Folate targeted PEGylated titanium dioxide nanoparticles as a nanocarrier for targeted paclitaxel drug delivery

Conductometric H2S Sensors Based on TiO2 Nanoparticles

High-performance hydrogen sulfide (H2S) sensors are mandatory for many industrial applications. However, the development of H2S sensors still remains a challenge for researchers. In this work, we report the study of a TiO2-based conductometric sensor for H2S monitoring at low concentrations. TiO2 samples were first synthesized using the sol-gel route, annealed at different temperatures (400 and 600 °C), and thoroughly characterized to evaluate their morphological and microstructural properties. Scanning electronic microscopy, Raman scattering, X-ray diffraction, and FTIR spectroscopy have demonstrated the formation of clusters of pure anatase in the TiO2 phase. Increasing the calcination temperature to 600 °C enhanced TiO2 crystallinity and particle size (from 11 nm to 51 nm), accompanied by the transition to the rutile phase and a slight decrease in band gap (3.31 eV for 400 °C to 3.26 eV for 600 °C). Sensing tests demonstrate that TiO2 annealed at 400 °C displays good performances (sensor response Ra/Rg of ~3.3 at 2.5 ppm and fast response/recovery of 8 and 23 s, respectively) for the detection of H2S at low concentrations in air.

Antibacterial Potential and Biocompatibility of Chitosan/Polycaprolactone Nanofibrous Membranes Incorporated with Silver Nanoparticles

This study addresses the need for enhanced antimicrobial properties of electrospun membranes, either through surface modifications or the incorporation of antimicrobial agents, which are crucial for improved clinical outcomes. In this context, chitosan-a biopolymer lauded for its biocompatibility and extracellular matrix-mimicking properties-emerges as an excellent candidate for tissue regeneration. However, fabricating chitosan nanofibers via electrospinning often challenges the preservation of their structural integrity. This research innovatively develops a chitosan/polycaprolactone (CH/PCL) composite nanofibrous membrane by employing a layer-by-layer electrospinning technique, enhanced with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through a wet chemical process. The antibacterial efficacy, adhesive properties, and cytotoxicity of electrospun chitosan membranes were evaluated, while also analyzing their hydrophilicity and nanofibrous structure using SEM. The resulting CH/PCL-AgNPs composite membranes retain a porous framework, achieve balanced hydrophilicity, display commendable biocompatibility, and exert broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, with their efficacy correlating to the AgNP concentration. Furthermore, our data suggest that the antimicrobial efficiency of these membranes is influenced by the timed release of silver ions during the incubation period. Membranes incorporated starting with AgNPs at a concentration of 50 µg/mL effectively suppressed the growth of both microorganisms during the early stages up to 8 h of incubation. These insights underscore the potential of the developed electrospun composite membranes, with their superior antibacterial qualities, to serve as innovative solutions in the field of tissue engineering.

Advancements in enzyme immobilization on magnetic nanomaterials: toward sustainable industrial applications

Enzymes are widely used in biofuels, food, and pharmaceuticals. The immobilization of enzymes on solid supports, particularly magnetic nanomaterials, enhances their stability and catalytic activity. Magnetic nanomaterials are chosen for their versatility, large surface area, and superparamagnetic properties, which allow for easy separation and reuse in industrial processes. Researchers focus on the synthesis of appropriate nanomaterials tailored for specific purposes. Immobilization protocols are predefined and adapted to both enzymes and support requirements for optimal efficiency. This review provides a detailed exploration of the application of magnetic nanomaterials in enzyme immobilization protocols. It covers methods, challenges, advantages, and future perspectives, starting with general aspects of magnetic nanomaterials, their synthesis, and applications as matrices for solid enzyme stabilization. The discussion then delves into existing enzymatic immobilization methods on magnetic nanomaterials, highlighting advantages, challenges, and potential applications. Further sections explore the industrial use of various enzymes immobilized on these materials, the development of enzyme-based bioreactors, and prospects for these biocatalysts. In summary, this review provides a concise comparison of the use of magnetic nanomaterials for enzyme stabilization, highlighting potential industrial applications and contributing to manufacturing optimization.

Molecular Dynamics for the Optimal Design of Functionalized Nanodevices to Target Folate Receptors on Tumor Cells

Atomistic details on the mechanism of targeting activity by biomedical nanodevices of specific receptors are still scarce in the literature, where mostly ligand/receptor pairs are modeled. Here, we use atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, free energy calculations, and machine learning approaches on the case study of spherical TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with folic acid (FA) as the targeting ligand of the folate receptor (FR). We consider different FA densities on the surface and different anchoring approaches, i.e., direct covalent bonding of FA γ-carboxylate or through polyethylene glycol spacers. By molecular docking, we first identify the lowest energy conformation of one FA inside the FR binding pocket from the X-ray crystal structure, which becomes the starting point of classical MD simulations in a realistic physiological environment. We estimate the binding free energy to be compared with the existing experimental data. Then, we increase complexity and go from the isolated FA to a nanosystem decorated with several FAs. Within the simulation time framework, we confirm the stability of the ligand-receptor interaction, even in the presence of the NP (with or without a spacer), and no significant modification of the protein secondary structure is observed. Our study highlights the crucial role played by the spacer, FA protonation state, and density, which are parameters that can be controlled during the nanodevice preparation step.

Stable polyethylene glycol/biochar composite as a cost-effective photothermal absorber for 24 hours of steam and electricity cogeneration

Seawater desalination powered by solar energy is the most environmentally and economical solution in responding to the global water and energy crisis. However, solar desalination has been negatively impacted by intermittent sun radiation that alternates between day and night. In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was recycled via the pyrolysis process to biochar as a cost-effective solar absorber. Besides, polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a phase change material was encapsulated in the abundant pore structure of biochar to store the thermal energy for 24 hours of continuous steam generation. The BDB/1.5 PEG evaporator exhibited an evaporation rate of 2.11 kg m-2 h-1 (98.1% efficiency) under 1 sun irradiation. Additionally, the BDB/1.5 PEG evaporator incorporated by the TEC1-12706 module for continuous steam and electricity generation with a power density of 320.41 mW m-2. Moreover, 10 continuous hours of evaporation were applied to the composite demonstrating outstanding stability. The composite exhibited high water purification efficiency through solar desalination due to the abundant functional groups on the biochar surface. Finally, the resulting low-cost and highly efficient PCM-based absorber can be used on a wide scale to produce fresh water and energy.

