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Horne J, Donald L, Gracia R, Kentzer N, Pappas Y, Trott M, Vseteckova J. Supporting adult unpaid carers via an online dancing intervention: A feasibility/acceptability study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002798. [PMID: 38241209 PMCID: PMC10798499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Unpaid carers often experience poor mental and physical health linked to their caring role. Engagement in physical activity has been shown to alleviate these negative health outcomes, but it is harder for carers to find the time, energy and space to exercise. This qualitative study, based in the UK, explored the feasibility of an online, dance-based physical activity intervention with six female unpaid carers. Five themes resulted from the thematic analysis of the pre- and post-intervention interviews: Perceived physical health benefits of the intervention; Perceived mental health benefits of the intervention; Satisfactoriness of the dance classes; Impact of caring responsibilities on participation; and Suggestions for future classes. Further research is required to measure the effectiveness of the dance intervention in improving mental and physical wellbeing with larger samples including a wider mix of carers in terms of gender, age and health conditions of the care recipients, as well as international samples. Future research should also consider the barriers that some carers may face when accessing an online intervention, and alternative forms of exercise that may appeal to other groups of carers (e.g., male carers, older adult carers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Horne
- School of Psychology and Counselling, The Open University, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa Donald
- School of Psychology, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rosaria Gracia
- School of Social Sciences and Global Studies, The Open University, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nichola Kentzer
- School of Education, Childhood, Youth and Sport, The Open University, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Yannis Pappas
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Trott
- Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Jitka Vseteckova
- School of Health, Wellbeing and Social Care, The Open University, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
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Passarelli-Araujo H. The association between social support and self-rated health in midlife: are men more affected than women? CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2023; 39:e00106323. [PMID: 38088736 PMCID: PMC10715567 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xen106323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Social support from family and friends is recognized as an important social determinant of health, given its protective effects on individuals' physical and mental well-being. While most studies have focused on older adults, investigating midlife health is equally crucial since middle-aged individuals are also susceptible to the harmful health outcomes of inadequate social support from friends and family. This study contributes to the debate by examining whether social support is associated with self-rated health among middle-aged Brazilian adults and how this relationship varies between men and women. Using data from the nationwide Brazilian National Health Survey conducted in 2019, logistic regression models were employed to assess differences in self-rated health, accounting for confounding factors. The sample comprised 31,926 middle-aged adults, of which 52.5% were women. The overall prevalence of poor self-rated health was 40.7%, with a significant difference between men and women. Results from this study suggest that having no friends or family members to rely on, both during good and challenging times, was associated with poorer self-rated health. However, the strength of this association differs by gender, with social support from friends playing a more critical role in women's self-rated health. On the other hand, family support was associated with male self-rated health, particularly for men with three or more family members they can rely on. Future studies should consider cultural and contextual factors to better understand other dimensions of social support and its association with midlife health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisrael Passarelli-Araujo
- Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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3
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Owsiany MT, Fenstermacher EA, Edelstein BA. Burnout and Depression Among Sandwich Generation Caregivers: A Brief Report. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2023; 97:425-434. [PMID: 37312495 DOI: 10.1177/00914150231183137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-nine percent of adults in the U.S. care for children, and 12% to 24.3% of those adults are multigenerational caregivers who also provide unpaid care for one or more adults. These adults are considered members of the "sandwich generation," which is a term for multigenerational caregivers who provide care, financial support, and emotional support for both their children and parents. The present study characterized the sandwich generation and examined how sandwich generation caregivers differed from caregivers of children, caregivers of parents, and non-caregivers regarding burnout and depression. We found that sandwich generation caregivers and caregivers of parents reported significantly higher levels of informal caregiving burnout than caregivers of children. Compared to non-caregivers, all caregivers reported significantly higher levels of personal burnout. Burnout is higher in sandwich generation caregivers and those who care for parents than burnout among those who care only for children. Future studies should investigate additional variables that affect burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barry A Edelstein
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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4
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De Lorenzo A, Lattke LS, Zedda E, Rabaglietti E. Resources and transversal competencies to reconcile child and parental responsibilities: A mini-review of the impact of COVID-19 on the Italian sandwich generation. Health Promot Perspect 2023; 13:192-197. [PMID: 37808938 PMCID: PMC10558967 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2023.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Longer life spans and the delayed economic and psychological independence of children mean that middle-aged parents find themselves caring for parents and children at the same period in their lives, at times this care may extend to grandchildren and grandparents. The type of care varies depending on each person's need but also on the gender of the individual who looks after their parents while taking care of their own children. Cultural factors can also come into play. Complications in the lives of those who are part of the Sandwich Generation (SG) may arise affecting the quality of their time, their psyche, physical and financial situation. Having the necessary skills and strategies to cope with these complications is extremely important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia De Lorenzo
- SE-CREA Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lynda S. Lattke
- SE-CREA Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elga Zedda
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rabaglietti
- SE-CREA Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Lei L, Leggett AN, Maust DT. A national profile of sandwich generation caregivers providing care to both older adults and children. J Am Geriatr Soc 2023; 71:799-809. [PMID: 36427297 PMCID: PMC10023280 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many U.S. caregivers provide care to the generation above and below simultaneously, described as "sandwich" generation caregivers. We seek to provide the first national estimates characterizing sandwich generation caregivers and the older adults for whom they care. METHODS We used the 2015 National Study of Caregiving (NSOC) and National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) to compare individual (demographic, socio-economic, health, and caregiving characteristics) and caregiving-related experience (financial and emotional difficulties, caregiver role overload and gains, supportive services, employment and participation restrictions) between sandwich and non-sandwich generation caregivers. The analysis included adult child caregivers with or without any minor child under 18 years (n = 194 and 912 NSOC respondents, respectively) providing care to n = 436 and 1217 older adult NHATS respondents. RESULTS Of all adult child caregivers, 24.3% also cared for a minor child (i.e., sandwich generation caregivers), representing 2.5 million individuals. Sandwich generation caregivers provided similar care hours to older care recipients as non-sandwich caregivers (77.4 vs. 71.6 h a month, p = 0.60), though more of them worked for pay (69.4% vs. 53.9%, p = 0.002). Both sandwich generation caregivers (21.0% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.005) and their care recipients (30.1% vs. 20.9%, p = 0.006) were more likely to be Medicaid enrollees than their non-sandwich caregiving counterparts. More sandwich generation caregivers reported substantial financial (23.5% vs. 12.2%, p < 0.001) and emotional difficulties (44.1% vs. 32.2%, p = 0.02) than non-sandwich caregivers; they also reported higher caregiver role overload (score: 2.9 vs. 2.4, p = 0.04). Their supportive services use was similarly low as non-sandwich caregivers except for seeking financial help (24.8% vs. 14.7%, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Besides caring for minor child(ren), sandwich generation caregivers provided similarly intense care to care recipients as non-sandwich caregivers and had higher labor force participation; they experienced more caregiving-related financial and emotional difficulties and role overload. Policymakers may consider supportive services that address their unique needs and roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Lei
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan
| | - Amanda N. Leggett
- Institute of Gerontology & Department of Psychology, Wayne State University
| | - Donovan T. Maust
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System
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Klinedinst TC, Beach S, Donovan H, Rodakowski J, Campbell G. The Relationship between Personal and Contextual Factors and Participation Restriction in Mid-Life Caregivers. J Aging Health 2023:8982643221150051. [PMID: 36617465 DOI: 10.1177/08982643221150051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mid-life family caregivers (CGs) are at risk for participation restriction, which can worsen quality of care for care recipients (CR) and increase CG burden and poor health. We aimed to identify factors associated with participation restriction in mid-life CGs. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of CGs aged 40-64 years (n = 1100) from the 2015 cohort of the National Study of Caregiving (NSOC)/National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate personal and caregiving attributes associated with restricted participation. RESULTS Individual items from the negative and Positive aspects of caregiving (PAC) scales were associated with participation restriction. Mid-life caregivers with "frequent changes to caregiving routine" and "no time for self" were more likely to report restricted participation and those feeling "closer to the CR" were less likely to report restricted participation. DISCUSSION Interventions to optimize caregiving routines and improve dyadic relationships could decrease participation restriction in mid-life CGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Klinedinst
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, 6186University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Internal Medicine, 605473OU-TU School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Scott Beach
