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Miranda DA, Abessa DMS, Moreira LB, Maranho LA, Oliveira LG, Benskin JP, Leonel J. Spatial and temporal distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) detected after an aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) spill. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 204:116561. [PMID: 38838392 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
In 2015, > 460,000 L of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) and fire suppressors containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were used to combat a fire at a petrochemical fuel storage terminal in the Port of Santos (Brazil). Sediments from seven sites were sampled repeatedly from 2 weeks to 1 year after the fire (n = 30). Ʃ15PFAS concentrations ranged from 115 to 15,931 pg g-1 dry weight (dw). Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most frequently detected compound with concentrations ranging from 363 to 4517 (average = 1603) pg g-1dw to <47.1 to 642 (average = 401) pg g-1 dw, followed by perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (from 38.8 to 219 (average = 162) pg g-1 dw after 15 days and from <20.8 to 161 (average = 101) pg g-1 dw one year later). Together, the hydrodynamics and fire events documented in the region were important features explaining the spread of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele A Miranda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.
| | - Denis M S Abessa
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo (UNESP). Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas B Moreira
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo (UNESP). Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Marinhas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP 11070100, Brazil
| | - Luciane A Maranho
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo (UNESP). Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente, SP, Brazil; Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, UNAERP. Guarujá, São Paulo 11440003, Brazil
| | - Lauriney G Oliveira
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo (UNESP). Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juliana Leonel
- Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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2
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Madronich S, Bernhard GH, Neale PJ, Heikkilä A, Andersen MPS, Andrady AL, Aucamp PJ, Bais AF, Banaszak AT, Barnes PJ, Bornman JF, Bruckman LS, Busquets R, Chiodo G, Häder DP, Hanson ML, Hylander S, Jansen MAK, Lingham G, Lucas RM, Calderon RM, Olsen C, Ossola R, Pandey KK, Petropavlovskikh I, Revell LE, Rhodes LE, Robinson SA, Robson TM, Rose KC, Schikowski T, Solomon KR, Sulzberger B, Wallington TJ, Wang QW, Wängberg SÅ, White CC, Wilson SR, Zhu L, Neale RE. Continuing benefits of the Montreal Protocol and protection of the stratospheric ozone layer for human health and the environment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1087-1115. [PMID: 38763938 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The protection of Earth's stratospheric ozone (O3) is an ongoing process under the auspices of the universally ratified Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and adjustments. A critical part of this process is the assessment of the environmental issues related to changes in O3. The United Nations Environment Programme's Environmental Effects Assessment Panel provides annual scientific evaluations of some of the key issues arising in the recent collective knowledge base. This current update includes a comprehensive assessment of the incidence rates of skin cancer, cataract and other skin and eye diseases observed worldwide; the effects of UV radiation on tropospheric oxidants, and air and water quality; trends in breakdown products of fluorinated chemicals and recent information of their toxicity; and recent technological innovations of building materials for greater resistance to UV radiation. These issues span a wide range of topics, including both harmful and beneficial effects of exposure to UV radiation, and complex interactions with climate change. While the Montreal Protocol has succeeded in preventing large reductions in stratospheric O3, future changes may occur due to a number of natural and anthropogenic factors. Thus, frequent assessments of potential environmental impacts are essential to ensure that policies remain based on the best available scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - P J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - A Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M P Sulbæk Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A L Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Faerie Glen, South Africa
| | - A F Bais
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Department of Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A T Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
| | - P J Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - L S Bruckman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - R Busquets
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Thames, UK
| | - G Chiodo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D-P Häder
- Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - M L Hanson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - S Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - M A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - G Lingham
- Centre For Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lion's Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Environmental, Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - R Mackenzie Calderon
- Cape Horn International Center, Puerto Williams, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems BASE, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Universitario Cabo de Hornos, Universidad de Magallanes, O'Higgins 310, Puerto Williams, Chile
| | - C Olsen
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - R Ossola
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - K K Pandey
- Indian Academy of Wood Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - I Petropavlovskikh
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L E Revell
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - L E Rhodes
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - S A Robinson
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - T M Robson
- UK National School of Forestry, University of Cumbria, Ambleside Campus, UK
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K C Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - K R Solomon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - B Sulzberger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - T J Wallington
- Center for Sustainable Systems, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Q-W Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - S-Å Wängberg
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - L Zhu
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - R E Neale
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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3
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Yu X, Yu X, Lin Y, Li H, Li G, Zong R. Comparative Study on Interfacial Properties, Foam Stability, and Firefighting Performance of C6 Fluorocarbon Surfactants with Different Hydrophilic Groups. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16336-16348. [PMID: 37948692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid fuel is flammable and hazardous, and a pool fire is one of the most serious disasters. Therefore, it is important to develop high-performance firefighting agents. To synthesize aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) formulations, two C6 short-chain fluorocarbon surfactants Capstone 1157 (FC1157) and sodium perfluorohexylethyl sulfonate (SF852) with different hydrophilic groups were introduced, and three hydrocarbon surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), decyl glucoside (APG0810), and coco glucoside (APG0814) were chosen. The AFFF formulations based on the short-chain fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon compounding system were developed, and the firefighting performance of the formulations was assessed according to the standard pool fire extinction test. The results indicated that amphoteric FC1157 was slightly more effective than anionic SF852 in extinguishing small-scale pool fires and could reduce heat flux more effectively than SF852. Fluorocarbon surfactant FC1157 has been shown to suppress large pool fires much better than SF852, possibly due to its higher foam stability, higher foaming property, lower dynamic surface tension, and lower bubble coarsening rate. Both formulations we studied were more effective than commercial AFFF formulations. A concentration of 0.1-0.3% of FC1157 in an AFFF solution was optimal for extinguishing high-boiling-point oil fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiaoyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yunru Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guangying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ruowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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4
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Ateia M, Buren JV, Barrett W, Martin T, Back GG. Sunrise of PFAS Replacements: A Perspective on Fluorine-Free Foams. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:7986-7996. [PMID: 37476647 PMCID: PMC10354943 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
