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Wu H, Yang Y, Zhang Q, Zheng G, Geng Q, Tan Z. Immune and physiological responses of Mytilus unguiculatus to Alexandrium spp. with varying paralytic shellfish toxin profiles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173483. [PMID: 38796022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The innate immunity of bivalves serves as the initial defense mechanism against environmental pollutants, ultimately impacting genetic regulatory networks through synergistic interactions. Previous research has demonstrated variations in the accumulation and tolerance capacities of bivalves; however, the specific mechanism underlying the low accumulation of PSTs in M. unguiculatus remains unclear. This study examined the alterations in feeding behavior and transcriptional regulation of M. unguiculatus following exposure to two Alexandrium strains with distinct toxin profiles, specifically gonyautoxin (AM) and N-sulfocarbamoyl toxin (AC). The total accumulation rate of PSTs in M. unguiculatus was 43.64 % (AC) and 27.80 % (AM), with highest PSTs content in the AM group (455.39 μg STXeq/kg). There were significant variations (P < 0.05) in physiological parameters, such as total hemocyte count, antioxidant superoxide activity and tissue damage in both groups. The absorption rate was identified as the key factor influencing toxin accumulation. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that PSTs triggered upregulation of endocytosis, lysosome, and immune-related signaling pathways. Furthermore, PSTs induced a nucleotide imbalance in the AC group, with total PSTs content serving as the most toxic indicator. These results suggested that protein-like substances had a crucial role in the stress response of M. unguiculatus to PSTs. This study provided novel perspectives on the impacts of intricate regulatory mechanisms and varying immune responses to PSTs in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuecong Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qianru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guanchao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qianqian Geng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Greenhough H, Smith KF, Kenny NJ, Rolton A. Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium pacificum, on the marine diatom, Chaetoceros muelleri, and mussel (Perna canaliculus) sperm and hemocytes. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 199:106630. [PMID: 38964247 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Alexandrium pacificum have affected the Marlborough Sounds in New Zealand since 2010, posing a threat to green-lipped mussel (GLM, Perna canaliculus) farming. Previous studies have shown A. pacificum has negative effects GLM embryos and larvae. To further investigate these toxic mechanisms, in vitro bioassays were conducted on GLM spermatozoa, hemocytes, and the diatom, Chaetoceros muelleri. The three cell types were exposed to several treatments of A. pacificum for 2 h and responses were measured using flow cytometry and pulse amplitude-modulated fluorometry. Significant spermatozoa mortality was recorded in treatments containing A. pacificum cells or fragments, while hemocyte and C. muelleri mortality was recorded in cell-free treatments of A. pacificum which contained paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). Variation in sensitivity between cell types as well as the sublethal effects observed, emphasise the diverse toxic mechanisms of A. pacificum on co-occurring species in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Greenhough
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand; Department of Biochemistry Te Tari Matū Koiora, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand.
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Nathan J Kenny
- Department of Biochemistry Te Tari Matū Koiora, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Anne Rolton
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
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Gracia Villalobos LL, Getino Mamet LN, Vázquez N, Soria G, Gonçalves RJ. The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella adversely affects early life stages of tehuelche scallop. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 192:106221. [PMID: 37844368 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella were investigated on growth, survival, and histopathology in larvae and spat of the Tehuelche scallop Aequipecten tehuelchus from Patagonia, Argentina. The study consisted of laboratory incubations of scallop larvae/spat with A. catenella, using environmentally realistic abundances of the dinoflagellate. Survival, growth, and histopathological effects were documented for scallop larvae/spat before, during, and after 7-day-long exposure to A. catenella. The scallops were grouped in flasks containing 0 (control), 20, 200, and 2000 cells mL-1 of A. catenella. The presence of A. catenella induced reduced larvae survival after 24 h, whereas a clear effect was observed after 3 days (survival of control larvae 95%, 72, and 79% for 20 and 200 cells mL-1, respectively, and 43% for 2000 cells mL-1). The growth rates of the control larvae and those exposed to 20 mL-1 cells were significantly different from zero. Histopathological effects (melanization, loss of connective tissue, necrosis, and inflammatory responses) were observed in spat exposed to A. catenella. These effects were more pronounced at the highest dinoflagellate concentration. Blooms of A. catenella frequently coincide with the reproductive season of A. tehuelchus, thus there is a need to further study the relationship between harmful algal blooms and the effect on scallops' natural populations in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilén L Gracia Villalobos
- Centro para El Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Boulevard Brown 2915 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
| | - Leandro N Getino Mamet
- Centro para El Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Boulevard Brown 2915 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de La Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Boulevard Brown 3051 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
| | - Nuria Vázquez
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR), CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Boulevard Brown 2915 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
| | - Gaspar Soria
- Centro para El Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Boulevard Brown 2915 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de La Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Boulevard Brown 3051 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
| | - Rodrigo J Gonçalves
- Centro para El Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Boulevard Brown 2915 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
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Funesto EGM, Lewis AM, Turner AD, Cameron TC, Steinke M. Immediate and delayed effects of a heatwave and Prorocentrum lima ((Ehrenberg) Stein 1878) bloom on the toxin accumulation, physiology, and survival of the oyster Magallana gigas (Thunberg, 1793). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 892:164485. [PMID: 37257593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Warming could facilitate the intensification of toxic algal blooms, two important stressors for marine organisms that are predicted to co-occur more frequently in the future. We investigated the immediate and delayed effects of a heatwave and a simulated bloom (3 × 106 cells L-1) of the diarrhetic shellfish toxin (DST)-producing benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima on the survival, physiology (oxygen consumption rate, condition index, immune parameters), and toxin accumulation in the Pacific rock oyster Magallana (Crassostrea) gigas. Oysters exposed to both stressors contained higher mean DST concentrations (mean ± 1 SE: 173.3 ± 19.78 μg kg-1 soft tissue) than those exposed to P. lima bloom alone (120.4 ± 20.90 μg kg-1) and exceeded the maximum permitted levels for human consumption. Exposure to individual stressors and their combination modified the physiology of M. gigas. Oysters exposed to heatwave alone had significantly higher oxygen consumption rates (0.7 ± 0.06 mg O2 h-1 g-1) than the control (0.3 ± 0.06 mg O2 h-1 g-1). However, this was not observed in oysters exposed to both heatwave and P. lima (0.5 ± 0.06 mg O2 h-1 g-1). This alteration of the metabolic response to warming in the presence of P. lima may affect the ability of rock oysters to adapt to environmental stressors (i.e., a heatwave) to ensure survival. Immunomodulation, through changes in total hemocyte count, was observed in oysters exposed to P. lima alone and in combination with warming. Individual stressors and their combination did not influence the condition index, but one mortality was recorded in oysters exposed to both stressors. The findings of this study highlight the vulnerability of rock oysters to the predicted increased frequency of heatwaves and toxic algal blooms, and the increased likelihood of shellfish containing higher than regulatory levels of DST in warming coasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Grace M Funesto
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom; Department of Biology and Environmental Science, College of Science, University of the Philippines Cebu, Gorordo Avenue, Lahug, Cebu City 6000, Philippines.