- Department of Psychology, 6614University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,National Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Family Support, 6614University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Heidi Donovan
- National Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Family Support, 6614University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,School of Nursing, 6614University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juleen Rodakowski
- Department of Occupational Therapy, 6614University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Grace Campbell
- National Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Family Support, 6614University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,School of Nursing, 6613Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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7
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Reyes AM. Intergenerational support and retirement timing among older men and women by race/ethnicity. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2023; 109:102783. [PMID: 36470634 PMCID: PMC10084133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Retirement timing is associated with health and economic outcomes for older adults. However, it is unclear how the pressures of supporting older parents and young adult children are associated with retirement. This study uses a life course perspective to consider how the linked lives of working older adults and their support of adult children and parents are associated with retirement. Cox proportional hazard models are estimated using the Health and Retirement Study (1992-2014) to assess the relationship between intergenerational support exchanges and retirement timing by gender and race/ethnicity. Providing most types of intergenerational support and especially providing time support are associated with an increased risk of retirement. Unlike all other respondents, Hispanic women providing intergenerational time support have similar retirement risks as those not providing any intergenerational support. These differing patterns by race/ethnicity suggest that earlier life course trajectories may shape older adults' ability to respond to family needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Reyes
- Cornell University, School of Public Policy & Sociology, 2223 MVR Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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8
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Maman R, Rand D, Avrech Bar M. How do older women perceive the occupations and activities within their maternal role? Findings from an exploratory survey. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283992. [PMID: 37200257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participation in meaningful everyday occupations and life-roles is crucial to the health and wellbeing of older adults. However, little is known regarding meaningful life-roles of older women. Although the maternal-role remains meaningful to women throughout their life, previous literature focused on earlier stages of motherhood. AIMS To describe the occupations and perceptions within the maternal-role of older women. MATERIALS AND METHOD An online survey was distributed via social media. It included closed and open-ended questions regarding the engagement and relatedness of occupations to the maternal-role; and the perceptions of older women towards their maternal-role. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and thematic analysis was used to analyze data from open-ended questions. RESULTS The survey was answered by 317 community-dwelling older mothers (aged 65-87). High frequency of engagement and relatedness of occupations to the maternal-role were found. Most participants perceived the maternal-role as a never-ending and evolving life role. Seven categories, describing both 'doing' and 'being' aspects of the maternal-role, were identified. CONCLUSION The maternal-role is meaningful to older women. It continues to develop over time, and includes new occupations which have not been central at earlier stages of motherhood. SIGNIFICANCE These findings have significant implications for healthcare professionals striving to promote healthy aging by enhancing the participation of older women in meaningful occupations. Further research is needed to broaden the understanding of the unique characteristics of the maternal-role at older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Maman
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Debbie Rand
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Michal Avrech Bar
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
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9
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Zan H, Shin SH. The positive impact of informal spousal caregiving on the physical activity of older adults. Front Public Health 2022; 10:977846. [PMID: 36589971 PMCID: PMC9800888 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.977846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although physical activity (PA) is crucial for health, the literature is mixed about how individuals' PA decisions are affected by their spouses. To fill this gap, we examined the extent to which providing care for one spouse affects the PA of the other spouse among those aged 50 or older in the United States. Methods We analyzed 9,173 older adults living with their spouses or partners from the 2004 to 2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. To identify the causal effect of spousal caregiving on the PA of older adults, we estimated individual-fixed effects models using a two-stage least squared instrumental variable approach with spousal falls as our instrument. We also estimated the models by splitting the sample by gender and race/ethnicity to identify heterogeneous impacts of spousal caregiving on PA decisions among subgroups. Results We found that a one percentage point increase in the probability of providing care to spouses led to an increase in the probability of initiating moderate or vigorous PA (MVPA) by 0.34-0.52 percentage points. This effect was salient, especially among female and non-Hispanic white older adults. Discussion Caregiving experience might provide opportunities to learn about caregiving burdens and trigger an emotional response about the salience of an event (i.e., they need care in the future). Older caregivers might start MVPA in an effort to improve or maintain their health and avoid burdening their families for caregiving in the future. This study demonstrated spousal influence on PA. Instead of delivering PA-promotion information (e.g., the harm of sedentary lifestyle and benefits of regular PA) to individuals, risk communication and education efforts on PA promotion might be more effective considering the family context. Family events such as health shocks or the emergence of caregiving needs from family members provide windows of opportunities for intervening. Subgroup differences should also be considered in targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zan
- Center on the Family, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States,*Correspondence: Hua Zan, ✉
| | - Su Hyun Shin
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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10
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Ho YCL, Mahirah D, Ho CZH, Thumboo J. The role of the family in health promotion: a scoping review of models and mechanisms. Health Promot Int 2022; 37:daac119. [PMID: 36398941 PMCID: PMC9673498 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The family is an important contributor to the cultural conditions that support health. Current challenges in family health promotion interventions include programme design that is not always guided by theory and change mechanisms. Multifaceted programmes also make it hard to examine what works for whom, given different family roles and the range of lifestyle behaviour and mechanisms examined within diverse conceptual frameworks and cultures. We performed a scoping review on the heterogeneous literature to map and categorize the models and mechanisms by which a family may promote health behaviours among its members. We searched five electronic databases and grey literature up to 2020. Publications were included if they examined health-promoting behaviours, influences at the family level, and outlined the behavioural mechanisms involved. Two hundred and forty studies were identified. Ecological systems theory, social cognitive theory, family systems theory and the theory of planned behaviour were the frameworks most widely used in explaining either study context and/or mechanism. The most frequently studied family mechanisms involved aspects of family support, supervision and modelling, while some studies also included individual-level mechanisms. Majority of the studies investigated parental influence on the child, while few studies assessed the elderly family member as a recipient or actor of the influences. Studies on African, Asian and Middle Eastern populations were also in the minority, highlighting room for further research. Improving the understanding of context and behavioural mechanisms for family health promotion will aid the development of public health policy and chronic disease prevention programmes, complementing efforts targeted at individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Lynn Ho
- Centre for Population Health Research and Implementation (CPHRI), Singapore Health Services, Singapore
- Programme in Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Dhiya Mahirah
- Centre for Population Health Research and Implementation (CPHRI), Singapore Health Services, Singapore
| | - Clement Zhong-Hao Ho
- Centre for Population Health Research and Implementation (CPHRI), Singapore Health Services, Singapore
| | - Julian Thumboo
- Centre for Population Health Research and Implementation (CPHRI), Singapore Health Services, Singapore
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Medicine Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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11
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Hyungmin Cha, Crosnoe R. The Health of Mothers of Adult Children with Serious Conditions. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2022; 84:734-751. [PMID: 35990797 PMCID: PMC9384965 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Objectives This study examined the association between parenting adult children with serious conditions and mothers' midlife health in the United States. Background The literature about the link between the parenting status of having an adult child with a serious condition and maternal wellbeing can be advanced by systematic analysis of the cumulative role that this parenting status can play in maternal health over the life course as opposed to at any one point. Method Propensity score reweighting models of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 and its linked child and young adult data estimated disparities in midlife health among mothers of adult children with serious conditions (disabilities, developmental disorders, chronic diseases) and mothers of typically developing children, including examining variation by how long mothers had been in this parenting role and moderation by maternal education and marital status. Results Mothers of young adult children with serious conditions had poorer physical (but not mental) health at midlife than other mothers, especially when more years had elapsed since the child was diagnosed with or developed the condition. These patterns did not differ by maternal education and marital status. Conclusion The dynamics of epidemiological risk and protection among parents of children with serious conditions were temporally situated in the maternal life course but were consistent across different segments of the maternal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungmin Cha
- Department of Sociology and Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Robert Crosnoe
- Department of Sociology and Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin
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12