One type of firefighting foam, referred to as aqueous filmforming foams (AFFF), is known to contain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The concerns raised with PFAS, and their potential environmental and health impacts, have led to a surge in research on fluorine-free alternatives both in the United States and globally. Particularly, in January 2023, a new military specification (MIL-PRF-32725) for fluorine-free foam was released in accordance with Congressional requirements for the U.S. Department of Defense. This paper provides a critical analysis of the present state of the various fluorine-free options that have been developed to date. A nuanced perspective of the challenges and opportunities of more sustainable replacements is explored by examining the performance, cost, and regulatory considerations associated with these fluorine-free alternatives. Ultimately, this evaluation shows that the transition to fluorine-free replacements is likely to be complex and multifaceted, requiring careful consideration of the trade-offs involved. Yet, the ongoing work will provide valuable insights for future research on alternatives to AFFF and enhancing the safety and sustainability of fire suppression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ateia
- Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45204, United States; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jean Van Buren
- Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45204, United States
| | - William Barrett
- Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45204, United States
| | - Todd Martin
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45204, United States
| | - Gerard G Back
- Jensen Hughes, Inc., Halethorpe, Maryland 21227, United States
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5
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Sheng Y, Zhang H, Song X, Wang Z, Wang X, Li Y. Comparative study on foaming and foam stability of multiple mixed systems of fluorocarbon, hydrocarbon, and amino acid surfactants. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youjie Sheng
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Hanling Zhang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | | | - Zhenping Wang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Xu Wang
- Yankuang Energy Mine Rescue Brigade Jining China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
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6
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Herzke D, Nikiforov V, Yeung LWY, Moe B, Routti H, Nygård T, Gabrielsen GW, Hanssen L. Targeted PFAS analyses and extractable organofluorine - Enhancing our understanding of the presence of unknown PFAS in Norwegian wildlife. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107640. [PMID: 36525896 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With the current possible presence of thousands of PFAS compounds in industrial emissions, there is an increasing need to assess the impacts of PFAS regulation of conventional PFAS on one hand and the exposure to emerging and yet unknown PFAS on the other. Today's analytical methodologies using targeted approaches are not sufficient to determine the complete suite of PFAS present. To evaluate the presence of unknown PFAS, we investigated in this study the occurrence of an extended range of target PFAS in various species from the marine and terrestrial Norwegian environment, in relation to the extractable organofluorine (EOF), which yields the total amount of organofluorine. The results showed a varying presence of extractable fluorinated organics, with glaucous gull eggs, otter liver and polar bear plasma showing the highest EOF and a high abundance of PFAS as well. The targeted PFAS measurements explained 1% of the organofluorine for moose liver as the lowest and 94% for otter liver as the highest. PFCAs like trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, reported semi-quantitatively), played a major role in explaining the organic fluorine present. Emerging PFAS as the perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate (PFECHS), was found in polar bear plasma in quantifiable amounts for the first time, confirming earlier detection in arctic species far removed from emission sources. To enable a complete organic fluorine mass balance in wildlife, new approaches are needed, to uncover the presence of new emerging PFAS as cyclic- or ether PFAS together with chlorinated PFAS as well as fluorinated organic pesticides and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Herzke
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Vladimir Nikiforov
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Børge Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torgeir Nygård
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Linda Hanssen
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
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7
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Sheng Y, Peng Y, Zhang S, Guo Y, Ma L, Zhang H. Thermal stability of foams stabilized by fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactants in presence of nanoparticles with different specific surface areas. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Ojo AF, Peng C, Annamalai P, Megharaj M, Ng JC. Toxicity assessment of historical aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) using cell-based assays. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119806. [PMID: 35868471 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) has historically contained high concentrations of long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which have been linked with adverse health outcomes. However, the toxicity of historical AFFFs remains largely unknown, presenting uncertainties in their risk assessment. This study assessed the toxicity of historical AFFFs by exposing human liver cells (HepG2) to various dilutions of 3M Light Water AFFF or Ansulite AFFF (0.001%, 0.002%, 0.005%, 0.009%, 0.019%, 0.038%, 0.075%, 0.15%, and 0.3%) for 24 h. The effects of the two AFFF formulations on the cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, Nrf2-ARE activity, and DNA damage were assessed by CellTiter 96® Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS kit), dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay, luciferase assay, and alkaline Comet assay, respectively. The results revealed that the two brands of AFFFs tested were toxic to HepG2 cells at dilutions lower than the recommended 3% application formulation. Specifically, exposure to 3M Light Water AFFF or Ansulite AFFF induced a dilution-dependent decrease in cell viability, increased intracellular ROS production, and increased Nrf2-ARE activity. However, except for the highest concentration (lowest dilution) of 3M Light Water AFFF tested (0.038%.), both 3M Light Water AFFF and Ansulite AFFF did not significantly induce cellular DNA damage. Overall, 3M Light Water AFFF was more toxic than Ansulite AFFF. The findings from this study provided valuable in vitro toxicity data that may better inform the health risk assessment of these historical AFFFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atinuke F Ojo
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Cheng Peng
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Prasath Annamalai
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, School of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, School of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jack C Ng
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
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9
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Zhao H, Yang L, Yang X, Zhao S. Behaviors of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB) in wheat seedlings: Bioaccumulation, biotransformation and ecotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 238:113585. [PMID: 35525114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a new alternative to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB) has been currently used in industrial and consumer applications, which has been frequently detected in environment media. However, the behaviors of 6:2 FTAB in plants are still unclear. This study investigated the bioaccumulation, biotransformation and ecotoxicity of 6:2 FTAB in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by hydroponic exposure. 6:2 FTAB was easily taken up by roots with the root concentration factor (RCF) as high as 94.8, but difficult to be acropetally translocated in the shoots with the translocation factor (TF) as low as 0.058. Two intermediates and six terminal perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) metabolites were detected in roots and shoots. The detected metabolites included 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA), 6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (6:2 FTCA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA), pentafluoropropionic acid (PFPrA) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and 6:2 FTSA was the main metabolite. 6:2 FTAB significantly reduced the biomass of plant and prevented chlorophyll (Chl) accumulation, while caused no significant change in malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Significant reduction in glutathione (GSH) contents, excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and obvious inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activities were observed, suggesting damage of antioxidant defense systems and failure to detoxication of 6:2 FTAB in wheat. These findings provide important knowledge for the fate of 6:2 FTAB in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
| | - Shuyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China.