| | - Adam M Lewis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Tom C Cameron
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Steinke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
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Flores-Chavarria A, Rodríguez-Jaramillo C, Band-Schmidt CJ, Hernández-Sandoval FE, Núñez-Vázquez E, Bustillos-Guzmán JJ. Effect of dissolved metabolites of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Graham, 1943) on the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931): A histological study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17018. [PMID: 37484312 PMCID: PMC10361116 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algae blooms (HABs) are a conspicuous phenomenon that affect the coastal zone worldwide. Aquaculture industry zones are not excluded from being affected by HAB that cause organism mortality and jeopardize their innocuity due to the contamination by phytotoxins with the concomitant economic losses. Direct ingestion of metabolites from HAB species or organisms contaminated with phycotoxins together with dermal absorption of dissolved metabolites (DM), including toxins, are the two main routes of poisoning. From these poisoning routes, the effect of DM, particularly paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), has been relatively understudied. This intoxication route can be conspicuous and could be involved in many significant mortalities of cultivated marine organisms. In this study, white shrimp juveniles (2.1 g wet weight) of Litopenaeus vannamei were exposed to extracts of 104, 105 and 106 cells/L of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum, a PST producer. The experiment ended after 17 h of exposure when shrimps exposed to 106 cells/L extract started to die and the rest of the shrimps, from this and other treatments, did not respond to gentle physical stimulus and their swimming activity was low and erratic. Toxin concentrations were determined using high performance liquid chromatography while qualitative and quantitative histological damages were assessed on the tissues. In general, most toxins were accumulated in the hepatopancreas where more than 90% were found. Other tissues such as intestine, muscle, and gills contained less than 10% of toxins. Compared to the control, the main significative tissue damages were, loss of up to 80% of the nerve cord, 40% of the muscle coverage area, and reduction of the gill lamella width. Also, atrophy in hepatopancreas was observed, manifested by a decrease in the height of B cells, lumen degeneration and thinning of tubules. Some damages were more evident when shrimps were exposed to higher concentrated extracts of G. catenatum, however, not all damages were progressive and proportional to the extract concentration. These data confirm that PST dissolved enter the shrimp, possibly via the gills, and suggest that dissolved metabolites, including PST, may cause tissue damage. Other dissolved metabolites produced by G. catenatum, alone or in synergy, may also be involved. These results also pointed out the importance of dissolved molecules produced for this dinoflagellate and the potential effect on cultured shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Flores-Chavarria
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Jaramillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Christine J. Band-Schmidt
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Ave. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Francisco E. Hernández-Sandoval
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Erick Núñez-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - José J. Bustillos-Guzmán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
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Tallec K, Gabriele M, Paul-Pont I, Alunno-Bruscia M, Huvet A. Tire rubber chemicals reduce juvenile oyster (Crassostrea gigas) filtration and respiration under experimental conditions. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 181:113936. [PMID: 35850084 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tires can release a large number of chemical compounds that are potentially hazardous for aquatic organisms. An ecophysiological system was used to do high-frequency monitoring of individual clearance, respiration rates, and absorption efficiency of juvenile oysters (8 months old) gradually exposed to four concentrations of tire leachates (equivalent masses: 0, 1, 10, and 100 μg tire mL-1). Leachates significantly reduced clearance (52 %) and respiration (16 %) rates from 1 μg mL-1, while no effect was observed on the absorption efficiency. These results suggest that tire leachates affect oyster gills, which are the organ of respiration and food retention as well as the first barrier against contaminants. Calculations of scope for growth suggested a disruption of the energy balance with a significant reduction of 57 %. Because energy balance directs whole-organism functions (e.g., growth, reproductive outputs), the present study calls for an investigation of the long-term consequences of chemicals released by tires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tallec
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Marta Gabriele
- Università di Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ika Paul-Pont
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | | | - Arnaud Huvet
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
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Even Y, Pousse E, Chapperon C, Artigaud S, Hégaret H, Bernay B, Pichereau V, Flye-Sainte-Marie J, Jean F. Physiological and comparative proteomic analyzes reveal immune defense response of the king scallop Pecten maximus in presence of paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) from Alexandrium minutum. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 115:102231. [PMID: 35623695 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The king scallop, Pecten maximus is a highly valuable seafood in Europe. Over the last few years, its culture has been threatened by toxic microalgae during harmful algal blooms, inducing public health concerns. Indeed, phycotoxins accumulated in bivalves can be harmful for human, especially paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) synthesized by the microalgae Alexandrium minutum. Deleterious effects of these toxic algae on bivalves have also been reported. However, its impact on bivalves such as king scallop is far from being completely understood. This study combined ecophysiological and proteomic analyzes to investigate the early response of juvenile king scallops to a short term exposure to PST producing A. minutum. Our data showed that all along the 2-days exposure to A. minutum, king scallops exhibited transient lower filtration and respiration rates and accumulated PST. Significant inter-individual variability of toxin accumulation potential was observed among individuals. Furthermore, we found that ingestion of toxic algae, correlated to toxin accumulation was driven by two factors: 1/ the time it takes king scallop to recover from filtration inhibition and starts to filtrate again, 2/ the filtration level to which king scallop starts again to filtrate after inhibition. Furthermore, at the end of the 2-day exposure to A. minutum, proteomic analyzes revealed an increase of the killer cell lectin-like receptor B1, involved in adaptative immune response. Proteins involved in detoxification and in metabolism were found in lower amount in A. minutum exposed king scallops. Proteomic data also showed differential accumulation in several structure proteins such as β-actin, paramyosin and filamin A, suggesting a remodeling of the mantle tissue when king scallops are subjected to an A. minutum exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Even
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Emilien Pousse
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Coraline Chapperon
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Sébastien Artigaud
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Benoit Bernay
- Plateforme Proteogen, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Vianney Pichereau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jonathan Flye-Sainte-Marie
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Fred Jean
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms on Fish and Shellfish Species: A Case Study of New Zealand in a Changing Environment. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050341. [PMID: 35622588 PMCID: PMC9147682 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have wide-ranging environmental impacts, including on aquatic species of social and commercial importance. In New Zealand (NZ), strategic growth of the aquaculture industry could be adversely affected by the occurrence of HABs. This review examines HAB species which are known to bloom both globally and in NZ and their effects on commercially important shellfish and fish species. Blooms of Karenia spp. have frequently been associated with mortalities of both fish and shellfish in NZ and the sub-lethal effects of other genera, notably Alexandrium spp., on shellfish (which includes paralysis, a lack of byssus production, and reduced growth) are also of concern. Climate change and anthropogenic impacts may alter HAB population structure and dynamics, as well as the physiological responses of fish and shellfish, potentially further compromising aquatic species. Those HAB species which have been detected in NZ and have the potential to bloom and harm marine life in the future are also discussed. The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) and relevant bioassays are practical tools which enable early detection of novel, problem HAB species and rapid toxin/HAB screening, and new data from HAB monitoring of aquaculture production sites using eDNA are presented. As aquaculture grows to supply a sizable proportion of the world’s protein, the effects of HABs in reducing productivity is of increasing significance. Research into the multiple stressor effects of climate change and HABs on cultured species and using local, recent, HAB strains is needed to accurately assess effects and inform stock management strategies.