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Marsack-Topolewski CN, Wang F. Dimensions of Caregiver Burden between Compound and Noncompound Caregivers of Adults with Autism. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK 2022; 65:402-420. [PMID: 34427543 DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2021.1969609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The expanding population of adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) will increase the number of aging parents who often assume the role of primary caregivers. Among aging caregivers of adults with ASD, compound caregiving (caring for additional family members) has become an increasingly common scenario. However, limited research has examined the burden of compound caregivers and little is known about the specific dimensions of burden among this population. The present study aims to compare differences between compound 1, compound 2, and noncompound caregivers on specific dimensions of caregiver burden associated with adult children with ASD. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 320 caregivers aged 50 and older through a web-based survey. Four dimensions of burden (time dependence, developmental, emotional, and financial) were compared using MANOVA. Compound 1 and noncompound caregivers experienced lower levels of time dependence burden than compound 2 caregivers. In terms of developmental burden, the social life of compound 2 caregivers was more affected by caregiving compared to noncompound caregivers. The findings have practice implications for identifying caregivers' multiple responsibilities and the multi-faceted impact of caregiving, and prioritizing interventions for compound caregivers and its subpopulations to reduce their time and developmental burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Marsack-Topolewski
- School of Social Work Michigan Developmental Disabilities Institute, Affiliated Research Associate, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
| | - Fei Wang
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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13
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Estioko DAC, Haveria MMA, Veloso EBR, Teng-Calleja M. Experiences of Intergenerational Caregiving among Women Belonging to the Sandwich Generation: An Example from the Philippines. JOURNAL OF INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15350770.2022.2053771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Anne C. Estioko
- Department of Psychology, 3/F Leong Hall, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | - Ella Beatrice R. Veloso
- Department of Psychology, 3/F Leong Hall, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Mendiola Teng-Calleja
- Department of Psychology, 3/F Leong Hall, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
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Albertini M, Tur-Sinai A, Lewin-Epstein N, Silverstein M. The Older Sandwich Generation Across European Welfare Regimes: Demographic and Social Considerations. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION = REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2022; 38:273-300. [PMID: 35619741 PMCID: PMC9127010 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-022-09606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lengthening of the amount of time adult children depend on their parents' support and rising longevity have pushed scholars to devote increasing attention to the phenomenon of older sandwich family generations. This brief report develops a descriptive portrait of the prevalence of being demographically and socially sandwiched in the population aged 50 or more years, in Europe. It is shown that the prevalence of social sandwiching is highly sensitive to the types of support utilized to operationalize the concept; also, differences between welfare and transfer regimes are significantly affected by different operationalizations. Next, the analyses highlight the dynamic nature of social sandwiching over the adult life cycle, and show that demographic events and the changing needs of older parents are the main drivers of moving in/out the status of socially sandwiched. Support to adult children is ubiquitous in all European societies. Among the pivot generation family solidarity prevails over competition, but children enjoy a strategic advantage when older parents are in good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Albertini
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aviad Tur-Sinai
- Department of Health Systems Management, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Yezreel Valley, Israel ,School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Noah Lewin-Epstein
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Merril Silverstein
- Department of Sociology, Maxwell School, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY USA
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15
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Liu J, Chen F. Intergenerational Caregiving Patterns, Living Arrangements, and Life Satisfaction of Adults in Mid and Later Life in China. Res Aging 2021; 44:545-559. [PMID: 34889697 DOI: 10.1177/01640275211058433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While the health implications of intergenerational caregiving have been broadly investigated in the aging literature, less is known about caregivers in four-generation families and their living arrangements. Using 2011 and 2013 waves of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (N = 12,914 obs.), we document enhanced life satisfaction of grandchild caregivers and sandwich caregivers caring for both grandchildren and parents than non-caregivers. When further taking living arrangements into consideration, we find that parent caregivers also benefit from care provision when not living with their parents and sandwich caregivers only have an advantage when co-residing with care recipients with adult children present in households. By contrast, grandchild caregivers living with grandchildren show substantially higher life satisfaction no matter adult children are present or not. The subgroup comparison suggests that females and rural residents enjoy psychological advantages over their male counterparts and urban counterparts in grandparenting within skipped-generation households and sandwich caregiving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Liu
- Department of Sociology, 1068University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Feinian Chen
- Department of Sociology, 1068University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Wister AV, Li L, Mitchell BA. A Study of Social Isolation, Multimorbidity and Multiple Role Demands Among Middle-Age Adults Based on the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2021; 94:312-343. [PMID: 34636660 PMCID: PMC8866749 DOI: 10.1177/00914150211040451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Given the increasing complexity and fluidity of parenting, caregiving, and paid work patterns, in tandem with an increased risk of multimorbidity in mid-life, this study examines the relationship between these three concurrent roles and social isolation among middle-aged persons across multimorbidity statuses. Drawing upon life course theory, we applied linear mixed models to analyze 29,847 middle-aged participants from two waves of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Findings reveal that participants experience greater social isolation over time, albeit the difference is extremely small. Among participants without multimorbidity, holding multiple roles is associated with lower social isolation. For those with multimorbidity, being employed full-time and providing intensive care are associated with social isolation. The occurrence of multiple roles demonstrates unique associations with social isolation among those with and without multimorbidity over time. Future research should study multimorbidity as a salient contextual variable. Moreover, enhanced support is needed for multimorbid middle-aged individuals with different role demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Wister
- Department of Gerontology, Gerontology Research Centre, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lun Li
- Gerontology Research Centre, 33507Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Barbara A Mitchell
- Department of Gerontology & Department of Sociology/Anthropology, 33507Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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18
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Yen ST, Tan AKG. Cigarette Consumption Patterns of Non-Smokers, Occasional Smokers, and Daily Smokers in Selected ASEAN Countries. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:1997-2004. [PMID: 34319019 PMCID: PMC8607097 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.7.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study investigates the socio-demographic factors associated with smoking status in five Southeast Asian countries: Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Philippines. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilizes data of adults ≥15 years who completed the Global Adult Tobacco Surveys. Ordered probit analysis is used to account for the smoking statuses of non-smokers, occasional smokers, and daily smokers. Results: Malaysian and Vietnamese households with more family members face lower smoking likelihoods than otherwise. Urbanites in Philippines and rural residents in Thailand and Indonesia are more likely to smoke on occasional and daily basis than others. Males are consistently more likely to smoke occasionally or daily and less likely to be non-smokers than females across all countries. Younger middle-age (retiree) individuals aged 30-35 (≥60) years in Malaysia and Thailand exhibit higher (lower) likelihoods to smoke occasionally or daily than their younger cohorts aged 15-29 years. Individuals aged 30 years and above in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Philippines display higher daily smoking propensities than others. Higher education levels dampens smoking likelihoods and increases non-smoking propensities in all countries. Non-government or self-employed workers in all countries are more likely to smoke occasionally or daily than unemployed persons. Being married is associated with higher non-smoking likelihoods in Thailand although this association is not evident in Malaysia. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a portfolio of targeted interventions is necessary to meet the needs of specific subpopulations within the various countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Yen
- International College, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Andrew K G Tan
- School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Chernyak-Hai L, Fein EC, Skinner N, Knox AJ, Brown J. Unpaid Professional Work at Home and Work-Life Interference among Employees with Care Responsibilities. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 155:356-374. [PMID: 33705255 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2021.1884825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Employees with caregiving responsibilities often experience work-life interference (WLI), particularly when caring for either disabled persons and/or children. This study examines sample of 288 working Australians from the AWALI national survey data, who care for at least one family member or friend with long-term physical or mental illness, disability, or aging-related problems. We investigated the role of unpaid work at home in predicting WLI, based on a model that included indirect association via inferred causes for working unpaid hours at home and a conditional direct relationship based on number of children. The findings supported our prediction that unpaid work at home is positively associated with WLI but its effect is moderated by number of children. There was a conditional direct effect where employees with care responsibilities experienced a stronger relationship between unpaid hours and WLI when having more children. Further, when the perceived reason for unpaid work was excessively demanding work, the relationship with WLI was stronger. Implications for workers with multiple caregiving responsibilities are discussed.