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10
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Jones DK, Quinlin KA, Wigren MA, Choi YJ, Sepúlveda MS, Lee LS, Haskins DL, Lotufo GR, Kennedy A, May L, Harmon A, Biber T, Melby N, Chanov MK, Hudson ML, Key PB, Chung KW, Moore DW, Suski JG, Wirth EF, Hoverman JT. Acute Toxicity of Eight Aqueous Film-Forming Foams to 14 Aquatic Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6078-6090. [PMID: 35486899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have developed numerous per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-free aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) formulations to replace PFAS-containing AFFF used for fire suppression. As part of the Department of Defense's Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), we examined the direct lethal effects of seven PFAS-free AFFF and a PFAS-containing AFFF on 14 aquatic species using a series of lethal concentration (LC50) tests. We assessed the LC10, LC50, and LC90 values using log-logistic and logit analyses. Across all aquatic species tested, we discovered that exposure to at least one PFAS-free AFFF was more or as toxic as exposure to the PFAS-containing AFFF. For most cases, National Foam Avio F3 Green KHC 3% and Buckeye Platinum Plus C6MILSPEC 3% were the most and least toxic formulations, respectively. Moreover, we found consistency among results from multiple experiments using the same minnow species (Pimephales promelas) and among closely related taxa (e.g., daphnids, amphibians). Lastly, the LC50 values for AFFF formulations trended lower for tested marine species as compared to those of freshwater species. These results dramatically increase the current knowledge on the potentially toxic effects of AFFF but also highlight the need for additional research and the development of new PFAS-free AFFF that are more "ecologically friendly" than those containing persistent PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin K Jones
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kathryn A Quinlin
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Maggie A Wigren
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Youn J Choi
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Linda S Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - David L Haskins
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Guilherme R Lotufo
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Alan Kennedy
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Lauren May
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Ashley Harmon
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Thomas Biber
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Nicolas Melby
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Michael K Chanov
- EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc. PBC, Hunt Valley, Maryland 21031, United States
| | - Michelle L Hudson
- EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc. PBC, Hunt Valley, Maryland 21031, United States
| | - Peter B Key
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
| | - Katy W Chung
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to NOAA, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
| | - David W Moore
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Jamie G Suski
- EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc. PBC, Hunt Valley, Maryland 21031, United States
| | - Edward F Wirth
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
| | - Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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11
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Influence of nanoparticles on the foam thermal stability of mixtures of short-chain fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactants. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Ding X, Wang D, Luo Z, Xu G, Wang T, Cheng F. Investigation of agglomerating and wetting behaviour during coal dust suppression via the synergistic application of hydrocarbon and short-chain-fluorocarbon surfactants in the presence of electrolytes. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Sheng Y, Peng Y, Zhang S, Guo Y, Ma L, Wang Q, Zhang H. Study on Thermal Stability of Gel Foam Co-Stabilized by Hydrophilic Silica Nanoparticles and Surfactants. Gels 2022; 8:gels8020123. [PMID: 35200504 PMCID: PMC8872208 DOI: 10.3390/gels8020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of nanoparticles (NP) and surfactant has been intensively studied to improve the thermal stability and optimize the performance of foams. This study focuses on the influence of silica NPs with different concentration on the thermal stability of gel foams based on a mixture of fluorocarbon (FS-50) and hydrocarbon (APG0810) surfactants. The surface activity, conductivity, viscosity, and foaming ability of the APG0810/FS-50/NPs dispersions are characterized. The effects of NP concentration on coarsening, drainage, and decay, as well as of the gel foams under thermal action, are systematically studied. Results show that NP concentration has a significant effect on the molecular interactions of the APG0810/FS-50/NP dispersions. The surface tension and conductivity of the dispersions decrease but the viscosity increases with the increase in NP concentration. The foaming ability of APG0810/FS-50 solution is reduced by the addition of NPs and decreases with the increase in NP concentration. The coarsening, drainage, and decay of the gel foams under thermal action slow down significantly with increasing NP concentration. The thermal stability of the gel foams increases with the addition of NPs and further increases with the increase in NP concentration. This study provides a theoretical guidance for the application for gel foams containing NPs and surfactants in fire-extinguishing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjie Sheng
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China; (Y.P.); (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (L.M.); Tel.: +86-183-925-127-21 (Y.S.); +86-137-599-282-79 (L.M.)
| | - Yunchuan Peng
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China; (Y.P.); (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Shanwen Zhang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China; (Y.P.); (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Ying Guo
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China;
- Yanzhou Coal Mining Co., Ltd., Zoucheng 237500, China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China; (Y.P.); (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (L.M.); Tel.: +86-183-925-127-21 (Y.S.); +86-137-599-282-79 (L.M.)