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Pease SKD, Brosnahan ML, Sanderson MP, Smith JL. Effects of Two Toxin-Producing Harmful Algae, Alexandrium catenella and Dinophysis acuminata (Dinophyceae), on Activity and Mortality of Larval Shellfish. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050335. [PMID: 35622582 PMCID: PMC9143080 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal bloom (HAB) species Alexandrium catenella and Dinophysis acuminata are associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans, respectively. While PSP and DSP have been studied extensively, less is known about the effects of these HAB species or their associated toxins on shellfish. This study investigated A. catenella and D. acuminata toxicity in a larval oyster (Crassostrea virginica) bioassay. Larval activity and mortality were examined through 96-h laboratory exposures to live HAB cells (10−1000 cells/mL), cell lysates (1000 cells/mL equivalents), and purified toxins (10,000 cells/mL equivalents). Exposure to 1000 cells/mL live or lysed D. acuminata caused larval mortality (21.9 ± 7.0%, 10.2 ± 4.0%, respectively) while exposure to any tested cell concentration of live A. catenella, but not lysate, caused swimming arrest and/or mortality in >50% of larvae. Exposure to high concentrations of saxitoxin (STX) or okadaic acid (OA), toxins traditionally associated with PSP and DSP, respectively, had no effect on larval activity or mortality. In contrast, pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) caused rapid larval mortality (49.6 ± 5.8% by 48 h) and completely immobilized larval oysters. The results indicate that the toxic effects of A. catenella and D. acuminata on shellfish are not linked to the primary toxins associated with PSP and DSP in humans, and that PTX2 is acutely toxic to larval oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. D. Pease
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA; (S.K.D.P.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Michael L. Brosnahan
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Redfield 3-30, MS 32, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;
| | - Marta P. Sanderson
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA; (S.K.D.P.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Juliette L. Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA; (S.K.D.P.); (M.P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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de la Ballina NR, Maresca F, Cao A, Villalba A. Bivalve Haemocyte Subpopulations: A Review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826255. [PMID: 35464425 PMCID: PMC9024128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs stand out for their ecological success and their key role in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, while also constituting a very valuable commercial resource. Both ecological success and production of bivalves depend on their effective immune defence function, in which haemocytes play a central role acting as both the undertaker of the cellular immunity and supplier of the humoral immunity. Bivalves have different types of haemocytes, which perform different functions. Hence, identification of cell subpopulations and their functional characterisation in immune responses is essential to fully understand the immune system in bivalves. Nowadays, there is not a unified nomenclature that applies to all bivalves. Characterisation of bivalve haemocyte subpopulations is often combined with 1) other multiple parameter assays to determine differences between cell types in immune-related physiological activities, such as phagocytosis, oxidative stress and apoptosis; and 2) immune response to different stressors such as pathogens, temperature, acidification and pollution. This review summarises the major and most recent findings in classification and functional characterisation of the main haemocyte types of bivalve molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria R. de la Ballina
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Francesco Maresca
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Universidade de Évora, Sines, Portugal
| | - Asunción Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Plentziako Itsas Estazioa (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Antonio Villalba,
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11
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Long M, Krock B, Castrec J, Tillmann U. Unknown Extracellular and Bioactive Metabolites of the Genus Alexandrium: A Review of Overlooked Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:905. [PMID: 34941742 PMCID: PMC8703713 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Various species of Alexandrium can produce a number of bioactive compounds, e.g., paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), spirolides, gymnodimines, goniodomins, and also uncharacterised bioactive extracellular compounds (BECs). The latter metabolites are released into the environment and affect a large range of organisms (from protists to fishes and mammalian cell lines). These compounds mediate allelochemical interactions, have anti-grazing and anti-parasitic activities, and have a potentially strong structuring role for the dynamic of Alexandrium blooms. In many studies evaluating the effects of Alexandrium on marine organisms, only the classical toxins were reported and the involvement of BECs was not considered. A lack of information on the presence/absence of BECs in experimental strains is likely the cause of contrasting results in the literature that render impossible a distinction between PSTs and BECs effects. We review the knowledge on Alexandrium BEC, (i.e., producing species, target cells, physiological effects, detection methods and molecular candidates). Overall, we highlight the need to identify the nature of Alexandrium BECs and urge further research on the chemical interactions according to their ecological importance in the planktonic chemical warfare and due to their potential collateral damage to a wide range of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Long
- IFREMER, Centre de Brest, DYNECO Pelagos, 29280 Plouzané, France;
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
| | - Justine Castrec
- University Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France;
- Station de Recherches Sous-Marines et Océanographiques (STARESO), Punta Revellata, BP33, 20260 Calvi, France
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
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12
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Neves RAF, Nascimento SM, Santos LN. Harmful algal blooms and shellfish in the marine environment: an overview of the main molluscan responses, toxin dynamics, and risks for human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:55846-55868. [PMID: 34480308 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Besides human health risks, phycotoxins may cause physiological injuries on molluscan shellfish and, consequently, damages to marine ecosystems and global fisheries production. In this way, this review aimed to present an overview of HABs impacts on marine shellfish by evaluating the effects of cultivated molluscs exposure to microalgae and cyanobacteria that form blooms and/or synthesize toxins. More specifically, it was assessed the main molluscan shellfish responses to harmful algae, trophic transfer and dynamics of phycotoxins, and the risks for human health. Of the 2420 results obtained from literature search, 150 scientific publications were selected after thorough inspections for subject adherence. In total, 70 molluscan species and 37 taxa of harmful algae were assessed from retrieved scientific publications. A significant positive correlation was found between the marine production of molluscs and the number of available studies by molluscan category. Molluscan responses to HABs and phycotoxins were categorized and discussed in three sub-sections: effects on grazing and behavior, metabolic and physiological reactions, and fitness consequences. The main histopathological injuries and toxin concentrations in molluscan tissues were also compiled and discussed. Bivalves often accumulate more toxins than gastropods and cephalopods, occasionally exceeding recommended levels for safe consumption, representing a risk for human health. Harmful algae impact on molluscan shellfish are complex to trace and predict; however, considering the perspective of increase in the occurrence and intensity of HABs, the intensification of efforts to expand the knowledge about HABs impacts on marine molluscs is crucial to mitigate the damages on economy and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A F Neves
- Graduate Program in Neotropical Biodiversity, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil.
- Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil.
| | - Silvia M Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Neotropical Biodiversity, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
- Laboratory of Marine Microalgae, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 314A, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
| | - Luciano N Santos
- Graduate Program in Neotropical Biodiversity, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Ichthyology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 314A, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil
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13
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Bianchi VA, Bickmeyer U, Tillmann U, Krock B, Müller A, Abele D. In Vitro Effects of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Lytic Extracellular Compounds Produced by Alexandrium Strains on Hemocyte Integrity and Function in Mytilus edulis. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:544. [PMID: 34437415 PMCID: PMC8402557 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful effects caused by the exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and bioactive extracellular compounds (BECs) on bivalves are frequently difficult to attribute to one or the other compound group. We evaluate and compare the distinct effects of PSTs extracted from Alexandrium catenella (Alex5) cells and extracellular lytic compounds (LCs) produced by A. tamarense (NX-57-08) on Mytilus edulis hemocytes. We used a 4 h dose-response in vitro approach and analyzed how these effects correlate with those observed in a previous in vivo feeding assay. Both bioactive compounds caused moderated cell death (10-15%), being dose-dependent for PST-exposed hemocytes. PSTs stimulated phagocytic activity at low doses, with a moderate incidence in lysosomal damage (30-50%) at all tested doses. LCs caused a dose-dependent impairment of phagocytic activity (up to 80%) and damage to lysosomal membranes (up to 90%). PSTs and LCs suppressed cellular ROS production and scavenged H2O2 in in vitro assays. Neither PSTs nor LCs affected the mitochondrial membrane potential in hemocytes. In vitro effects of PST extracts on M. edulis hemocytes were consistent with our previous study on in vivo exposure to PST-producing algae, while for LCs, in vivo and in vitro results were not as consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Angélica Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo)—CEAN, Ruta Provincial N° 61, Km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén 8371, Argentina
| | - Ulf Bickmeyer
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; (U.B.); (U.T.); (B.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; (U.B.); (U.T.); (B.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; (U.B.); (U.T.); (B.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Annegret Müller
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; (U.B.); (U.T.); (B.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Doris Abele
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; (U.B.); (U.T.); (B.K.); (A.M.)