Genetic effects of chemically and biosynthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo of female rats and their fetuses

With the increase in nanoparticles (NPs) products on the market, the possibility of animal and human exposure to these materials will increase. The smaller size of NPs facilitates their entrance through placental barriers and allows them to accumulate in embryonic tissue, where they can then be a source of different developmental malformations. Several toxicity studies with chemically synthesized titanium dioxide NPs (CTiO2 NPs) have been recently carried out; although there is insufficient data on exposure to biosynthesized titanium dioxide NPs (BTiO2 NPs) during pregnancy, the study aimed to evaluate the ability of an eco-friendly biosynthesis technique using garlic extract against maternal and fetal genotoxicities, which could result from repeated exposure to TiO2 NPs during gestation days (GD) 6-19. A total of fifty pregnant rats were divided into five groups (n = 10) and gavaged CTiO2 NPs and BTiO2 NPs at 100 and 300 mg/kg/day concentrations. Pregnant rats on GD 20 were anesthetized, uterine horns were removed, and then embryotoxicity was performed. The kidneys of the mothers and fetuses in each group were collected and then maintained in a frozen condition. Our results showed that garlic extract can be used as a reducing agent for the formation of TiO2 NPs. Moreover, BTiO2 NPs showed less toxic potential than CTiO2 NPs in HepG2 cells. Both chemically and biosynthesized TiO2 NP-induced genetic variation in the 16S rRNA sequences of mother groups compared to the control group. In conclusion, the genetic effects of the 16S rRNA sequence induced by chemically synthesized TiO2 NPs were greater than those of biosynthesized TiO2 NPs. However, there were no differences between the control group and the embryo-treated groups with chemically and biologically synthesized TiO2 NPs.

Green synthesized polyvinylpyrrolidone/titanium dioxide hydrogel nanocomposite modified with agarose macromolecules for sustained and pH-responsive release of anticancer drug

Cancer, as one of the most challenging diseases of the last century, has a significant number of patients and deaths every year. Various strategies have been explored for the treatment of cancer. Chemotherapy is one of the methods of treating cancer. Doxorubicin is one of the compounds used in chemotherapy to kill cancer cells. Due to their unique properties and low toxicity, metal oxide nanoparticles are effective in combination therapy and increase the effectiveness of anti-cancer compounds. The limited in vivo circulatory period, poor solubility, and inadequate penetration of doxorubicin (DOX) restrict its use in cancer treatment, notwithstanding its attractive characteristics. It is possible to circumvent some of the difficulties in cancer therapy by using green synthesized pH-responsive nanocomposite consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), titanium dioxide (TiO₂) modified with agarose (Ag) macromolecules. TiO₂ incorporation into the PVP-Ag nanocomposite resulted in limited increased loading and encapsulation efficiencies from 41 % to 47 % and 84 % to 88.5 %, respectively. DOX diffusion among normal cells is prevented by the PVP-Ag-TiO₂ nanocarrier at pH = 7.4, though the acidic intracellular microenvironments activate the PVP-Ag-TiO₂ nanocarrier at pH = 5.4. Characterization of the nanocarrier was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential. The average particle size and the zeta potential of the particles showed values of 349.8 nm and +57 mV, respectively. In vitro release after 96 h showed a release rate of 92 % at pH 7.4 and a release rate of 96 % at pH 5.4. Meanwhile, the initial release after 24 h was 42 % for pH 7.4 and 76 % for pH 5.4. As shown by an MTT analysis on MCF-7 cells, the toxicity of DOX-loaded PVP-Ag-TiO₂ nanocomposite was substantially greater than that of unbound DOX and PVP-Ag-TiO₂. After integrating TiO₂ nanomaterials into the PVP-Ag-DOX nanocarrier, flow cytometry data showed a greater stimulation of cell death. These data indicate that the DOX-loaded nanocomposite is a suitable alternative for drug delivery systems.

Inorganic nanoparticles as scaffolds for bioorthogonal catalysts

Bioorthogonal transition metal catalysts (TMCs) transform therapeutically inactive molecules (pro-drugs) into active drug compounds. Inorganic nanoscaffolds protect and solubilize catalysts while offering a flexible design space for decoration with targeting elements and stimuli-responsive activity. These "drug factories" can activate pro-drugs in situ, localizing treatment to the disease site and minimizing off-target effects. Inorganic nanoscaffolds provide structurally diverse scaffolds for encapsulating TMCs. This ability to define the catalyst environment can be employed to enhance the stability and selectivity of the TMC, providing access to enzyme-like bioorthogonal processes. The use of inorganic nanomaterials as scaffolds TMCs and the use of these bioorthogonal nanozymes in vitro and in vivo applications will be discussed in this review.

Aspergillus terreus camptothecin-sodium alginate/titanium dioxide nanoparticles as a novel nanocomposite with enhanced compatibility and anticancer efficiency in vivo

BACKGROUND

Camptothecin derivatives are one of the most prescribed anticancer drugs for cancer patients, however, the availability, efficiency, and water solubility are the major challenges that halt the applicability of this drug.

METHODS

Biosynthetic potency of camptothecin by Aspergillus terreus, open a new avenue for commercial camptothecin production, due to their short-life span, feasibility of controlled growth conditions, and affordability for higher growth, that fulfill the availability of the scaffold of this drug.

RESULTS

Camptothecin (CPT) was purified from the filtrates of A. terreus, and their purity was checked by HPLC, and its chemical structure was verified by LC/MS, regarding to the authentic one. To improve the anticancer efficiency of A. terreus CPT, the drug was conjugated with sodium alginate (SA)/Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) composites, and their physicochemical properties were assessed. From the FT-IR profile, a numerous hydrogen bond interactions between TiO₂ and SA chains in the SA/TiO₂ nanocomposites, in addition to the spectral changes in the characteristic bands of both SA/TiO₂ and CPT that confirmed their interactions. Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals the spherical morphology of the developed SA/TiO₂NPs nanocomposite, with the average particle size ~ 13.3 ± 0.35 nm. From the results of zeta potential, successful loading and binding of CPT with SA/TiO₂ nanocomposites were observed.

CONCLUSION

The in vivo study authenticates the significant improvement of the antitumor activity of CPT upon loading in SA/TiO₂ nanocomposites, with affordable stability of the green synthesized TiO₂NPs with Aloe vera leaves extract.