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China; (Y.P.); (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hanling Zhang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China; (Y.P.); (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.)
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14
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Partl GJ, Naier BFE, Bakry R, Schlapp-Hackl I, Kopacka H, Wurst K, Gelbrich T, Fliri L, Schottenberger H. Can't touch this: Highly omniphobic coatings based on self-textured C6-fluoroponytailed polyvinylimidazolium monoliths. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Ali AM, Sanden M, Higgins CP, Hale SE, Alarif WM, Al-Lihaibi SS, Ræder EM, Langberg HA, Kallenborn R. Legacy and emerging per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in sediment and edible fish from the Eastern Red Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 280:116935. [PMID: 33773302 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
POLY: and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitously detected all around the world. Herein, for the first time, concentrations of 16 selected legacy and emerging PFASs are reported for sediment and edible fish collected from the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. Mean concentrations varied from 0.57 to 2.6 μg kg-1 dry weight (dw) in sediment, 3.89-7.63 μg kg-1 dw in fish muscle, and 17.9-58.5 μg kg-1 dw in fish liver. Wastewater treatment plant effluents represented the main source of these compounds and contributed to the exposure of PFAS to biota. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the most abundant compound in sediment and fish tissues analysed, comprising between 42 and 99% of the ∑16PFAS. The short chain perfluorobutanoate (PFBA) was the second most dominant compound in sediment and was detected at a maximum concentration of 0.64 μg kg-1 dw. PFAS levels and patterns differed between tissues of investigated fish species. Across all fish species, ∑16PFAS concentrations in liver were significantly higher than in muscle by a factor ranging from 3 to 7 depending on fish species and size. The PFOS replacements fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) exhibited a bioaccumulation potential in several fish species and 6:2 FTS, was detected at a maximum concentration of 7.1 ± 3.3 μg kg-1 dw in a doublespotted queenfish (Scomberoides lysan) liver. PFBS was detected at a maximum concentration of 2.65 μg kg-1 dw in strong spine silver-biddy (Gerres longirostris) liver. The calculated dietary intake of PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) exceeded the safety threshold established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2020 in doublespotted queenfish muscle, indicating a potential health risk to humans consuming this fish in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasim M Ali
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Monica Sanden
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), N-0855 Oslo, Norway
| | - Walied M Alarif
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80207, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan S Al-Lihaibi
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80207, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Erik Magnus Ræder
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håkon Austad Langberg
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), N-0855 Oslo, Norway; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, Christian M. Falsen Veg 1, No-1432, Ås, Norway; Arctic Technology Department (AT), University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), P.O. Box 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
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16
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Hayman NT, Rosen G, Colvin MA, Conder J, Arblaster JA. Aquatic toxicity evaluations of PFOS and PFOA for five standard marine endpoints. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129699. [PMID: 33524752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging contaminants that are coming under increasing scrutiny. Currently, there is a paucity of effects data for marine aquatic life, limiting the assessment of ecological risks and compliance with water quality policies. In the present study, the toxicity of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to four standard marine laboratory toxicity testing species, encompassing five endpoints, were evaluated: 1) 96-h embryo-larval normal development for the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus); 2) 48-h embryo-larval normal development and normal survival for the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis); 3) 96-h survival of opossum shrimp (Americamysis bahia); and 4) 24-h light output for the bioluminescent dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula. All species were tested using standard United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and/or American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International protocols. For PFOS and PFOA, the order of species sensitivity, starting with the most sensitive, was M. galloprovincialis, S. purpuratus, P. lunula, and A. bahia. The range of median lethal or median effect concentrations for PFOS (1.1-5.1 mg L-1) and PFOA (10-24 mg L-1) are comparable to the relatively few toxicity effect values available for marine species. In addition to providing effects data for PFOA and PFOS, this study indicates these species and endpoints are sensitive to PFAS such that their use will be appropriate for deriving toxicity data with other PFAS in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunther Rosen
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jason Conder
- Geosyntec Consultants, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
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17
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Jia X, Huang R, Yang X, Tao W, Zhu X. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Class of Zwitterionic Fluorocarbon Surfactants Based on Perfluorobutyl. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/tsd-2020-2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its derivatives had been banned due to their potential environmental hazards, although they possessed excellent surface activity. An effective method to solve this problem was to shorten the fluorocarbon chain of these surfactants from C°H17 to C4F9. As previous studies had shown, zwitterionic surfactants possess higher surface activity but have lower toxicity compared to other types of surfactants. In view of this, a class of novel zwitterionic fluorocarbon surfactants (n-CFNA-Br) with perfluorobutyl moiety was synthesized in this work. Their structures were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR and MS. The results showed that all synthesized n-CFNA-Br had almost the same minimum surface tension, but their critical micelle concentration (CMC) decreased with increasing length of hydrophobic carbon chain. In pure water, the surface tension at the CMC (γCMC) of the four n-CFNA-Br were about 20 mN/m, and the CMC values were 7.73 mmol/L for 1-CFNA-Br, 4.70 mmol/L for 2-CFNA-Br, 4.13 mmol/L for 3-CFNA-Br, and 3.36 mmol/L for 4-CFNA-Br, indicating high efficiency and effectiveness. In 0.1 mol/L NaCl, the CMC values reduced to less than half of the CMC values measured in the pure aqueous surfactant solution, while the surface tensions γCMC remained almost unchanged, indicating good salinity tolerance of the synthesized surfactants. The acidic surfactant solutions exhibited similar CMC values to the saline solutions, but the surface tension γCMC increased slightly to 25 mN/m. However, further investigation showed that the n-CFNA-Br surfactants exhibited poor surface activity in alkaline solution (0.1 mol/L NaOH). In the pH range of 6.6 to 10.4, white precipitates appeared in the surfactant solutions after some time, indicating that the n-CFNA-Br are not suitable for use in alkaline systems with pH greater than 6.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Jia
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan China
| | - Rui Huang
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan China
| | - Wan Tao
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan China
| | - Xinhua Zhu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan China
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18
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Research and Regulatory Advancements on Remediation and Degradation of Fluorinated Polymer Compounds. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of chemicals used in various commercial industries to include food packaging, non-stick repellent, and waterproof products. International environmental protection agencies are currently looking for ways to detect and safely remediate both solid and aqueous PFAS waste due to their harmful effects. Incineration is a technique that disposes of chemicals by breaking down the chemicals at high temperatures, upwards of 1400 °C. Incineration has been used on other related compounds, but PFAS presents a challenge during thermal degradation due to the molecular stability and reactivity of fluorine. Research on the efficacy of this method is currently limited, as the degradation byproducts of PFAS are not fully characterized. Current research is mostly focused on the development of benchtop methods for the safe remediation of solid PFAS waste. Aqueous fire fighting foams (AFFFs) have garnered significant attention due to extensive use since development in the 1960s. Numerous communities that are closely located near airports have been shown to have higher than average PFAS contamination from the repeated use. Detection and remediation of surface, subsurface, and wastewater have become a primary concern for environmental agencies. Use of electrochemical techniques to remove the PFAS contaminants has shown recent promise to help address this issue. Critical to the remediation efforts is development of standardized detection techniques and the implementation of local and international regulations to control the production and use of fluorinated products. No single solution has yet been developed, but much progress has been made in recent years in governmental regulation, detection, and remediation techniques.