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14
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Liu Y, Lian Z, Li F, Majid A, Wang J. Review on molecular imprinting technology and its application in pre-treatment and detection of marine organic pollutants. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 169:112541. [PMID: 34052587 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imprinting technology (MIT) has been considered as an attractive method to produce artificial receptors with the memory of size, shape and functional groups of the templates and has become an emerging technique with the potential in various fields due to recognitive specificity, high efficient selectivity and mechanical stability, which can effectively remove background interference and is suitable for the pre-treatment and analysis of trace level substances in complex matrix samples. Nearly 100 papers about the application of MIT in the detection of marine pollutants were found through Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE). On this basis, combined with the application of MIT in other fields, the pre-treatment process of marine environmental samples was summarized and the potential of four types of different molecularly imprinted materials in the pre-treatment and detection of marine organic pollutants (including antibiotics, triazines, organic dyes, hormones and shellfish toxins) samples was evaluated, which provides the innovative configurations and progressive applications for the analysis of marine samples, and also highlights future trends and perspectives in the emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ziru Lian
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Abdul Majid
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiangtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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15
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Bringer A, Thomas H, Dubillot E, Le Floch S, Receveur J, Cachot J, Tran D. Subchronic exposure to high-density polyethylene microplastics alone or in combination with chlortoluron significantly affected valve activity and daily growth of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 237:105880. [PMID: 34126365 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, pesticides and microplastics (MPs) are commonly found in coastal waters worldwide. Due to their widespread use, their persistence and toxicity, they may induce adverse effects on physiology and behaviour of marine organisms such as the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). This study explored the growth and valve activity of juvenile oysters exposed for 24 days to two frequently detected pollutants in the Pertuis Charentais (South West, France): a herbicide (chlortoluron, 85 µg.L-1) and high-density polyethylene microparticles (HDPE 20-25 µm, 112 MP.mL-1) alone or in combination (cocktail condition; 97 µg.L-1 of chlortoluron + 108 MP. mL-1). The valve activity of juvenile oysters recorded by using a High Frequency and Non-Invasive valvometer (HFNI) was characterized by three parameters: the number of valve micro-closures (VMC), the Valve Opening Amplitude (VOA), and the Valve Opening Duration (VOD). Additionally, daily shell growth and the oyster daily rhythm were assessed. The exposure to MPs of oysters led to a significant increase of VMC and a decrease of VOD and shell growth. The exposure to chlortoluron showed a significant increase of VOA and a decrease of VMC. In combination with MPs, chlortoluron still increased VOA and decreased VMC but also reduced the shell growth. Chronobiological analysis did not reveal any effects on the daily rhythm of both contaminants. This work highlighted significant effects of high environmental concentrations of MPs and Chlortoluron on the behaviour and growth of the Pacific oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Bringer
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
| | - Hélène Thomas
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - Emmanuel Dubillot
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | | | | | - Jérôme Cachot
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Damien Tran
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
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16
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Long M, Marie D, Szymczak J, Toullec J, Bigeard E, Sourisseau M, Le Gac M, Guillou L, Jauzein C. Dinophyceae can use exudates as weapons against the parasite Amoebophrya sp. (Syndiniales). ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:34. [PMID: 37938261 PMCID: PMC9723556 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-021-00035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Parasites in the genus Amoebophrya sp. infest dinoflagellate hosts in marine ecosystems and can be determining factors in the demise of blooms, including toxic red tides. These parasitic protists, however, rarely cause the total collapse of Dinophyceae blooms. Experimental addition of parasite-resistant Dinophyceae (Alexandrium minutum or Scrippsiella donghaienis) or exudates into a well-established host-parasite coculture (Scrippsiella acuminata-Amoebophrya sp.) mitigated parasite success and increased the survival of the sensitive host. This effect was mediated by waterborne molecules without the need for a physical contact. The strength of the parasite defenses varied between dinoflagellate species, and strains of A. minutum and was enhanced with increasing resistant host cell concentrations. The addition of resistant strains or exudates never prevented the parasite transmission entirely. Survival time of Amoebophrya sp. free-living stages (dinospores) decreased in presence of A. minutum but not of S. donghaienis. Parasite progeny drastically decreased with both species. Integrity of the dinospore membrane was altered by A. minutum, providing a first indication on the mode of action of anti-parasitic molecules. These results demonstrate that extracellular defenses can be an effective strategy against parasites that protects not only the resistant cells producing them, but also the surrounding community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Long
- IFREMER, Centre de Brest, DYNECO Pelagos, F-29280, Plouzané, France.
| | - Dominique Marie
- UMR 7144 Sorbonne Université & Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, «Adaptation and Diversity in Marine Environment», Team «Ecology of Marine Plankton, ECOMAP», Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Jeremy Szymczak
- UMR 7144 Sorbonne Université & Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, «Adaptation and Diversity in Marine Environment», Team «Ecology of Marine Plankton, ECOMAP», Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Jordan Toullec
- IFREMER, Centre de Brest, DYNECO Pelagos, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Estelle Bigeard
- UMR 7144 Sorbonne Université & Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, «Adaptation and Diversity in Marine Environment», Team «Ecology of Marine Plankton, ECOMAP», Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Marc Sourisseau
- IFREMER, Centre de Brest, DYNECO Pelagos, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Mickael Le Gac
- IFREMER, Centre de Brest, DYNECO Pelagos, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Laure Guillou
- UMR 7144 Sorbonne Université & Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, «Adaptation and Diversity in Marine Environment», Team «Ecology of Marine Plankton, ECOMAP», Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Cécile Jauzein
- IFREMER, Centre de Brest, DYNECO Pelagos, F-29280, Plouzané, France
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17
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Faustino LS, Queiroga FR, Hégaret H, Marques-Santos LF, Neves RAF, Nascimento S, da Silva PM. Effects of the toxic dinoflagellates Prorocentrum lima and Ostreopsis cf. ovata on immune responses of cultured oysters Crassostrea gasar. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 236:105846. [PMID: 34000566 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oyster production in Brazil has been highlighted as an important economic activity and is directly impacted by the quality of the environment, which is largely the result of human interference and climate change. Harmful algal blooms occur in aquatic ecosystems worldwide, including coastal marine environments which have been increasing over the last decades as a result of global change and anthropogenic activities. In this study, the native oysters Crassostrea gasar from Northeast of Brazil were exposed to two toxic benthic dinoflagellate species, Prorocentrum lima and Ostreopsis cf. ovata. Their respective effects on C. gasar physiology and defense mechanisms were investigated. Oyster hemocytes were first exposed in vitro to different concentrations of both dinoflagellate species to assess their effects on hemocyte functions, such as phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species, as well as mortality. Results highlighted an alteration of hemocyte phagocytosis and viability in presence of O. cf. ovata, whereas P. lima did not affect the measured hemocyte functions. In a second experiment, oysters were exposed for 4 days in vivo to toxic culture of O. cf. ovata to assess its effects on hemocyte parameters, tissues damages and pathogenic Perkinsus spp. infection. An increase in hemocyte mortality was also observed in vivo, associated with a decrease of ROS production. Histopathological analyses demonstrated a thinning of the epithelium of the digestive tubules of the digestive gland, inflammatory reaction and a significant increase in the level of infection by Perkinsus spp. in oysters exposed to O. cf. ovata. These results indicate that oysters C. gasar seem to be pretty resilient to an exposure to P. lima and may be more susceptible to O. cf. ovata. Furthermore, the latter clearly impaired oyster physiology and defense mechanisms, thus highlighting that harmful algal blooms of O. cf. ovata could potentially lead to increased susceptibility of C. gasar oysters to parasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucemberg Sales Faustino