Development of Multifunctional Commercial Pure Titanium-Polyethylene Glycol Drug-Eluting Substrates with Enhanced Optical and Antithrombotic Properties

PURPOSE

Development of multifunctional advanced stent implants (metal/polymer composite)-drug-eluting stents with superior material and optical properties is still a challenge. In this research work, multifunctional metal-polymer composite drug-eluting substrates (DES) for stent application were developed by using commercially pure titanium (cpTi) and polyethylene glycol (PEG).

METHODS

Surface modifications on titanium substrates were carried out by sodium hydroxide under various concentrations; 5M (6 and 24 h) and 10M (6 and 24 h). It induces a nanoporous structure which facilitates the larger area for encapsulation of the drug, Aspirin (ASA) via intermolecular forces followed by polymer coating of PEG (MW-20,000) by physical adsorption process, which is structured as layer-by-layer gathering.

RESULTS

The developed cpTi-PEG DES were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical energy bandgap, static contact angle measurement, antithrombotic and drug release studies. The development of sodium titanate oxide prompted surface nano-features revealed by SEM and XRD. Moreover, FTIR confirms the presence of ASA and PEG functional groups over the cpTi surface. Drug release studies fitted with Ritger-Peppas kinetic model (≤ 60%), which indicates the super case II transport mechanisms (n > 1). Further UV-visible absorbance spectrum was quantified by the Tauc plot, which shows the broadening of the energy bandgap (E_g). In addition, the shrink in blood clots was more around the Tib2/ASA/PEG.Please confirm the inserted city name in affiliations [1,2] are correct and amend if necessary.Yes, city name "Rourkela" is correct.

CONCLUSION

Developed cpTi-PEG DES has improved optical properties and prevent thrombus formation which suggesting it a potential substrate to overcome prime clinical challenges.

Medical and Dental Applications of Titania Nanoparticles: An Overview

Currently, titanium oxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles are successfully employed in human food, drugs, cosmetics, advanced medicine, and dentistry because of their non-cytotoxic, non-allergic, and bio-compatible nature when used in direct close contact with the human body. These NPs are the most versatile oxides as a result of their acceptable chemical stability, lower cost, strong oxidation properties, high refractive index, and enhanced aesthetics. These NPs are fabricated by conventional (physical and chemical) methods and the latest biological methods (biological, green, and biological derivatives), with their advantages and disadvantages in this epoch. The significance of TiO₂ NPs as a medical material includes drug delivery release, cancer therapy, orthopedic implants, biosensors, instruments, and devices, whereas their significance as a dental biomaterial involves dentifrices, oral antibacterial disinfectants, whitening agents, and adhesives. In addition, TiO₂ NPs play an important role in orthodontics (wires and brackets), endodontics (sealers and obturating materials), maxillofacial surgeries (implants and bone plates), prosthodontics (veneers, crowns, bridges, and acrylic resin dentures), and restorative dentistry (GIC and composites).

Development of zerovalent iron and titania (Fe0/TiO2) composite for oxidative degradation of dichlorophene in aqueous solution: synergistic role of peroxymonosulfate (HSO5-)

Binary composite of zerovalent iron and titanium dioxide (Fe⁰/TiO₂) was synthesized for the catalytic removal of dichlorophene (DCP) in the presence of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The as-prepared composite (Fe⁰/TiO₂) exhibits synergistic effect and enhanced properties like improved catalytic activity of catalyst and greater magnetic property for facile recycling of catalyst. The results showed that without addition of PMS at reaction time of 50 min, the percent degradation of DCP by TiO₂, Fe⁰, and Fe⁰/TiO₂ was just 5%, 11%, and 12%, respectively. However, with the addition of 0.8 mM PMS, at 10 min of reaction time, the catalytic degradation performance of Fe⁰, TiO₂, and Fe⁰/TiO₂ was significantly improved to 82%, 18%, and 88%, respectively. The as-prepared catalyst was fully characterized to evaluate its structure, chemical states, and morphology. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that in composite TiO₂ causes dispersion of agglomerated iron particles which enhances porosity and surface area of the composites and X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) results revealed successful incorporation of Fe⁰, and oxides of Fe and TiO₂ in the composite. The adsorption-desorption analysis verifies that the surface area of Fe⁰/TiO₂ is significantly larger than bare Fe⁰ and TiO_2. Moreover, the surface area, particle size, and crystal size of Fe⁰/TiO₂ was surface area = 85 m² g^-1, particle size = 0.35 μm, and crystal size = 0.16 nm as compared to TiO₂ alone (surface area = 22 m² g^-1, particle size = 4.25 μm, and crystal size = 25.4 nm) and Fe⁰ alone (surface area = 65 m² g^-1, particle size = 0.9 μm, and crystal size = 7.87 nm). The as-synthesized material showed excellent degradation performance in synthesized wastewater as well. The degradation products and their toxicities were evaluated and the resulted degradation mechanism was proposed accordingly. The toxicity values decreased in order of DP1 > DP5 > DP2 > DP3 > DP4 and the LC₅₀ values toward fish for 96-h duration decreased from 0.531 to 67.2. This suggests that the proposed technology is an excellent option for the treatment of antibiotic containing wastewater.

Multi-scale modeling of folic acid-functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles for active targeting of tumor cells

Strategies based on the active targeting of tumor cells are emerging as smart and efficient nanomedical procedures. Folic acid (FA) is a vitamin and a well-established tumor targeting agent because of its strong affinity for the folate receptor (FR), which is an overexpressed protein on the cell membranes of the tumor cells. FA can be successfully anchored to several nanocarriers, including inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) based on transition metal oxides. Among them, TiO₂ is extremely interesting because of its excellent photoabsorption and photocatalytic properties, which can be exploited in photodynamic therapy. However, it is not yet clear in which respects direct anchoring of FA to the NP or the use of spacers, based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains, are different and whether one approach is better than the other. In this work, we combine Quantum Mechanics (QM) and classical Molecular Dynamics (MD) to design and optimize the FA functionalization on bare and PEGylated TiO₂ models and to study the dynamical behavior of the resulting nanoconjugates in a pure water environment and in physiological conditions. We observe that they are chemically stable, even under the effect of increasing temperature (up to 500 K). Using the results from long MD simulations (100 ns) and from free energy calculations, we determine how the density of FA molecules on the TiO₂ NP and the presence of PEG spacers impact on the actual exposure of the ligands, especially by affecting the extent of FA-FA intermolecular interactions, which are detrimental for the targeting ability of FA towards the folate receptor. This analysis provides a solid and rational basis for experimentalists to define the optimal FA density and the more appropriate mode of anchoring to the carrier, according to the final purpose of the nanoconjugate.