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19
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Elucidating the effects of particle sizes on the fire extinguishing performance of core-shell dry water. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Jia X, Luo Y, Huang R, Bo H, Liu Q, Zhu X. Spreading kinetics of fluorocarbon surfactants on several liquid fuels surfaces. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Shi G, Cui Q, Zhang H, Cui R, Guo Y, Dai J. Accumulation, Biotransformation, and Endocrine Disruption Effects of Fluorotelomer Surfactant Mixtures on Zebrafish. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1432-1440. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qianqian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruina Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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22
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Jia X, Bo H, He Y. Synthesis and characterization of a novel surfactant used for aqueous film-forming foam extinguishing agent. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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23
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Surface activity, foam properties and aggregation behavior of mixtures of short-chain fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactants. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Hinnant KM, Giles SL, Snow AW, Farley JP, Fleming JW, Ananth R. An Analytically Defined Fire-Suppressing Foam Formulation for Evaluation of Fluorosurfactant Replacement. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Spencer L. Giles
- Chemistry Division; U.S. Naval Research Laboratory; Washington DC 20375 USA
| | - Arthur W. Snow
- Chemistry Division; U.S. Naval Research Laboratory; Washington DC 20375 USA
| | - John P. Farley
- Chemistry Division; U.S. Naval Research Laboratory; Washington DC 20375 USA
| | | | - Ramagopal Ananth
- Chemistry Division; U.S. Naval Research Laboratory; Washington DC 20375 USA
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25
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Khanjani P, King AWT, Partl GJ, Johansson LS, Kostiainen MA, Ras RHA. Superhydrophobic Paper from Nanostructured Fluorinated Cellulose Esters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:11280-11288. [PMID: 29518309 PMCID: PMC6095637 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of economically and ecologically viable strategies for superhydrophobization offers a vast variety of interesting applications in self-cleaning surfaces. Examples include packaging materials, textiles, outdoor clothing, and microfluidic devices. In this work, we produced superhydrophobic paper by spin-coating a dispersion of nanostructured fluorinated cellulose esters. Modification of cellulose nanocrystals was accomplished using 2 H,2 H,3 H,3 H-perfluorononanoyl chloride and 2 H,2 H,3 H,3 H-perfluoroundecanoyl chloride, which are well-known for their ability to reduce surface energy. A stable dispersion of nanospherical fluorinated cellulose ester was obtained by using the nanoprecipitation technique. The hydrophobized fluorinated cellulose esters were characterized by both solid- and liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. Further, we investigated the size, shape, and structure morphology of nanostructured fluorinated cellulose esters by dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Khanjani
- Department of Bioproducts
and Biosystems, Aalto University School
of Chemical Engineering, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, AI Virtasen Aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gabriel J. Partl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, AI Virtasen Aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena-Sisko Johansson
- Department of Bioproducts
and Biosystems, Aalto University School
of Chemical Engineering, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts
and Biosystems, Aalto University School
of Chemical Engineering, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University
School of Science, Puumiehenkuja
2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Robin H. A. Ras
- Department of Bioproducts
and Biosystems, Aalto University School
of Chemical Engineering, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University
School of Science, Puumiehenkuja
2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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26
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Shi G, Xie Y, Guo Y, Dai J. 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), a novel perfluorooctane sulfonate alternative, induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 195:24-32. [PMID: 29247975 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB) is a major component of Forafac®1157, a novel perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) alternative used globally in aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs). Although 6:2 FTAB has been recently detected in the aquatic environment, its toxic effects on aquatic organisms remain unclear. Here, zebrafish embryos were exposed to various concentrations of 6:2 FTAB (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/L) from 6 to 120 h post-fertilization (hpf) to investigate its developmental toxicity and possible mechanism of action. Results showed that exposure to 40 mg/L or higher concentrations of 6:2 FTAB significantly decreased the survival percentage and increased the malformation percentage. The median lethal concentration (LC50) at 120 hpf was 43.73 ± 3.24 mg/L, and the corresponding benchmark dose lower limit (BMDL) of lethal effect was 33.79 mg/L. These values were both higher than those for PFOS, supporting the notion that 6:2 FTAB is less toxic than PFOS to zebrafish embryos. The most common developmental defect in 6:2 FTAB-treated embryos was rough-edged skin/fins. TUNEL assay showed that 6:2 FTAB exposure induced cell apoptosis in the tail region compared with that of the control, which might explain the rough-edged skin/fins. The increased transcriptional levels of p53, bax, and apaf1 and the increased activities of caspase-3, -8, and -9 provided further evidence of 6:2 FTAB-induced apoptosis. We also analyzed the effects of 6:2 FTAB on oxidative stress and the immune system. Results showed that reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde accumulated in concentration-dependent manners after exposure to 6:2 FTAB, and antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase and glutathione peroxidase) also changed. Exposure to 6:2 FTAB also altered the transcriptional levels of ccl1, il-1β, il-8, tnfα, ifn, and cxcl-c1c, which play important roles in the innate immune system. Collectively, our data suggest that 6:2 FTAB exposure can induce cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and immunotoxicity, thus highlighting the developmental toxicity of 6:2 FTAB in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
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27