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Marine Invertebrates (LABIPI), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ramos Queiroga
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Marine Invertebrates (LABIPI), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; Faculdade de Enfermagem Nova Esperança (FACENE), CEP 58067-695, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Luis Fernando Marques-Santos
- Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory (LABID), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Raquel A F Neves
- Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvia Nascimento
- Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Marine Invertebrates (LABIPI), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
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18
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Castrec J, Fabioux C, Le Goïc N, Boulais M, Soudant P, Hégaret H. The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum affects oyster gamete health and fertilization potential. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 169:105401. [PMID: 34217094 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates from the globally distributed genus Alexandrium are known to produce both paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) and uncharacterized bioactive extracellular compounds (BEC) with allelopathic, ichthyotoxic, hemolytic and cytotoxic activities. In France, blooms of Alexandrium minutum appear generally during the spawning period of most bivalves. These blooms could therefore alter gametes and/or larval development of bivalves, causing severe issues for ecologically and economically important species, such as the Pacific oyster Crassostrea (=Magallana) gigas. The aim of this work was to test the effects of three strains of A. minutum producing either only PST, only BEC, or both PST and BEC upon oyster gametes, and potential consequences on fertilization success. Oocytes and spermatozoa were exposed in vitro for 2 h to a range of environmentally realistic A. minutum concentrations (10-2.5 × 104 cells mL-1). Following exposure, gamete viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were assessed by flow cytometry, spermatozoa motility and fertilization capacities of both spermatozoa and oocytes were analysed by microscopy. Viability and fertilization capacity of spermatozoa and oocytes were drastically reduced following exposure to 2.5 × 104 cells mL-1 of A. minutum. The BEC-producing strain was the most potent strain decreasing spermatozoa motility, increasing ROS production of oocytes, and decreasing fertilization, from the concentration of 2.5 × 103 cells mL-1. This study highlights the significant cellular toxicity of the BEC produced by A. minutum on oyster gametes. Physical contact between gametes and motile thecate A. minutum cells may also contribute to alter oyster gamete integrity. These results suggest that oyster gametes exposure to A. minutum blooms could affect oyster fertility and reproduction success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Castrec
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzane, France.
| | | | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzane, France
| | - Myrina Boulais
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzane, France
| | | | - Hélène Hégaret
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzane, France
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19
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Long M, Peltekis A, González-Fernández C, Hégaret H, Bailleul B. Allelochemicals of Alexandrium minutum: Kinetics of membrane disruption and photosynthesis inhibition in a co-occurring diatom. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:101997. [PMID: 33980437 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy is an efficient strategy by which some microalgae can outcompete other species. Allelochemicals from the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum have deleterious effects on diatoms, inhibiting metabolism and photosynthesis and therefore give a competitive advantage to the dinoflagellate. The precise mechanisms of allelochemical interactions and the molecular target of allelochemicals remain however unknown. To understand the mechanisms, the short-term effects of A. minutum allelochemicals on the physiology of the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri were investigated. The effects of a culture filtrate were measured on the diatom cytoplasmic membrane integrity (polarity and permeability) using flow-cytometry and on the photosynthetic performance using fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. Within 10 min, the unknown allelochemicals induced a depolarization of the cytoplasmic membranes and an impairment of photosynthesis through the inhibition of the plastoquinone-mediated electron transfer between photosystem II and cytochrome b6f. At longer time of exposure, the cytoplasmic membranes were permeable and the integrity of photosystems I, II and cytochrome b6f was compromised. Our demonstration of the essential role of membranes in this allelochemical interaction provides new insights for the elucidation of the nature of the allelochemicals. The relationship between cytoplasmic membranes and the inhibition of the photosynthetic electron transfer remains however unclear and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Long
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Alexandra Peltekis
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Laboratory of Chloroplast Biology and Light Sensing in Microalgae, UMR 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Carmen González-Fernández
- Immunobiotechnology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Benjamin Bailleul
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Laboratory of Chloroplast Biology and Light Sensing in Microalgae, UMR 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne université, 75005 Paris, France.
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How Does Mytilus galloprovincialis Respond When Exposed to the Gametophyte Phase of the Invasive Red Macroalga Asparagopsis armata Exudate? WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13040460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asparagopsis armata is classified as an invasive species in Europe. Through the exudation of secondary metabolites, this macroalga holds a chemical defence against consumers, with potential toxic effects to native rocky shore communities. This study aims to evaluate the potential impact of A. armata (gametophyte) exudate in a native species, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, in terms of biochemical and organismal effects. The 96 h-LC50 was 3.667% and based on it, exudate concentrations (0.25; 0.5; 1; 2%) were determined to further sublethal experiments. These sublethal concentrations caused no oxidative damage in the digestive gland since lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation were not affected. Nevertheless, there was a significant rise in the electron transport system activity and total glutathione content in muscle, suggesting an increased non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity and consequent energy consumption to cope with potential pro-oxidant compounds. This might have contributed to the observed decline in cellular energy allocation of the exposed mussels. At the organismal level, clearance capacity declined along the concentration gradient. Moreover, the number of functional byssuses decreased with increasing concentrations and a significant reduction in their attachment strength was observed. These findings suggest that the presence of A. armata may compromise M. galloprovincialis integrity in the invaded coastal areas.
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Lobster Supply Chains Are Not at Risk from Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Accumulation during Wet Storage. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020129. [PMID: 33572356 PMCID: PMC7916109 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lobster species can accumulate paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) in their hepatopancreas following the consumption of toxic prey. The Southern Rock Lobster (SRL), Jasus edwardsii, industry in Tasmania, Australia, and New Zealand, collectively valued at AUD 365 M, actively manages PST risk based on toxin monitoring of lobsters in coastal waters. The SRL supply chain predominantly provides live lobsters, which includes wet holding in fishing vessels, sea-cages, or processing facilities for periods of up to several months. Survival, quality, and safety of this largely exported high-value product is a major consideration for the industry. In a controlled experiment, SRL were exposed to highly toxic cultures of Alexandrium catenella at field relevant concentrations (2 × 105 cells L-1) in an experimental aquaculture facility over a period of 21 days. While significant PST accumulation in the lobster hepatopancreas has been reported in parallel experiments feeding lobsters with toxic mussels, no PST toxin accumulated in this experiment from exposure to toxic algal cells, and no negative impact on lobster health was observed as assessed via a wide range of behavioural, immunological, and physiological measures. We conclude that there is no risk of PST accumulation, nor risk to survival or quality at the point of consumption through exposure to toxic algal cells.