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King A, Ringel JB, Safford MM, Riffin C, Adelman R, Roth DL, Sterling MR. Association Between Caregiver Strain and Self-Care Among Caregivers With Diabetes. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2036676. [PMID: 33570574 PMCID: PMC7879235 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Caregiver strain has been shown to be associated with adverse effects on caregivers' health, particularly among those with cardiovascular disease. Less is known about the association of caregiver strain with health behaviors among caregivers with diabetes, a disease that requires a high degree of self-care. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between caregiver strain and diabetes self-care among caregivers with diabetes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study was conducted between July 13, 2018, and June 25, 2020, using data on 795 US caregivers aged 45 years or older with self-reported diabetes from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, which comprised 30 239 Black and White adults 45 years or older throughout the US enrolled from January 2003 to October 2007. EXPOSURES Caregiver strain, assessed by self-report in response to the question, "How much of a mental or emotional strain is it to provide this care?" Response options were no strain, some strain, or a lot of (high) strain. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Diabetes self-care, which was assessed across 4 domains (Mediterranean diet adherence, physical activity, smoking status, and medication adherence), and a composite self-care score summing performance across these domains. The association between caregiver strain and diabetes self-care was examined with multivariable Poisson regression adjusting for demographic, clinical, physical and mental functioning, and caregiving covariates. RESULTS Among the 795 caregivers with diabetes included in the study, the mean (SD) age was 63.7 (8.6) years, 469 (59.0%) were women, and 452 (56.9%) were Black individuals. Overall, 146 caregivers (18.4%) reported high caregiver strain. In unadjusted models, high caregiver strain was associated with less physical activity (prevalence ratio [PR], 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.97), low medication adherence (PR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.68-0.94), and worse self-care (PR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.44-0.98). In adjusted models, the association between some and high caregiving strain with low medication adherence remained significant (adjusted PR: some strain, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.78-0.99]; high strain, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.69-0.99]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study of US adult caregivers with diabetes, a high level of strain was associated with low medication adherence. Increased awareness of the prevalence of caregiver strain and potential ramifications on caregivers' self-care appears to be warranted among health care professionals and caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra King
- New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York
| | - Joanna Bryan Ringel
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Monika M. Safford
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Catherine Riffin
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ronald Adelman
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - David L. Roth
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Madeline R. Sterling
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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A Systematic Review on the Prevalence of Physical Activity, and Barriers and Facilitators to Physical Activity, in Informal Carers in the United Kingdom. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:212-218. [PMID: 33485270 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is estimated that 17% of the UK adult population are informal carers, usually for a family member, with a majority reporting that they are not able to engage in physical activity as much as they would like. The aim of this review is to provide a greater understanding of the prevalence of, and barriers and facilitators to, physical activity of informal carers in the United Kingdom. METHODS A systematic review of relevant databases and grey literature was undertaken, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidance, from its inception until July 17, 2020. RESULTS Barriers to physical activity include increasing aging, not wanting to leave the caree alone, the caree being unable to take part in activities, health conditions, fatigue, lack of time, and difficulties in changing the routine for the caree. Facilitators include an appreciation of the benefits of engaging in exercise, previous participation in activities, group activities with similar people, and having some free time. CONCLUSIONS Due to the paucity of research into the prevalence of, and barriers and facilitators to, physical activity in informal carers in the United Kingdom, this systematic review highlights the need for further research, focusing primarily on the physical activity of informal carers caring for individuals with a range of conditions. A further systematic review exploring these issues internationally is warranted.
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Brenna E. Should I care for my mum or for my kid? Sandwich generation and depression burden in Italy. Health Policy 2020; 125:415-423. [PMID: 33358032 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SETTING AND OBJECTIVE In Italy, over the last decades, elderly care has been mostly provided by family members, especially adult offspring, and in particular daughters. This paper investigates the relationship between informal caregiving and mental distress among Italians aged 35-59, with a focus on gender effect and parenthood responsibilities. DATA The dataset is the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS), second wave, year 2015. As far as it is known, the Italian EHIS has not been used for studies on ageing and caregiving. METHODS Using selected subsamples, a Propensity Score Matching between caregivers and non-caregivers aged 35-59 is implemented, with the aim of measuring the difference in level of depression, if any, between the two groups. RESULTS Findings show that women providing their frail relatives with informal care are less likely to suffer from mental distress compared to non-carers. However, results change radically if they have children aged less than 15 at home, and a higher probability of being depressed is detected for women overwhelmed by the double responsibility of assisting both dependent relatives and their own children. Results are not significant for men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elenka Brenna
- Department of Economics and Management, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via San Felice, 5 - 27100, Pavia, Italy(1).
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Suzuki Y, Honjo K. The association between informal caregiving and poor self-rated health among ever-married women in Japan: A nationally representative survey. J Epidemiol 2020; 32:174-179. [PMID: 33281151 PMCID: PMC8918620 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20200320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of people providing informal caregiving, including dual care, which is the combination of child and nursing care, is increasing. Due to the burden of multiple responsibility, dual care could negatively affect the health of informal caregivers. Previous research has not studied the effects of combining different types of informal caregiving. Therefore, we examined, among Japanese women, 1) the association between types of informal caregiving and self-rated health (SRH), and 2) difference in this association according to caregivers’ socio-economic conditions. Methods We analyzed the nationally representative 2013 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions data of 104,171 women aged 20–59 years. The odds ratios (ORs) for poor SRH by type of informal caregiving (no care, childcare, nursing care, and dual care) were estimated using logistic regression. We also conducted sub-group analyses by socio-economic conditions (equivalent monthly household expenditure and educational attainment). Results Compared to the no care group, the adjusted ORs for poor SRH of the childcare, nursing-care, and dual care groups were 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88–0.97), 1.33 (95% CI, 1.21–1.47), and 1.42 (95% CI, 1.23–1.64), respectively. There was no extra risk arisen from combining childcare and nursing care. The sub-group analyses indicated that neither household expenditure nor educational attainment affected the association between caregiving type and poor SRH. Conclusion Our study found that informal nursing care and dual care impose a health burden on female caregivers, regardless of their socio-economic conditions. This highlights the importance of addressing the effects of informal caregiving on the health of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Suzuki
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College
| | - Kaori Honjo
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College
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Midlife vulnerability and food insecurity: Findings from low-income adults in the US National Health Interview Survey. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233029. [PMID: 32658927 PMCID: PMC7357765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Food insecurity, limited access to adequate food, in adulthood is associated with poor health outcomes that suggest a pattern of accelerated aging. However, little is known about factors that impact food insecurity in midlife which in turn could help to identify potential pathways of accelerated aging. Methods Low-income adults (n = 17,866; 2014 National Health Interview Survey), ages 18 to 84, completed a 10-item food security module and answered questions regarding health challenges (chronic conditions and functional limitations) and financial worry. We used multinomial logistic regression for complex samples to assess the association of health challenges and financial worry with food insecurity status and determine whether these associations differed by age group, while adjusting for poverty, sex, race/ethnicity, education, family structure, social security, and food assistance. Results Food insecurity rates were highest in late- (37.5%) and early- (36.0%) midlife, relative to younger (33.7%) and older (20.2%) age groups and, furthermore, age moderated the relationship between food insecurity and both risk factors (interaction p-values < .05, for both). The effects of poor health were stronger in midlife relative to younger and older ages. Unlike younger and older adults, however, adults in midlife showed high levels of food insecurity regardless of financial worry. Conclusions Findings suggest that food insecurity in midlife may be more severe than previously thought. Greater efforts are needed to identify those at greatest risk and intervene early to slow premature aging.