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Brendel S, Fetter É, Staude C, Vierke L, Biegel-Engler A. Short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids: environmental concerns and a regulatory strategy under REACH. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:9. [PMID: 29527446 PMCID: PMC5834591 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-chain PFASs (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are widely used as alternatives to long-chain PFASs. Long-chain PFASs become gradually regulated under REACH (EC No. 1907/2006) and other international regulations, due to having persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic properties and/or being toxic for reproduction. The increasingly used short-chain PFASs are assumed to have a lower bioaccumulation potential. Nonetheless, they have other properties of concern and are already widely distributed in the environment, also in remote regions. The REACH Regulation does not directly address these emerging properties of concern, complicating the implementation of regulatory measures. Therefore, this study illustrates these environmental concerns and provides a strategy for a regulation of short-chain PFASs within REACH. RESULTS Short-chain PFASs have a high mobility in soil and water, and final degradation products are extremely persistent. This results in a fast distribution to water resources, and consequently, also to a contamination of drinking water resources. Once emitted, short-chain PFASs remain in the environment. A lack of appropriate water treatment technologies results in everlasting background concentrations in the environment, and thus, organisms are permanently and poorly reversibly exposed. Considering such permanent exposure, it is very difficult to estimate long-term adverse effects in organisms. Short-chain PFASs enrich in edible parts of plants and the accumulation in food chains is unknown. Regarding these concerns and uncertainties, especially with respect to the precautionary principle, short-chain PFASs are of equivalent concern to PBT substances. Therefore, they should be identified as substances of very high concern (SVHC) under REACH. The SVHC identification should be followed by a restriction under REACH, which is the most efficient way to minimize the environmental and human exposure of short-chain PFASs in the European Union. CONCLUSION Due to an increasing use of short-chain PFASs, an effective regulation is urgently needed. The concerns of short-chain PFASs do not match the "classical" concerns as defined under REACH, but are not of minor concern. Therefore, it is of advantage to clearly define the concerns of short-chain PFASs. This might facilitate the following restriction process under REACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Brendel
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Éva Fetter
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Claudia Staude
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Lena Vierke
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
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Dauchy X, Boiteux V, Bach C, Colin A, Hemard J, Rosin C, Munoz JF. Mass flows and fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the wastewater treatment plant of a fluorochemical manufacturing facility. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 576:549-558. [PMID: 27810744 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although industrial sites producing perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may introduce these chemicals into the aquatic environment, they are rarely investigated. This study entailed measuring concentrations, mass flows and the fate of 51 PFASs in an industrial wastewater treatment plant receiving raw effluents from a fluorochemical manufacturing facility. Grab and 24-h composite samples were collected at various stages of wastewater treatment over four sampling campaigns. One perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) and nine fluorotelomers (FTs) were systematically detected in the facility's raw effluent. The overall PFCA mass flow ranged from 0.6 to 8.6g/day and was negligible compared to the overall mass flow of FTs (from 647 to 2,892g/day). PFCA mass flows increased drastically after secondary treatment (degradation of precursors) and decreased notably after the floatation tank (adsorption onto floatation sludge), but remained at relatively high levels in the final effluent (from 21 to 247g/day). Similar patterns in mass flow were observed for the FTs, with mass loadings discharged into the river ranging from 1,623 to 6,963g/day. Despite analyzing dozens of PFASs, adsorbable organic fluorine determination and oxidative conversion of PFCA precursors showed that a significant part of PFASs remained unidentified. Nevertheless, two overwhelmingly predominant PFASs-6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB) and 6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonamide propyl N,N dimethylamine (M4)-were detected and quantified for the first time in water samples, accounting for >75% of the total PFAS mass flow in the final effluent. This study also provided evidence of soil contamination by the aerosol produced over the aeration basin and inadvertent spillage of pieces of sludge cake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Dauchy
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Virginie Boiteux
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Cristina Bach
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Adeline Colin
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Jessica Hemard
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Rosin
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Jean-François Munoz
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France
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Robledo D, Hermida M, Rubiolo JA, Fernández C, Blanco A, Bouza C, Martínez P. Integrating genomic resources of flatfish (Pleuronectiformes) to boost aquaculture production. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2016; 21:41-55. [PMID: 28063346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Flatfish have a high market acceptance thus representing a profitable aquaculture production. The main farmed species is the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) followed by Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceous) and tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), but other species like Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) and common sole (Solea solea) also register an important production and are very promising for farming. Important genomic resources are available for most of these species including whole genome sequencing projects, genetic maps and transcriptomes. In this work, we integrate all available genomic information of these species within a common framework, taking as reference the whole assembled genomes of turbot and tongue sole (>210× coverage). New insights related to the genetic basis of productive traits and new data useful to understand the evolutionary origin and diversification of this group were obtained. Despite a general 1:1 chromosome syntenic relationship between species, the comparison of turbot and tongue sole genomes showed huge intrachromosomic reorganizations. The integration of available mapping information supported specific chromosome fusions along flatfish evolution and facilitated the comparison between species of previously reported genetic associations for productive traits. When comparing transcriptomic resources of the six species, a common set of ~2500 othologues and ~150 common miRNAs were identified, and specific sets of putative missing genes were detected in flatfish transcriptomes, likely reflecting their evolutionary diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Robledo