The effect of chitosan/TiO2/hyaluronic acid subphase on the behaviour of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine membrane

The main aim of the study was to determine the effect of two polysaccharides: chitosan (Ch) and hyaluronic acid (HA), and/or titanium dioxide (TiO₂) on the structure and behaviour of the 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) membrane. To achieve this goal the surface pressure as a function of the area per molecule (π-A) isotherm for the phospholipid monolayer was recorded. The shape of the π-A isotherms and compression-decompression cycles, as well as the compression modulus values, were analysed in terms of biocompatibility. Besides, morphology and thickness of the phospholipid layers obtained by means of Brewster angle microscope at different π, were determined. The obtained results show that both polysaccharides Ch, HA, as well inorganic TiO₂ affect slightly the structure of the DOPC monolayer but do not disrupt it. Their presence brings no typical arrangements of both the polar heads and tails of DOPC molecules at the interface.

Diverse biotechnological applications of multifunctional titanium dioxide nanoparticles: An up-to-date review

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the topmost widely used metallic oxide nanoparticles. Whether present in naked form or doped with metals or polymers, TiO₂ NPs perform immensely important functions. However, the alteration in size and shape by doping results in improving the physical, chemical, and biological behaviour of TiO₂ NPs. Hence, the differential effects of various TiO₂ nanostructures including nanoflakes, nanoflowers, and nanotubes in various domains of biotechnology have been elucidated by researchers. Recently, the exponential growth of research activities regarding TiO₂ NPs has been observed owing to their chemical stability, low toxicity, and multifaceted properties. Because of their enormous abundance, plants, humans, and environment are inevitably exposed to TiO₂ NPs. These NPs play a significant role in improving agricultural attributes, removing environmental pollution, and upgrading the domain of nanomedicine. Therefore, the currently ongoing studies about the employment of TiO₂ NPs in enhancement of different aspects of agriculture, environment, and medicine have been extensively discussed in this review.

Using UV-Responsive Nanoparticles to Provide In Situ Control of Growth Factor Delivery and a More Constant Release Profile from a Hydrogel Environment

Nanoparticles are popular delivery vehicles, but their diffusional release results in inconstant drug delivery. Here, we flatten the delivery profile into a more constant, zero-order profile. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is attached to photoactive titanium dioxide nanoparticles and loaded into a nanofibrous self-assembling peptide (SAP) hydrogel. Different UV exposure conditions show three distinct profiles, including a counterintuitive decrease in release after UV exposure. We propose that the adsorption of the freed growth factor onto the hydrogel nanofibers affects release. Nanoparticles diffuse from the hydrogel readily, carrying the bound growth factor, but the freed growth factor (released from the nanoparticles by UV) instead interacts with─and is released less readily from─the hydrogel. UV shifts growth factor from nanoparticles to the hydrogel, therefore changing the diffusional release. Through midpoint UV exposure, we achieve a flattened delivery profile─unusual for diffusion─by changing in situ the amount of growth factor bound to the diffusing nanoparticles. With nanoparticle diffusion alone, we observed an increasing release profile with 36% of release in the first 6 h and 64% in the second 6 h. With midway UV exposure, this was controlled to 49 and 51%, respectively. The release of an unbound (soluble) control growth factor, glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), was not affected by UV treatment, demonstrating the potential for independent control of temporal delivery profiles in a multiagent material.

Withania somnifera: Progress towards a Pharmaceutical Agent for Immunomodulation and Cancer Therapeutics

Chemotherapy is one of the prime treatment options for cancer. However, the key issues with traditional chemotherapy are recurrence of cancer, development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, affordability, late-stage detection, serious health consequences, and inaccessibility. Hence, there is an urgent need to find innovative and cost-effective therapies that can target multiple gene products with minimal adverse reactions. Natural phytochemicals originating from plants constitute a significant proportion of the possible therapeutic agents. In this article, we reviewed the advances and the potential of Withania somnifera (WS) as an anticancer and immunomodulatory molecule. Several preclinical studies have shown the potential of WS to prevent or slow the progression of cancer originating from various organs such as the liver, cervix, breast, brain, colon, skin, lung, and prostate. WS extracts act via various pathways and provide optimum effectiveness against drug resistance in cancer. However, stability, bioavailability, and target specificity are major obstacles in combination therapy and have limited their application. The novel nanotechnology approaches enable solubility, stability, absorption, protection from premature degradation in the body, and increased circulation time and invariably results in a high differential uptake efficiency in the phytochemical’s target cells. The present review primarily emphasizes the insights of WS source, chemistry, and the molecular pathways involved in tumor regression, as well as developments achieved in the delivery of WS for cancer therapy using nanotechnology. This review substantiates WS as a potential immunomodulatory, anticancer, and chemopreventive agent and highlights its potential use in cancer treatment.

Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Surfaces for Electrochemical Biosensing

TiO2 electrochemical biosensors represent an option for biomolecules recognition associated with diseases, food or environmental contaminants, drug interactions and related topics. The relevance of TiO2 biosensors is due to the high selectivity and sensitivity that can be achieved. The development of electrochemical biosensors based on nanostructured TiO2 surfaces requires knowing the signal extracted from them and its relationship with the properties of the transducer, such as the crystalline phase, the roughness and the morphology of the TiO2 nanostructures. Using relevant literature published in the last decade, an overview of TiO2 based biosensors is here provided. First, the principal fabrication methods of nanostructured TiO2 surfaces are presented and their properties are briefly described. Secondly, the different detection techniques and representative examples of their applications are provided. Finally, the functionalization strategies with biomolecules are discussed. This work could contribute as a reference for the design of electrochemical biosensors based on nanostructured TiO2 surfaces, considering the detection technique and the experimental electrochemical conditions needed for a specific analyte.

Melanoma Cancer Therapy Using PEGylated Nanoparticles and Semiconductor Laser

Purpose: Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a procedure that converts laser beam energy to heat so can disturb tumor cells. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have unique properties in absorption optical energy and could change optical power into heat in PTT procedures. Additionally, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) have a unique feature in absorbing and scattering light. Therefore, these mentioned NPs could play a synergistic role in the PTT method.

