Solanki K, Atre R, Lavrijsen M, Pan Q, Baig MS, Li P. Nirmatrelvir exerts distinct antiviral potency against different human coronaviruses. Antiviral Res 2023; 211:105555. [PMID: 36791846 PMCID: PMC9925195 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Nirmatrelvir is the main component of Paxlovid, an oral antiviral drug approved for the treatment of COVID-19 caused by SARS-COV-2 infection. Nirmatrelvir targets the main protease (Mpro), which is substantially conserved among different coronaviruses. Here, our molecular docking analysis indicates comparable affinity of nirmatrelvir binding to the Mpro enzymes of SARS-CoV-2 and three seasonal coronaviruses (OC43, 229E and NL63). However, in cell culture models, we found that nirmatrelvir potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2, OC43 and 229E, but not NL63. The insensitivity of NL63 to nirmatrelvir treatment was demonstrated at both viral replication and infectious titer levels. The antiviral activity of nirmatrelvir against OC43 and 229E was further confirmed in human airway organoids. The combination of nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir exerted differential patterns of antiviral response against OC43 and 229E. These results revealed disparities in the ability of nirmatrelvir to inhibit different coronaviruses, and caution against repurposing of nirmatrelvir as a pan-coronavirus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yining Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kundan Solanki
- Department of Biosciences & Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Rajat Atre
- Department of Biosciences & Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Marla Lavrijsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mirza S Baig
- Department of Biosciences & Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, 453552, India.
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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11
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Choonong R, Ruangdachsuwan S, Churod T, Palabodeewat S, Punyahathaikul S, Juntarapornchai S, Ketsuwan K, Komaikul J, Masrinoul P, Kitisripanya T, Juengwatanatrakul T, Yusakul G, Kanchanapoom T, Putalun W. Evaluating the in Vitro Efficacy of Quassinoids from Eurycoma longifolia and Eurycoma harmandiana against Common Cold Human Coronavirus OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 Using In-Cell Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2779-2788. [PMID: 36399766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has become a pandemic and public health crisis. SARS-CoV-2 and the seasonal common cold coronavirus (HCoV-OC43) belong to the beta genus of human coronaviruses (HCoVs). In-cell ELISA assays were performed using HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 and evaluated the antiviral activity of herbal plants. Eurycoma longifolia (EL) and Eurycoma harmandiana (EH) roots (antipyretic properties) and their constituent quassinoids, especially chaparrinone and eurycomalactone, showed potent anti-HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 activities, and the low IC50 values of the mentioned constituents were observed in the range of 0.32-0.51 μM. Eurycomanone and 13β,21-dihydroeurycomanone may contribute to the antiviral activity of EL, whereas chaparrinone is the major and active antiviral constituent of EH root. The content of quassinoids, β-carboline, and canthin-6-one alkaloids and the cytotoxicity profile of EL and EH extracts were varied regarding extraction solvents. The boiled water and 50% EtOH extractions of both plants were less toxic than those with 95% EtOH as the extraction solvent. Our research suggests that quassinoids, which come from EL and EH roots and are anti-coronavirus compounds, are potential treatment candidates for COVID-19 and merit further in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasiporn Ruangdachsuwan
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Theeraporn Churod
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Somnuek Palabodeewat
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Surat Punyahathaikul
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sanjira Juntarapornchai
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Kunjimas Ketsuwan
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Jukrapun Komaikul
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Promsin Masrinoul
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Tharita Kitisripanya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Gorawit Yusakul
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | | | - Waraporn Putalun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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