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Hermida
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Juan A Rubiolo
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Andrés Blanco
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Carmen Bouza
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Paulino Martínez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Rotander A, Kärrman A, Toms LML, Kay M, Mueller JF, Gómez Ramos MJ. Novel fluorinated surfactants tentatively identified in firefighters using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and a case-control approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2434-42. [PMID: 25611076 DOI: 10.1021/es503653n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated surfactant-based aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) are made up of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) and are used to extinguish fires involving highly flammable liquids. The use of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and other perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in some AFFF formulations has been linked to substantial environmental contamination. Recent studies have identified a large number of novel and infrequently reported fluorinated surfactants in different AFFF formulations. In this study, a strategy based on a case-control approach using quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS/MS) and advanced statistical methods has been used to extract and identify known and unknown PFAS in human serum associated with AFFF-exposed firefighters. Two target sulfonic acids [PFOS and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS)], three non-target acids [perfluoropentanesulfonic acid (PFPeS), perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS), and perfluorononanesulfonic acid (PFNS)], and four unknown sulfonic acids (Cl-PFOS, ketone-PFOS, ether-PFHxS, and Cl-PFHxS) were exclusively or significantly more frequently detected at higher levels in firefighters compared to controls. The application of this strategy has allowed for identification of previously unreported fluorinated chemicals in a timely and cost-efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rotander
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland , Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
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31
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Fluoro- vs hydrocarbon surfactants: why do they differ in wetting performance? Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 210:65-71. [PMID: 24814169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorosurfactants are the most effective compounds to lower the surface tension of aqueous solutions, but their wetting properties as related to low energy hydrocarbon solids are inferior to hydrocarbon trisiloxane surfactants, although the latter demonstrate higher surface tension in aqueous solutions. To explain this inconsistency available data on the adsorption of fluorosurfactants on liquid/vapour, solid/liquid and solid/vapour interfaces are discussed in comparison to those of hydrocarbon surfactants. The low free energy of adsorption of fluorosurfactants on hydrocarbon solid/water interface should be of a substantial importance for their wetting properties.
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D'Agostino LA, Mabury SA. Identification of novel fluorinated surfactants in aqueous film forming foams and commercial surfactant concentrates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:121-9. [PMID: 24256061 DOI: 10.1021/es403729e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies comparing the results of total organofluorine-combustion ion chromatography (TOF-CIC) to targeted analysis of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have shown that a significant yet variable portion of the total organofluorine in environmental and biological samples is in the form of unknown PFASs. A portion of this unknown organofluorine likely originates in proprietary fluorinated surfactants not included in LC-MS/MS analyses and not fully characterized by the environmental science community, which may enter the environment through use in aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs) for firefighting. Contamination of water, biota, and soils with various PFASs due to AFFF deployment has been documented. Ten fluorinated AFFF concentrates, 9 of which were obtained from fire sites in Ontario, Canada, and two commercial fluorinated surfactant concentrates were characterized in order to identify novel fluorinated surfactants. Mixed-mode ion exchange solid phase extraction (SPE) fractionated fluorinated surfactants based on ionic character. High resolution mass spectrometry assigned molecular formulas to fluorinated surfactant ions, while collision induced dissociation (CID) spectra assisted structural elucidation. LC-MS/MS detected isomers and low abundance fluorinated chain lengths. In total, 12 novel and 10 infrequently reported PFAS classes were identified in fluorinated chain lengths from C3 to C15 for a total of 103 compounds. Further research should examine the environmental fate and toxicology of these PFASs, especially their potential as perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A D'Agostino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6 Ontario, Canada
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Wang Z, Cousins IT, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K. Fluorinated alternatives to long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their potential precursors. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 60:242-8. [PMID: 24660230 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Since 2000 there has been an on-going industrial transition to replace long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their precursors. To date, information on these replacements including their chemical identities, however, has not been published or made easily accessible to the public, hampering risk assessment and management of these chemicals. Here we review information on fluorinated alternatives in the public domain. We identify over 20 fluorinated substances that are applied in [i] fluoropolymer manufacture, [ii] surface treatment of textile, leather and carpets, [iii] surface treatment of food contact materials,[iv] metal plating, [v] fire-fighting foams, and [vi] other commercial and consumer products.We summarize current knowledge on their environmental releases, persistence, and exposure of biota and humans. Based on the limited information available, it is unclear whether fluorinated alternatives are safe for humans and the environment.We identify three major data gaps that must be filled to perform meaningful risk assessments and recommend generation of the missing data through cooperation among all stakeholders (industry, regulators, academic scientists and the public).