Methods: CNTs and TiO₂ NPs were injected into the melanoma tumor sites of cancerous mice. Then sites were excited using the laser beam (λ = 808 nm, P = 2 W, and I = 4 W/cm²). Injected NPs caused hyperthermia in solid tumors. Tumor size assay, statistical analysis, and histopathological study of the treated cases were performed to assess the role of mentioned NPs in PTT of murine melanoma cancer.

Results: The results showed that CNTs performed better than TiO₂ NPs in destroying murine melanoma cancer cells in animals.

Conclusion: The present study compared the photothermal activity of excited CNTs and TiO₂ NPs in cancer therapy at the near-infrared spectrum of light. Tumors were destroyed selectively because of their weakened heat resistance versus normal tissue. PTT of malignant melanoma through CNTs caused remarkable necrosis into the tumor tissues versus TiO₂ NPs.

Thermosensitive Drug Delivery System SBA-15-PEI for Controlled Release of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Diclofenac Sodium Salt: A Comparative Study

Mesoporous SBA-15 silica material was prepared by the sol–gel method and functionalized with thermosensitive polyethylenimine polymers with different molecular weight (g·mol⁻¹): 800 (SBA-15(C)-800), 1300 (SBA-15(C)-1300) and 2000 (SBA-15(C)-2000). The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac sodium was selected as a model drug and encapsulated into the pores of prepared supports. Materials were characterized by the combination of infrared spectroscopy (IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photon cross-correlation spectroscopy (PCCS), nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis, thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small-angle X-ray diffraction (SA-XRD) experiments. The drug release from prepared matrixes was realized in two model media differing in pH, namely small intestine environment/simulated body fluid (pH = 7.4) and simulated gastric fluid (pH = 2), and at different temperatures, namely normal body temperature (T = 37 °C) and inflammatory temperature (T = 42 °C). The process of drug loading into the pores of prepared materials from the diclofenac sodium salt solutions with different concentrations and subsequent quantitative determination of released drugs was analyzed by UV-VIS spectroscopy. Analysis of prepared SBA-15 materials modified with polyethylenimines in solution showed a high ability to store large amounts of the drug, up to 230 wt.%. Experimental results showed their high drug release into the solution at pH = 7.4 for both temperatures, which is related to the high solubility of diclofenac sodium in a slightly alkaline environment. At pH = 2, a difference in drug release rate was observed between both temperatures. Indeed, at a higher temperature, the release rates and the amount of released drug were 2–3 times higher than those observed at a lower temperature. Different kinetic models were used to fit the obtained drug release data to determine the drug release rate and its release mechanism. Moreover, the drug release properties of prepared compounds were compared to a commercially available medicament under the same experimental conditions.

Strategic Customization of Polymeric Nanocomposites Modified by 2D Titanium Oxide Nanosheet for High-k and Flexible Gate Dielectrics

Organic polymer-based dielectrics with intrinsic mechanical flexibility and good processability are excellent candidates for the dielectric layer of flexible electronics. These polymer films can become even more rigid and electrically robust when modified through cross-linking processes. Moreover, the composites formed by dispersing nanoscale inorganic fillers in a polymer matrix can exhibit further improved polarization property. However, these strategies can be challenging as homogeneous dispersion of nanomaterials in the matrix is difficult to achieve; thus, degradation of electrically insulating properties of nanocomposite layers is often observed. Here, a high-k, pinhole-free, and flexible poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based nanocomposite dielectric is presented, incorporating 2D TiO₂ nanosheets (NSs) for the first time. Despite the attractive dielectric constant, exceptional flexibility, and electrically insulating property of PVA-TiO₂ nanocomposites, only few studies on these materials have been reported. The organic/inorganic nanosheet hybrid layer, which reaches an unprecedentedly high dielectric constant of 43.8 (more than four times higher than that of cross-linked PVA), also exhibits an outstanding leakage current density as low as 10^-9 A cm^-2 . Furthermore, the repeated bending tests for nanocomposite capacitors reveal their capability of operating without any deterioration of their performances even after 1000 iterations of bending cycles at a bending radius of 3 mm.

Changing the morphology of one-dimensional titanate nanostructures affects its tissue distribution and toxicity

The present research investigated the impact of the morphology change of titanate (TiO₂) nanostructures on its tissue distribution and toxicity. The TiO₂ nanotubes, rods, and ribbons were synthesized by the hydrothermal technique, and the morphology was adjusted by alteration of the hydrothermal duration time. The characterization techniques were X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method for measuring the surface area. The intravenously administrated dose (5 mg/kg) was injected as a single dose for 1 day and consecutively for 42 days. The quantitative analysis of accumulated TiO₂ nanostructures in the liver, spleen, and the heart was performed using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer, and the organs' toxicity was estimated by histopathological analysis. The prepared nanostructures exhibited differences in morphology, crystallinity, size distribution, surface area, zeta potential, and aspect ratio. The results revealed a tissue distribution difference between the liver, spleen, and heart of these nanostructures, the distribution order was the liver, spleen, and the heart for all TiO₂ nanostructures. The toxicity was induced with different degrees. The nanotubes were the most harmful among the three formats. In summary, changes in the morphology of the TiO₂ nanostructures change its distribution and toxicity.

In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility study of polyacrylate TiO2@Ag coated nanoparticles for the radiation dose enhancement

To enhance the efficacy of radiation therapy, functionalised core-shell nanoparticles (CS NPs) are used as a radiosensitizer. These NPs can act as a therapeutic agent and carrier for other therapeutic agents. In this study, the first poly-acrylic acid modified silver-coated titanium dioxide NPs were fabricated to evaluate the radiation dose enhancement within the human tissue equivalent polymer gel after investigating the biocompatibility. Macrophage cell line and rats model were used for in vitro and in vivo study respectively. Two different beam qualities were applied to quantify the radiation dose enhancement with different concentrations of NPs in the polymer gel. The dose enhancement factors (DEFs) indicated that these biocompatible CS NPs are more effective for the radiation dose enhancement at low energy x-rays (80 kV) as compared to the high energy gamma (1.25 MeV Co⁶⁰). These results suggested that functionalised core-shell silver-coated titanium dioxide NPs have great potential as a radiosensitizer in radiation therapy.