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Husson O, Poort H, Sansom-Daly UM, Netea-Maier R, Links T, Mols F. Psychological Distress and Illness Perceptions in Thyroid Cancer Survivors: Does Age Matter? J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2020; 9:375-383. [DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2019.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Husson
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychosocial Research, Division of Psychosocial Research & Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Poort
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ursula M. Sansom-Daly
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Behavioural Sciences Unit, Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - Romana Netea-Maier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thera Links
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Floortje Mols
- Department of Research, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, CoRPS—Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic Disorders, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Turgeman-Lupo K, Toker S, Ben-Avi N, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S. The depressive price of being a sandwich-generation caregiver: can organizations and managers help? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2020.1762574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keren Turgeman-Lupo
- Management and Human Resources Program, Israel Academic College in Ramat-Gan, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Toker
- Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nili Ben-Avi
- Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shani Shenhar-Tsarfaty
- Departments of Internal Medicine “”, “D” and “E”, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Israel, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Bauernschmidt D. [Employed persons caring simultaneously for children and care-dependent relatives - a scoping review]. Pflege 2020; 33:153-163. [PMID: 32375551 DOI: 10.1024/1012-5302/a000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Employed persons caring simultaneously for children and care-dependent relatives - a scoping review Abstract. Background: Due to the demographic changes with higher life expectancy, later childbirth, and an increasing number of working women, more middle-aged persons are confronted with the care needs of younger and older generations while they themselves are still employed. Aim: The objective of this manuscript is to review the body of knowledge about employed people caring simultaneously for underaged children and care-dependent relatives. Methods: The databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, GeroLit, CC Med, SOWIPORT Gesis, PsycINFO and BASE were searched without any time limitations. Publications in German and English were included into this scoping review regardless of the study design. Results: A total of 85 studies from Western countries were included. Research activity is centered in North America and there are only limited empirical findings from the German-speaking regions. Nearly 70 % of the studies used a quantitative design. Research questions address the consequences of adopting multiple roles and the compatibility of different areas of life. In total, role theoretical perspectives predominate. Conclusions: The findings show that little attention has been paid to this specific issue in German-speaking regions. The methodical limitations and inadequate theoretical differentiation of the studies led to partly contradictory results. Future research should take the complexity of this living situation into account while considering methodical approaches and theoretical foundations.
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Cohen SA, Sabik NJ, Cook SK, Azzoli AB, Mendez-Luck CA. Differences within Differences: Gender Inequalities in Caregiving Intensity Vary by Race and Ethnicity in Informal Caregivers. J Cross Cult Gerontol 2020; 34:245-263. [PMID: 31407137 DOI: 10.1007/s10823-019-09381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the 50+ million informal caregivers in the US, substantial gender, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in caregiving intensity are well-documented. However, those disparities may be more nuanced: gender disparities in caregiving intensity may vary by race/ethnicity (White, Black, and Hispanic) and socioeconomic status (SES). We used data from the 2011 National Study of Caregiving and applied generalized linear models to estimate associations between three measures of caregiver intensity (ADLs, IADLs, and hours caregiving/month) and the three sociodemographic factors with their interaction terms. Black female caregivers provided significantly higher levels of care than White females and males for both IADL caregiving and hours/month spent caregiving. Black caregivers spent an average of 28.5 more hours/month (95%CI 1.7-45.2) caregiving than White caregivers. These findings highlight the need to understand the complex disparities within population subgroups and how intersections between gender, race/ethnicity, and SES can be used to develop effective policies to reduce disparities and improve caregiver quality-of-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Cohen
- Department of Health Studies, College of Health Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
| | - Natalie J Sabik
- Department of Health Studies, College of Health Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Sarah K Cook
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Carolyn A Mendez-Luck
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, 401 Waldo Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Shaffer KM, Tigershtrom A, Badr H, Benvengo S, Hernandez M, Ritterband LM. Dyadic Psychosocial eHealth Interventions: Systematic Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e15509. [PMID: 32130143 PMCID: PMC7081137 DOI: 10.2196/15509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dyadic psychosocial interventions have been found beneficial both for people coping with mental or physical health conditions as well as their family members and friends who provide them with support. Delivering these interventions via electronic health (eHealth) may help increase their scalability. Objective This scoping review aimed to provide the first comprehensive overview of dyadic eHealth interventions for individuals of all ages affected by mental or physical illness and their family members or friends who support them. The goal was to understand how dyadic eHealth interventions have been used and to highlight areas of research needed to advance dyadic eHealth intervention development and dissemination. Methods A comprehensive electronic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and PsycINFO was conducted for articles published in the English language through March 2019. Eligible records described a psychosocial eHealth intervention that intervened with both care recipients and their support person. Results A total of 7113 records were reviewed of which 101 met eligibility criteria. There were 52 unique dyadic eHealth interventions identified, which were tested across 73 different trials. Of the unique interventions, 33 were conducted among dyads of children and their supporting parent, 1 was conducted with an adolescent-young adult care recipient population, and the remaining 18 were conducted among adult dyads. Interventions targeting pediatric dyads most commonly addressed a mental health condition (n=10); interventions targeting adult dyads most commonly addressed cancer (n=9). More than three-fourths of interventions (n=40) required some human support from research staff or clinicians. Most studies (n=64) specified one or more primary outcomes for care recipients, whereas less than one-fourth (n=22) specified primary outcomes for support persons. Where specified, primary outcomes were most commonly self-reported psychosocial or health factors for both care recipients (n=43) and support persons (n=18). Results of the dyadic eHealth intervention tended to be positive for care recipients, but evidence of effects for support persons was limited because of few studies specifying primary outcomes for supporters. Trials of dyadic eHealth interventions were most commonly randomized controlled trials (RCTs; n=44), and RCTs most commonly compared the dyadic eHealth intervention to usual care alone (n=22). Conclusions This first comprehensive review of dyadic eHealth interventions demonstrates that there is substantial, diverse, and growing literature supporting this interventional approach. However, several significant gaps were identified. Few studies were designed to evaluate the unique effects of dyadic interventions relative to individual interventions. There was also limited assessment and reporting of outcomes for support persons, and there were no interventions meeting our eligibility criteria specifically targeting the needs of older adult dyads. Findings highlight areas of research opportunities for developing dyadic eHealth interventions for novel populations and for increasing access to dyadic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Shaffer
- Center for Behavioral Health and Technology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Hoda Badr
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Marisol Hernandez
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,CUNY School of Medicine/City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lee M Ritterband
- Center for Behavioral Health and Technology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Kim G, Allen RS, Wang SY, Park S, Perkins EA, Parmelee P. The Relation Between Multiple Informal Caregiving Roles and Subjective Physical and Mental Health Status Among Older Adults: Do Racial/Ethnic Differences Exist? THE GERONTOLOGIST 2020; 59:499-508. [PMID: 29373738 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnx196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The present study examined whether race/ethnicity moderated the relation between type of caregiving role (none, one, or multiple care recipients) and subjective physical and mental health among older adults. DESIGN AND METHODS The sample was drawn from the 2009 California Health Interview Survey. Racially/ethnically diverse adults aged 55 and older (n = 24,241) were categorized into 3 groups by caregiving roles: noncaregivers (n = 18,626; referent), caregivers with a single caregiving role (n = 4,023), and caregivers with multiple caregiving roles (n = 1,772). A 2-way analysis of covariance was conducted to test main and interaction effects. RESULTS After adjustment for covariates, noncaregivers reported significantly worse self-rated health and lower psychological distress than caregivers with any type of role. The interaction between race/ethnicity and caregiving roles was significant only for self-rated health (p < .05). Blacks with multiple caregiving roles had poorer self-rated health than those with a single caregiving role and better self-rated health than noncaregivers, whereas other racial/ethnic groups with multiple caregiving roles had better self-rated health compared to both noncaregivers and those with a single caregiving role. Our sensitivity analysis showed that controlling caregiving-related variables present only among caregivers eliminated the differences in self-rated health between the two types of caregivers. IMPLICATIONS Findings suggest that caregivers report better self-rated health than noncaregivers and that the relation of multiple caregiving roles with self-rated health differs by race/ethnicity, with blacks differing from other racial/ethnic groups. This implies that caregivers experience gain, or are selected into the role of caregiving by virtue of having good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giyeon Kim
- Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rebecca S Allen
- Alabama Research Institute on Aging, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.,Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa
| | - Sylvia Y Wang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa
| | - Soohyun Park
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa
| | | | - Patricia Parmelee
- Alabama Research Institute on Aging, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.,Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa
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Luna S, Rivera F, Ramos P. Dual caregiving by grandmothers with older relatives: Personal factors influencing health and stress. J Health Psychol 2019; 26:1882-1900. [PMID: 31849235 DOI: 10.1177/1359105319893112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grandmothers in the "sandwich generation" are considered as those women who are potential caregivers for two generations: older relatives and grandchildren. With the goal of understanding the factors that affect their stress and health, 149 women from southwestern Spain were interviewed using an ad hoc questionnaire that included standardized scales and subscales. The results showed that age, coping strategies based on emotional support and acceptance, as well as optimism and social support improved the health of these women by reducing their perceived stress. Although caring for older relatives is related to family conflicts and worse health, conversely, caring for grandchildren is related to slightly better health. The results are useful for planning psychological interventions with these women and highlight the need to include family interventions.