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34
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Yeung LWY, Mabury SA. Bioconcentration of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:12505-13. [PMID: 24060050 DOI: 10.1021/es403170f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the bioconcentration of PFASs in juvenile rainbow trout by exposing the fish in separate tanks under flow-through conditions to water continuously spiked with either of the AFFFs FC-203CF light water AFFF 3% (3M) or Niagara 1-3 (Angus Fire); a nonspiked tank served as the control. Three fish in each tank were collected after 1, 3, 6, and 11 days of exposure, and 3, 7, 14, and 25 days of depuration. Liver and carcass homogenate samples were analyzed for 20 PFASs using LC-MS/MS. PFDS, PFOS, PFHxS, and EtFOSAA were detected in fish exposed to the 3M foam, while 6:2 and 8:2 FTSASs, 6:2 and 8:2 FTSAs, 5:3 and 7:3 FTCAs were measured in fish exposed to Angus Fire foam. Bioconcentration factors and rate constants for uptake and depuration were calculated. Total and extractable organofluorine were measured in the fish samples. After fish were exposed to AFFFs, not only known PFASs but also other unknown organofluorines were bioconcentrated. Compared to the control group, significantly greater amounts (at least 10-fold) and proportion of unidentified PFASs were found in both liver and carcass homogenate ranging from ∼50% in 3M foam up to 95% in the Angus Fire foam at the end of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo W Y Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Moe MK, Huber S, Svenson J, Hagenaars A, Pabon M, Trümper M, Berger U, Knapen D, Herzke D. The structure of the fire fighting foam surfactant Forafac®1157 and its biological and photolytic transformation products. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:869-875. [PMID: 22658941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
For several decades, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has widely been used as a fluorinated surfactant in aqueous film forming foams used as hydrocarbon fuel fire extinguishers. Due to concerns regarding its environmental persistence and toxicological effects, PFOS has recently been replaced by novel fluorinated surfactants such as Forafac®1157, developed by the DuPont company. The major component of Forafac®1157 is a 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), and a link between the trade name and the exact chemical structure is presented here to the scientific community for the first time. In the present work, the structure of the 6:2 FTAB was elucidated by (1)H, (13)C and (19)F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Moreover, its major metabolites from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and its photolytic transformation products were identified. Contrary to what has earlier been observed for PFOS, the 6:2 FTAB was extensively metabolized by blue mussel and turbot exposed to Forafac®1157. The major metabolite was a deacetylated betaine species, from which mono- and di-demethylated metabolites also were formed. Another abundant metabolite was the 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide. In another experiment, Forafac®1157 was subjected to UV-light induced photolysis. The experimental conditions aimed to simulate Arctic conditions and the deacetylated species was again the primary transformation product of 6:2 FTAB. A 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide was also formed along with a non-identified transformation product. The environmental presence of most of the metabolites and transformation products was qualitatively demonstrated by analysis of soil samples taken in close proximity to an airport fire training facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten K Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, Tromsø, Norway.
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Díaz-Rosales P, Romero A, Balseiro P, Dios S, Novoa B, Figueras A. Microarray-based identification of differentially expressed genes in families of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) after infection with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 14:515-529. [PMID: 22790792 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) is one of the major threats to the development of the aquaculture industry worldwide. The present study was aimed to identify genes differentially expressed in several turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) families showing different mortality rates after VHSV. The expression analysis was conducted through genome-wide expression profiling with an oligo-microarray in the head kidney. A significant proportion of the variation in the gene expression profiles seemed to be explained by the genetic background, indicating that the mechanisms by which particular species and/or populations can resist a pathogen(s) are complex and multifactorial. Before the experimental infections, fish from resistant families (low mortality rates after VHSV infection) showed high expression of different antimicrobial peptides, suggesting that their pre-immune state may be stronger than fish of susceptible families (high mortality rates after VHSV infection). After infection, fish from both high- and low-mortality families showed an up-modulation of the interferon-induced Mx2 gene, the IL-8 gene and the VHSV-induced protein 5 gene compared with control groups. Low levels of several molecules secreted in the mucus were observed in high-mortality families, but different genes involved in viral entrance into target cells were down-regulated in low-mortality families. Moreover, these families also showed a strong down-modulation of marker genes related to VHSV target organs, including biochemical markers of renal dysfunction and myocardial injury. In general, the expression of different genes involved in the metabolism of sugars, lipids and proteins were decreased in both low- and high-mortality families after infection. The present study serves as an initial screen for genes of interest and provides an extensive overview of the genetic basis underlying the differences between families that are resistant or susceptible to VHSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Díaz-Rosales
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Eduardo Cabello 6, Vigo, Spain
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Herzke D, Olsson E, Posner S. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in consumer products in Norway - a pilot study. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:980-7. [PMID: 22483730 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in numerous industrial and consumer products because of their special chemical properties, for instance the ability to repel both water and oil. A broad variety of PFAS have been introduced into the Norwegian market through industrial use (e.g. via fire fighting foams and paints) as well as in treated customer products such as textiles and coated paper. Our present knowledge of the exact chemical PFAS compositions in preparations using perfluorinated compounds is limited. This lack of knowledge means that it is difficult to provide an accurate assessment of human exposure to these compounds or to the amount of waste that may contain treated products. It is a growing concern that these potentially harmful compounds can now be found throughout the global environment. Samples of consumer products and preparations were collected in Norway, with supplemental samples from Sweden. In 27 of the 30 analyzed consumer products and preparations a number of polyfluorinated substances that were analyzed were detected but this does not exclude the occurrence of unknown PFAS. Notable was that perfluorooctanesulphonate (PFOS), which has been strictly regulated in Norway since 2007, was found in amounts close to or exceeding the EU regulatory level in 4 of the 30 analyzed products, all within the leather or carpet product groups. High amounts of fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) were found in waterproofing agents, carpets and textiles, consistent with earlier findings by Fiedler et al. (2010). The presence of PFAS in a broad range of consumer products can give rise to a constant diffuse human exposure that might eventually result in harm to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Herzke
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Hjalmar Johansens gt. 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
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