Role of capping agents in the application of nanoparticles in biomedicine and environmental remediation: recent trends and future prospects

Capping agents are of utmost importance as stabilizers that inhibit the over-growth of nanoparticles and prevent their aggregation/coagulation in colloidal synthesis. The capping ligands stabilize the interface where nanoparticles interact with their medium of preparation. Specific structural features of nanoparticles are attributed to capping on their surface. These stabilizing agents play a key role in altering the biological activities and environmental perspective. Stearic effects of capping agents adsorbed on the surface of nanoparticles are responsible for such changing physico-chemical and biological characteristics. Firstly, this novel review article introduces few frequently used capping agents in the fabrication of nanoparticles. Next, recent advancements in biomedicine and environmental remediation approaches of capped nanoparticles have been elaborated. Lastly, future directions of the huge impact of capping agents on the biological environment have been summarized.

Encapsulation of Hydrophobic Drugs in Shell-by-Shell Coated Nanoparticles for Radio-and Chemotherapy-An In Vitro Study

Our research objective was to develop novel drug delivery vehicles consisting of TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles encapsulated by a bilayer shell that allows the reversible embedment of hydrophobic drugs. The first shell is formed by covalent binding of hydrophobic phosphonic acid at the metal oxide surface. The second shell composed of amphiphilic sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate emerges by self-aggregation driven by hydrophobic interactions between the dodecylbenzene moiety and the hydrophobic first shell. The resulting double layer provides hydrophobic pockets suited for the intake of hydrophobic drugs. The nanoparticles were loaded with the anticancer drugs quercetin and 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin. Irradiation with X-rays was observed to release the potential anticancer drugs into the cytoplasm. In Michigan Cancer Foundation (MCF)-10 A cells, quercetin and 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin acted as antioxidants by protecting the non-tumorigenic cells from harmful radiation effects. In contrast, these agents increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in cancerous MCF-7 cells. Quercetin and 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin were shown to induce apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in cancer cells by determining an increase in TUNEL-positive cells and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential after irradiation. After X-ray irradiation, the survival fraction of MCF-7 cells with drug-loaded nanoparticles considerably decreased, which demonstrates the excellent performance of the double-layer stabilized nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles.

Autophagy regulates the Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin/cyclin D1 pathway in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs)

The application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) is on the increase, and so the number of studies dedicated to describing this material's biological effects. Previous studies have presented results indicating the controversial impact of TiO2NPs on cell fate regarding death and survival. We speculate that this may be due to focusing on each of the subject cells as an isolated individual. In this study, we made a difference by looking at the subject cells as an interrelated population. Specifically, we exposed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to TiO2NPs and observed cell death and stimulation of proliferation among the cell population. Our data shows that the exposure to TiO2NPs initiated autophagy, which led to an increase in extracellular Wnt protein levels and increased Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin/cyclin D1 signalling in the cell population. Autophagy inhibitor repressed the effects of TiO2NPs, which indicates that β-catenin regulation was dependent on TiO2NPs-induced autophagy. The inhibition of β-catenin resulted in dysregulation of cyclin D1 protein expression level. In conclusion, following exposure to TiO2NPs, MSCs undergo autophagy, which induces cell proliferation among the cell population by upregulation of cyclin D1 through the Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway.

Stealth Polymer-Coated Graphene Oxide Decorated Mesoporous Titania Nanoplatforms for In Vivo Chemo-Photodynamic Cancer Therapy

PURPOSE

The goal of this study was to develop chemotherapeutic drug-loaded photoactivable stealth polymer-coated silica based- mesoporous titania nanoplatforms for enhanced antitumor activity.

METHODS

Both in vitro and in vivo models of solvothermal treated photoactivable nanoplatforms were evaluated for efficient chemo-photothermal activity. A versatile nanocomposite that combined silica based- mesoporous titania nanocarriers (S-MTN) with the promising photoactivable agent, graphene oxide (G) modified with a stealth polymer (P) was fabricated to deliver chemotherapeutic agent, imatinib (I), (referred as S-MTN@IG-P) for near-infrared (NIR)-triggered drug delivery and enhanced chemo-photothermal therapy.

RESULTS

The fabricated S-MTN@IG-P nanoplatform showed higher drug loading (~20%) and increased drug release (~60%) in response to light in acidic condition (pH 5.0). As prepared nanoplatform significantly converted NIR light into thermal energy (43.2°C) to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). The pronounced cytotoxic effect was seen in both colon cancer cells (HCT-116 and HT-29) that was mediated through the chemotherapeutic effect of imatinib and the photothermal and ROS generation effects of graphene oxide. In vivo study also showed that S-MTN@IG-P could significantly accumulate into the tumor area and suppress the tumor growth under NIR irradiation without any biocompatibility issues.

CONCLUSION

Cumulatively, the above results showed promising effects of S-MTN@IG-P for effective chemo-phototherapy of colon cancer.

Are FDA-Approved Sunscreen Components Effective in Preventing Solar UV-Induced Skin Cancer?

Solar ultraviolet (SUV) exposure is a major risk factor in the etiology of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). People commonly use sunscreens to prevent SUV-induced skin damage and cancer. Nonetheless, the prevalence of cSCC continues to increase every year, suggesting that commercially available sunscreens might not be used appropriately or are not completely effective. In the current study, a solar simulated light (SSL)-induced cSCC mouse model was used to investigate the efficacy of eight commonly used FDA-approved sunscreen components against skin carcinogenesis. First, we tested FDA-approved sunscreen components for their ability to block UVA or UVB irradiation by using VITRO-SKIN (a model that mimics human skin properties), and then the efficacy of FDA-approved sunscreen components was investigated in an SSL-induced cSCC mouse model. Our results identified which FDA-approved sunscreen components or combinations are effective in preventing cSCC development. Not surprisingly, the results indicated that sunscreen combinations that block both UVA and UVB significantly suppressed the formation of cutaneous papillomas and cSCC development and decreased the activation of oncoproteins and the expression of COX-2, keratin 17, and EGFR in SSL-exposed SKH-1 (Crl:SKH1-Hr^hr) hairless mouse skin. Notably, several sunscreen components that were individually purported to block both UVA and UVB were ineffective alone. At least one component had toxic effects that led to a high mortality rate in mice exposed to SSL. Our findings provide new insights into the development of the best sunscreen to prevent chronic SUV-induced cSCC development.