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Alonso WW, Kitko LA, Hupcey JE. Intergenerational Caregivers of Parents With End-Stage Heart Failure. Res Theory Nurs Pract 2019; 32:413-435. [PMID: 30567913 DOI: 10.1891/1541-6577.32.4.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to longitudinally explore the experiences of young adult, adult, and older adult intergenerational caregivers caring for a parent with end-stage heart failure (HF). Design: This study was a secondary analysis of qualitative data collected during a longitudinal study that sought to determine the palliative care needs of individuals with end-stage HF and their family caregivers. Methods: Longitudinal interviews from 23 young adult, adult, and older adult children who were caring for a parent with end-stage HF were selected for thematic analysis. Researchers individually analyzed the interviews and then, as a group, came to a consensus about themes. Findings: Five major themes were identified: caregiver resources, role management, caregiver-parent relationships, filial responsibility, and personal benefits and challenges Conclusions: These intergenerational caregivers struggled to balance their busy lives and caregiving roles. However, most felt supported by other family members or external resources. Longitudinal findings support a need for improved employer-based support for intergenerational caregivers and special attention to young carers in research and practice. Recognition of and advocacy for intergenerational caregivers providing care for a chronically ill parent is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa A Kitko
- The Pennsylvania State University, College of Nursing, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Judith E Hupcey
- The Pennsylvania State University, College of Nursing, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Social support, loneliness, eating, and activity among parent-adolescent dyads. J Behav Med 2019; 42:1015-1028. [PMID: 31093807 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-019-00041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined associations of social support and loneliness with eating and activity among parent-adolescent dyads (N = 2968) using actor-partner interdependence modeling. Loneliness had several actor associations with health behaviors (adolescents: less physical activity [PA], p < .001, more sedentariness, p < .001; parents: less fruit/vegetable consumption [FVC], p = .029, more hedonic food consumption [HFC], p = .002, and sedentariness, p < .001), but only one dyadic association (adolescent loneliness with less parent FVC, p = .039). Visible support was associated with less HFC, p < .001, and sedentariness, p < .001, but less FVC, p = .008, among adolescents. Invisible support was associated with less HFC, p = .003, but also less PA, p = .028, among adolescents. Both support types were associated with less HFC among parents, p < .001, but invisible support was also associated with less FVC, p = .029, and PA, p = .012, and more sedentariness, p = .013, among parents. When examining health behavior among parents and adolescents, it may be important to consider social support (but perhaps not loneliness) at a dyadic level.
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Hammersmith AM, Lin IF. Evaluative and Experienced Well-being of Caregivers of Parents and Caregivers of Children. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 74:339-352. [PMID: 27257228 PMCID: PMC6327654 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbw065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Informal caregiving is an important source of support for aging parents and children. Yet the timing and nature of caring for parents versus children may result in different levels of well-being. Despite extensive studies on the well-being of caregivers of parents and of children, it remains elusive as to how evaluative and experienced well-being vary by caregiver type. Method Using data from the 2012 and 2013 rounds of the American Time Use Survey, we examined how 216 caregivers of parents and 1,989 caregivers of children reported their evaluative well-being (life satisfaction) and experienced well-being (happiness, meaning, pain, sadness, stress, and tiredness). Results Caregivers of parents reported lower evaluative and experienced well-being than caregivers of children. The association between caregiver type and life satisfaction dissipated, whereas the associations of caregiver type with happiness, meaning, and sadness persisted after accounting for caregivers' demographic characteristics, socioeconomic resources, and time intensity. Discussion Experienced well-being appears to be more sensitive than evaluative well-being in detecting differences in well-being between these two types of caregivers. Given that the caregivers of parents do not receive the same level of institutional support as caregivers of children, social policies should aim to provide caregivers of parents with additional support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I-Fen Lin
- Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, Ohio
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Shaffer KM, Chow PI, Cohn WF, Ingersoll KS, Ritterband LM. Informal Caregivers' Use of Internet-Based Health Resources: An Analysis of the Health Information National Trends Survey. JMIR Aging 2018; 1:e11051. [PMID: 31518244 PMCID: PMC6715019 DOI: 10.2196/11051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Informal caregivers express strong interest in technology innovations to help them in their caregiving role; however, divides across sociodemographic characteristics in internet and technology access may preclude the most vulnerable caregivers from accessing such resources. Objective This study aims to examine caregivers’ internet use, both generally and for seeking health-related information, and whether usage differs as a function of caregivers’ characteristics. Methods Data were analyzed from the Health Information National Trends Survey 5 Cycle 1. Participants were included in analyses if they self-identified as providing uncompensated care to a close individual. Caregivers reported internet use factors, age, education, rurality, general health, distress, and objective caregiving burden. We used chi-square tests of independence with jackknife variance estimation to compare whether internet use factors differed by caregivers’ characteristics. Results A total of 77.5% (303/391) caregivers surveyed reported ever using the internet. Of internet users, 88.1% (267/303) accessed from a home computer and 83.2% (252/303) from a mobile device. Most caregivers accessed health information for themselves (286/391, 73.1%) or others (264/391, 67.5%); fewer communicated with a doctor over the Web (148/391, 37.9%) or had a wellness app (171/391, 43.7%). Caregivers reporting younger age, more education, and good health were more likely to endorse any of these activities. Furthermore, two-thirds of caregivers (258/391, 66.0%) endorsed trust in health information from the internet. Conclusions Computers and mobile devices are practical platforms for disseminating caregiving-related information and supportive services to informal caregivers; these modalities may, however, have a more limited reach to caregivers who are older, have less education, and are in poorer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Shaffer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Center for Behavioral Health & Technology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Philip I Chow
- Center for Behavioral Health & Technology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Wendy F Cohn
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Karen S Ingersoll
- Center for Behavioral Health & Technology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Lee M Ritterband
- Center for Behavioral Health & Technology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Jesse M, Shkokani L, Eshelman A, De Reyck C, Abouljoud M, Lerut J. Transplant Surgeon Burnout and Marital Distress in the Sandwich Generation: The Call for Organizational Support in Family Life. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:2899-2904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Objective: To estimate proportions of married couples aged 30 to 59 years who face simultaneous demands from elderly parents and children in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, and the effects on couples’ life and marital satisfaction. Method: Using data from the 2006 East Asian Social Survey, proportions of sandwiched couples were estimated using three definitions: co-residence, co-residence or nearby residence, and co-residence or frequent provision of financial/physical assistance. Logistic regression models were used to assess the effects on life and marital satisfaction. Results: Three-generational co-residence is more common in Taiwan and Japan (24.3% and 21.4%), whereas co-residence or provision for both generations is higher in Taiwan and Korea (53.7% and 44.5%). The strain of being sandwiched is associated with lower life and marital satisfaction only among women. Discussion: Intergenerational transfers of care play a major role in elderly support in East Asia but take a toll on the well-being of married women.