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Gaillard S, Le Goïc N, Malo F, Boulais M, Fabioux C, Zaccagnini L, Carpentier L, Sibat M, Réveillon D, Séchet V, Hess P, Hégaret H. Cultures of Dinophysis sacculus, D. acuminata and pectenotoxin 2 affect gametes and fertilization success of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114840. [PMID: 32570022 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) of toxic species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis are a threat to human health as they are mainly responsible for diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in the consumers of contaminated shellfish. Such contamination leads to shellfish farm closures causing major economic and social issues. The direct effects of numerous HAB species have been demonstrated on adult bivalves, whereas the effects on critical early life stages remain relatively unexplored. The present study aimed to determine the in vitro effects of either cultivated strains of D. sacculus and D. acuminata isolated from France or their associated toxins (i.e. okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2)) on the quality of the gametes of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. This was performed by assessing the ROS production and viability of the gametes using flow cytometry, and fertilization success using microscopic counts. Oocytes were more affected than spermatozoa and their mortality and ROS production increased in the presence of D. sacculus and PTX2, respectively. A decrease in fertilization success was observed at concentrations as low as 0.5 cell mL-1 of Dinophysis spp. and 5 nM of PTX2, whereas no effect of OA could be observed. The effect on fertilization success was higher when both gamete types were concomitantly exposed compared to separate exposures, suggesting a synergistic effect. Our results also suggest that the effects could be due to cell-to-cell contact. These results highlight a potential effect of Dinophysis spp. and PTX2 on reproduction and recruitment of the Pacific oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gaillard
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France.
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Florent Malo
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Myrina Boulais
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Lucas Zaccagnini
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Manoella Sibat
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France.
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France.
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Clerissi C, Guillou L, Escoubas JM, Toulza E. Unveiling protist diversity associated with the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas using blocking and excluding primers. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:193. [PMID: 32620152 PMCID: PMC7333408 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiome of macroorganisms might directly or indirectly influence host development and homeostasis. Many studies focused on the diversity and distribution of prokaryotes within these assemblages, but the eukaryotic microbial compartment remains underexplored so far. RESULTS To tackle this issue, we compared blocking and excluding primers to analyze microeukaryotic communities associated with Crassostrea gigas oysters. High-throughput sequencing of 18S rRNA genes variable loops revealed that excluding primers performed better by not amplifying oyster DNA, whereas the blocking primer did not totally prevent host contaminations. However, blocking and excluding primers showed similar pattern of alpha and beta diversities when protist communities were sequenced using metabarcoding. Alveolata, Stramenopiles and Archaeplastida were the main protist phyla associated with oysters. In particular, Codonellopsis, Cyclotella, Gymnodinium, Polarella, Trichodina, and Woloszynskia were the dominant genera. The potential pathogen Alexandrium was also found in high abundances within some samples. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed the main protist taxa within oysters as well as the occurrence of potential oyster pathogens. These new primer sets are promising tools to better understand oyster homeostasis and disease development, such as the Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS) targeting juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Clerissi
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France. .,PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan Cedex, France.
| | - Laure Guillou
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Ecology of Marine Plankton (ECOMAP), Station Biologique de Roscoff SBR, Roscoff, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
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Lassudrie M, Hégaret H, Wikfors GH, da Silva PM. Effects of marine harmful algal blooms on bivalve cellular immunity and infectious diseases: A review. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 108:103660. [PMID: 32145294 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves were long thought to be "symptomless carriers" of marine microalgal toxins to human seafood consumers. In the past three decades, science has come to recognize that harmful algae and their toxins can be harmful to grazers, including bivalves. Indeed, studies have shown conclusively that some microalgal toxins function as active grazing deterrents. When responding to marine Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) events, bivalves can reject toxic cells to minimize toxin and bioactive extracellular compound (BEC) exposure, or ingest and digest cells, incorporating nutritional components and toxins. Several studies have reported modulation of bivalve hemocyte variables in response to HAB exposure. Hemocytes are specialized cells involved in many functions in bivalves, particularly in immunological defense mechanisms. Hemocytes protect tissues by engulfing or encapsulating living pathogens and repair tissue damage caused by injury, poisoning, and infections through inflammatory processes. The effects of HAB exposure observed on bivalve cellular immune variables have raised the question of possible effects on susceptibility to infectious disease. As science has described a previously unrecognized diversity in microalgal bioactive substances, and also found a growing list of infectious diseases in bivalves, episodic reports of interactions between harmful algae and disease in bivalves have been published. Only recently, studies directed to understand the physiological and metabolic bases of these interactions have been undertaken. This review compiles evidence from studies of harmful algal effects upon bivalve shellfish that establishes a framework for recent efforts to understand how harmful algae can alter infectious disease, and particularly the fundamental role of cellular immunity, in modulating these interactions. Experimental studies reviewed here indicate that HABs can modulate bivalve-pathogen interactions in various ways, either by increasing bivalve susceptibility to disease or conversely by lessening infection proliferation or transmission. Alteration of immune defense and global physiological distress caused by HAB exposure have been the most frequent reasons identified for these effects on disease. Only few studies, however, have addressed these effects so far and a general pattern cannot be established. Other mechanisms are likely involved but are under-studied thus far and will need more attention in the future. In particular, the inhibition of bivalve filtration by HABs and direct interaction between HABs and infectious agents in the seawater likely interfere with pathogen transmission. The study of these interactions in the field and at the population level also are needed to establish the ecological and economical significance of the effects of HABs upon bivalve diseases. A more thorough understanding of these interactions will assist in development of more effective management of bivalve shellfisheries and aquaculture in oceans subjected to increasing HAB and disease pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Gary H Wikfors
- NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Milford, CT, 0640, USA
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Paraíba, Brazil
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Castrec J, Hégaret H, Huber M, Le Grand J, Huvet A, Tallec K, Boulais M, Soudant P, Fabioux C. The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum impairs the performance of oyster embryos and larvae. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 92:101744. [PMID: 32113611 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium comprises species that produce highly potent neurotoxins known as paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), and bioactive extracellular compounds (BEC) of unknown structure and ecological significance. The toxic bloom-forming species, Alexandrium minutum, is distributed worldwide and adversely affects many bivalves including the commercially and ecologically important Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. In France, recurrent A. minutum blooms can co-occur with C. gigas spawning and larval development, and may endanger recruitment and population renewal. The present study explores how A. minutum affects oyster early development by exposing embryos and larvae, under controlled laboratory conditions, to two strains of A. minutum, producing only BEC or both PST and BEC. Results highlight the major role of BEC in A. minutum toxicity upon oyster development. The BEC strain caused lysis of embryos, the most sensitive stage to A. minutum toxicity among planktonic life stages. In addition, the non-PST-producing A. minutum strain inhibited hatching, disrupted larval swimming behavior, feeding, growth, and induced drastic decreases in survival and settlement of umbonate and eyed larvae (9 and 68 %, respectively). The findings indicated PST accumulation in oyster larvae (e.g. umbonate stages), possibly impairing development and settlement of larvae in response to the PST-producing strain. This work provides evidences that A. minutum blooms could hamper settlement of shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Castrec
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | - Matthias Huber
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | | | - Arnaud Huvet
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | - Kevin Tallec
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | - Myrina Boulais
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France.