Quercetin in the form of a nano-antioxidant (QTiO2) provides stabilization of quercetin and maximizes its antioxidant capacity in the mouse fibroblast model

Living cells are constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing them to rely on a constant supply of exogenous antioxidants. Quercetin (Q) is one of the potent exogenous antioxidants utilized in various antioxidant formulations. However, the potential application of Q is largely limited because of its poor water solubility. In this study, we employed titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles to maximize cellular penetration and antioxidant effect of Q on mouse fibroblast cells. To accomplish this, polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified TiO₂-nanoparticle surfaces were utilized that exhibited better dispersion, with enhanced biocompatibility. Cell viability assays using Q and Q-conjugated TiO₂-nanoparticles (QTiO₂) were evaluated in terms of cell morphology as well as with an immunoblotting analysis to look for key biomarkers of apoptosis. In addition, cleavages of Cas 3 and PARP were obtained in cells treated with Q. Furthermore, antioxidant defence with QTiO₂ was validated by means of the Nrf2 upregulation pathway. We also observed increased expressions of target enzymes; HO-1, NQO1 and SOD1 in QTiO₂-treated cells. The antioxidant potency of the QTiO₂ nano-antioxidant form was successfully tested in ROS and superoxide radicals induced cells. Our results demonstrated that the QTiO₂ nano-antioxidant promoted a high quercetin bioavailability and stability, in cells with maximal antioxidant potency against ROS, with no signs of cytotoxicity.

The Effects of TiO2 Nanoparticles on Cisplatin Cytotoxicity in Cancer Cell Lines

There have been many studies on improving the efficacy of cisplatin and on identifying safe compounds that can overcome multi-drug resistance (MDR) acquired by cancer cells. Our previous research showed that polyethylene glycol-modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ PEG NPs) affect cell membrane receptors, resulting in their aggregation, altered localization and downregulation. TiO₂ PEG NPs may affect P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a membrane efflux channel involved in MDR. In this study, we investigated the effect of TiO₂ PEG NPs on cisplatin cytotoxicity. We used HepG2 cells, which highly express P-gp and A431 cells, which show low expression of P-gp. The results showed that 10 µg/mL 100 nm TiO₂ PEG NPs increased intracellular cisplatin levels and cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells but not in A431 cells. TiO₂ PEG NPs treatment decreased the expression level of P-gp in HepG2 cells. Our findings indicate that TiO₂ PEG NPs enhance cisplatin cytotoxicity by down regulating P-gp and that TiO₂ PEG NPs are promising candidates for inhibiting P-gp and reversing drug resistance acquired by cancer cells.

Alginate based tamoxifen/metal dual core-folate decorated shell: Nanocomposite targeted therapy for breast cancer via ROS-driven NF-κB pathway modulation

Breast cancer endocrine resistance prevents unleashing full capabilities of Tamoxifen (TMX), besides TMX off-target side effects on healthy tissue. In this study, we engineered TMX nanocomposite via co-loading it on alginate-based silver nanoparticles and embedding within folic acid-polyethylene glycol surface conjugate. The coating process was done by w/o/w double emulsion method. To confirm the silver nanoparticles formation, UV spectroscopy, XRD and TEM analysis were carried out. TEM results confirmed the core-shell structure of folate targeted nanocomposite with approximate average diameter of 66 nm, the nanocomposite structures were characterized by FTIR, TGA and SEM. By comparing with the non-targeted formula, folate decorated formula had 12-folds lowered IC₅₀ value and 12.5-14-fold higher cancer cells toxic selectivity index. Also, after 4 h treatment, both fluorescence microscopic and flow cytometric analysis indicated higher intracellular accumulation of folic acid conjugated formula on MCF-7 cancer cells than the non-targeted one with 3.44-folds. The breast cancer cytotoxic effects of this metal-endocrine nanocomposite formula could be explained by the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), down regulation of survival oncogenic genes (BCL-2 and Survivin) and the accumulation of MCF-7 cells in G2/M phase. All these data confirm the efficiency and efficacy of the formulated nanocomposite as future treatment for breast cancer.

Mechanistic pathways for the degradation of SMX drug and floatation of degraded products using F–Pt co-doped TiO2 photocatalysts

This work presents smart pathways to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂via co-doping with fluorine (F) and platinum (Pt) to form F–Pt co-doped TiO₂ photocatalysts and investigates the unique and unusual fluorination of the floated products. Our investigations indicate that the crystalline structure of the photocatalysts was a mixture of anatase and brookite phases and that the nanoparticles of the synthesized nanocomposites had nanometric sizes (4–25 nm). The F–Pt co-doped TiO₂ nano-photocatalysts demonstrated degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) drug of >93% within 90 min under direct solar light and 58% degradation within 360 min under a solar simulator. Thus, co-doping TiO₂ with F and Pt atoms to form F–Pt co-doped TiO₂ nanocomposite is an efficient pathway to achieve high photocatalytic performance escorted with the formation of floating metal-fluoropolymer, unlike pristine TiO₂ which has less photocatalytic degradation and no generation of a floating polymer. Our photocatalytic protocol demonstrates that the degradation of SMX started with redox reactions of oxygen and water absorbed on the surface of the prepared nanocomposites to form superoxide anions (O₂˙⁻) and hydroxy radicals (˙OH) which have oxidation superpower. The resultant products were subsequently fluorinated by fluoride radical ions and floated as metal-fluoropolymer.

This work presents smart pathways to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂via co-doping with fluorine (F) and platinum (Pt) to form F–Pt co-doped TiO₂ photocatalysts and investigates the unique and unusual fluorination of the floated products.