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Garland SN, Rowe H, Repa LM, Fowler K, Zhou ES, Grandner MA. A decade's difference: 10-year change in insomnia symptom prevalence in Canada depends on sociodemographics and health status. Sleep Health 2018; 4:160-165. [PMID: 29555129 PMCID: PMC6203592 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insomnia is recognized as a public health issue. The objectives of this study were to characterize and compare the prevalence of insomnia symptoms in the Canadian population in 2002 and 2012, and to identify sociodemographic and psychosocial predictors of trouble sleeping. METHODS Data from adult participants in the Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health cycles 2000-2002 (n = 34,118) and 2011-2012 (n = 23,089) were used. Participants responded to the question "How often do you have trouble going to sleep or staying asleep?", with those who indicated "most of the time" or "all of the time" classified as having insomnia symptoms. Logistic regressions, adjusted for covariates, were used to examine differences between cycles. RESULTS The unadjusted prevalence of insomnia symptoms increased from 15.6% to 17.1% between 2002 and 2012, representing an absolute increase of 1.5%. The likelihood of insomnia symptoms was significantly influenced by age, sex, education, physical health, and mental health status. A 3-way year-age-sex interaction was statistically significant such that women aged 40-59 demonstrated approximately 29% increased likelihood of insomnia symptoms from 2002 to 2012. This was reduced to 24% when adjusted for physical and mental health. There were no significant differences for men across age groups. CONCLUSION Over a 10-year period, the prevalence of insomnia symptoms increased in Canada. This trend appears to be driven in part by greater levels of insomnia symptoms among middle-aged women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila N Garland
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada; Division of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Hillary Rowe
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Lily M Repa
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Ken Fowler
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Eric S Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Evans KL, Millsteed J, Richmond JE, Falkmer M, Falkmer T, Girdler SJ. The impact of within and between role experiences on role balance outcomes for working Sandwich Generation Women. Scand J Occup Ther 2018. [PMID: 29540096 DOI: 10.1080/11038128.2018.1449888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Women combining paid employment with dual caring responsibilities for children and aging parents, otherwise known as the sandwich generation, experience both benefits and costs related to role participation and quality of life. However, previous literature is inconclusive regarding the impact of this role combination on role balance. In the context of these mixed findings on role balance for working sandwich generation women, this study aimed to explore how within role characteristics and between role interactions are related to role balance for these women. This aim was achieved through the use of a questionnaire administered to 18 Australian working sandwich generation women. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients, with findings suggesting the women studied tended to experience neither role balance or role imbalance. Within-role characteristics, particularly within the mother and family member roles, were related to role balance. In addition, between-role conflict and role interactions involving either the home maintainer or family member roles had the greatest impact on role balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiah L Evans
- a Occupational Therapy Program, School of Medical and Health Sciences , Edith Cowan University , Perth , Western Australia , Australia.,b Autism Research Team , Telethon Kids Institute , Perth , Western Australia , Australia.,c School of Occupational Therapy & Social Work , Curtin University , Perth , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Jeannine Millsteed
- a Occupational Therapy Program, School of Medical and Health Sciences , Edith Cowan University , Perth , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Janet E Richmond
- a Occupational Therapy Program, School of Medical and Health Sciences , Edith Cowan University , Perth , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Marita Falkmer
- c School of Occupational Therapy & Social Work , Curtin University , Perth , Western Australia , Australia.,d School of Education and Communication, CHILD Programme, Institute of Disability Research , Jönköping University , Jönköping , Sweden
| | - Torbjorn Falkmer
- c School of Occupational Therapy & Social Work , Curtin University , Perth , Western Australia , Australia.,e Department for Rehabilitation, School of Health Sciences , Jönköping University , Jönköping , Sweden.,f Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences (IMH), Faculty of Health Sciences , Linköping University & Pain and Rehabilitation Centre , Linköping , Sweden.,g School of Occupational Therapy , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Sonya J Girdler
- a Occupational Therapy Program, School of Medical and Health Sciences , Edith Cowan University , Perth , Western Australia , Australia.,c School of Occupational Therapy & Social Work , Curtin University , Perth , Western Australia , Australia
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Lambert SD, Duncan LR, Kapellas S, Bruson AM, Myrand M, Santa Mina D, Culos-Reed N, Lambrou A. A Descriptive Systematic Review of Physical Activity Interventions for Caregivers: Effects on Caregivers' and Care Recipients' Psychosocial Outcomes, Physical Activity Levels, and Physical Health. Ann Behav Med 2017; 50:907-919. [PMID: 27439530 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-016-9819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caregiving can adversely impact individuals' psychosocial and physical well-being. An important task in health research is to find effective ways to enhance caregivers' health and functioning. PURPOSE To provide a systematic review of the efficacy of physical activity (PA) interventions for caregivers on their and the care recipients' psychosocial outcomes, PA levels, and physical health. METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist, a descriptive systematic review of studies examining the effects of PA interventions for caregivers on their outcomes and those of the care recipients was conducted. Studies were primarily identified through searching electronic databases. RESULTS Fourteen studies were reviewed. PA interventions significantly decreased caregivers' distress and increased their well-being, quality of life, sleep quality, PA levels, self-efficacy for caregiving or exercise, and readiness for exercise. Most PA interventions targeted the caregiver alone. Two studies examined the impact of the intervention on the care recipient and found no significant effect. CONCLUSIONS PA interventions hold promise in improving caregivers' outcomes. However, more high quality trials are needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie D Lambert
- Ingram School of Nursing, Wilson Hall, 3506 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2A7, Canada. .,St. Mary's Research Centre, 3830 Avenue Lacombe, Hayes Pavilion, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1M5, Canada.
| | - Lindsay R Duncan
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, 475 Pine Ave West, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1S4, Canada
| | - Sophia Kapellas
- Ingram School of Nursing, Wilson Hall, 3506 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Bruson
- Ingram School of Nursing, Wilson Hall, 3506 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - Melanie Myrand
- Ingram School of Nursing, Wilson Hall, 3506 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - Daniel Santa Mina
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2W6, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, ELLICSR-Cancer Survivorship Centre, 585 University Avenue, Munk Building, B PMB 130, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Nicole Culos-Reed
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, KNB 240, Canada
| | - Angella Lambrou
- Schulich Library of Science and Engineering, Macdonald-Stewart Library Building, 809 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C1, Canada
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MacDougall M, Steffen A. Self-efficacy for controlling upsetting thoughts and emotional eating in family caregivers. Aging Ment Health 2017; 21:1058-1064. [PMID: 27323869 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1196335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Self-efficacy for controlling upsetting thoughts was examined as a predictor of emotional eating by family caregivers of physically and cognitively impaired older adults. METHODS Adult women (N = 158) providing healthcare assistance for an older family member completed an online survey about caregiving stressors, depressive symptoms, self-efficacy, and emotional eating. A stress process framework was used as a conceptual model to guide selection of variables predicting emotional eating scores. RESULTS A hierarchical multiple regression was conducted and the overall model was significant (R2 = .21, F(4,153) = 10.02, p < .01); self-efficacy for controlling upsetting thoughts was a significant predictor of caregivers' emotional eating scores after accounting for IADL, role overload, and depression scores. CONCLUSION These findings replicate previous research demonstrating the relationship between managing cognitions about caregiving and behavioral responses to stressors, and point to the importance of addressing cognitive processes in efforts to improve caregiver health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan MacDougall
- a Department of Psychological Sciences , University of Missouri - St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Ann Steffen
- a Department of Psychological Sciences , University of Missouri - St. Louis , MO , USA
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Margolis R, Wright L. Older Adults With Three Generations of Kin: Prevalence, Correlates, and Transfers. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2017; 72:1067-1072. [PMID: 26817631 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbv158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We document the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of older adults with three generations of living kin and examine the patterns of transfers among this group compared with those with fewer generations of kin available. Method We use the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2010) to estimate kin availability and intergenerational transfers among respondents in their 50s, 60s, and 70s. Results It is far more common for older adults to have aging parents, children, and grandchildren than to have just two generations of kin (parents and children). Forty percent of adults in their 50s, 30% of those in their 60s, and 7.5% of those in their 70s have three generations of kin available. Hispanics and the least educated are more likely to have this generational configuration. The vast majority provides financial or in-kind transfers to at least one generation, and a large minority provides support to both older and younger generations. Discussion Although there has been much concern about the strains among those sandwiched between parents and children, it is far more common among older adults to also have grandchildren, and many of these adults are transferring resources both upward and downward to multiple generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Margolis