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26
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Yi X, Zhang K, Liu R, Giesy JP, Li Z, Li W, Zhan J, Liu L, Gong Y. Transcriptomic responses of Artemia salina exposed to an environmentally relevant dose of Alexandrium minutum cells or Gonyautoxin2/3. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124661. [PMID: 31472350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Toxicities of the marine algae Alexandrium minutum and its excreted gonyautoxins (GTXs) to the marine crustacean Artemia salina were investigated. Mortality was observed for neither larvae nor adult A. salina exposed to A. minutum at a density of 5000 cells/mL or 0.5 μM GTX2/3. After exposure, the full transcriptome of adult A. salina was assembled and functionally annotated. A total of 599,286 transcripts were obtained, which were clustered into 515,196 unigenes. Results of the transcriptional effect level index revealed that direct exposure to the toxic algae A. minutum caused greater alterations in the transcriptome than did exposure to the extracellular product GTX2/3. Mechanisms of effects were different between exposure of A. salina to A. minutum cells or GTX2/3. Exposure to A. minutum modulated formation of the ribonucleoprotein complex and metabolism of amino acids and lipids in A. salina. Exposure to GTX2/3 exposure inhibited expression of genes related to metabolism of chitin, which might result in disruption of molting process or disturbed sheath morphogenesis. Overall, effects on transcription observed in this study represent the first report based on application of next generation sequencing techniques to investigate the transcriptomic response of A. salina exposed to an environmentally realistic level of A. minutum or GTX2/3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Yi
- School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin City, Liaoning, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin City, Liaoning, China
| | - Renyan Liu
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian City, Liaoning, China.
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5B4, Saskatchewan, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5B4, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Zhaochuan Li
- School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin City, Liaoning, China
| | - Wentao Li
- School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin City, Liaoning, China
| | - Jingjing Zhan
- School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin City, Liaoning, China
| | - Lifen Liu
- School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin City, Liaoning, China
| | - Yufeng Gong
- School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin City, Liaoning, China; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5B4, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Martínez KA, Lauritano C, Druka D, Romano G, Grohmann T, Jaspars M, Martín J, Díaz C, Cautain B, de la Cruz M, Ianora A, Reyes F. Amphidinol 22, a New Cytotoxic and Antifungal Amphidinol from the Dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17070385. [PMID: 31252576 PMCID: PMC6669446 DOI: 10.3390/md17070385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the unique biodiversity and the physical-chemical properties of their environment, marine microorganisms have evolved defense and signaling compounds that often have no equivalent in terrestrial habitats. The aim of this study was to screen extracts of the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae for possible bioactivities (i.e., anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, antibacterial and antifungal properties) and identify bioactive compounds. Anticancer activity was evaluated on human lung adenocarcinoma (A549), human skin melanoma (A2058), human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) and human pancreas carcinoma (MiaPaca-2) cell lines. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus MRSA and MSSA), Gram-negative bacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae), Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The results indicated moderate biological activities against all the cancer cells lines and microorganisms tested. Bioassay-guided fractionation assisted by HRMS analysis allowed the detection of one new and two known amphidinols that are potentially responsible for the antifungal and cytotoxic activities observed. Further isolation, purification and structural elucidation led to a new amphidinol, named amphidinol 22. The planar structure of the new compound was determined by analysis of its HRMS and 1D and 2D NMR spectra. Its biological activity was evaluated, and it displayed both anticancer and antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Martínez
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy.
| | - Dana Druka
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Grohmann
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Marcel Jaspars
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Jesús Martín
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Caridad Díaz
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Bastien Cautain
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes de la Cruz
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Adrianna Ianora
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Fernando Reyes
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
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Satake M, Honma D, Watanabe R, Oshima Y. Alexandrolide, a diatom growth inhibitor isolated from the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Long M, Holland A, Planquette H, González Santana D, Whitby H, Soudant P, Sarthou G, Hégaret H, Jolley DF. Effects of copper on the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum and its allelochemical potency. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 210:251-261. [PMID: 30878793 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum produces toxic compounds, including paralytic shellfish toxins, but also some unknown extracellular toxins. Although copper (Cu) is an essential element, it can impair microalgal physiology and increase their toxic potency. This study investigated the effect of different concentrations of dissolved Cu (7 nM, 79 nM and 164 nM) on A. minutum allelochemical potency, here defined as negative effects of a protist on competing protists through the release of chemicals. This was studied in relation to its physiology. The effects of Cu were assessed on A. minutum growth, reactive oxygen species level, photosynthesis proxies, lipid metabolism, exudation of dissolved organic compounds, allelochemical potency and on the associate free bacterial community of A. minutum. Only the highest Cu exposure (164 nM) inhibited and delayed the growth of A. minutum, and only in this treatment did the allelochemical potency significantly increase, when the dissolved Cu concentration was still toxic. Within the first 7 days of the high Cu treatment, the physiology of A. minutum was severely impaired with decreased growth and photosynthesis, and increased stress responses and free bacterial density per algal cell. After 15 days, A. minutum partially recovered from Cu stress as highlighted by the growth rate, reactive oxygen species level and photosystem II yields. This recovery could be attributed to the apparent decrease in background dissolved Cu concentration to a non-toxic level, suggesting that the release of exudates may have partially decreased the bioavailable Cu fraction. Overall, A. minutum appeared quite tolerant to Cu, and this work suggests that the modifications in the physiology and in the exudates help the algae to cope with Cu exposure. Moreover, this study shows the complex interplay between abiotic and biotic factors that can influence the dynamic of A. minutum blooms. Modulation in allelochemical potency of A. minutum by Cu may have ecological implications with an increased competitiveness of this species in environments contaminated with Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Long
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France.