Nanotechnology, in silico and endocrine-based strategy for delivering paclitaxel and miRNA: Prospects for the therapeutic management of breast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent and reoccurring cancers and the second most common reason of death in women. Despite advancements in therapeutic strategies for breast cancer, early tumor recurrence and metastasis in patients indicate resistance to chemotherapeutic medicines, such as paclitaxel due to the abnormal expression of ER and EGF2 in breast cancer cells. Therefore, the development of alternatives to paclitaxel is urgently needed to overcome challenges involving drug resistance. An increasing number of studies has revealed miRNAs as novel natural alternative substances that play a crucial role in regulating several physiological processes and have a close, adverse association with several diseases, including breast cancer. Due to the therapeutic potential of miRNA and paclitaxel in cancer research, the current review focuses on the differential roles of various miRNAs in breast cancer development and treatment. miRNA delivery to a specific target site, the development of paclitaxel and miRNA formulations, and nanotechnological strategies for the delivery of nanopaclitaxel in the management of breast cancer are discussed. These strategies involve improving the cellular uptake and bioavailability and reducing the toxicity of free paclitaxel to achieve accumulation tumor site. Furthermore, a molecular docking study was performed to ascertain the enhanced anticancer activity of the nanoformulation of ANG1005 and Abraxane. An in silico analysis revealed that ANG1005 and Abraxane nanoformulations have superior and significantly enhanced interactions with the proteins α-tubulin and Bcl-2. Therefore, ANG1005 and Abraxane may be more suitable in the therapeutic management of breast cancer than the existing free paclitaxel. miRNAs can revert abnormal gene expression to normalcy; since miRNAs serve as tumor suppressors. Therefore, restoration of particular miRNAs levels as a replacement therapy may be an effective endocrine potential strategy for treating ER positive/ negative breast cancers.

Synthesis and Design of Norfloxacin drug delivery system based on PLA/TiO2 nanocomposites: Antibacterial and antitumor activities

Biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic polymer-based nanoparticles are the novel nanotherapeutic tool which is used for adsorption and encapsulation drugs. Extended release formulation of Norfloxacin antibiotic, chemotherapeutic agent model, drug in the form of encapsulated and loaded poly (lactic acid) nanocomposites-based Titanium dioxide (PLA/TiO₂) was developed. Nanocomposites were prepared using different contents (1, 3, 5 wt %) and morphologies of TiO₂ (spheres (S), rods (R). The dispersion of TiO₂ was aided by ultrasonic technique followed by solution casting method. The morphology, particle size, crystallite size and composition of the nanocomposites were examined by SEM, TEM, XRD and FTIR. The crystallinity and thermal behavior of the nanocomposites were characterized by DSC and TGA. NOR was loaded onto TiO₂ nanospheres (NOR@TiO₂ (S)) and the optimum conditions for loading was investigated. Pseudo-second order model was the more adequate to represent the kinetic data. The equilibrium data followed Freundlich adsorption isotherm and the adsorption process was exothermic. NOR@TiO₂ (S) was encapsulated into PLA and in vitro release behavior of drug was compared with NOR adsorbed into PLA (NOR@PLA) and nanocomposites (NOR@PLA/TiO₂) using different pH (6.7, 7.4) media. To study the mechanism of NOR release, first order, Higuchi, Hixon Crowell and Korsmeyer-Peppas models were applied on the experimental results. The cytotoxicity of the loaded nanocomposites using MTT assay was studied against HepG 2, MCF-7, HCT 116, PC-3, Hela, WI-38 and WISH cells. The encapsulated (NOR@ 5S/En PLA) showed the highest cytotoxic efficacy with moderate effect on normal cells. Moreover, the nanocomposites have great potential against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella pneumonia. NOR@ PLA/TiO₂ nanocomposites showed better antibacterial efficacy than NOR encapsulated nanocomposites. The nanocomposites could be effective vehicles for the sustained delivery of toxic anticancer drug.

Breast Cancer Targeted Treatment Strategies: Promising Nanocarrier Approaches

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer that causes death among women worldwide. Incidence of breast cancer is increasing worldwide, and the age at which breast cancer develops has shifted from 50- 70 years to 30-40 years. Chemotherapy is the most commonly used effective treatment strategy to combat breast cancer. However, one of the major drawbacks is low selective site-specificity and the consequent toxic insult to normal healthy cells. The nanocarrier system is consistently utilised to minimise the various limitations involved in the conventional treatment of breast cancer. The nanocarrier based targeted drug delivery system provides better bioavailability, prolonged circulation with an effective accumulation of drugs at the tumour site either by active or passive drug targeting. Active targeting has been achieved by receptor/protein anchoring and externally guided magnetic nanocarriers, whereas passive targeting accomplished by employing the access to the tunnel via leaky tumour vasculature, utilising the tumour microenvironment, because the nanocarrier systems can reduce the toxicity to normal cells. As of now a few nanocarrier systems have been approved by FDA, and various nanoformulations are in the pipeline at the preclinical and clinical development for targeting breast cancer; among them, polymeric micelles, microemulsions, magnetic microemulsions, liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and magnetic Nanoparticles (NPs) are the most common. The current review highlights the active and passive targeting potential of nanocarriers in breast cancer and discusses their role in targeting breast cancer without affecting normal healthy cells.

MgO nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol as carrier for 2-Methoxyestradiol anticancer drug

Novel Magnesium Oxide (MgO) nanoparticles (NPs) modified with the polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) were synthesized as carrier for the anticancer drug 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME) to improve its clinical application. The functionalized NPs were characterized by Infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform to elucidate the vibration modes of this conjugate, indicating the formation of the MgO-PEG-2ME nanocomposite. The studies of absorption and liberation determined that MgO-PEG-2ME NPs incorporated 98.51 % of 2ME while liberation of 2ME was constant during 7 days at pH 2, 5 and 7.35. Finally, the MgO-PEG-2ME NPs decreased the viability of the prostate cancer cell line LNCap suggesting that this nanocomposite is suitable as a drug delivery system for anticancer prostate therapy.

PVA/SA/TiO2-CUR patch for enhanced wound healing application: In vitro and in vivo analysis

Wound healing is a complex multistep process. Wound healing materials should have good antibacterial activity against wound infection causing microbes. Curcumin has effective antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant property. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a biocompatible, nontoxic material used for many biomedical applications. The Usage of curcumin tagged TiO₂ nanoparticles for wound healing activity is promising due to the properties of both curcumin and TiO₂. We have synthesized curcumin tagged TiO₂ nanoparticles. The synthesized materials are characterized with XRD, FTIR and TEM. TiO₂-Cur nanocomposite was incorporated into poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate (SA) patch. The PVA/SA/TiO₂-Cur patch was prepared by gel casting method. Antibacterial efficiency of PVA/SA/TiO₂-Cur patch was analyzed. Further, in vivo studies conducted on Wister rats confirmed the enhanced wound healing property of the PVA/SA/TiO₂-Cur patch. Our results suggest that this could be an ideal biomaterial for wound dressing applications.