- Department of Sociology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Laura Wright
- Department of Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Gillett JE, Crisp DA. Examining coping style and the relationship between stress and subjective well-being in Australia's ‘sandwich generation’. Australas J Ageing 2017; 36:222-227. [DOI: 10.1111/ajag.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade E Gillett
- Centre for Applied Psychology; Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Dimity A Crisp
- Centre for Applied Psychology; Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
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Abstract
This report describes the public health impact of Alzheimer's disease, including incidence and prevalence, mortality rates, costs of care, and the overall impact on caregivers and society. It also examines in detail the financial impact of Alzheimer's on families, including annual costs to families and the difficult decisions families must often make to pay those costs. An estimated 5.4 million Americans have Alzheimer's disease. By mid-century, the number of people living with Alzheimer's disease in the United States is projected to grow to 13.8 million, fueled in large part by the aging baby boom generation. Today, someone in the country develops Alzheimer's disease every 66 seconds. By 2050, one new case of Alzheimer's is expected to develop every 33 seconds, resulting in nearly 1 million new cases per year. In 2013, official death certificates recorded 84,767 deaths from Alzheimer's disease, making it the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death in Americans age ≥ 65 years. Between 2000 and 2013, deaths resulting from stroke, heart disease, and prostate cancer decreased 23%, 14%, and 11%, respectively, whereas deaths from Alzheimer's disease increased 71%. The actual number of deaths to which Alzheimer's disease contributes is likely much larger than the number of deaths from Alzheimer's disease recorded on death certificates. In 2016, an estimated 700,000 Americans age ≥ 65 years will die with Alzheimer's disease, and many of them will die because of the complications caused by Alzheimer's disease. In 2015, more than 15 million family members and other unpaid caregivers provided an estimated 18.1 billion hours of care to people with Alzheimer's and other dementias, a contribution valued at more than $221 billion. Average per-person Medicare payments for services to beneficiaries age ≥ 65 years with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias are more than two and a half times as great as payments for all beneficiaries without these conditions, and Medicaid payments are 19 times as great. Total payments in 2016 for health care, long-term care and hospice services for people age ≥ 65 years with dementia are estimated to be $236 billion. The costs of Alzheimer's care may place a substantial financial burden on families, who often have to take money out of their retirement savings, cut back on buying food, and reduce their own trips to the doctor. In addition, many family members incorrectly believe that Medicare pays for nursing home care and other types of long-term care. Such findings highlight the need for solutions to prevent dementia-related costs from jeopardizing the health and financial security of the families of people with Alzheimer's and other dementias.
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Evans KL, Girdler SJ, Falkmer T, Richmond JE, Wagman P, Millsteed J, Falkmer M. Viewpoints of working sandwich generation women and occupational therapists on role balance strategies. Scand J Occup Ther 2016; 24:366-382. [PMID: 27809698 DOI: 10.1080/11038128.2016.1250814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Occupational therapists need to be cognizant of evidence-based role balance advice and strategies that women with multigenerational caring responsibilities can implement independently or with minimal assistance, as role balance may not be the primary goal during many encounters with this population. Hence, this study aimed to identify the viewpoints on the most helpful role balance strategies for working sandwich generation women, both from their own perspectives and from the perspective of occupational therapists. This was achieved through a Q methodology study, where 54 statements were based on findings from interviews, sandwich generation literature and occupational therapy literature. In total, 31 working sandwich generation women and 42 occupational therapists completed the Q sort through either online or paper administration. The data were analysed using factor analysis with varimax rotation and were interpreted through collaboration with experts in the field. The findings revealed similarities between working sandwich generation women and occupational therapists, particularly in terms of advocating strategies related to sleep, rest and seeking practical assistance from support networks. Differences were also present, with working sandwich generation women viewpoints tending to emphasize strategies related to coping with a busy lifestyle attending to multiple responsibilities. In contrast, occupational therapy viewpoints prioritized strategies related to the occupational therapy process, such as goal setting, activity focused interventions, monitoring progress and facilitating sustainable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiah L Evans
- a Occupational Therapy Program, School of Medical and Health Sciences , Edith Cowan University , Perth , Australia.,b School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
| | - Sonya J Girdler
- a Occupational Therapy Program, School of Medical and Health Sciences , Edith Cowan University , Perth , Australia.,b School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
| | - Torbjorn Falkmer
- b School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work , Curtin University , Perth , Australia.,d Department for Rehabilitation, School of Health and Welfare , Jönköping University , Jönköping , Sweden.,e Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences (IMH), Faculty of Health Sciences , Linköping University & Pain and Rehabilitation Centre , Linköping , Sweden.,f School of Occupational Therapy , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Janet E Richmond
- a Occupational Therapy Program, School of Medical and Health Sciences , Edith Cowan University , Perth , Australia
| | - Petra Wagman
- d Department for Rehabilitation, School of Health and Welfare , Jönköping University , Jönköping , Sweden
| | - Jeannine Millsteed
- a Occupational Therapy Program, School of Medical and Health Sciences , Edith Cowan University , Perth , Australia
| | - Marita Falkmer
- b School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work , Curtin University , Perth , Australia.,c School of Education and Communication, CHILD programme , Institute of Disability Research, Jönköping University , Jönköping , Sweden
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Past work found that close adult attachment dimension scores predict caregiver preparedness. Theory and past research suggests filial obligation (FO) may mediate the relationship between attachment and caregiver preparedness. The goal of this study was to test that hypothesis. METHOD The sample, collected using Mechanical Turk, included 165 women between the ages of 45 and 65 years who were not providing care to an aging parent. Participants were reimbursed $0.75 for completing an online survey assessing response validity, dimensions of adult attachment, depressive symptomatology, FO, and caregiver preparedness, among other variables. The mean participant age was 52.2 years (SD = 5.5). RESULTS The sample was predominantly White/Caucasian (82.6%), and Black/African American (7.3%). With respect to education, 14.5% completed high school or general education development (GED), 32.7% completed some college, 36.4% completed a Bachelor's degree, and 15.7% completed graduate degrees. The three attachment dimensions (close, dependent, and anxious) and FO were all significantly inner-correlated. Stepwise multiple regression analyses found that FO fully mediates the relationship between close attachment and caregiver preparedness, even after controlling for age, education, income, depression, and birth order. CONCLUSION The primary finding is that FO mediates the relationship between close attachment style and caregiver preparedness among prospective caregivers. This suggests that individual differences in attachment style among prospective caregivers indirectly predict preparedness for future caregiving through FO, suggesting a mechanism relating attachment style and preparation for future care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paulson
- a Department of Psychology , University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , United States
| | - Rachel Bassett
- a Department of Psychology , University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , United States
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Evans KL, Millsteed J, Richmond JE, Falkmer M, Falkmer T, Girdler SJ. Working Sandwich Generation Women Utilize Strategies within and between Roles to Achieve Role Balance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157469. [PMID: 27305074 PMCID: PMC4909236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, women simultaneously balance the roles of mother, parental carer and worker. However, individual role balance strategies among these working 'sandwich' generation women have not been thoroughly explored. Eighteen women combining these three roles were interviewed about their individual role balance strategies. Findings were identified through the framework analysis technique, underpinned by the Model of Juggling Occupations. Achieving and maintaining role balance was explained as a complex process accomplished through a range of strategies. Findings revealed the women used six within-role balance strategies: living with integrity, being the best you can, doing what you love, loving what you do, remembering why and searching for signs of success. The women also described six between-role balance strategies: maintaining health and wellbeing, repressing perfectionism, managing time and energy, releasing responsibility, nurturing social connection and reciprocating. These findings provide a basis for health care providers to understand and potentially support working 'sandwich' generation women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiah L. Evans
- Occupational Therapy Program, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeannine Millsteed
- Occupational Therapy Program, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Janet E. Richmond
- Occupational Therapy Program, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marita Falkmer
- School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Torbjorn Falkmer
- School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sonya J. Girdler
- Occupational Therapy Program, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001 and (select 8682 from (select(sleep(5)))aqxj)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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