| | - Aleicia Holland
- La Trobe University, School of Life Science, Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, Albury/Wodonga Campus, VIC, Australia
| | - Hélène Planquette
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - David González Santana
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Hannah Whitby
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Géraldine Sarthou
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Dianne F Jolley
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Fernández Robledo JA, Yadavalli R, Allam B, Pales Espinosa E, Gerdol M, Greco S, Stevick RJ, Gómez-Chiarri M, Zhang Y, Heil CA, Tracy AN, Bishop-Bailey D, Metzger MJ. From the raw bar to the bench: Bivalves as models for human health. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:260-282. [PMID: 30503358 PMCID: PMC6511260 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves, from raw oysters to steamed clams, are popular choices among seafood lovers and once limited to the coastal areas. The rapid growth of the aquaculture industry and improvement in the preservation and transport of seafood have enabled them to be readily available anywhere in the world. Over the years, oysters, mussels, scallops, and clams have been the focus of research for improving the production, managing resources, and investigating basic biological and ecological questions. During this decade, an impressive amount of information using high-throughput genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic technologies has been produced in various classes of the Mollusca group, and it is anticipated that basic and applied research will significantly benefit from this resource. One aspect that is also taking momentum is the use of bivalves as a model system for human health. In this review, we highlight some of the aspects of the biology of bivalves that have direct implications in human health including the shell formation, stem cells and cell differentiation, the ability to fight opportunistic and specific pathogens in the absence of adaptive immunity, as source of alternative drugs, mucosal immunity and, microbiome turnover, toxicology, and cancer research. There is still a long way to go; however, the next time you order a dozen oysters at your favorite raw bar, think about a tasty model organism that will not only please your palate but also help unlock multiple aspects of molluscan biology and improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bassem Allam
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | | | - Marco Gerdol
- University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Samuele Greco
- University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rebecca J Stevick
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
| | - Marta Gómez-Chiarri
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Cynthia A Heil
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA
| | - Adrienne N Tracy
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA; Colby College, Waterville, 4,000 Mayflower Hill Dr, ME, 04901, USA
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Castrec J, Hégaret H, Alunno-Bruscia M, Picard M, Soudant P, Petton B, Boulais M, Suquet M, Quéau I, Ratiskol D, Foulon V, Le Goïc N, Fabioux C. The dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum affects development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas, through parental or direct exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:827-836. [PMID: 30623839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms are a threat to aquatic organisms and coastal ecosystems. Among harmful species, the widespread distributed genus Alexandrium is of global importance. This genus is well-known for the synthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins which are toxic for humans through the consumption of contaminated shellfish. While the effects of Alexandrium species upon the physiology of bivalves are now well documented, consequences on reproduction remain poorly studied. In France, Alexandrium minutum blooms have been recurrent for the last decades, generally appearing during the reproduction season of most bivalves including the oyster Crassostrea gigas. These blooms could not only affect gametogenesis but also spawning, larval development or juvenile recruitment. This study assesses the effect of toxic A. minutum blooms on C. gigas reproduction. Adult oysters were experimentally exposed to A. minutum, at environmentally realistic concentrations (102 to 103 cells mL-1) for two months during their gametogenesis and a control group, not exposed to A. minutum was fed with a non-toxic dinoflagellate. To determine both consequences to next generation and direct effects of A. minutum exposure on larvae, the embryo-larval development of subsequent offspring was conducted with and without A. minutum exposure at 102 cells mL-1. Effects at each stage of the reproduction were investigated on ecophysiological parameters, cellular responses, and offspring development. Broodstock exposed to A. minutum produced spermatozoa with decreased motility and larvae of smaller size which showed higher mortalities during settlement. Embryo-larval exposure to A. minutum significantly reduced growth and settlement of larvae compared to non-exposed offspring. This detrimental consequence on larval growth was stronger in larvae derived from control parents compared to offspring from exposed parents. This study provides evidence that A. minutum blooms, whether they occur during gametogenesis, spawning or larval development, can either affect gamete quality and/or larval development of C. gigas, thus potentially impacting oyster recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Castrec
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Marianne Alunno-Bruscia
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Maïlys Picard
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Myrina Boulais
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France; University of North Carolina Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA
| | - Marc Suquet
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Isabelle Quéau
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Dominique Ratiskol
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Valentin Foulon
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France.
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Bianchi VA, Langeloh H, Tillmann U, Krock B, Müller A, Bickmeyer U, Abele D. Separate and combined effects of neurotoxic and lytic compounds of Alexandrium strains on Mytilus edulis feeding activity and hemocyte function. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:414-422. [PMID: 30316945 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple toxic and bioactive compounds produced by Alexandrium spp. cause adverse effects on bivalves, but these effects are frequently difficult to attribute to a single compound class. To disentangle the effect of neurotoxic vs lytic secondary metabolites, we exposed blue mussels to either a paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) producing Alexandrium spp. strain, or to an exclusively lytic compound (LC) producing strain, or a strain containing both compound classes, to evaluate the time dependent effects after 3 and 7 days of feeding. Tested parameters comprised signs of paralysis, feeding activity, and immune cell integrity (hemocyte numbers and viability; lysosomal membrane destabilization) and function (ROS production). Both compound classes caused paralysis and immune impairment. The only effect attributable exclusively to PST was increased phagocytic activity after 3 days and impaired feeding activity after 7 days, which curtailed toxin accumulation in digestive glands. Lysosomal membrane destabilization were more closely, but not exclusively, matched with LC exposure. Effects on circulating hemocyte integrity and immune related functions were mostly transient or remained stable within 7 days; except for increased lysosomal labialization and decreased extracellular ROS production when mussels were exposed to the toxin combination. M. edulis displays adaptive fitness traits to survive and maintain immune capacity upon prolonged exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of PST and/or LC producing Alexandrium strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Angélica Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, ruta provincial N° 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Hendrik Langeloh
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Annegret Müller
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Ulf Bickmeyer
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Doris Abele
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
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Challenges and Adaptations of Life in Alkaline Habitats. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 172:85-133. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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The Marine Dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum Activates a Mitophagic Pathway in Human Lung Cancer Cells. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16120502. [PMID: 30545093 PMCID: PMC6316568 DOI: 10.3390/md16120502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine dinoflagellates are a valuable source of bioactive molecules. Many species produce cytotoxic compounds and some of these compounds have also been investigated for their anticancer potential. Here, we report the first investigation of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum as source of water-soluble compounds with antiproliferative activity against human lung cancer cells. A multi-step enrichment of the phenol–water extract yielded a bioactive fraction with specific antiproliferative effect (IC50 = 0.4 µg·mL−1) against the human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549 cell line). Preliminary characterization of this material suggested the presence of glycoprotein with molecular weight above 20 kDa. Interestingly, this fraction did not exhibit any cytotoxicity against human normal lung fibroblasts (WI38). Differential gene expression analysis in A549 cancer cells suggested that the active fraction induces specific cell death, triggered by mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy). In agreement with the cell viability results, gene expression data also showed that no mitophagic event was activated in normal cells WI38.
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Long M, Tallec K, Soudant P, Lambert C, Le Grand F, Sarthou G, Jolley D, Hégaret H. A rapid quantitative fluorescence-based bioassay to study allelochemical interactions from Alexandrium minutum. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1598-1605. [PMID: 30072219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Harmful microalgal blooms are a threat to aquatic organisms, ecosystems and human health. Toxic dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium are known to produce paralytic shellfish toxins and to release bioactive extracellular compounds (BECs) with potent cytotoxic, hemolytic, ichtyotoxic and allelopathic activity. Negative allelochemical interactions refer to the chemicals that are released by the genus Alexandrium and that induce adverse effects on the physiology of co-occurring protists and predators. Releasing BECs gives the donor a competitive advantage that may help to form dense toxic blooms of phytoplankton. However BECs released by Alexandrium minutum are uncharacterized and it is impossible to quantify them using classical chemical methods. Allelochemical interactions are usually quantified through population growth inhibition or lytic-activity based bioassays using a secondary target organism. However these bioassays require time (for growth or microalgal counts) and/or are based on lethal effects. The use of pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry has been widely used to assess the impact of environmental stressors on phytoplankton but rarely for allelochemical interactions. Here we evaluated the use of PAM and propose a rapid chlorophyll fluorescence based bioassay to quantify allelochemical BECs released from Alexandrium minutum. We used the ubiquitous diatom Chaetoceros muelleri as a target species. The bioassay, based on sub-lethal effects, quantifies allelochemical activity from different samples (filtrates, extracts in seawater) within a short period of time (2 h). This rapid bioassay will help investigate the role of allelochemical interactions in Alexandrium bloom establishment. It will also further our understanding of the potential relationship between allelochemical activities and other cytotoxic activities from BECs. While this bioassay was developed for the species A. minutum, it may be applicable to other species producing allelochemicals and may provide further insights into the role and impact of allelochemical interactions in forming dense algal blooms and structuring marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Long
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France; School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Kévin Tallec
- Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Lambert
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Fabienne Le Grand
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Géraldine Sarthou
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Dianne Jolley
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France
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Long M, Tallec K, Soudant P, Le Grand F, Donval A, Lambert C, Sarthou G, Jolley DF, Hégaret H. Allelochemicals from Alexandrium minutum induce rapid inhibition of metabolism and modify the membranes from Chaetoceros muelleri. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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